科技论文写作 how to write a scientific research article for an academic journal
How to write a scientific paper
What is a scientific paper?
A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader
What is your objective as a researcher?
Use the active voice whenever possible.
Complete all comparisons.
• Type all papers doublespaced (not singleor oneandahalfspaced), and leave two spaces after colons, and after periods at the end of sentences. Leave generous margins. Do not translate Chinese to English directly! Use professional help as much as possible, especially if you are not short of fund.
What was measured (data)? What were the results (reduced data)? What does it all mean? What hypotheses were proved or disproved? What did I learn? Why does it make a difference?
The word "this" must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.
How to write a scientific article
Scientific article
• Research article Contain original research data • Review article Analyze current status in the field and do not contain original research • It has to undergoes a process of peer review （同行评审） by one or more referees (Judge) or reviewers (critic or assessor)
How to generate data that can be published in high impact journal?
Before you start to write your paper
• Select a journal based on – audience • Select a journal with high impact factor if you article has broad interest • Select a professional journal if you article has a few readers – Feasibility：select a journal with the scope that you article will fit in Read the instruction for author from the journal you selected
Why publish articles in journal with high IF
• It is an honor to publish article in a journal with high IF • In general it is difficult to publish an article in journal with high IF • Journals with IF>=5 are usually difficult to publish papers, Cellular Microbiology, Journal of Bacteriology • Journals with IF around 10 are very difficult to publish such as Plos Pathogen, PNAS, journals belong to Nature publishing group • Journals with IF around 30 or higher are extremely difficult to publish such as NEJM, Nature, Science, Lancet, JAMA
科技论文写作作文 (自动保存的)
How To Write a Scientific PaperWriting and publishing a research paper is not only the best way to instruct readers in theory and techniques,but also the necessary approach to get our career off the ground.However,some people may feel it difficult to accomplish a paper,caused by thinking that they have not learned enough English.Actually,science writing is much easier that it looks and what we have acquired is enough for writing up our research for publication.Most science research is written according to a fairly conventional structure:first the title ,then the abstract,followed by an introduction,after which there is a central section which describes what was done and what was found and then a discussion and /or conclusion.At the end of the paper or research article ,acknowledgements and references are added.This means that the structure of a research article will be quite similar for all writers.Hence, organizing information in a conventional way and using conventional language are very important.If we write according to a conventional model,the reader knows what weare trying todo because the model we are following is familiar and language errors are therefore less significant.After writing papers according to a simple and conventional model,we will soon develop higher level skills for writing independently and professionally.To acquire more related knowledge about a certain conventional model,we should collect enough recent research papers in our field from the journals of high level or the one that we want to publish our paper.When choosing an artile,we should bear the following criterions in mind:firstly,it should be written by a researcher/research team based at an English-spakinginstitutin,ideally a native speaker of English.Secondly,it should be reasonably short.Thirdly,it should deal with subject matter shich is as close as possible to our own topic and the kind of research we are st but not least,it should have clearly defined Introduction,Methodology,Results and Disscussion/Conclusion sections.We can use these as target articles to assist us to see how hypotheses, data and conclusions are described.At the same time,we may try to demonstrate our own idea in the same way the researcher used in the paper we are reading. During this period,thereexsit some common mistakes we may make.First of all,one of the most common errors in writing is failing to connect one sentence or idea to the next.Every time we end a sentence ,our reader has no idea what the next sentence is going to do or say.As a result,the space between a full stop and the next capital letter is dangerous space for us and the reader.Perhapswe stopped for ten minutes after a sentence,andduring that time we thought about our work and our ideas developed.Perhaps we turned off our computer and left.When you start typing again,if we don’t share the link between those sentences with our reader,we create a gapin the text which will cause problems.Therefore,we should make sure that gap is closed,so that our reader is carried carefully from one piece of information to the next.Connecting sentences and concepts is good for us too,as it forces us to develop our ideas logically.One way toconnect sentences is to overlap,meaning to repeat something from the previous sentence.Another way is to use a pronoun(it,they) or pro-form(thismethod,these systems) to glue the sentences together.The third way is not to finish the sentence at all,but to join it go the next sentence with a semicolon or a relative clause(a ‘which’clause).Joining sentence with a semicolon works well when two sentences are very closely related and one of them is quite short.The fourth way is to use a signaling sentence and the next,or one part of a sentence and the next.Secondly,we should create proper paragraphs.Paragraphs are a significant visual aid to effective reading and writing.Two common errors in paragraphing are clusters of short or single-sentence paragraphs,and paragraphs that are too long .Both errors will confuse readers and are signs of poorly-organisedwriting.Therefore ,when we are planning our paper,write down each idea/concept that we want to talk about,checking that they are in a logical order and then listing what we want to say about each,using bullet points.This will help us create paragraphs what have a logical and coherent structure.Thirdly,if we are referring to other research,make sure that the location of the reference citation or number is accurate or other researchers may end up ‘owning’ourwork.Remember that the right place for a research reference is not necessarily at the end of a sentence.Another aspect that we should attach importance is tenseThe Present Simple tense is used in science writing to state accepted facts and truths-but what qualifies as an accepted fact or truth is often your decision.Sometimes you may consider that research findings have the status of a fact;in that case,you can decide to state them in the Present Simple ,usually followed by the appropriate research reference.Moreover,Tense changes are always meaningful,and they always signal a change in the function of the information –so don’t change tense randomly and make sure you remember to change tense when you should.Moreover,another very important point of focus is the Discussion .It should be clearly focused on the achievement or contribution of ourwork.Specify the nature of ourachievements,using positive language that clearly presents the benefits or advantates.Dont’t be shy about stating achievements.Althoughwe are aware of what is good about the work we have done and the results we have obtained,ifwe do not state it explicitly,the reader may not realize the value of your achievement.Besides,what we should keep in mind is that the important difference between research writing and report writing is that the aim of research is not simply to obtain and describe results;it is to make sense of those results in the context of existing knowledge and to say something sensible and useful about their implications.Saying what your results are is the central function of the Results section;talking about what they mean is the central function of the Discussion.For method that we propose,i f there’s any problem,don’t hesitate to men tion it in proper paragraph.Ifwe don’t mention the imperfections in our work,it may look as though we are not aware of them,which gives a very poor impression.So we look far more professional if we do refer to them.If we ignore or try to hide drawbacks and our readers notice then,they will begin to doubt our legitimacy as aresearcher,whichaffects their acceptance of our results and conclusions.Besides,The reason for mentioning the limitations of your study in the Discussion is to point out a direction for future work.We should therefore examine our study for limitations which can be addressed in future work,rather than limitations which are inherent to our research field or problems which are unlikely to be solved in the near future.Try to approach this as an invitation to the research community to continue and make progress with the topic we have investigated.At last but not least,we should pay attention to the place that we choose to put certain information.Allocating appropriate location for certain content does bring convenience to both the writer and readers.The reasons are as following:firstly,it force the writer to demonstrate logically;secondly,it assistants readers to locate needed information efficiently.。
How to Write Scientific Paper
How Do I Write A Scientific Paper?A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results whose format has been defined by centuries of developing tradition, editorial practice, scientific ethics and the interplay with printing and publishing services. The result of this process is that virtually every scientific paper has a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion.科技论文是描述原创研究结果的书面报告，它的格式由数世纪的发展传统，编辑实践，科学道德所确定，并且受印刷和出版服务的影响。
这个过程的结果是，几乎每一篇科学论文都有一个标题，摘要，前言，材料和方法，结果和讨论。
It should, however, be noted that most publications have rules about a paper's format: some divide papers into these or some of these sections, others do not, and the order may be different in different publications. So be prepared to revise your paper in to a publication's format when you are ready to submit.然而，应该注意的是，大多数出版物对文章的格式有规则：一些出版物会把文章分成一些章节，另外一些出版物则不会，并且不同的出版物规则是不同的。
如何写一篇科学文献(英文)
- “In conclusion…” (biggest mensage, return to Intro, avoid speculation, avoid “need more work”
Use and Misuse of English
• Tense - Previously published work: present tense
Methods Section
• Enough information for an experienced
investigator to repeat your work • Avoid tiresome detail • Cut-and-paste from previous work of the author(s), not somebody else’s • It is the first section of the paper in which subheadings should be used
- Short words - One word vs many
Simplify
a majority of = most at the present time = now give rise to = cause in some cases = sometimes is defined as = is it is believed that = I think on the basis of = by pooled together = pooled subsequent to = after with the result that = so that
SCI科技论文撰写技巧
已确立的理 涉及科技史， 1 类似于一般过 研究设想。 去时的使用； 论，普遍真理， 强调某一结论基 2 强调某动作持 具有可复制特性 于在此之前的某 •“Table 4 的实践或操作方 shows that…”(列表 )； 续一定时间。 一事实的发生。 •“An initial shotcrete layer,50 mm thick,was applied to excavation surface.”(描述试 •“Finite “These -element values are procedures significantly have greater been applied than those to theof whole the females tunnel design of the problem.” same ； 验环节)； 法、理论、技术 age, • “The numerical “Perhaps future studies model has willbeen be able developed to connect with more PFC, precisely commercialized with the by data.” Itasca ； 等。
论文通篇采用被动语态会导致读者不明白是在引用 别人的工作，还是作者自己的工作。因而具体使用哪种 语态首先取决于句子所要强调的重点，同时应该考虑表 达的简练和精确。
Lexical Features （词汇特征）
英文科技论文的词汇具有以下特征： •专业术语（Professional terms） •意义具体的动词（Single concentrated verbs） •合成词（Compound words） •缩写词（Contracted words） •语义确切的词（Words with a special meaning） •名词词组（Noun clusters） •名词动词组合（Noun verb combination）
如何写科技论文哈佛教授
How to write a Scientific Paper?
Outlines (提纲）
➢ 提纲在论文写作，准备报告以及研究计划中有重要作用。按 照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。
➢ 提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。 ➢ 事实上，提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目的、假
提纲需要包括哪些内容？
包括标题，作者，摘要，引言，结果和讨论，结论，实验部分。
（1）摘要： 不要急着写摘要，可以等文章写完后再写。
（2）引言： 文章的第1或2段应该完全用来写引言。要特别注意写好开头一句话。
最好是简洁地陈述工作的目的，并指明该工作为什么重要。一般而言，引 言应该包含以下几个要素：
工作目的 工作目的的评价：该工作为什么很重要？ 工作背景：谁做了什么工作？做得怎么样？以前我们做了哪些工作？ 导读：读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？有意义的要点有哪些？
当你已经写下所有你想写的，再拿出一页纸，开始草拟一份提 纲。将你的观点分成三大类：
（1）引言：为什么我要做这件工作ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้主要的目的和假设是什么？
（2）结果和讨论：结果是什么？化合物是怎样合成与表征的？ 测试方法是什么？
（3）结论：所有这一切意味着什么？证实或否定了什么假设？ 我学到了什么？结果为什么与众不同？
结论：读者期望什么样的结论呢？
（3）结果和讨论。 通常，结果和讨论是合在一起的。这一部分应根据主题来进行 组织。 分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读 者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。尽可能使副标 题具体并且内容丰富。
记住把文章看作实验结果的集合，并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结 在图表，表格，方程和示意图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据 服务的，因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格和方程里的信息 越多，文章越短，越易读。
how to write a scientific paper
It has been reported that Holocene Monsoon intensity fluctuated significantly as a response to solar activity (references).
As you know ( or it is well known), ….
SCI高被引论文题名分析 -直截了当阐明主要成果
以研究问题作为论文题目，吸引读者进一步寻找问题答案
Decoupled warming and monsoon precipitation in East Asia over the last deglaciation
第1-2句话：文章研究主题的现状和基础
第3句话：以“However”开头引出目前研究现状的不足，进而深入到文章采用方法/研
究内容的意义。
第4句话：“In this study, we…”明确指出本文的研究内容和技术手段
第5-6句话：“The results indicates…”讲述研究得出的主要研究结果。
第7-结束句话：“Comparison …”, 通过与前人成果比较，得出结论。
注意期刊摘要字数限制！
Zhang et al., 2008, Science
巧妙使用照片会使文章更加直观和可信。
如何撰写英文科技论文 How to Write a Scientific Paper 中英文对照
How to Write a Scientific Paper*By George M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138, USA科学论文写作*原著：George M. Whitesides (美国)译者：张希，林志宏What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to“no n-existent.”什么是科技论文？科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。
论文是研究工作的中心部分。
如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。
有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。
Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。
scientific reports 投稿模板
scientific reports 投稿模板全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：科学研究报告（Scientific Reports）是一家国际性的开放获取期刊，涵盖了各个科学领域的研究成果。
如果你准备向Scientific Reports投稿，那么你需要按照他们的投稿模板来准备和撰写你的研究报告。
以下是一个关于Scientific Reports投稿模板的指南，希望能够对你有所帮助。
1. 标题在你的研究报告中，你需要创造一个具有吸引力且能够准确反映你研究主题的标题。
标题应该简明扼要，概括你研究的要点，吸引读者的兴趣。
在Scientific Reports中，标题应该尽量避免使用专业术语或缩写，以便更容易被广大读者理解。
2. 摘要接下来是撰写摘要部分。
在这一部分，你需要简要介绍你的研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要应该具有逻辑性，语言简洁明了，让读者能够快速了解你的研究内容和主要发现。
在Scientific Reports中，摘要通常不超过250字。
3. 引言在你需要介绍研究的背景、目的和意义。
你应该指出你的研究填补了什么知识空白，解决了什么问题，并对你的研究做出科学价值的解释。
确保引言部分清晰明了，逻辑性强，让读者对你的研究感兴趣。
4. 方法在方法部分，你需要详细描述你的研究设计、实验流程、数据采集和分析方法。
确保你的方法描述清晰明了，让读者理解你的研究方法，并能够重复你的实验。
在Scientific Reports中，方法部分应该尽量避免使用专业术语，以便更广泛的读者能够理解。
5. 结果在结果部分，你需要呈现你的研究结果，包括数据、图表和统计分析。
确保你的结果呈现清晰、准确，表达方式简洁明了，能够有效地展示你的研究成果。
在Scientific Reports中，结果部分通常采用图表和表格来辅助说明。
6. 讨论在讨论部分，你需要对研究结果进行解释和分析，探讨其科学意义，并与前人研究进行比较。
确保你的讨论部分论证严谨，结论清晰，对你研究的价值和局限性有充分的认识。
教我怎么写科学作文英语
教我怎么写科学作文英语标题，How to Write a Scientific Essay in English。
Science essays require a unique blend of clarity, accuracy, and eloquence. Whether you're exploring a complex theory, analyzing experimental results, or discussing the implications of a scientific discovery, conveying your ideas effectively is crucial. In this essay, we'll delve into the key components of writing a compelling scientific essay in English.Introduction。
The introduction serves as the gateway to your essay, providing readers with a clear overview of the topic andits significance. Start with a hook to grab the reader's attention, such as an intriguing fact or a thought-provoking question. Then, provide background information to contextualize the topic and state your thesis—the main argument or purpose of your essay.Body Paragraphs。
怎样做才能成为一名科学家,英语作文
怎样做才能成为一名科学家,英语作文Becoming a Scientist: A Rewarding JourneyScience has always been a fascinating and ever-evolving field, captivating the minds of countless individuals who seek to unravel the mysteries of the natural world. The pursuit of scientific knowledge is a noble and rewarding endeavor, one that can lead to groundbreaking discoveries, innovative solutions, and a deeper understanding of the universe we inhabit. If you aspire to become a scientist, there are several key steps you can take to embark on this remarkable journey.Firstly, it is essential to cultivate a deep and genuine passion for science. A successful scientist is driven by an insatiable curiosity to explore the unknown, to ask probing questions, and to seek answers through rigorous investigation. This passion should be nurtured from an early age, whether it is through engaging with science-related hobbies, participating in science fairs, or simply reading and learning about the latest scientific advancements.As you progress through your academic journey, it is crucial to focus on building a strong foundation in the core sciences such as biology,chemistry, and physics. These disciplines provide the essential knowledge and skills required to tackle complex scientific problems. Alongside this, it is beneficial to develop a broad understanding of mathematics, as it is the language of science and a crucial tool in data analysis and problem-solving.Alongside your academic studies, it is highly recommended to seek out opportunities to gain hands-on experience in scientific research. Internships, research assistantships, or even volunteer work in a laboratory setting can provide invaluable insights into the daily life of a scientist. These experiences will not only enhance your knowledge but also help you develop the practical skills and critical thinking abilities required for scientific inquiry.As you progress through your education, it is essential to identify a specific area of science that piques your interest and aligns with your strengths and passions. This could range from fields such as astrophysics, molecular biology, or environmental science, to name just a few. By specializing in a particular domain, you can delve deeper into the subject matter and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in that field.Once you have determined your area of specialization, the next step is to pursue advanced degrees, such as a master's or a doctoral program. These higher-level educational programs will provide youwith the opportunity to conduct in-depth research, collaborate with leading experts in the field, and develop the critical thinking and problem-solving skills necessary for a successful scientific career.During your graduate studies, it is crucial to actively engage in the scientific community. This can be achieved by attending conferences, presenting your research, and networking with other scientists in your field. These interactions not only help you stay up-to-date with the latest developments but also allow you to build valuable connections and collaborations that can further enhance your research and career prospects.Upon completing your advanced degrees, you may choose to pursue a career in academia, working as a professor or a researcher in a university or research institution. Alternatively, you may opt to work in the private sector, contributing your expertise to the development of innovative products, technologies, or solutions. Regardless of the path you choose, the skills and knowledge you have acquired throughout your scientific training will be invaluable in tackling complex problems and driving progress in your chosen field.Throughout your career as a scientist, it is essential to maintain a commitment to lifelong learning and continuous professional development. The field of science is constantly evolving, and staying up-to-date with the latest advancements, techniques, andmethodologies is crucial for maintaining relevance and contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge.In conclusion, becoming a scientist is a challenging yet immensely rewarding journey. It requires a deep passion for science, a strong academic foundation, practical experience, and a willingness to continuously learn and adapt. By embracing these key elements, you can embark on a fulfilling career that allows you to make meaningful contributions to the understanding of our world and the betterment of humanity. So, if you are ready to embark on this exciting path, let your curiosity and determination be your guiding lights as you strive to become a successful scientist.。
如何做科学研究英语作文
如何做科学研究英语作文1. Science research is all about asking questions and finding answers. It's like being a detective, but insteadof solving crimes, you're solving mysteries of the universe.2. Researchers spend a lot of time reading and studying what other scientists have already discovered. This helps them build on existing knowledge and come up with new ideas.3. One key aspect of scientific research is conducting experiments. This involves setting up controlled conditions to test a hypothesis and see if it holds true.4. Data analysis is a crucial step in the research process. Scientists use statistical methods to make senseof their results and draw conclusions from the data they have collected.5. Communication is also important in science research. Scientists need to write papers, give presentations, andcollaborate with others in order to share their findings and advance the field.6. Funding is another major challenge for researchers. Securing grants and financial support is essential for carrying out experiments, hiring staff, and publishing results.7. Despite the challenges, science research is incredibly rewarding. The thrill of discovery and the opportunity to contribute to our understanding of the world make it a fulfilling and exciting career choice.。
科学研究写作模板英语作文
科学研究写作模板英语作文Scientific Research Writing Template。
Introduction。
Scientific research is a systematic and organized process of inquiry that aims to discover new knowledge, solve problems, and improve understanding of the world around us. It involves a series of steps, including formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, designing and carrying out experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific writing is an essential part of the research process, as it allows researchers to communicate their findings to others in a clear and concise manner. In this essay, we will discuss the key elements of scientific research writing and provide a template for writing a scientific research paper.Key Elements of Scientific Research Writing。
The title of a scientific research paper should be concise and informative, accurately reflecting the content of the paper. It should be specific and descriptive, and should not contain any abbreviations or jargon.2. Abstract。
科学研究英文作文范文
科学研究英文作文范文English:Scientific research is a crucial aspect of human advancement and understanding. It involves the systematic investigation, experimentation, and analysis to develop new knowledge, technologies, and solutions to various problems facing society. Through scientific research, we are able to better comprehend the natural world, improve medical treatments, enhance technological innovations, and address environmental challenges. This process of inquiry and discovery requires careful planning, rigorous methodology, and critical thinking by researchers. It also entails collaboration amongst scientists and experts across different disciplines to exchange ideas and expertise. Scientific research not only contributes to the progress of human knowledge, but also has tangible impacts on our daily lives, contributing to the betterment of society at large.中文翻译:科学研究是人类进步和认识的重要方面。
写科学论文的有效方法 Effective Ways to Write Science 英语介绍
Effective Ways to WriteScienceScience essay writing could be a tough task for you if you don’t have the exact idea of attempting it. You may search for the tips to write a science essay. Thus, we will try to give you an idea of the same in this write-up.Write the thesis statementAlthough a thesis statement of the essay sums up in one or few sentences, it is the key sentence in the essay writing. It is the sentence that explains the main idea of the essay. In thisprocess, your approach should be specific instead of general.You should make sure to write the thesis statement in such way that is clear and to the point. It must convey what you are going to discuss in the assignment.The introduction should be well-writtenThe introduction introduces the topic of the essay, and it contains the thesis statement as, well. You should start the introduction with writing some background information about thesubject, and the thesis statement should come at the end of the presentation.You should make sure to be clear and to the point, while writing this section of the essay and should write the essay keeping the introduction in mind.Describe the arguments wellYou have to discuss the main points of the science essay in this section. You may have three paragraphs for the same. You should start the argument in the first paragraph and should write your views about the topic.In the other two paragraphs, your focus should be on describing the arguments well by writing your own views and by writing opposite point of views. You should add the examples and evidence to add credibility to your argument.Writing a conclusion is a mustIn conclusion, you should make sure to restate your views, but have to use such language that is slightly different from earlier. You should not introduce new ideas in this section.You should also make recommendations about the topic here and should also write aboutwhether there is space for further research on the same topic or not.You should submit the science assignment after proofreading and editing it. Adding references to the coursework is also recommended.。
如何写好一篇英文科技论文
一篇文章在审稿后，不要随意增加或者减少作者的名字 （如果确有需要，也必须向编辑解释清楚）。 作者的排名一般按贡献，但有时也按习惯 （和国外朋友合作时特别要注意）。
摘要
《摘要》要全面准确、简明握要。
下面这个摘要怎么样？ -- “In this letter, we report the finding of a new
说明
这不是灵丹妙药
这不是英语课程
引用的例子材料是综合拼凑的
一篇科技文章的典型结构
题目 作者 摘要 关键词 引言 段落 结论 致谢 文献 附录 Title Author Abstract Keywords Introduction Sections Conclusion Acknowledgement References Appendix
准确，但是不够精炼，而且一点也不醒目
“A new chaotic attractor coined” 另一个例子：
G. Chen and T. Ueta, “Yet another chaotic attractor,” 1999
注意：不要当“标题党”
短标题的文章常常引用率高
摘要
续
摘要 “In this letter, we report the finding of a
new chaotic attractor in a simple three-dimensional autonomous system, expressed by system (1). This new attractor is shown to be a transition between the Lorenz attractor [1] and the Chen attractor [2]. Also, we demonstrate the connection of the Lorenz system and the Chen system by simulations.”
如何成为科学家的作文300字左右
如何成为科学家的作文300字左右英文回答：To become a scientist, there are several steps that one can take. Firstly, it is important to develop a strong foundation in science and mathematics. This can be achieved through studying these subjects in school and participating in extracurricular activities such as science fairs or math competitions. Additionally, it is beneficial to read scientific literature and stay updated on the latest research in the field of interest.Another crucial aspect of becoming a scientist is gaining hands-on experience. This can be done through internships, research projects, or working in a laboratory setting. By actively engaging in scientific experiments and research, one can develop critical thinking skills and learn how to apply scientific concepts to real-world problems.Furthermore, networking and collaboration are key in the scientific community. Attending conferences, workshops, and seminars allows scientists to connect with others in their field, exchange ideas, and potentially collaborate on research projects. Building a strong network of peers and mentors can provide valuable guidance and opportunities for growth.Lastly, perseverance and a passion for discovery are essential qualities for a scientist. The path to becoming a scientist may not always be smooth, and setbacks and challenges are inevitable. However, it is important to stay motivated and continue pursuing one's passion for science. As the saying goes, "Rome wasn't built in a day." It takes time and dedication to make significant contributions to the scientific community.中文回答：要成为一名科学家，有几个步骤是可以采取的。
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1. State the main findings emphasising the new contributions to the research area and the important conclusions that follow from them. 2. Get rid of bad news by outlining the weaknesses of the study 3. But on other hand… outline the strengths of evidence. 4. Put the findings in context. Compare and contrast the findings by detailing the results from previous studies on the same topic. 5. Unanswered questions and outline future research. 6. Implications and take home message referring to study objectives.
PLANNING
1. Decide on the target audience and the journal you plan to submit your manuscript to. Each journal has specific requirements for writing style and these preferences should be followed.
This article details step-by-step instructions on how to write a scientific paper for publication in a medical journal. These instructions are based on a method devised by Tim Albert, a UK-based medical writing specialist who conducts writing and editing work-shops for health professionals (see for details). This method is outlined in Tim Albert’s highly commended books on medical writing1, 2 and details he imparted at the BMJ short course for medical journal editors in Christchurch August 5-6 2004. Relevant details from other writing guidelines compiled by the University of Otago Student Learning Centre3, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors4 and the Cochrane Organisation5 have also been included where appropriate.
3. Construct four simple plans; one for each of the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Albert6 found a consistent pattern of paragraphs in publications from six major medical journals. Based on a study of 300 articles, the mean number of paragraphs per section was:
NB: Do not detail information previously given in the Introduction or the Results section.
later. Do not be too analytical about grammar and exact references at this stage: subediting by supervisors or colleagues can focus on this. The article can be translated into the style favoured by the targeted journal at a later stage. ‘People are fairly suspicious of what they have written in this way,’ writes Albert1. ‘But they usually find that their message has come across clearly, and that the structure… is unusually well paced and clear’ (p 53).
Publishing original research in peer-reviewed academic journals is fundamental to the development of evidence-based medicine. For the student author, a publication in a peer-reviewed journal will set their resumé apart from other students and will improve their chances of getting a good job in an interesting area, or getting a headstart into academia.
EDITING
NB: This pattern of paragraphs can be altered depending on the scale of the research, such as 2-5-5-4 for a shorter article. The 2-7-7-6 formula is an example and not a set of rules.
Writing is a process that can be divided into three main elements:
• Planning • Writing • Editing
Introduction – 2 paragraphs Methods – 7 paragraphs Results – 7 paragraphs Discussion – 6 paragraphs
NB: Details should be clear enough for a competent person to be able to reproduce what you did and verify the results.
The New Zealand Medical Student Journal Number 2 March 2005
27
Results
1. Summary of collected data, such as participants and controls. 2. Efficacy of procedures indicating strength of evidence. 3. Main finding that addresses the primary objective of the study. Display only tables and figures that support or explain the argument of the paper and report only the important trends and observations in the text. 4. Second most important finding. Attempt to follow the order of comparisons in the methods. 5. Additional supportive finding. As with each main finding, report the method of analysis and a measure of uncertainty, such as a 95% confidence interval. 6. Additional supportive finding. 7. Summary of supplementary information accessible in appendices or e-journal.
Restrict your plan to paragraph subject headings that outline your argument and support your message. Avoid details at this stage.
Introduction 1. Establish the nature and significance of the problem by providing background to the topic, i.e. why do the study? Use only important references. 2. Clearly state the specific research objective(s) or the major hypothesis to be tested.
EDUCATION