UN urges all States to sign, ratify Nuclear Test Ban as 'critical step on road to nuclear-free world
Chapter 14人权
Regional Protection
Some regional agreements have been signed between states which share similar political and economic system or cultural and ideological background They play a positive role in improving human rights in those regions respectively
3.Principle of Non-derogatory Rights
The following rights are non-derogative The rights to life The rights to the prohibition on torture The rights to the prohibition on slavery The rights to the prohibition on retroactivity of criminal legislation The rights to the prohibition on imprisonment on grounds solely of inability to fulfill a contractual obligation
The Convention on the Status of Refugees The Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment The Convention on the Rights of Child
United States Gov't 美国政府
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principle of federalism, in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments
Branches of Government
The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, which powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court
Federal Government
The outline of the government of the United States is
laid out in the Constitution. The government was formed in 1789.
The United States government is based on the
Judicial Branch
The Judiciary explains and applies the laws. This
branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases. The basic structure of the national judiciary is the Supreme Court, 13 courts of appeals, 94 district courts, and two courts of special jurisdiction. Congress, retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court.
维也纳公约中英(繁体)
維也納條約法公約Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties一九六九年五月二十三日訂於維也納Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969.Entered into force on 27 January 1980. United Nations,Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331本公約各當事國，The States Parties to the present Convention,鑒於條約在國際關係歷史上之基本地位，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations,承認條約為國際法淵源之一，且為各國間不分憲法及社會制度發展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,鑒悉自由同意與善意之原則以及條約必須遵守規則乃舉世所承認，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,確認凡關於條約之爭端與其他國際爭端同，皆應以和平方法且依正義及國際法之原則解決之，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,念及聯合國人民同玆決心創造適當環境，俾克維持正義及尊重由條約而起之義務，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,鑒及聯合國憲章所載之國際法原則，諸如人民平等權利及自決，所有國家主權平等及獨立，不干涉各國內政，禁止使用威脅或武力以及普遍尊重與遵守全體人類之人權及基本自由等原則，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights andself-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, ofnon-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,深信本公約所達成之條約法之編纂及逐漸發展可促進憲章所楬櫫之聯合國宗旨，即維持國際和平及安全，發展國際間之友好關係並達成其彼此合作，Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote the purposes of the United Nations set forth in the Charter, namely, the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and the achievement of cooperation among nations,確認凡未經本公約各條規定之問題，將仍以國際習慣法規則為準，Affirming that the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, 爰議定條款如下：Have agreed as follows:第一編 導言 PART I. INTRODUCTION第一條 本公約之範圍Article 1 Scope of the present Convention 本公約適用於國家間之條約。
加拿大刑事司法协助法
Current to June 16, 2010À jour au 16 juin 2010Published by the Minister of Justice at the following address:http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca Publié par le ministre de la Justice à l’adresse suivante :http://laws-lois.justice.gc.caCANADACONSOLIDATION Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters ActCODIFICATIONLoi sur l’entraide juridique en matièrecriminelleR.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.)L.R., 1985, ch. 30 (4e suppl.)NOTE[1988, c. 37, assented to 28th July, 1988]NOTE[1988, ch. 37, sanctionné le 28 juillet 1988]OFFICIAL STATUS OF CONSOLIDATIONS CARACTÈRE OFFICIEL DES CODIFICATIONSSubsections 31(1) and (2) of the Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act, in force on June 1, 2009, provide as follows:Les paragraphes 31(1) et (2) de la Loi sur la révision et la codification des textes législatifs, en vigueur le 1er juin 2009, prévoient ce qui suit :Published consolidation is evidence31. (1) Every copy of a consolidated statute orconsolidated regulation published by the Ministerunder this Act in either print or electronic form is ev-idence of that statute or regulation and of its contentsand every copy purporting to be published by theMinister is deemed to be so published, unless thecontrary is shown.31. (1) Tout exemplaire d'une loi codifiée oud'un règlement codifié, publié par le ministre en ver-tu de la présente loi sur support papier ou sur supportélectronique, fait foi de cette loi ou de ce règlementet de son contenu. Tout exemplaire donné commepublié par le ministre est réputé avoir été ainsi pu-blié, sauf preuve contraire.Codificationscomme élémentde preuveInconsistencies in Acts(2) In the event of an inconsistency between aconsolidated statute published by the Minister underthis Act and the original statute or a subsequentamendment as certified by the Clerk of the Parlia-ments under the Publication of Statutes Act, the orig-inal statute or amendment prevails to the extent ofthe inconsistency.(2) Les dispositions de la loi d'origine avec sesmodifications subséquentes par le greffier des Parle-ments en vertu de la Loi sur la publication des loisl'emportent sur les dispositions incompatibles de laloi codifiée publiée par le ministre en vertu de la pré-sente loi.Incompatibilité— loisR.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.)L.R., 1985, ch. 30 (4e suppl.)An Act to provide for the implementation oftreaties for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and to amend the Criminal Code, the Crown Liability Act and the Immigration ActLoi portant mise en œuvre des traités d’entraidejuridique en matière criminelle et modifiant le Code criminel, la Loi sur la responsabilité de l’État et la Loi sur l’immigrationSHORT TITLETITRE ABRÉGÉShort title1. This Act may be cited as the Mutual Le-gal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act .1. Loi sur l’entraide juridique en matière criminelle .Titre abrégéINTERPRETATIONCHAMP D’APPLICATIONDefinitions 2. (1) In this Act,“agreement”« accord »“agreement” means a treaty, convention or oth-er international agreement that is in force, to which Canada is a party and that contains a provision respecting mutual legal assistance in criminal matters;“competent authority”« autoritécompétente »“competent authority” means the Attorney General of Canada, the attorney general of a province or any person or authority with re-sponsibility in Canada for the investigation or prosecution of offences;“data”« données »“data” means representations, in any form, of information or concepts;“foreign state” [Repealed, 1999, c. 18, s. 97]“International Criminal Court”« Cour pénale internationale »“International Criminal Court” means the Inter-national Criminal Court as defined in subsec-tion 2(1) of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act ;“judge”« juge »“judge” means(a ) in Ontario, a judge of the Superior Court of Justice,(a.1) in Prince Edward Island, a judge of the trial division of the Supreme Court,(b ) in Quebec, a judge of the Superior Court,2. (1) Les définitions qui suivent s’ap-pliquent à la présente loi.Définitions « accord » Traité, convention ou autre accord international qui porte en tout ou en partie sur l’entraide juridique en matière criminelle, au-quel le Canada est partie et qui est en vigueur.« accord »“agreement ”« autorité compétente » Le procureur général du Canada, le procureur général d’une province ainsi que toute personne ou tout organisme chargé au Canada de la recherche ou de la poursuite des infractions.« autoritécompétente »“competent authority ”« Cour pénale internationale » La Cour pénale internationale au sens du paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre .« Cour pénale internationale »“International Criminal Court ”« demande » Demande d’assistance présentée en application d’un accord.« demande »“request ”« document » Tout support où sont enregistrées ou sur lequel sont inscrites des données et qui peut être lu ou compris par une personne, un système informatique ou un autre dispositif.« document »“record ”« données » Toute forme de représentation d’in-formations ou de notions.« État étranger » [Abrogée, 1999, ch. 18, art.97]« données »“data ”« État ou entité »« État ou entité »“state or entity ”Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters — June 16, 2010(c) in New Brunswick, Manitoba, Albertaand Saskatchewan, a judge of the Court ofQueen’s Bench, and(d) in Nova Scotia, British Columbia, New-foundland, Yukon and the Northwest Terri-tories, a judge of the Supreme Court, and inNunavut, a judge of the Nunavut Court ofJustice;“Minister”« ministre »“Minister” means the Minister of Justice;“offence”« infraction »“offence” means an offence within the meaning of the relevant agreement;“record”« document »“record” means any material on which data are recorded or marked and which is capable of be-ing read or understood by a person or a com-puter system or other device;“request”« demande »“request” means a request for assistance pre-sented pursuant to an agreement;“state or entity”« État ouentité »“state or entity” means(a) a state, a province, state or political sub-division of the state, or a colony, dependen-cy, possession, protectorate, condominium,trust territory or any territory falling underthe jurisdiction of the state, that is a party toan agreement with Canada, or(b) an international criminal court or tri-bunal, the name of which appears in theschedule.“treaty” [Repealed, 1999, c. 18, s. 97]a) S’il est partie à un accord qui lie leCanada, un État, ses provinces, États ouautres subdivisions politiques similaires; sescolonies, dépendances, possessions, terri-toires gérés en condominium ou placés sousson protectorat, sa tutelle ou, d’une façon gé-nérale, sa dépendance;b) tout tribunal pénal international dont lenom figure à l’annexe.« infraction » Infraction au sens de l’accord ap-plicable.« infraction »“offence”« juge »a) En Ontario, la Cour supérieure de justice;a.1) dans l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard, un jugede la section de première instance de la Coursuprême;b) au Québec, un juge de la Cour supérieure;c) au Nouveau-Brunswick, au Manitoba, enAlberta et en Saskatchewan, un juge de laCour du banc de la Reine;d) en Nouvelle-Écosse, en Colombie-Britan-nique et à Terre-Neuve, ainsi qu’au Yukon etdans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, un jugede la Cour suprême et, au Nunavut, un jugede la Cour de justice.« juge »“judge”« ministre » Le ministre de la Justice.« traité » [Abrogée, 1999, ch. 18, art. 97]« ministre »“Minister”(2) [Repealed, 1999, c. 18, s. 97]R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 2; 1992, c. 51, s. 58; 1998,c. 30, s. 14; 1999, c. 3, s. 80, c. 18, s. 97; 2000, c. 24, s. 56;2002, c. 7, s. 209(E).(2) [Abrogé, 1999, ch. 18, art. 97]L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 2; 1992, ch. 51, art. 58;1998, ch. 30, art. 14; 1999, ch. 3, art. 80, ch. 18, art. 97;2000, ch. 24, art. 56; 2002, ch. 7, art. 209(A).Inconsistency of Acts3. (1) In the event of any inconsistency be-tween the provisions of this Act and the provi-sions of another Act of Parliament, other thanthe provisions of an Act prohibiting the disclo-sure of information or prohibiting its disclosureexcept under certain conditions, the provisionsof this Act prevail to the extent of the inconsis-tency.3. (1) Les dispositions de la présente loil’emportent sur les dispositions incompatiblesde toute autre loi fédérale, sauf celles qui inter-disent la communication de renseignements ouqui l’assujettissent à certaines conditions.Incompatibilitéde textesPreservation of informal arrangements(2) Nothing in this Act or an agreement shallbe construed so as to abrogate or derogate froman arrangement or practice respecting coopera-tion between a Canadian competent authorityand a foreign or international authority or orga-nization.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 3; 1999, c. 18, s. 98.(2) Ni la présente loi ni un accord n’ont poureffet de porter atteinte aux autres arrangementsou pratiques de coopération entre une autoritécompétente canadienne et une organisation ouautorité étrangère ou internationale.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 3; 1999, ch. 18, art. 98.Maintien desautresarrangements decoopérationEntraide juridique en matière criminelle — 16 juin 2010 SCHEDULE ANNEXEDesignation 4. (1) The names of international criminal courts and tribunals that appear in the scheduleare designated as states or entities for the pur-pose of this Act.4. (1) Tout tribunal pénal international figu-rant à l’annexe est désigné État ou entité.DésignationAmendments to schedule(2) The Minister of Foreign Affairs may,with the agreement of the Minister, by order,add to or delete from the schedule the names ofinternational criminal courts and tribunals.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 4; 1999, c. 18, s. 99.(2) Le ministre des Affaires étrangères peutpar arrêté, avec l’accord du ministre, radier desnoms de l’annexe ou y ajouter un autre tribunalpénal international.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 4; 1999, ch. 18, art. 99.Modification del’annexe PUBLICATION OF AGREEMENTS PUBLICATION DES ACCORDSPublication in Canada Gazette5. (1) Unless the agreement has been pub-lished under subsection (2), an agreement — orthe provisions respecting mutual legal assis-tance in criminal matters contained in a con-vention or other international agreement —must be published in the Canada Gazette nolater than 60 days after it comes into force.5. (1) À moins qu’ils ne soient publiés enconformité avec le paragraphe (2), l’accord oules dispositions d’une convention ou autre ac-cord international qui traitent de l’entraide juri-dique en matière criminelle sont publiés dans laGazette du Canada, dans les soixante jours sui-vant leur entrée en vigueur.Gazette duCanadaPublication in Canada Treaty Series(2) An agreement — or the provisions re-specting mutual legal assistance in criminalmatters contained in a convention or other in-ternational agreement — may be published inthe Canada Treaty Series and, if so published,the publication must be no later than 60 daysafter it comes into force.(2) L’accord ou les dispositions peuvent êtrepubliés dans le Recueil des traités du Canada,auquel cas la publication est faite dans lessoixante jours suivant leur entrée en vigueur.Recueil destraités duCanadaJudicial notice(3) Agreements and provisions published in the Canada Gazette or the Canada Treaty Se-ries are to be judicially noticed.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 5; 1999, c. 18, s. 99.(3) L’accord et les dispositions ainsi publiésdans la Gazette du Canada ou dans le Recueildes traités du Canada sont de notoriété pu-blique.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 5; 1999, ch. 18, art. 99.NotoriétépubliqueADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS ENTENTES ADMINISTRATIVESAdministrative arrangements6. (1) If there is no agreement betweenCanada and a state or entity, or the state’s orentity’s name does not appear in the schedule,the Minister of Foreign Affairs may, with theagreement of the Minister, enter into an admin-istrative arrangement with the state or entityproviding for legal assistance with respect to aninvestigation specified in the arrangement relat-ing to an act that, if committed in Canada,would be an indictable offence.6. (1) En l’absence d’accord, le ministre desAffaires étrangères peut, avec l’agrément duministre, conclure avec un État ou une entitédont le nom ne figure pas à l’annexe une en-tente administrative prévoyant l’aide juridiqueen matière criminelle dans le cadre d’une en-quête déterminée portant sur des actes qui, s’ilsétaient commis au Canada, constitueraient desactes criminels.Ententesadministrativesen l’absenced’accordAdministrative arrangements(2) If an agreement expressly states that le-gal assistance may be provided with respect toacts that do not constitute an offence within themeaning of the agreement, the Minister of For-eign Affairs may, in exceptional circumstancesand with the agreement of the Minister, enterinto an administrative arrangement with the(2) Lorsqu’un accord prévoit expressémentque l’aide juridique peut être accordée à l’égardd’actes qui ne constituent pas une infraction ausens de l’accord, le ministre des Affaires étran-gères peut, dans des circonstances exception-nelles et avec l’agrément du ministre, conclureavec l’État ou entité visé une entente adminis-Aide juridiquefondée sur unaccordMutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters — June 16, 2010state or entity concerned, providing for legal assistance with respect to an investigation spec-ified in the arrangement relating to an act that, if committed in Canada, would be a contraven-tion of an Act of Parliament or of the legisla-ture of a province.trative prévoyant l’aide juridique en matière criminelle dans le cadre d’une enquête détermi-née portant sur des actes qui, s’ils étaient com-mis au Canada, constitueraient une violation d’une loi fédérale ou provinciale.Nature of administrative arrangement(3) An administrative arrangement enteredinto under subsection (1) or (2) may be imple-mented by the Minister, pursuant to this Act, inthe same manner as an agreement.(3) L’entente administrative visée au présentarticle peut être mise en œuvre par le ministresous le régime de la présente loi de la mêmemanière qu’un accord.Nature del’ententeadministrativeIdem(4) An administrative arrangement entered into under subsection (1) or (2) has force andeffect only for such period not exceeding sixmonths as is specified therein and with respectto the type of legal assistance that is specifiedtherein.(4) L’entente administrative prévue au pré-sent article précise les modes d’aide juridiquequi peuvent être accordés et est valide pour lapériode déterminée qu’elle précise, laquelle nepeut dépasser six mois.Caractéristiquesde l’ententeNo scheduling or publication required(5) Sections 4 and 5 do not apply in respectof an administrative arrangement entered intounder subsection (1) or (2).(5) Les articles 4 et 5 ne s’appliquent pas àune entente administrative visée au présent ar-ticle.Non-publicationProof(6) In any legal or other proceeding, an ad-ministrative arrangement entered into undersubsection (1) or (2) and purporting to besigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs or bya person designated by the Minister of ForeignAffairs is admissible in evidence without proofof the signature or official character of the per-son appearing to have signed it and proof that itis what it purports to be.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 6; 1995, c. 5, s. 25; 1999, c.18, s. 100.(6) Dans toutes procédures, judiciaires ou autres, l’entente administrative conclue en ver-tu du présent article et censée signée par le mi-nistre des Affaires étrangères ou par la per-sonne qu’il désigne fait foi de son contenu etest admissible en preuve sans qu’il soit néces-saire de prouver l’authenticité de la signatureou la qualité officielle du signataire.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 6; 1995, ch. 5, art. 25;1999, ch. 18, art. 100.PreuveFUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTER RÔLE DU MINISTREFunctions of Minister7. (1) The Minister is responsible for theimplementation of every agreement and the ad-ministration of this Act.7. (1) Le ministre est chargé de la mise enœuvre des accords et de l’application de la pré-sente loi.Rôle du ministreAgreement and Act to apply(2) When a request is presented to the Min-ister by a state or entity or a Canadian compe-tent authority, the Minister shall deal with therequest in accordance with the relevant agree-ment and this Act.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 7; 1999, c. 18, s. 101.(2) Le ministre donne suite aux demandesd’un État ou entité, ou d’une autorité compé-tente canadienne, en conformité avec l’accordapplicable et la présente loi.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 7; 1999, ch. 18, art. 101.Suivi desdemandesPART I PARTIE IFOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS OR OTHERPROCEEDINGS IN RESPECT OFOFFENCESPROCÉDURES OU ENQUÊTESÉTRANGÈRES EN MATIÈRE CRIMINELLEI MPLEMENTATION M ISE ENŒUVRELimitation —requests under agreements8. (1) If a request for mutual legal assis-tance is made under an agreement, the Minister8. (1) Le ministre ne peut mettre en œuvreles dispositions de la présente partie pour don-Mise en œuvredes accordsEntraide juridique en matière criminelle — 16 juin 2010may not give effect to the request by means of the provisions of this Part unless the agreement provides for mutual legal assistance with re-spect to the subject-matter of the request.ner suite à une demande que si l’accord appli-cable prévoit l’entraide juridique à l’égard de l’objet de la demande.Request by state or entity in schedule(2) If a request for mutual legal assistance ismade by a state or entity whose name appearsin the schedule, the Minister may give effect bymeans of the provisions of this Part to a requestwith respect to any subject-matter.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 8; 1999, c. 18, s. 101.(2) Le ministre peut mettre en œuvre les dis-positions de la présente partie pour donner suiteà une demande d’un État ou entité dont le nomfigure à l’annexe relativement à n’importe quelobjet.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 8; 1999, ch. 18, art. 101.Mise en œuvrede la présentepartieF INES A MENDESStanding and jurisdiction9. (1) When the Minister approves a requestof a state or entity to enforce the payment of afine imposed in respect of an offence by a courtof criminal jurisdiction of the state or entity, acourt in Canada has jurisdiction to enforce thepayment of the fine, and the fine is recoverablein civil proceedings instituted by the state orentity, as if the fine had been imposed by acourt in Canada.9. (1) Les tribunaux canadiens ont compé-tence pour ordonner le paiement d’une amendeinfligée pour une infraction par un tribunal decompétence criminelle d’un État ou entitécomme si cette amende avait été infligée par untribunal canadien, à condition que le ministreautorise la demande présentée à cette fin par cetÉtat ou entité; l’État ou entité peut intenter desprocédures civiles en vue de recouvrerl’amende.Capacité d’esteren justiceLimitation period(2) No proceedings under subsection (1)shall be instituted more than five years after thefine was imposed.(2) Les procédures visées au paragraphe (1)se prescrivent par cinq ans à compter de la dateoù l’amende a été infligée.PrescriptionDefinition of “fine”(3) For the purposes of this section, “fine”includes any pecuniary penalty determined by acourt of criminal jurisdiction of a state or entityto represent the value of any property, benefitor advantage, irrespective of its location, ob-tained or derived directly or indirectly as a re-sult of the commission of an offence.R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 9; 1999, c. 18, s. 102.(3) Pour l’application du présent article, estassimilée à une amende la peine pécuniaire in-fligée par un tribunal de compétence criminelled’un État ou entité à titre d’équivalent de toutbien, bénéfice ou avantage qui, indépendam-ment du lieu où il se trouve, est obtenu ou pro-vient, directement ou indirectement, de la per-pétration d’une infraction.L.R. (1985), ch. 30 (4e suppl.), art. 9; 1999, ch. 18, art. 102.Peine pécuniaireI NTERNATIONAL C RIMINAL C OURT C OUR PÉNALE INTERNATIONALEOrders for restraint or seizure9.1 (1) When a request is presented to theMinister by the International Criminal Courtfor the enforcement of an order for the restraintor seizure of proceeds of crime, the Ministermay authorize the Attorney General of Canadato make arrangements for the enforcement ofthe order.9.1 (1) Lorsqu’une demande est présentéeau ministre par la Cour pénale internationale envue de l’exécution d’une ordonnance de blo-cage ou de saisie de biens d’origine criminelle,celui-ci peut autoriser le procureur général duCanada à prendre les mesures d’exécution del’ordonnance.Ordonnance deblocage ou desaisieFiling of order(2) On receipt of an authorization, the Attor-ney General of Canada may file a copy of theorder with the superior court of criminal juris-diction of the province in which property that isthe subject of the order is believed to be locat-ed.(2) Lorsqu’il reçoit une autorisation, le pro-cureur général du Canada peut homologuer surdépôt une copie certifiée conforme de l’ordon-nance au greffe de la cour supérieure de juridic-tion criminelle de la province dans laquelle ona des raisons de croire que les biens qui fontl’objet de l’ordonnance sont situés.HomologationMutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters — June 16, 2010Enforcement(3) On being filed, the order may be en-forced as if it were a warrant issued under sub-section 462.32(1) of the Criminal Code or anorder made under subsection 462.33(3) of thatAct.2000, c. 24, s. 57.(3) Une fois homologuée, l’ordonnance estexécutée comme si elle était un mandat décernéen vertu du paragraphe 462.32(1) du Code cri-minel ou comme si elle avait été rendue en ver-tu du paragraphe 462.33(3) de cette loi.2000, ch. 24, art. 57.Effet del’homologationOrders of reparation or forfeiture or imposing fines9.2 (1) When a request is presented to theMinister by the International Criminal Courtfor the enforcement of an order of reparation orforfeiture, or an order imposing a fine, the Min-ister may authorize the Attorney General ofCanada to make arrangements for the enforce-ment of the order.9.2 (1) Lorsqu’une demande est présentéeau ministre par la Cour pénale internationale envue de l’exécution d’une ordonnance de répara-tion ou de confiscation, ou d’une ordonnanceinfligeant une amende, celui-ci peut autoriser leprocureur général du Canada à prendre les me-sures d’exécution de l’ordonnance.Ordonnance deréparation ou deconfiscation ouordonnanceinfligeant uneamendeEnforcement(2) On receipt of an authorization, the Attor-ney General of Canada may file a copy of theorder with the superior court of criminal juris-diction of(a) the province in which property that is thesubject of the order is believed to be located;or(b) the province in which some or all of theproperty available to satisfy the order is be-lieved to be located.On being filed, the order shall be entered as ajudgment of that court.(2) Lorsqu’il reçoit une autorisation, le pro-cureur général du Canada peut homologuer surdépôt une copie certifiée conforme de l’ordon-nance au greffe de la cour supérieure de juridic-tion criminelle :a) soit de la province dans laquelle on a desraisons de croire que les biens qui font l’ob-jet de l’ordonnance sont situés;b) soit de la province dans laquelle on a desraisons de croire que les biens saisissables,ou une partie de ceux-ci, sont situés.ExécutionRequirement(3) Before filing an order referred to in sub-section (1), the Attorney General of Canadamust be satisfied that(a) a person has been convicted of an of-fence within the jurisdiction of the Interna-tional Criminal Court; and(b) the conviction and the order are not sub-ject to further appeal.(3) Avant d’homologuer sur dépôt une or-donnance visée au paragraphe (1), le procureurgénéral du Canada doit être convaincu que :a) la personne a été condamnée pour une in-fraction qui relève de la compétence de laCour pénale internationale;b) la condamnation et l’ordonnance ne sontplus susceptibles d’appel.ExigenceEffect of registered order(4) An order has, from the date it is filed un-der subsection (2), the same effect as if it hadbeen(a) in the case of an order of reparation, anorder under section 738 of the CriminalCode;(b) in the case of an order of forfeiture, anorder under subsection 462.37(1) or462.38(2) of that Act; and(c) in the case of an order imposing a fine, afine imposed under section 734 of that Act.(4) Une fois homologuée en vertu du para-graphe (2), l’ordonnance est exécutée comme sielle était :a) dans le cas d’une ordonnance de répara-tion, une ordonnance visée à l’article 738 duCode criminel;b) dans le cas d’une ordonnance de confis-cation, une ordonnance visée aux para-graphes 462.37(1) ou 462.38(2) de cette loi;c) dans le cas d’une ordonnance infligeantune amende, une amende infligée en vertu del’article 734 de la même loi.Effet del’homologation。
2015年考研英语（一）真题深度解析——阅读Text1[精心整理]
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002015年考研英语（一）真题深度解析——阅读Text102015年这篇阅读文章的选择依然延续了考研英语选材的一贯做法，选自2014年6月4日《卫报》上一篇名为Is the writing on the wall for all European royals?(所有欧洲皇室注定要失败吗?)的文章。
主要讨论了西班牙胡安·卡洛斯国王退位这一事件对欧洲诸多皇室的影响，尤其是对英国皇室的影响。
总体来说，作为今年阅读题型的第一篇，文章在内容上难度稍大，尤其是里面涉及到了一些人名、地名的专有名词以及非常地道的英式习语表达等等。
但是，如果纯就题目来说的话，难度倒不是很大，答案的出处也比较容易找到。
接下来就文章具体的题目来进行深入的解析。
021、According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain0[A] used to enjoy high public support0[B] was unpopular among European royals00[C] ended his reign in embarrassment00[D] cased his relationship with his rivals0答案：[C] ended his reign in embarrassment00解析：题目中明确提到答案的范围是在前面两段，而关键词又是King Juan Carl of Spain，那么根据关键词可以主要定位到第一段。
在第一段中，对于King Juan Carl of Spain这个人的主要描述就是King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.0根据题目所给的四个选项，可以发现C项ended his reign in embarrassment(在窘迫中结束了他的统治)正好讲的就是第二句话的内容：But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.(但是令人窘迫的丑闻以及在最近欧洲选举中所呈现的共和制的盛行都迫使他食言而退位。
大学英语四级阅读理解精读100篇
Passage One (Clinton Is Right)President Clinton‘s decision on Apr.8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing without an agreement on China‘s entry into the World Trade Organization seemed to be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and Whit House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious over the lost opportunity. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked ―the courage‖ to reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A lot more horse trading is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And without the Administration‘s goal of a ―bullet-proof agreement‖ that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.THE HARD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Sperling, Commerce Secretary William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky all advised Clinton that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, ―we‘re not there yet,‖ according to senior officials. Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although Clinton can signal U.S. approval for China‘s entry into the WTO himself, he needs Congress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove over-whelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss) declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into the WTO. And Senators Jesse A. Helms (R-N.C.) and Emest F. Hollings (D-S. C.) promised to introduce a bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection for the U. S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Administration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on ―cultural‖ restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing. BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any eventual agreement, but what they‘ve heard so far isn‘t encouraging. Republicans, including Lott, say that ―the time just isn‘t right‖ for the deal. Translation: We‘re determined to make it look as if Clinton has capitulated to the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to America‘s enemies. Beijing‘s fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, won‘t help, either.Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be become clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together won‘t be easy. And Republicans—with a wink—say that they‘ll eventually embrace China‘s entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate America. Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make thismuch dear to both its GOP allies and the Whit House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling1. The main idea of this passage is[A]. The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.[B]. On China‘s entry into WTO.[C]. Clinton was right.[D]. Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill.2. What does the sentence ―Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, Detroit‖ convey?[A]. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.[B]. The three places overdid criticism.[C]. They wanted more protection.[D]. They are in trouble.3. What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward China‘s entry into the WTO?[A]. Contradictory. [B].Appreciative.[C]. Disapproving. [D]. Detestful.4. Who plays the leading part in the deal in America?[A]. White House . [B]. Republicans.[C]. The Democratic Party. [D]. Businessmen.5. It can be inferred from the passage that[A]. America will make concessions.[B]. America will hold out for a better WTO[C]. Clinton has the right to signal U. S. approval for China‘s entry.[D]. Democratic party approve China‘s entry into the WTO.答案祥解1. C. 总统是对的。
英语新闻听力unit3答案与文本
Unit 3UN ActivitiesSection A Warming Up1. A summit-level meeting of the UN Security Council has formally urged all member nations to outlaw incitement to terrorism.2. The United Nations is setting up a special fund to help it deal with some of the biggest naturalor man-made disasters as soon as possible after they happen.3. Senior diplomats from the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council plus Germany gathered in New York today to map out a strategy to deal with Iran' s suspected nuclear weapons program.4. The UN Security Council is expected to hold closed-door consultations today on a British-U.S. peacekeeping plan for Sudan' s Darfur region.5. Hollywood movie star and United Nations Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie is appealing for international help in repatriating millions of Afghan refugees now living in Pakistan.6. Meanwhile the United Nations Security Council is to hold an urgent meeting at the request of Lebanon today on the crisis.7. (The) United Nations General Assembly has opened in New York with forceful calls for actionin the Sudanese region of Darfur.8. The United Nations is reporting signs of some progress in meeting global antipoverty goals setin 2000.9. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has called on the American government to immediately close all secret detention facilities and grant access to the Red Cross to anybody detained in connection with an armed conflict.10. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said the United Nations' resolutions against North Korea leave Pyongyang no choice but to return to the negotiating table.Section B Answer C B A C BTapescript1. (The) United Nations has released new data showing that rich countries have made little overall progress in reducing the output of the gases blamed for climate change.2. Qatar has become the first Arab country to pledge troops for a UN peacekeeping mission in Lebanon, offering to send up to 300 troops to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah.3. In a speech to the 191-member General Assembly, Mr. Annan urged an enlargement of the Security Council by adding six new members.4. World leaders speaking on the second day of the United Nations World Summit have called for reform of the international body and have urged it to play a key role in the fight against terrorism.5. The United Nations has launched its biggest annual appeal for humanitarian assistance, asking for 4.7 billion dollars to help the victims of war, famine and natural disasters around the world. Section CItem 1 TapescriptAnswer Task 1 247Task 2 1.children’s agency 2. health teams mountain communities immunize/vaccinate winter snows 300000 3.race against timeThe United Nations children' s agency UNICEF is beginning a huge campaign in Pakistan todayto immunize 800,000 children affected by the earthquake last month. The agency is sending 600 health teams into towns and mountain villages to vaccinate children against measles, polio, diphtheria and tetanus. UNICEF staff say it would be a race against time to reach children scattered in remote mountain communities before winter snows arrive. The agency has already vaccinated 300,000 children.Item 2 TapescriptAnswer Task1: 1.C 2.D Task2: 1.F 2.T 3.T. 4.T 5.FThe United Nations relief agency says an attack on a displaced persons' camp in Sudan's western Darfur region has reportedly left 29 people dead and 10 seriously injured. A spokeswoman for theUN High Commissioner for Refugees told VGA it' s the first time that a displaced persons' camp has been attacked in more than two years of civil war. The spokesman says up to 300 armed Arab men on horses and camels attacked the camp on Wednesday.Item 3 TapescriptAnswer: 1.Donations of more than $150 million 2.Prevention of a food crisis in southern Africa 3.Almost 10 million people 4.Drought,HIV/AIDS and chronic poverty 5.Signs of malnutritionThe United Nations World Food Program has appealed urgently for donations of more than 150 million dollars to prevent a food crisis in southern Africa. It warned that almost 10 million peopleSwaziland—— countries——Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho and Swaziland across six countriesurgently needed food aid. The shortages are blamed on drought and the effects of HIV/AIDS and chronic poverty. A BBC correspondent in southern Africa says that in Zimbabwe, children in rural areas have already started to show signs of malnutrition. She says some eat only once a day. Section DItem 1 TapescriptAnswer：（1）Secretary General (2)Foreign Minister (3)won the support (4)succeed (5)informal ballots (6)veto (7)candidacy (8)unlikeThe South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-Moon has won the support of all five permanent members of the UN Security Council in his bid to become the next Secretary General of the UN. Mr. Ban had been the favorite to succeed Kofi Annan in the post, and had come first in three previous informal ballots held by members of the Security Council. However, until this latest voteit had not been known whether his candidacy might be vetoed by one of the five permanent members, the United States, China, Russia, France or Britain. It's expected that a formal vote willbe held next week. The U.S. ambassador to the U.N. John Bolton said new candidates could come forward, but that was unlikely.Item 2 TapescriptAnswer：Task1 :1.C 2.C Task2: 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.TDespite U.S. objections, the United Nations General Assembly today overwhelmingly voted to create a new human rights council to improve the UN's ability to deal with human rights offenders. The council replaces the discredited UN Human Rights Commission based in Geneva. U.S. ambassador to the UN John Bolton told the Assembly today that UN made some improvementsbut they are not enough. Bolton told the Assembly that rules for the new council are too weak to prevent human rights violators from obtaining seats. Under the resolution adopted today, the old commission will be abolished June 16th, and the new council will convene three days later.Item 3 TapescriptAnswer：1 .Donor nations have made piedges of nearly 600millino dollars to fund relief efforts after the South Asian earthouake2.Mr. Egeland is the UN chief relief coordinator. He said it was not clear how much was for immediate emergency relief and how much for longer-term work.3. Pakistan says 79,000 people have died and Mr. Egeland had early warned that hundreds of thousands more could die without an immediate big boost in funds4. Winter snow is expected in the earthquake zone within weeks.5. An extra 30,000 troops were in the area to help.The United Nations has welcomed new pledges by donor countries of nearly 600 million dollars to fund relief efforts after the South Asian earthquake. But the UN's chief relief coordinator Jan Egeland said it was not clear how much was for immediate emergency relief and how much for longer-term work. Pakistan says 79,000 people have died and Mr. Egeland had early warned that hundreds of thousands more could die without an immediate big boost in funds. Winter snow is expected in the earthquake zone within weeks. A top Pakistani relief official, General Farooq Ahmed, told the BBC that an extra 30,000 troops were in the area to help.Section E Listening StrategyThe arrangement of main facts ?Item 1Answer：A.(4)→B(3)→C(5)→D (2)→E(1)Sri Lankan officials say government forces have killed at least 40 Tamil Tigers and wounded 70 during a rebel attack on strategic areas in the country’s northeast. Military officials say five government troops were also killed in the fighting early today around the port of Trincomalee. The rebels say they overran four military outposts, but authorities in Colombo say the rebels have made no territorial gains. Rebels also fired mortar shells into a civilian area in Muthur near Trincomalee, killing at least two civilians. ?Item2Answer：A.(3)→B(1)→C(4)→D (2Hundreds of thousands of people are still without electricity in western New York after a major snowstorm this week. It hit Thursday night and dropped as much as two feet of snow by the time it ended yesterday morning. It was the snowiest two days in October in Buffalo since the National Weather Service began keeping track 137 years ago. Authorities say three people died of weatherrelated causesItem 3Answer：A.(4)→B(2)→C(1)→D (3)The American space agency NASA has awarded a multibillion-dollar contract to a group led by Lockheed Martin and build the next generation of manned spacecraft. The craft called the Orion is intended to replace the aging fleet of space shuttles. Orion’s shape resembles the command modules of the Apollo spaceship from the sixties and seventies. Unlike the shuttle, it has no wings and will parachute back to earth at the end of each mission.。
英语介绍联合国
• United Nations Secretary-General
• The Secretary-General is Chief Administrative Officer of the UN – and is also a symbol of the Organization's ideals and an advocate for all the world's peoples, especially the poor and vulnerable.
• The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Currently made up of 193 Member States, the UN and its work are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.
General Assembly
• The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation. Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and general debate, which many heads of state attend and address. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office.
新GRE阅读必备单词集锦
新GRE阅读必备单词集锦- qualified 有限制的，有保留的(注意在新GRE阅读词汇中不要理解为“合格的”)(qualify 限制-- qualification)- unqualified 没限制的- unmitigated 绝对的，十足的，不缓和的- guarded 受限制的，谨慎的(注意在新GRE阅读词汇中不要理解为“被保护的”)- pointed 率直的，尖锐的(pointedly)- unquestioning 不加疑问的- mildly 温和地，适度地- fallacious 谬误的- unprofessional 外行的- definitive 确定的，明确的- thorough 完全的，彻底的- inaccurate 不精确的- popular 流行的，受欢迎的- admirable 令人钦佩的(admiration)新GRE阅读必备单词集锦2- accurate精确的- trivial 微不足道的，琐细的- indignation 愤慨- impatience 急躁，不耐烦- pessimism悲观的- indifference 冷漠，不关心- defiance 蔑视，挑衅- skepticism 怀疑- amusement 娱乐- derision 嘲笑- revolutionary 创新的，革命性的- inconsequential 无关紧要的;不合逻辑的- outdated 过时的- derivative 派生的- incomplete 不完正的- wary 小心谨慎的，机警的- approval 赞成- disagreement 不同意- ambivalence 矛盾心理(指正反两种感情并存) - neutrality 中立- hostile 敌对的(hostility)- biased 有偏见的- speculative 推测性的新GRE阅读必备单词集锦3- dispassionate 不带感情的，无偏见的- denial 否定- dogmatic 武断的，教条的- pedantic 迂腐的，学究式的- contentious 有争议的，好争吵的- critical 评论的，批评的- ironic 讽刺的- deprecate 反对，藐视(deprecating)- argumentative 论证性的，好争论的- unfocused 未聚焦的- stilted 僵硬的，不自然的，呆板的- insincere 不真诚的- practical 实用的- detrimental 有害的- effective 有效果的新GRE阅读必备单词集锦4- efficient 有效率的- expedient 有利的- incredulous 怀疑的，不轻信的- detached 超然的- resigned 听天由命的- resignation 听天由命(注意在GRE词汇中不要理解为“辞职”)- objective 客观的- concerned 关心的- optimism 乐观- enthusiasm 热情(enthusiastic 热情的) - dissatisfaction 不满- uncertainty 不确定- disparagement 轻蔑，轻视- disparaging 蔑视的，轻视的- original 原创的- ambitious 雄心勃勃的- vulnerable 易受攻击的，脆弱的新GRE阅读必备单词集锦。
symbolism象征主义
第1页，共18页。
The introduction
▪ Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent things such as ideas
and emotions. Symbolism is sometimes used to refer specifically to totemic symbols that stand on their own, as opposed to linguistic
organization, and connections between symbols. Jung and Freud diverged on the issue of common cognitive symbol systems and whether they exist within the individual mind or among other minds, whether cognitive symbolism was innate or defined by the environment. ▪ Symbolism is important to religion. Some religious oracles divine by
第6页，共18页。
▪ Similarly, near the beginning of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby, there is the famous scene of the Valley of Ashes where Tom Buchanan's mistress Myrtle lives. Although Fitzgerald never says so, it is clear that the Valley of Ashes represents the real state of Tom's soul; although to the outside world his residence is in a mansion on the beautiful bay at East Egg, where everything is opulent and expensive and tasteful, the inwardly rotten, spiritually desiccated Tom really "lives" where his "heart" does, in a grim ashen valley presided over by a billboard decorated with a huge pair of bespectacled eyes. The eyes represent God, who sees Tom's actions and knows the interior of his heart, but ominously seems powerless to intervene. Other famous symbols are Melville's great white whale in Moby Dick; Dante's journey into the underworld in The Inferno; and Coleridge's albatross in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." All these concrete objects or places carry within them a wide range of associations that stand for something so ineffable it would spoil the magic to explain it. Symbolism, therefore, is an integral component of fiction, because it enriches the narrative by pulling its message down to the level of our unconscious and anchoring it there.
表达数量的英语名词短语
汇报人：XX 20XX-01-29
contents
目录
• Cardinal and ordinal words • Quantified expression of
uncountable nouns • Countable nouns in singular and
plural forms • Expressing fractions, percentages,
Examples of common uncountable nouns
Abstract concepts
such as happiness, knowledge, love, etc.
Gas and liquid
such as air, oxygen, oil, etc.
Material terms
The use of countable nouns in singular and plural forms in sentences
In affirmative sentences, countable nouns are usually used in the plural form, unless they specifically refer to one or some specific object.
Examples: one (1), two (2), three (3), foefinition and Examples of Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numerals are numerals that indicate order and are mainly used as attributives. When used as an attributive in a sentence, the definite article "the" is usually added before the ordinal numeral.
AmericanLegalSystem法律英语省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
In this first form of American government, there were neither federal courts nor a president and the single chamber of Congress had no way to enforce its laws. The individual states could and did ignore federal laws with impunity. It quickly became clear that the US would not remain united long unless the role of the federal government was strengthened.
e.g.“Amendments . . . shall be valid . . . when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States” (U.S. Constitution, Article V).
“修正案…当为四分之三旳州立法机构赞同步…将生效” （美国宪法，第五条）
Key words for your reference
The first complete constitution
All laws consistent with the constitution
Hard to mend
The history and development of a nation influence the shape, focus, and scope of its legal system. For example, the United States, Canada, and Great Britain once shared the same system, but since the American War of Independence (1775-1783) that common system has split into three distinct systems.
without练习题
一、词汇辨析1. 下列哪个词与“happy”同义？a. joyfulb. sadc. angryd. calm2. 下列哪个词与“quick”反义？a. slowb. fastc. shortd. long3. 下列哪个词与“large”同义？a. smallb. bigc. talld. wide4. 下列哪个词与“hot”反义？a. coldb. warmc. coold. cool5. 下列哪个词与“big”同义？a. smallb. largec. shortd. tall二、语法填空1. He ______ (is) a very kind person.2. She ______ (go) to the movies last night.3. They ______ (be) at home when I called them.4. I ______ (not see) you before.5. She ______ (not like) coffee, but she likes tea.三、阅读理解1. 阅读下列短文��判断正误。
The cat is a small, furry animal with a long tail. It has sharp claws and can climb trees. Cats are often kept as pets. They are very playful and can be very independent.a. The cat is a large, furry animal with a short tail.b. Cats have soft paws and can't climb trees.c. Cats are usually kept as pets and are very playful.d. Cats are dependent on their owners for food and care.2. 阅读下列短文，回答问题。
上纽大2024文书题目
上纽大2024文书题目英文回答：As an aspiring global citizen, I am eager to immerse myself in the esteemed academic environment of Shanghai New York University (NYU Shanghai). I believe that my unique background and unwavering passion for cross-cultural exchange make me an ideal candidate for your esteemed institution.From a young age, I have been captivated by the intricacies of language. Growing up in a multicultural household, I became fluent in both English and Mandarin. This ability to bridge linguistic barriers instilled in me a deep appreciation for the power of communication and the importance of cultural exchange.My passion for language extends beyond the classroom. I actively participate in language exchange programs, where I engage in lively conversations with native speakers. Theseexperiences have not only enhanced my language skills but also broadened my cultural horizons. I am particularly interested in the nuances of Chinese language and culture, and I am eager to delve deeper into its complexities at NYU Shanghai.Academically, I have excelled in my studies. I have consistently maintained a high GPA, and I have received numerous awards for my academic achievements. I am particularly strong in the humanities and social sciences, and I am fascinated by the interplay between language, history, and culture.My commitment to cross-cultural exchange extends beyond my academic pursuits. I am actively involved in community outreach programs that connect students from different backgrounds. I have volunteered at a local community center, where I tutor immigrant children in English and help them adjust to their new lives. Through these experiences, Ihave developed a strong sense of empathy and a deep respect for different cultures.I am confident that my skills and experiences make me an ideal candidate for NYU Shanghai. I am a highly motivated and curious learner who is eager to challenge myself intellectually. I am also a dedicated global citizen who is committed to using my education to make a positive impact on the world.I am excited about the prospect of joining the vibrant and diverse community at NYU Shanghai. I believe that your institution's interdisciplinary approach to education, coupled with its commitment to global engagement, will provide me with the ideal platform to develop my skills, broaden my perspectives, and make a meaningful contribution to society.中文回答：作为一名颇具全球公民意识的青年，我渴望融入上海纽约大学（NYU Shanghai）卓越的学术环境中。
考研英语高频词汇总结2
v得到 secure fame（2017年 partB） security n.安全
cur ，curr ，curs ，cours表示跑 ，引申为发生
dict ，dic讲话 ，谈论
addict v/n 成瘾 ，瘾君子 contradict-contradiction-contradictory 反驳 ，矛盾 indicate- indication- indicative 指 示 predict- prediction- predictably- unpredictable 预 测 Further contradicting conventional wisdom,we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home. 与普遍看法进一步相矛盾的是，我们发现不论是女性还是男性，工作时的压力 都比在家中的压力更小。（2015年阅读）
cur ，curr ，curs ，cours表示跑 ，引申为发生
excursion n.短途旅行 incur vt招致 ，惹起 ，遭受 occur v.发生 occurence n.发生，出现 ，事件 ，事故 recur vi再发生 secure adj 安全的；可靠的；稳固的；得到某物 ，获得，防护 ，保卫
联合国 电子商务发展情况 中文简述
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UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2004/1(Overview)UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONCopyrightⒸUnited Nations, 2004All rights reservediiiii前 言信息和通信技术(信通技术)在促进发展与经济增长方面具有巨大潜力。
这些技术能够促进革新，提高生产率；能够降低交易成本，并且能在数秒钟内将丰富的全球知识储藏呈现在人们面前。
信通技术一旦为发展中国家特别是中小企业所掌握，便能在创造就业、加强男女平等、提高生活水准诸方面创造令人瞩目的效益。
近年来，与信通技术有关的货物和服务的国际贸易增长迅速，速度超过了世界贸易的总体增长速度。
一些发展中国家正在充分利用信通技术所产生的机会，扩大其客户基础，并扩大对国际供应链的参与。
但是，若使所有国家都受益，若使信通技术对一国经济前景产生真正影响，就需要在国家和国际两个层面上作出更多努力，建设能力，并创造一个有利环境。
在作出这种努力时，必须处理一些广泛的全球性问题，诸如互联网治理和保护知识产权等问题，也必须处理一些范围较小的具体任务，例如如何确保中小企业能够使用信通技术。
在这一过程中，单个工人和公司以及整个经济都可能需要发生深刻变化。
magoosh（一些很好的GRE模拟填空题）（最新编写）
1.Refusing to ____________ his vituperative words, the ambassador only further ____________ members of the multinational committee.Blank (i)exacerbate moderate intensifyBlank (ii)intrigued encouraged incensedText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (F)’Vituperative’ means harsh and scathing. By not moderating these angry words, the ambassador is only going to make the committed more some negative word. Only (F) incensed, or very upset/enraged works.2. The gossip columnist’s ____________ was ____________ the number of her published columns – the more articles she wrote, the more untruths she spread.Blank (i)calumny ardor flatteryBlank (ii)commensurate with inverse to unconnected toText ExplanationAnswers: (A), (D)’The more untruths…’ matches up with (A) calumny, or slander. (D) commensurate describes the relationship between two things, in which when one increases the other increases, or when one decreases the other decreases. 'In proportion to' is another way of saying ‘commensurate with.’3.For all her brilliance, Ada was undone by her ______________: she vowed to apply herself far more diligently in studying for her retake of the bar exam.cleverness insouciance sagacity insight earnestnessText ExplanationAnswer: (B)'For', in this case, means 'despite.' Despite her brilliance, Ada did not pass the exam. She was undone by her lack of effort ("...vowed to...diligently...").(A), (C), and (D) are similar in meaning, and none contrast with 'brilliance.' (E) means honesty and sincerity. If she possessed more of (E), she would have likely passed the exam.4.The conception of time as parcelled out in ______________ intervals did not begin with the advent of the clock; as such we must have a biological predisposition to not conceive of time as simply an amorphous succession of moments.fleeting illusory unbounded discrete indiscernibleText ExplanationAnswer: (D)The clue is "to not conceive...amorphous." Therefore, we conceive of time that is bounded, not amorphous or shapeless.(A) does not match the context, though is tempting because of the platitude, "Time is fleeting."(B) is not supported by context.(C) is the opposite.(D) means broken up into separate intervals. This opposes the idea of amorphous intervals.If anything, (E) is the opposite of the blank.5. Favoring quantity over substance, many amateur writers labor under the delusion that the more ____________ the sentence structure the more ____________ the thought being conveyed.Blank (i)rudimentary involved superficialBlank (ii)tactical ironic profoundText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (F)’…quantity for substance…’ indicates that writers are going to think that longer or (B) involved sentences are of more value. The only answer choice that makes sense in the context of conveying though, and quality thought at that, is (F) profound.6. Because reading on the Web entails quickly scanning and sorting through a deluge ofinformation, many wonder if our level of engagement with the text has been ____________ or if the ability to read closely and carefully is one that can be ____________ if we simply spend more time immersed in a book.Blank (i)irreparably compromised tentatively disruptedpermanently restoredBlank (ii)fully reactivated further degraded summarily disregarded Text ExplanationAnswers: (A), (D)It may be tempting to choose (B) tentatively disrupted. First off, it fits the context. Secondly, (A) irreparably compromised is very extreme. However, none of the answer choices for the second blank make sense if coupled with(B). The most alluring, (D) fully reactivated, doesn't quite work, because if something is tentatively disrupted it implies that it is only temporarily affected and will change back (or be fully reactivated) soon.(A) irreparably compromised, on the other hand, implies that "the level of engagement" may always be compromised. The 'or' in the sentence indicates that we need an opposite to (A). (D) fully reactivated supplies this contrast.7. Managers who categorically squelch insights from low-tiered employees run the obvious hazard of (i) ____________ creativity; conversely, these very same managers are more likely to (ii)____________ any ideas that flow down from the top brass.Blank (i)fomenting smothering sparkingBlank (ii)unquestioningly embrace arbitrarily denounce conditionally approveText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (D)"Categorically squelch insights" indicates the first blank is going to be a word like stifle. (A) and (C) create the opposite meaning.'Conversely' indicates a shift. Therefore the second part of the sentence is opposite. For the second blank we are looking for the opposite of"categorically squelch insights". Only (D) works.8. Because the defendant expressed very little ____________ for his heinous crime, the judge meted out a(n) ____________ sentence.Blank (i)contempt contrition apathyBlank (ii)charitable severe peculiarText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (E)(B) contrition, or remorse, works best for the first blank. As a result, the judge handed out a (E) severe sentence. ‘Heinous’, which means awful, backs up the second blank9.The grammar teacher ____________ at the slightest fault, sometimes going so far as to berate students for forgetting to cross a ‘t’.started caviled blanched beamed pausedText ExplanationAnswer: (B)’…the slightest fault’ plus the detail of students getting berated for‘forgetting…’ indicates that the teacher finds fault, especially over trivial matters(A) started just means to make a sudden movement(B) caviled means to find fault with, usually on trivial matters(C) blanched means to turn white from shock(D) beamed means to show great pleasure(E) paused does not capture the teacher’s negative emotion10. To the ____________ eye the jungle canopy can seem little more than a dense lattice work of branches and leaves. For the indigenous peoples of the Amazon, even a small area can serve as a veritable ____________ of pharmaceutical cures. The field of ethnobotany, which relates both to the natural pharmacy offered up by the jungle and the peoples who serve as a store of such knowledge, has become increasingly popular in the last decades as many anthropologists, hoping to take advantage of this vast bounty, learn the language and customs of the tribes in order to____________ them thousands of years worth of knowledge.Blank (i)untutored sophisticated veteranBlank (ii)cornucopia invasion disseminationBlank (iii)glean from allot to purge fromText ExplanationAnswers: (A), (D), (G)The contrast is between the indigenous peoples--who know a lot about the jungle--to those who are not indigenous and therefore do not notice anything more than "dense lattice..." The latter are (A) untutored . The indigenous people can discern an abundance, or a (D) cornucopia or cures.Ethnobotanists hope to learn this knowledge, or (G) glean the knowledge from the indigenous peoples.11. True, to the classically trained ear, Haydn’s early works can often seem ____________, a mishmash of motifs from which anything fresh has been wrung dry by subsequent composers – to the ears of Haydn’s contemporaries, however, Haydn’s music was ____________.Blank (i)complex predictable hackneyedBlank (ii)refreshingly novel prematurely antiquated highly derivativeText ExplanationAnswers: (C), (D)’…a mishmash of…’, ‘anything fresh…’, matches with (C) hackneyed.‘Hayden’s contemporaries’ signals a time shift. Therefore the second blank is opposite, (D) refreshingly novel.12 Had the committee any (i) ______________ that it was being investigated for fraud, surely it would have been more (ii) ______________ in trying to cloak any venality.Blank (i)question inkling hindsightBlank (ii)suspicious hesitant diligentText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (F)"Cloak any venality" is the key phrase, which roughly translated means hide any wrongdoing. Therefore, if the company knew, or had an inkling, it was being investigated for fraud, it would have been careful, or been more diligent, to cover up any wrongdoing.13The recent spate of quality television dramas—while clearly indebted to the cinematic idiom of the 1970’s—represents a(n) ______________ achievement: never before has any video medium been called on to sustain a narrative for 100 plus hours.wondrous incalculable unambiguous unprecedented spottygroundbreakingText ExplanationAnswers: (D), (F)The clue here is "never before...", which best points at (D) and (F).(C) and (A) could work, independently, but they do not create synonymous sentences.14Attempting to quell the unrest, the mayor, addressing the gathering mob, highlighted the very grievances that had initially inflamed people’s temper, thereby ________ provoking the collective wrath.unwittingly directly decisively inadvertently subtlynoticeablyText Explanation(A) unwittingly and (D) inadvertently are the correct answers.The clues are “Attempting to quell... provoke wrath”.The mayor attempted to ease the unrest but instead he accidentally or unintentionally made things worse. Therefore answers have to be similar to unintentionally so (A) unwittingly and (D) inadvertently are the answers.15.The chairman of the board, sensing that any effort was futile, became _____ the company’s plight, and only shrugged his shoulders when the shareholders notified him that the corporation was insolvent.wary of apathetic to irascible towards hopeless regarding pugnacioustowards indifferent toText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (F)The keywords 'only shrugged his shoulders' show that the chairman displayed a sense of indifference'(A) wary of means skeptical towards(B) apathetic means no longer caring, uninterested(C) irascible means irritated by(D) hopeless could work, however there is no matching word(E) pugnacious means aggressive and hostile(F) indifferent means not caring, apathetic16For triathletes to remain _____ even after a large meal is unsurprising, given that their training regimens require them to burn thousands of calories each day.responsive sated voracious reticent alert ravenousText ExplanationAnswers: (C), (F)Triathletes use so many calories training that even after eating a large meal, they are still hungry. The word in the blank is a synonym for hungry(A) responsive does not fit context(B) sated means full. Opposite of the blank(C) voracious means very hungry(D) reticent means not saying much(E) alert does not fit context(F) ravenous means very hungry17When sketching, Pablo Picasso moved with a ______ that made his creations all the more astonishing – he could finish an entire work in the time many artists took to arrange their implements.purity celerity fecklessness semblance deliberationswiftnessText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (F)The keywords, 'he could finish...' show that Picasso moved quickly.(A) purity does not denote speed(B) celerity, a very difficult word, means speed, swiftness(C) fecklessness is idleness(D) semblance means outward appearance. Does not match context(E) deliberations means to do something carefully and slowly(F) swiftness means speed18.Max was so ______________ that he never could be caught in an outright lie; his duplicity worked its seductive spell through a calculated mix of half-truths and disingenuousness.obtuse wily uncanny undiscerning crafty artlessText ExplanationAnswers: (B), (E)Max is duplicitous, or two-faced. He is very good at lying, and very good at not getting caught ("seductive spell...half-truths").(B) and (E) mean clever and cunning, which work perfectly with this context.(F) means innocent, which is the opposite of the answers.19The professor began to work ______________ on various research projects—though never to the point that she failed to attend to her classes, since whether she received tenure was determined not only by published research but also, to some extent, by student recommendations.periodically sporadically monotonously industriously diligentlyfruitfullyText ExplanationAnswers: (D), (E)Because the professor is not sure whether she is going to get tenure, she is going to work hard. "Pursuing multiple..." is the clue.Industrious is a tricky word. It does not mean relating to industry. It is a synonym for diligent, hard-working, especially in pursuit of a goal.20The idea that the human mind is a blank slate, able to be molded at will, has been challenged by Tennenbaum, whose research shows that not only do infants display certain predilections but also that these preferences may well be ______ .innate hard-wired indiscernible circumscribed pervasive malleableText ExplanationAnswers: (A), (B)There is a shift in the sentence. 'Has been challenged' shows that the word in the blank is the opposite of a blank slate/something moldable.(A) innate means in-born. Thus it cannot be changed(B) hard-wired is the same as innate(C) indiscernible does not fit context(D) circumscribed, which means bounded, works. There is, however, no matching word.(E) pervasive, which means widespread, does not work(F) if something is malleable it is moldable, the opposite of the answer三空题：1 Whether repression has come from the church or from a totalitarian state, science has always been an imperiled endeavor, but to claim that it will only flourish in times of libertarian rule is not a(n) ____________ conclusion. A(n) ____________ government is not the same as one that actively takes an interest in funding science – and the latter may well be, in some respects,____________.Blank (i)superficial ineluctable tentativeBlank (ii)despotic aloof permissiveBlank (iii)corrupt inviolate autocratic2 When researchers follow the scientific method, the absence of ____________ proof by no means suggests a theory lacks validity. Indeed, no theory is ____________ and can always be subject to further testing and scrutiny, and therefore remains, by definition, ____________.Blank (i)ineffable sufficient irrefutableBlank (ii)cherished porous unassailableBlank (iii)equivocal suspect provisionalText ExplanationAnswers: (C), (F), (I)A good way to approach this text completion is working with the second blank first. A theory ‘can always be…’. Thus no theory is (F) unassailable. ‘Can always be subject…’ also informs the third blank. Therefore, every theory is (I) provisional, meaning existing in the present but able to be changed at some point in the future. Finally, this helps with the first blank. The absence of (C) irrefutable proof, or a perfect proof, is not a problem, as a theory can always be tested further.3 For charities operating in the developing world, when noble impulses (i) ______________ into mere (ii) ______________, vapid slogans rear their heads and we witness a further deterioration in the very situation such high-mindedness had initially sought to (iii) ______________.Blank (i)devolve morph coalesceBlank (ii)quixotry fraud altruismBlank (iii)limit prevent ameliorateText ExplanationAnswers: (A), (D), (I)"Noble impulses" lead to "vapid slogans" so we have a deterioration, or (A), in the situation. (B) only means to change in a neutral fashion. So (A) is the better word."Vapid slogans" match best with (D), which means wildly impractical. (E) is too negative. That is, slogans without real meaning aren't an example of fraud.For the final blank, such high-mindedness/noble impulses had hoped to do good before the deterioration. Therefore, (I) works best.4 What is currently (i) ______________ civil engineers is not so much a predicted increase in annual precipitation as the likelihood that many storms will come in (ii) ______________, thereby making flooding in lower lying riparian regions (iii) ______________.Blank (i)worrying comforting unimportant toBlank (ii)more predictable patterns tighter succession greater isolationBlank (iii)far more likely somewhat infrequent all but impossibleText ExplanationAnswers: (A), (E), (G)"A much predicted...", and "making flooding..." indicates that the first blank is (A). The second blank must point at increased participation. Only (E) is consistent. More storms will make flooding more likely. Therefore the third blank is (G).。
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UN urges all States to sign, ratify Nuclear Test Ban as 'critical step on road to nuclear-free world'
28 August 2015 – For the fifth International Day against Nuclear Tests, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has welcomed voluntary moratoria on testing imposed by nuclear-armed states but stressed that these cannot substitute for a legally-binding treaty.
“The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is essential for the elimination of nuclear weapons,” Mr. Ban said in a message. “It is a legally-binding, verifiable means by which to constrain the quantitative and qualitative development of nuclear weapons.”
The UN General Assembly declared 29 August the International Day against Nuclear Tests in December 2009, adopting a unanimous resolution that calls for increasing awareness and education “about the effec ts of nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions and the need for their cessation as one of the means of achieving the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.” 2010 marked the inaugural commemoration of the International Day against Nuclear Tests.
Reminding the world that this year marks the 70th anniversary of the dawn of the nuclear age, the UN chief said 70 years ago in 1945, “the Trinity Test unleashed the power of more than 20,000 tons of TNT and precipitated over 2,000 additional nucl ear tests.”
“Pristine environments and populated communities in Central Asia, North Africa, North America and the South Pacific were hit,” he said. “Many have never recovered from the resulting environmental, health and economic damage. Poisoned groundwater, cancer, leukaemia, radioactive fallout – these are among the poisonous legacies of nuclear testing.”
“The best way to honour the victims of past tests is to prevent any in the future,” he said, noting that two decades after the CTBT was negotiated, “the time has long past for its entry-into-force.”
“I welcome the voluntary moratoria on testing imposed by nuclear-armed States,” Mr. Ban said “At the same time, I stress that these cannot substitute for a legally-binding Treaty.”
“On this International Day, I repeat my longstanding call on all remaining States to sign and ratify the Treaty – especially the eight necessary for its entry-into-force – as a critical step on the road to a nuclear-weapon-free world,” he said.
The General Assembly resolution that established the world day was initiated by Kazakhstan, together with a large number of sponsors and cosponsors with a view to commemorate the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test site on 29 August 1991. In his remarks, Assembly President Sam Kutesa said the recently held 2015 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) had highlighted the stark reality of the increasing divisions between the States parties over the future of nuclear disarmament.
“It is now time to bridge the gap and work with more resolute political will to ensure that the NPT continues to remain the cornerstone of global security,” he declared. Mr. Kutesa applauded the efforts of the Government of Kazakhstan, not only for initiating the International Day, but also for its continuing leadership in efforts to end nuclear weapons testing and to promote a world free of nuclear weapons.
He also commend the recent announcement of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on Iran's nuclear programme, reached in Vienna between the international negotiators and Iran as an important step forward on this critical issue.
“I hope this agreement will benefit the non-proliferation regime and will lead to greater mutual understanding and cooperation on the many serious security challenges in the Middle East and beyond,” he said.
He also announced that on 10 September, he plans to convene an informal meeting of the General Assembly to mark the International Day under the overall theme 'Towards Zero: Resolving the Contradictions.'。