free market and business
the disadvantages of Free market
F ree marketA free market is a market system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between sellers and consumers ,and A free market economy is an economy in which the allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and the demand for them. Adam Smith, totally speaks for it because he thinks there is an invisible hand in this market guiding the benefits to everybody. But i do not agree with him because of its demerits to consumers, sellers and environment.According to Adam Smith ,everyone works to maximize benifits for himself. However ,Sometimes , it can also exert some adverse effects. On the one hand, some immoral manufacturers produce poor-quality products to maximize their profits which damage the benefits of consumers. An typical example is the incident of poisonous milk powder. Producers mix melamine an harmful chemical with milk powders to ensure that their poor-quality products can pass the quality inspection. The most serious result of that is kidney stones of many infants. On the other hand , to survive in this intensely competitive market, so desirable many sellers are to promote their products and minimize the costs that they even cut down on the costs of disposing of pollutants such as sewage, harmful gases and so on which brings about unpredictable damages to the environment. Many cases such as London smog, beijing haze have already articulated this.In the free market, supply totally depends on demand ,which shows what the market really needs ,what consumers really want to buy .but it can also lead to herd behavior which describes how individuals in a group can act collectively without centralized direction For example , in 2012 green onion sells well in the market with a price of 1o yuan per kilograms. Being tempted to the high profits, many framer turn to plant green onion . Consequently , a hell of a lot of green onion poured into market, supply exceeded the demand. Many sellers had no choice but to sell their products at a very low price which was even lowed to 1yuan per kilogram. The is to some degree contributed to the misallocation and the waste of resources. Besides , in free market ,consumers decide which one to choose and buy in a number of similar products according to the product’s price and quality. These similar products include both domestic products and foreign products . But what if foreign products outweigh the domestic products? This means domestic products will suffer serious conflicts which may cause economy instability of this country. Take china as an example , in recent years ,products of apple such as iphone ipad poured into Chinese market and has posed a threat to domestic products .particularly ,according to the statistics,with the launch of iphone 6 and iphone 6plus ,apple’s share of Chinese market has increased from 20.9%to25.4% which has impacted indigenous products such as xiaomi, huawei.From what has been illustrated above, free market always bring about damages to consumers ,sellers and environment. So we should protect ourselves from free market and its adverse effects. .。
商业的英文概念
商业的英文概念商业英文概念是指与商务相关的专业术语、理论和实践，包括各种商业活动、策略、模型和原则。
以下是一些常见的商业英文概念：1. Business plan（商业计划）：一份详细说明企业目标、战略和运营计划的文件。
2. Marketing（市场营销）：通过市场研究、产品定位、推广和销售来吸引和满足顾客需求的活动。
3. Revenue（收入）：企业通过销售产品或提供服务获得的货币金额。
4. Profit（利润）：企业在扣除了所有费用、成本和税收后剩下的金额。
5. Competitive advantage（竞争优势）：企业相对于竞争对手在市场上获得的优势，例如低成本、产品差异化或品牌知名度。
6. Supply chain（供应链）：涉及原材料供应商、制造商、分销商和零售商等关键环节的产品生产和交付过程。
7. Entrepreneurship（创业）：指个人或团队通过创造新的商业机会和组织新的企业来推动经济增长。
8. Market segmentation（市场细分）：将市场分割为不同的消费者群体，以便定位服务和定制营销策略。
9. SWOT analysis（SWOT分析）：评估企业的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，以制定适应环境和实现目标的战略。
10. Corporate social responsibility（企业社会责任）：企业在经营过程中对社会和环境负责的义务和活动。
11. Financial statement（财务报表）：以数字形式汇总企业财务状况和业绩的文件，包括资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表。
12. E-commerce（电子商务）：通过互联网和电子技术进行商业活动，包括在线购物、在线支付和电子市场。
13. Branding（品牌塑造）：通过创建和传播在市场上独特且有价值的品牌形象，以吸引和保留顾客。
14. Business ethics（商业道德）：关于商业活动中正确和道德的行为准则，包括诚信、透明度和社会责任。
商务英语词汇术语
最惠国待遇
most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT
-------------------价格条件----------------------
价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight
单价price码头费wharfage
分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments
立即装运immediateshipments
即期装运promptshipments
收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C
允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermitted
IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际货币基金组织
CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)货币贸易理事会
EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)欧洲自由贸易联盟
AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)东盟自由贸易区
JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商贸联委会
发盘(发价)offer
发实盘offerfirm
询盘(询价)inquiry;enquiry
指示性价格priceindication
速复replyimmediately
参考价referenceprice
习惯做法
交易磋商
不受约束
业务洽谈
usualpractice
国贸英语试题及答案
国贸英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a term related tointernational trade?A. ImportB. ExportC. Trade balanceD. Domestic market2. The process of importing goods from one country to another is called:A. ExportingB. ImportingC. TradingD. Negotiating3. What is the most common method of payment in international trade?A. Cash on deliveryB. Letter of creditC. BarterD. Consignment4. In international trade, what does the term "FOB" stand for?A. Free on boardB. Free of chargeC. Full option boardD. Future of business5. Which of the following is a risk associated with international trade?A. Currency fluctuationB. Market demandC. Product qualityD. All of the above6. What is the purpose of a commercial invoice ininternational trade?A. To provide a record of the transactionB. To serve as a legal document for customsC. To act as a contract between buyer and sellerD. Both A and B7. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is involved in:A. Setting trade policiesB. Developing trade rules and standardsC. Regulating international tradeD. Facilitating trade negotiations8. Which of the following is not a type of internationaltrade agreement?A. Free trade agreementB. Bilateral agreementC. Trade embargoD. Trade surplus9. What is the role of a customs broker in international trade?A. To negotiate trade dealsB. To facilitate the customs clearance processC. To provide financial servicesD. To manage international logistics10. The term "countertrade" refers to:A. Trading goods for other goodsB. Trading services for servicesC. Trading goods for servicesD. Trading services for goods二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The ________ is the difference between the value of a country's exports and imports.2. A ________ is a written promise by a bank to pay aspecified sum of money to a named payee.3. The ________ is the process of determining the value of goods for customs purposes.4. The term "CIF" stands for "Cost, Insurance, and ________."5. An ________ is a document that certifies the quality, quantity, and description of the goods being shipped.6. The ________ is a document that provides evidence of the ownership of goods.7. A ________ is a type of trade agreement that allows forthe exchange of goods without the use of money.8. The ________ is the process of determining the origin of goods for trade purposes.9. A ________ is a type of agreement where two or more countries agree to reduce trade barriers.10. The ________ is a document that provides a detailed description of the goods being shipped, including their value, quantity, and destination.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of "countertrade" in international trade.2. Describe the role of a letter of credit in facilitating international trade transactions.3. What are the benefits of using a commercial invoice in international trade?4. Discuss the importance of customs clearance in the process of international trade.四、案例分析题（每题15分，共30分）1. Case Study: A company in China is exporting goods to the United States. The buyer requests a letter of credit as a method of payment. Discuss the steps the exporter should take to ensure a smooth transaction.2. Case Study: A European company is interested in importing products from a developing country. The developing country has imposed a trade embargo on certain goods. Analyze the potential implications for the European company and suggest alternative strategies for trade.五、论述题（每题30分，共30分）Discuss the impact of globalization on international trade and the role of multinational corporations in shaping global trade patterns.答案：一、选择题1-5 D B B A D6-10 B B B B A二、填空题1. Trade deficit or surplus2. Letter of credit3. Valuation4. Freight5. Certificate of quality6. Bill of lading7. Barter8. Classification9. Free trade agreement10. Bill of sale三、简答题1. Countertrade is a type of trade where goods are exchanged for other goods or services without the use of money. It can help countries with limited foreign exchange to engage in international trade.2. A letter of credit provides a guarantee of payment from a bank to the seller, reducing the risk of non-payment in international trade transactions.3. A commercial invoice serves as a record of the。
economy
• The first problem results from double taxation. • A second problem is that the managers are under more government regulation than are individual owners of small businesses. • A third problem lies in the fact that ownership is separated from management.
• 3) Mixed economy in U.S. • The United States has a mixed economy in which both ___ and ___ play important roles. • privately-owned businesses • government • The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership.
• But, in the 1980s, the American steel industry declined: • the over-valued dollar, • the long-term failure of big steel companies to invest in modernizing their operations. • *the impact on the people and communities:
• In a ____ economy, the government determines what is produced, in what quantity, the methods of production and the prices of the products. • command
global sources
global sourcesGlobal Sources: Connecting Businesses around the WorldIntroductionGlobalization has revolutionized the way businesses operate. In this interconnected world, companies are no longer confined to local markets; they now have the opportunity to expand their reach and tap into global markets. However, with increasing global trade comes the challenge of finding reliable suppliers, manufacturers, or distributors. This is where Global Sources come into play. This document explores the significance of Global Sources and how it connects businesses around the world.What is Global Sources?Global Sources is a leading business-to-business (B2B) media company that specializes in facilitating trade between buyers and suppliers. Established in 1970, Global Sources offers a wide range of services to help businesses connect and build relationships. These services include online marketplaces, physical trade shows, sourcing reports, and trade magazines.Online MarketplacesOne of the flagship services offered by Global Sources is its online marketplaces. These digital platforms allow buyers to search for suppliers, manufacturers, or products from all over the world. The online marketplaces cover various industries, including electronics, fashion, home and kitchen, and more. With the extensive database of verified suppliers, buyers can easily find the right business partners to meet their specific needs.Physical Trade ShowsIn addition to its online presence, Global Sources organizes trade shows in major cities around the world. These trade shows attract thousands of buyers and suppliers, creating a platform for face-to-face interactions and business negotiations. These events are advantageous as they allow businesses to showcase their products or services, establish brand recognition, and network with potential partners. Furthermore, trade shows organized by Global Sources often provide sourcing seminars and industry-specific conferences to keep attendees updated with the latest market trends and insights.Sourcing ReportsGlobal Sources produces comprehensive sourcing reports that provide valuable market intelligence and analysis. These reports help businesses make informed decisions when sourcing products or suppliers. The reports cover a wide range of industries and include information on market trends, competitive analysis, supplier profiles, and pricing data. By leveraging these reports, businesses can gain a competitive edge and better understand their target markets, allowing for more effective sourcing strategies.Trade MagazinesGlobal Sources publishes several trade magazines that serve as valuable resources for businesses. These magazines cover various industries and provide readers with industry news, product updates, and expert insights. The magazines also include advertisements and product listings from suppliers, enabling buyers to discover new products and suppliers conveniently.The Advantages of Global SourcesGlobal Sources offers numerous advantages for both buyers and suppliers.For buyers, Global Sources provides a one-stop platform for sourcing quality products, while also connecting them with reliable and verified suppliers. The online marketplaces and sourcing reports simplify the sourcing process, facilitating efficient decision-making. The physical trade shows enable buyers to establish personal connections, assess product quality, and negotiate prices directly.For suppliers, Global Sources offers a global platform to showcase their products and services. The online marketplaces and trade shows provide opportunities to connect with international buyers, expand customer base, and increase sales. Furthermore, the sourcing reports help suppliers understand market demand, allowing them to tailor their offerings to meet customer needs effectively.ConclusionGlobal Sources plays a vital role in connecting businesses around the world. Its online marketplaces, physical tradeshows, sourcing reports, and trade magazines are invaluable resources that enable buyers and suppliers to establish fruitful relationships. In an increasingly globalized world, businesses can rely on Global Sources to find trusted partners, explore new markets, and drive growth. With its comprehensive services and extensive network, Global Sources continues to contribute to the success of businesses in a rapidly evolving global marketplace.。
商务英语考试 选择题 64题
1. What does the acronym "B2B" stand for in the context of business?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to BuyerC. Buyer to BuyerD. Business to Bank2. Which of the following is a key component of a business letter?A. Personal greetingsB. Informal languageC. Professional toneD. Slang expressions3. In a business meeting, what does "SWOT analysis" refer to?A. A method for strategic planningB. A type of financial reportC. A marketing strategyD. A legal document4. What is the primary purpose of a balance sheet in accounting?A. To show the company's revenueB. To display the company's assets and liabilitiesC. To track daily expensesD. To forecast future profits5. Which term describes the process of evaluating a company's performan ce against its set goals?A. BenchmarkingB. BudgetingC. AuditingD. Performance appraisal6. What does "due diligence" mean in a business context?A. The process of thoroughly investigating a business or person befo re a transactionB. A routine check-up of company assetsC. The act of paying bills on timeD. A legal requirement for all businesses7. Which of the following is an example of a fixed cost in business?A. Raw materialsB. RentC. Sales commissionsD. Shipping fees8. What is the term for the amount of money a company earns from its to tal sales after deducting the cost of goods sold?A. Gross profitB. Net profitC. Operating profitD. EBITDA9. In international trade, what does "CIF" stand for?A. Cost, Insurance, and FreightB. Cash in FrontC. Currency and Foreign InvestmentD. Current International Finance10. What is the main purpose of a business plan?A. To secure fundingB. To decorate the officeC. To entertain employeesD. To comply with legal requirements11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful business proposal?A. Vague objectivesB. Lack of detailC. Clear and concise languageD. Use of slang12. What does "ROI" stand for in business?A. Return on InvestmentB. Rate of InterestC. Revenue of IncomeD. Regular Operating Income13. In a business context, what is a "pitch"?A. A type of documentB. A presentation to potential investors or clientsC. A legal termD. A financial report14. What is the main goal of market research in business?A. To increase employee moraleB. To understand customer needs and market trendsC. To reduce costsD. To comply with government regulations15. Which of the following is a key element of a company's marketing mi x?A. ProductB. PriceC. PlaceD. All of the above16. What does "EBIT" stand for in financial terms?A. Earnings Before Interest and TaxesB. Estimated Budget in TimeC. Economic Benefit IndexD. External Business Integration17. In business communication, what is the purpose of a memo?A. To provide a formal record of a decisionB. To inform employees about company newsC. To entertain clientsD. To secure a business loan18. What is a "non-disclosure agreement" (NDA) used for?A. To protect the privacy of company employeesB. To prevent the sharing of confidential informationC. To increase salesD. To comply with tax regulations19. Which of the following is a type of business entity?A. Sole proprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. All of the above20. What is the main purpose of a "mission statement" in a business?A. To outline the company's goals and valuesB. To provide legal protectionC. To increase stock pricesD. To comply with environmental regulations21. In business, what does "CRM" stand for?A. Customer Relationship ManagementB. Corporate Resource ManagementC. Cost Reduction MethodD. Central Reporting Mechanism22. What is the primary goal of a "focus group" in market research?A. To increase production efficiencyB. To gather opinions and feedback from a targeted group of consume rsC. To reduce marketing costsD. To comply with safety standards23. Which of the following is a key aspect of "branding"?A. Product qualityB. Customer serviceC. Consistency in marketing messagesD. All of the above24. What is the term for the process of setting prices based on competi tors' prices?A. Cost-plus pricingB. Value-based pricingC. Competitive pricingD. Psychological pricing25. In business, what does "KPI" stand for?A. Key Performance IndicatorB. Key Profit IndexC. Knowledge Process ImprovementD. Key Personnel Information26. What is the main purpose of a "break-even analysis" in business?A. To determine the point at which a company's revenues equal its c ostsB. To forecast future market trendsC. To increase employee productivityD. To comply with legal requirements27. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "lean business mode l"?A. High levels of inventoryB. Minimal waste and efficient processesC. Expensive marketing campaignsD. Complex organizational structure28. What is the term for the process of analyzing financial statements to evaluate a company's financial health?A. AuditingB. BudgetingC. Financial analysisD. Strategic planning29. In business, what does "M&A" stand for?A. Marketing and AdvertisingB. Mergers and AcquisitionsC. Management and AdministrationD. Monetary and Accounting30. What is the main purpose of a "business continuity plan"?A. To ensure the company can continue operating during disruptionsB. To increase sales during holidaysC. To comply with environmental regulationsD. To reduce employee turnover31. Which of the following is a key factor in "supply chain management"?A. Customer satisfactionB. Inventory controlC. Transportation logisticsD. All of the above32. What is the term for the process of converting raw materials into f inished products?A. ManufacturingB. MarketingC. DistributionD. Retailing33. In business, what does "P&L" stand for?A. Profit and LossB. Product and LocationC. Personnel and LogisticsD. Planning and Leadership34. What is the main purpose of a "business model canvas"?A. To provide a visual representation of a business modelB. To increase office spaceC. To comply with legal requirementsD. To reduce marketing costs35. Which of the following is a key element of "strategic management"?A. Daily operationsB. Long-term planningC. Employee moraleD. Customer complaints36. What is the term for the process of setting and achieving goals ina business?A. BenchmarkingB. BudgetingC. Strategic planningD. Performance appraisal37. In business, what does "IPO" stand for?A. Initial Public OfferingB. Internal Process OptimizationC. International Procurement OfficeD. Innovative Product Operation38. What is the main purpose of a "business case"?A. To justify the need for a project or investmentB. To increase employee productivityC. To comply with safety regulationsD. To reduce costs39. Which of the following is a key aspect of "risk management"?A. Ignoring potential threatsB. Identifying and mitigating risksC. Increasing operational costsD. Reducing employee benefits40. What is the term for the process of creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumer's mind?A. BrandingB. MarketingC. AdvertisingD. Public relations41. In business, what does "ERP" stand for?A. Enterprise Resource PlanningB. Economic Recovery ProgramC. Employee Relations PolicyD. Electronic Reporting Platform42. What is the main purpose of a "business strategy"?A. To increase daily salesB. To achieve long-term goalsC. To comply with legal requirementsD. To reduce employee morale43. Which of the following is a key element of "customer service"?A. Providing timely and helpful supportB. Increasing product pricesC. Reducing marketing effortsD. Ignoring customer complaints44. What is the term for the process of planning and executing the conc eption, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and servi ces?A. MarketingB. ManufacturingC. DistributionD. Retailing45. In business, what does "VC" stand for?A. Venture CapitalB. Value ChainC. Virtual CompanyD. Variable Cost46. What is the main purpose of a "business plan"?A. To secure fundingB. To decorate the officeC. To entertain employeesD. To comply with legal requirements47. Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful business proposal?A. Vague objectivesB. Lack of detailC. Clear and concise languageD. Use of slang48. What does "ROI" stand for in business?A. Return on InvestmentB. Rate of InterestC. Revenue of IncomeD. Regular Operating Income49. In a business context, what is a "pitch"?A. A type of documentB. A presentation to potential investors or clientsC. A legal termD. A financial report50. What is the main goal of market research in business?A. To increase employee moraleB. To understand customer needs and market trendsC. To reduce costsD. To comply with government regulations51. Which of the following is a key element of a company's marketing mi x?A. ProductB. PriceC. PlaceD. All of the above52. What does "EBIT" stand for in financial terms?A. Earnings Before Interest and TaxesB. Estimated Budget in TimeC. Economic Benefit IndexD. External Business Integration53. In business communication, what is the purpose of a memo?A. To provide a formal record of a decisionB. To inform employees about company newsC. To entertain clientsD. To secure a business loan54. What is a "non-disclosure agreement" (NDA) used for?A. To protect the privacy of company employeesB. To prevent the sharing of confidential informationC. To increase salesD. To comply with tax regulations55. Which of the following is a type of business entity?A. Sole proprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. All of the above56. What is the main purpose of a "mission statement" in a business?A. To outline the company's goals and valuesB. To provide legal protectionC. To increase stock pricesD. To comply with environmental regulations57. In business, what does "CRM" stand for?A. Customer Relationship ManagementB. Corporate Resource ManagementC. Cost Reduction MethodD. Central Reporting Mechanism58. What is the primary goal of a "focus group" in market research?A. To increase production efficiencyB. To gather opinions and feedback from a targeted group of consume rsC. To reduce marketing costsD. To comply with safety standards59. Which of the following is a key aspect of "branding"?A. Product qualityB. Customer serviceC. Consistency in marketing messagesD. All of the above60. What is the term for the process of setting prices based on competi tors' prices?A. Cost-plus pricingB. Value-based pricingC. Competitive pricingD. Psychological pricing61. In business, what does "KPI" stand for?A. Key Performance IndicatorB. Key Profit IndexC. Knowledge Process ImprovementD. Key Personnel Information62. What is the main purpose of a "break-even analysis" in business?A. To determine the point at which a company's revenues equal its c ostsB. To forecast future market trendsC. To increase employee productivityD. To comply with legal requirements63. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "lean business mode l"?A. High levels of inventoryB. Minimal waste and efficient processesC. Expensive marketing campaignsD. Complex organizational structure64. What is the term for the process of analyzing financial statements to evaluate a company's financial health?A. AuditingB. BudgetingC. Financial analysisD. Strategic planning答案：1. A2. C3. A4. B5. D6. A7. B8. A9. A10. A11. C12. A13. B14. B15. D16. A17. B18. B19. D20. A21. A22. B23. D24. C25. A26. A27. B28. C29. B30. A31. D32. A33. A34. A35. B36. C37. A38. A39. B40. A41. A42. B43. A44. A45. A46. A47. C48. A49. B50. B51. D52. A53. B54. B55. D56. A57. A58. B59. D60. C61. A62. A63. B64. C。
Market Failure1
•Externalities can be either positive (benefit) or negative (cost).
8
Externalities
Externalities
harmful effect →
negative externality beneficial effect → positive externality
QOptimal QFree Market
S =MSC =MPC
Q
20
Ways to manage negative production externalities
2.
Legislation:
ban the polluting firms, restrict their output, or require them to meet some measurable environmental standards Problems: job losses; cost of enforcing the laws may be too high domestic firms may become less competitive as they take measures to meet the environmental standards
11
E.g.:-FLU vaccines
Externalities----spilloverinal private costs (MPC) - is the private cost ($ 5,000 )to the firm of producing a given good (CAR) or service . Marginal social costs (MSC) -is made up of the marginal private cost ($ 5,000 ) and any external costs ($ 500 for pollution) to society. MSC = MPC + External cost (externality)
商务英语导论试题及答案
商务英语导论试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What does the term 'B2B' stand for in business?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Business to GovernmentD. Business to Investor答案：A2. The process of negotiating a contract is an example of which of the following in business?A. MarketingB. SalesC. ProcurementD. Human Resources答案：B3. Which of the following is not a function of a multinational corporation?A. ProductionB. DistributionC. FinancingD. Local Government答案：D4. What is the primary purpose of a SWOT analysis in business?A. To identify strengths and weaknessesB. To analyze market trendsC. To forecast financial performanceD. To evaluate employee performance答案：A5. In the context of business, what does 'ROI' stand for?A. Return on InvestmentB. Risk of InvestmentC. Rate of InterestD. Revenue of Investment答案：A6. Which of the following is a common method of international business communication?A. Face-to-face meetingsB. EmailC. TelephoneD. All of the above答案：D7. What is the acronym for 'Corporate Social Responsibility'?A. CSRB. CSDC. CRDD. CSE答案：A8. Which of the following is not a type of business structure?A. Sole ProprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. Non-profit答案：D9. What is the term used to describe the process of a company buying back its own shares from the market?A. Share IssuanceB. Share RepurchaseC. Share SplitD. Share Consolidation答案：B10. In business, what does 'IPO' stand for?A. Initial Public OfferingB. International Product OfferingC. Internal Product OrderD. Individual Product Option答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The term '_____' is used to describe the process of a company going public and offering its shares for sale to the public for the first time.答案：IPO12. A '_____' is a document that outlines the terms and conditions of a business agreement.答案：Contract13. '_____' is the process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to the opportunities and threats in the business environment.答案：Strategic Planning14. The '_____' is the most common form of business in many countries, characterized by limited liability for its shareholders.答案：Corporation15. '_____' refers to the practice of a company considering the social, environmental, and economic effects of its decisions, products, and actions on the community and the environment.答案：CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)16. A '_____' is a type of business where the owner is personally responsible for all debts and obligations.答案：Sole Proprietorship17. '_____' is the process of evaluating the financial performance of a business over a specific period of time.答案：Financial Analysis18. '_____' is a form of business where two or more peopleown and operate the business together.答案：Partnership19. '_____' is the process of determining the value of a company's shares before they are offered to the public.答案：Valuation20. '_____' is the study of managing a business with the aim of maximizing its value while satisfying the interests of stakeholders.答案：Finance三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the key components of a business plan?答案：A business plan typically includes an executive summary, company description, market analysis, organization and management structure, product or service line, marketing and sales strategy, funding request, and financial projections.22. Explain the concept of 'branding' in business.答案：Branding in business refers to the process of creating a unique name, symbol, or design that identifies and differentiates a company's products or services from those of other competitors. It aims to establish a presence in the market and create a lasting impression on the minds of consumers.23. What is the purpose of a SWOT analysis and how does it benefit a business?答案：The purpose of a SWOT analysis is to identify andanalyze the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as the external opportunities and threats that a business may face. It benefits。
a_free_market_economy自由市场经济
Topic ：●The benefits and challenges of free market economy幻灯片2contrastsupply and demandgovernmenta controlled marketa free marketa free market economya planned economy幻灯片3a free market economy● 1. accelerate the rate of economic growth and modernization ● 2. create new patterns of consumption● 3. enrich people's life幻灯片41.economic growth and modernizationShanghai, China –1990 and 2010幻灯片5Free Trade Zone幻灯片62.new patterns of consumptionAlibaba was founded in 1999.It is the largest network company in Chinaand the world's second-biggest Internetcompanies幻灯片7●Taobao:●Founded in 2003 ,●the biggest retail network in Asia-Pacific area●the business contains two parts:C2C and B2CAlipay:Third-party guarantees transaction mode.established in order to ensure the network trade safety.幻灯片83.enrich people's life●Buyers are free to purchase any legal commodity which they like and inwhatever amounts. The seller of a good or its producer can also produce whichever product they want to and also increase the capacity of any individual commodity depending upon the forces of the market.幻灯片9●oversea friends●supermarkets●online幻灯片10procurement service of exotic products幻灯片11severe competition幻灯片12Challenges● 1.blind competition● 2.environmental problem● 3.the aggravation of polarization of wealth.● 4.finanicial instability幻灯片131.blind competition● a. Enterprises make exorbitant profits through exploiting the employees,lowering their wages and lengthening the working hours.● b. Money-oriented companies maximize their interests recklessly.幻灯片142.environmental problems● 1. natural●resources● 2. pollution幻灯片15Fu-chun River幻灯片163.the aggravation of polarization of wealth.7 billoin1.1billionone kid dies/5s36Bill Gates+WarrenBuffett+Paul Allen>43幻灯片17social issuesmortgage slavecredit card slaveEmpty-nest old manleft-behind children幻灯片184.financial instability●financial crises - banking panics, stock market crashes , the bursting ofother financial bubbles, currency crises●1930s: The Great Depression●●Over-indebtedness and deflation.●●Cities all around the world were hit hard,especially thosedependent on heavy industry.●2008: the Global Financial Crisis幻灯片19Financial regulation and Bank regulation●Some financial crises have been blamed on insufficient regulation, and haveled to changes in regulation in order to avoid a repeat.●the former IMF chief :●Dominique Strauss-KahnRegulatory failure to guard against excessive risk-taking in the financial system, especially in the US幻灯片20How to develop sustainably ?1. legislating to provent environment from being destoryed and protect the laborforce's rights.2. keeping balance between government and market3. forcing reform on improper international financial system through cooperation幻灯片21By 戚伟庆。
自考商务英语试题及答案
自考商务英语试题及答案商务英语自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. In international business, what does "FOB" stand for?A. Free on BoardB. Freight on BoardC. Friend of BusinessD. Full of Benefits答案：A. Free on Board2. Which of the following is not a typical form of business negotiation?A. Face-to-faceB. EmailC. TelephoneD. Telepathy答案：D. Telepathy3. The term "B2B" refers to:A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Business to GovernmentD. Business Travel Bureau答案：A. Business to Business4. What is the primary purpose of a SWOT analysis in business?A. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatsB. To analyze financial statementsC. To conduct market researchD. To create a business plan答案：A. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats5. In business English, "PIE" can stand for:A. Product, Investment, ExpenseB. Price, Income, ExpenseC. Product, Income, ExpenseD. Profit, Investment, Expense答案：C. Product, Income, Expense6. The phrase "due diligence" in a business context usually refers to:A. The process of investigating a company before acquiring itB. The process of paying bills on timeC. The process of conducting a financial auditD. The process of performing a market survey答案：A. The process of investigating a company before acquiring it7. Which of the following is a common method of payment ininternational trade?A. Cash on Delivery (COD)B. Letter of Credit (LC)C. BarterD. All of the above答案：D. All of the above8. A "sole proprietorship" is a type of business structure where:A. There is only one owner who is fully responsible for the businessB. The business is owned and operated by a married coupleC. The business is a partnership with two or more individualsD. The business is a corporation with shareholders答案：A. There is only one owner who is fully responsible for the business9. "EBITDA" stands for:A. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationB. Economic Business Income, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationC. Employee Benefits Including Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationD. Equity Before Interest, Taxes, and Depreciation, and Amortization答案：A. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation,and Amortization10. The "4Ps" of marketing refer to:A. Product, Price, Place, PromotionB. People, Process, Physical evidence, PerformanceC. Planning, Positioning, Pricing, ProductD. Product, Price, Placement, Partnership答案：A. Product, Price, Place, Promotion二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The international business term "CIF" stands for_______________________.答案：Cost, Insurance, and Freight12. A(n) _________________ is a document that provides evidence of the terms of a shipment and serves as a contract between the seller and the buyer.答案：Bill of Lading13. In business, "ROI" refers to _________________________.答案：Return on Investment14. The process of systematically gathering and analyzing information about a market is known as _________________.答案：Market Research15. A "joint venture" is a business arrangement in which_________________________.答案：Two or more businesses agree to pool their resources for a specific project16. The term "venture capital" refers to funds that are available for investment in new or struggling businesses, with the expectation of _________________________.答案：High returns in the form of equity or debt17. A "trade deficit" occurs when a country's_________________________ is greater than its exports.答案：Imports18. "GDP" stands for _________________________.答案：Gross Domestic Product19. In business, "DPO" can stand for_________________________.答案：Days Payable Outstanding20. A "franchise" is a type of business where the owner receives the right to operate a business that is part of a larger network, in exchange for a fee and the agreement to follow certain _________________________.答案：Operating procedures and standards。
大学商务英语考试题及答案
大学商务英语考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "blue chip" in the financial market refers to:A) High-risk stocksB) High-value stocksC) Stocks of well-established companiesD) Stocks of new startups答案：C2. In international trade, a "Letter of Credit" is used as:A) A guarantee of paymentB) A bill of saleC) A contract of employmentD) A record of debt答案：A3. What does the acronym "B2B" stand for in business?A) Business to BusinessB) Business to ConsumerC) Business to GovernmentD) Business Travel Bureau答案：A4. The process of "outsourcing" involves:A) Hiring external companies to perform certain tasksB) Expanding a company's operations internallyC) Reducing the workforce to cut costsD) Selling a company's assets to pay off debts答案：A5. A "monopoly" in business terms means:A) A single seller in a marketB) A type of business partnershipC) A business that is failingD) A market with many sellers答案：A6. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "free market" economy?A) Government control of pricesB) Limited private ownershipC) Voluntary exchange of goods and servicesD) Centralized economic planning答案：C7. "Economic globalization" is the process of:A) Nationalizing industriesB) Isolating economies from each otherC) Integrating world economiesD) Reducing international trade答案：C8. A "franchise" is:A) A type of loanB) A license to operate a branch of a companyC) A business partnership agreementD) A government grant for new businesses答案：B9. "Intellectual property" refers to:A) Real estate owned by a companyB) Tangible assets of a businessC) Ideas, inventions, and creative worksD) Physical properties of a company答案：C10. The "break-even point" in business is when:A) Revenues equal expensesB) A company has the highest profitC) A company has the highest lossD) A company's stock price doubles答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The current account balance is a record of a country's trade in __________, __________, and __________.答案：goods, services, income12. In business, the term "synergy" refers to the phenomenon where the value of a merged company is __________ than thesum of the values of the individual companies.答案：greater13. A __________ is a financial statement that summarizes a company's revenues, expenses, and profits over a specific period.答案：income statement14. The process of "due diligence" involves the thorough investigation of a company's financial and legal status before __________.答案：acquisition15. "Economies of scale" refer to the cost advantages that a business obtains when it increases its level of __________. 答案：production16. A "hostile takeover" occurs when a company is acquired without the approval of the __________.答案：target company's management17. The "glass ceiling" is a term used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents certain individuals, often__________, from advancing to higher positions in a company. 答案：women18. A "joint venture" is a business agreement in which two or more parties pool their resources for the purpose of__________.答案：achieving a common goal19. "Green washing" is the practice of making an unjustified claim about the __________ of a product, typically for marketing purposes.答案：environmental friendliness20. "Opportunity cost" is the loss of potential benefit that arises when an alternative choice is foregone in favor of another option that __________.答案：turns out to be less beneficial三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the concept of "creative destruction" in the context of business.答案：Creative destruction is a term coined by economist Joseph Schumpeter to describe the process of technological innovation that disrupts existing markets and industries. It involves the continuous cycle of creation of new products, services, and industries, while at the same time leading to the decline or disappearance of outdated ones. This process is seen as a driver of economic growth and progress, as it spurs competition and innovation.22. What are the key differences between a "sole proprietorship" and a "partnership" in business?答案：A sole proprietorship is a type of business that is owned and run by one individual who is solely responsible for all aspects of the business。
商务英语词汇术语
商务英语词汇术语国际贸易词汇术语价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import license 进口许口证export license 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry 正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人外贸常用词汇-------------------国际贸易----------------------出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price 码头费wharfage总值total value 卸货费landing charges金额amount 关税customs duty净价net price 印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues回佣return commission 装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance 卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price 目的港port of destination零售价retail price 进口许口证import license现货价格spot price 出口许口证export license期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost, insurance and freight--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space 油轮tanker报关clearance of goods 陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill 正本提单original B\L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent 订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm 询盘（询价）inquiry; enquiry指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply **限* *复到subject to reply reaching here **有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender 投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality 原样original sample规格specifications 复样duplicate sample说明description 对等样品counter sample标准standard type 参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue 封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet 公差tolerance货号article No. 花色（搭配）assortment样品sample 5% 增减5% plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty 仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quality重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number 净重net weight容积capacity 毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange 法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency 法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments 硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation 金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard 黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par 纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation剑桥商务英语（中级）词汇Unit 1awork towards a common objective 朝同一个目标共同努力share information 共享信息different points of view 不同的观点(be) under pressure 有压力toiletries 化妆品厂，清洁、化妆用品公司major brand 主导品牌sales department 销售部门sales staff 销售人员company culture 公司文化expatriate 旅居海外的management consultant 管理顾问managerial skills 管理技能creative thinking 创新思维team building 团队建设effective management style 有效的管理方式a survival course 生存技巧培训课程food and accommodation 食宿profile 简介，小传，概况simulation 模拟训练marketing mania 营销激情go for profit 追求利润behind schedule 进度落后计划stick to the schedule 严格按照计划进行Unit 1bComputer-mediated communication (网络传播/电脑中介传播)Cross-cultural communication/ Intercultural communication (跨文化沟通/传播) Downward communication (自上而下沟通)Upward communication (自下而上传播)Feedback (反馈)Marketing communication (营销传播)Verbal communication (言语沟通)Nonverbal communication (非言语沟通)Mass media (传媒)Target audience (目标受众)small talk (闲聊)international communication (国际交流)official language (官方、正式语言）language skills (语言技能)bilingual (通晓两种语言的人)exceed （超越，胜过）over-estimate （过高地估计）manageable chunks （可理解的语段）understate （轻描淡写地说）culture-specific （某一文化所特有的）work environment （工作环境）the business world (商界)seminar （研讨会，讨论会）management (管理人员)follow-up evaluation （后续评估）supplier 供应商department training budget 部门培训预算deadline 最终期限voice mail 语音信息answering machine 录音电话（英国英语用answer phone）half-year sales report 半年度销售报告complimentary ticket 免费赠送的票native speaker 操本族语言的人time schedule 时间安排表Unit 2aLocation(地理位置）Atmosphere （整体气氛）Comfort （舒适程度）Cleanliness （卫生状况）Staff friendliness （员工服务态度友好程度）Staff attentiveness （员工服务周到程度）Speed of service （服务效率）Quality of food （膳食质量）Quality of drink （酒水质量）Value for money （实惠程度/物有所值程度）objective 目标enhance 提高mezzanine 中层楼（指介于一层和二层之间）reasonable prices 合理的价格interior design 室内装修group dining 团体用餐group menu 团体用餐菜单catering requirement 用餐要求tour groups 旅游团birthday party 生日会corporate events 公司社交活动wine tasting 品酒会company presentation 公司业务报告会business trip 商务旅行Unit 2bA round of golf 一场高尔夫球A sightseeing tour of the city 城市观光游A visit to a sports event 观看体育赛事A shopping trip 购物游fact-finding mission 情况考察offer your company a substantial contract 为您的公司提供一份可观（价值巨大）的合同Personal assistant 私人助理to place an order with……向……定购a valued customer 有价值的客户Managing director 董事总经理finalise one or two small details concerning 对与……有关的一两个详细情况做出最后决定。
Business Vocabulary in Use BEC
Markets and competitors
enters It starts selling there for the first time. penetrates abandons gets out of It stops selling there. leaves dominates a market It is the most important company selling there. corners It is the only company selling there, monopolizes (垄断） drives another Company out of
⒊Clientele:⑴诉讼委托人 ⑵客户群 ★Client和clientele的区别: client:买东西,服务的顾客(比较随意的称呼) clientele:(使用企业,专业人士等所提供服务的)主顾 clientele的用法比client更为夸张,正式.
⒋vendor:⑴小贩,叫卖者(a
person who sells
the number of people who buy it at each stage. how a company would like a product to be seen in relation to its other products, or to competing products when a company pays for its products to be seen in films and TV programs
things, usually outside on the street.)
eg: street vendors
Word combinations with ‘market’
market是什么意思中文翻译
market是什么意思中文翻译market既能做名词也能做动词，那么你知道market做名词和动词分别都是什么意思吗?下面店铺为大家带来market的英语意思解释和英语例句，欢迎大家一起学习!market作名词的意思交易;市集;需求;交易情况，行情market作动词的意思在市场上出售某物;推销market的英语音标英 [ˈmɑ:kit] 美 [ˈmɑrkɪt]market的时态现在分词： marketing过去式： marketed过去分词： marketedmarket的英语例句1. Like a good businessman, Stewart identified a gap in the market.像精明的商人一样，斯图尔特发现了市场上的一个空白。
2. Pragmatically, MTV's survival depends on selling the youth market to advertisers.从务实角度来说，音乐电视网的生存依赖于把年轻人市场卖给广告商。
3. We are becoming one of the market leaders in the fashion industry.我们正在成为时装业的领军者之一。
4. The continued bleakness of the American job market was blamed.美国就业市场的持续低迷被视为罪魁祸首。
5. Poachers have been netting salmon to supply the blackmarket.盗猎者一直在捕捞大麻哈鱼到黑市上去卖。
6. Their ultimate aim was a market economy for Hungary.他们最终的目标是为匈牙利建立起市场经济体制。
7. There is a plentiful supply of arms on the black market.黑市上有大量武器出售。
freemarket填充转pdf
FreeMarker模板引擎是一款用于生成动态内容的工具，它可以与Java应用程序集成，并使用模板和数据模型生成最终的输出。
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数据模型是一个Java对象或Map，其中包含模
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这可能包括设置模板加载器、配置模板解析器和设置
其他相关参数。
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传递给PDF生成库，并使用该库将文本和图像转换为PDF格式。
需要注意的是，将FreeMarker模板转换为PDF文件可能需要对FreeMarker和PDF生成库进行一定的了解。
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商业企划计划书英语
目录
PART 01
Cover and Table of Contents
REPORTING
XXXXX DESIGN
Cover design
• Business Logo: The cover should display the company's logo gradually It should be positioned at the top center of the cover or at least on the left side
• Cover Image: An image or graphics can be used to attract the reader's attention and receive a message about the business However, the image should not be too busy or overwhelming
PART 04
Products and Services
REPORTING
XXXXX DESIGN
Product features
High quality material
The product is made of high quality material to ensure its durability and stability
Vision
The company's vision is to become a leading provider of clothing and accessories in the region
Mission Statement
The company's mission statement is to deliver high quality products and services to its customers while maintaining a commitment to excellence in all its operations
市场的优势英语作文带翻译
The market, a bustling hub of commerce and trade, is a place where the wheels of the economy turn with the energy of countless transactions. It is a dynamic environment where supply meets demand, and where the advantages of market economies are on full display. As a high school student with a keen interest in economics, I have always been fascinated by the markets ability to drive progress and innovation.One of the most significant advantages of the market is its efficiency. The market mechanism, driven by the invisible hand of selfinterest, ensures that resources are allocated in the most efficient way possible. Producers and consumers interact in a way that reflects their needs and wants, leading to the production of goods and services that are in demand. This efficiency is evident in the way prices adjust to balance supply and demand, ensuring that goods are neither overproduced nor underproduced.Moreover, the market fosters competition, which is another key advantage. Competition encourages businesses to innovate and improve their products and services. It pushes companies to be more efficient, to offer better quality, and to provide more value to their customers. This constant striving for improvement is what drives economic growth and improves the standard of living for everyone.The market also promotes freedom of choice. Consumers are not limitedto a few options they have a wide array of choices, allowing them to select the products and services that best meet their needs and preferences. This freedom of choice is a fundamental aspect of a market economy and contributes to the overall satisfaction and wellbeing of consumers.Furthermore, the market is responsive to changes in consumer preferences and technological advancements. It adapts quickly to new trends and innovations, ensuring that the economy remains vibrant and dynamic. This adaptability is crucial for longterm economic health and allows for the rapid adoption of new technologies, which can lead to increased productivity and economic growth.However, the market is not without its flaws. It can sometimes lead to market failures, such as monopolies or externalities, which can have negative impacts on society. But these are exceptions rather than the rule, and they can be addressed through appropriate regulatory measures.In conclusion, the market is a powerful force for economic progress. Its advantages, including efficiency, competition, freedom of choice, and adaptability, make it a vital component of a thriving economy. As a high school student, I am inspired by the markets ability to drive innovation and improve the lives of people around the world.市场，一个繁忙的商业和贸易中心，是一个充满活力的经济活动的地方。
free market
Today,my topic is the drawbacks of free market.Although There are many advantages of free market that competition is freer and resource allocation is efficient.Choosing free market economy operation mode is inevitable choice that the enlargement of division , the commodity economy development. But the free market economy, the invisible hand also has many problems.According to adam smith,free market is guided by profits, which will result in the blind competition.as the competition is very fierce on the free market.in o rder to attract consumers, enterprises would lower their price and pay less atte ntion to the quality by the means of adulteration,poor packing and cheaper raw material.for example, the sanlu powered milk event in 2008.for seek of higher profits, Melamine is illegally added to the milk by greed producer and caused about ten death and millions of kids illness.what’s more,when several firms pr oduce similar,the weakest one is most likely to lose its market so that it’s eas y for worker to lose jobs.One of the most typical product of free market is monopoly.monopolies。
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Role and Responsibility of Business in Society
Public companies – engines for economic growth and prosperity U.S. corporations viewed as creators of value for all concerned stakeholders (see Figure 1.1, p. 8): shareholders, suppliers, employees, government, customers, and creditors All stakeholders have incentives and opportunities to reward good performance and discipline/punish poor performance. Corp. governance, two goals: value creation and value protection
Chapter 1: Free Market System and Business
L. Murphy Smith Texas A&M University
Tuesday, January 6, 2009
Chapter 1: Free Market System and Business
• Ethics and corporate governance play key roles in the capital markets. • Corporate and accounting scandals at the beginning of the millennium eroded investor confidence, which led to reforms.
Are financial scandals inevitable cycles of history?
1930s corp. scandals led to securities acts 1980s savings and loan debacles led to FDIC Improvements Act of 1991 Financial scandals fo late 1990s and early 2000s led to SOX of 2002, creation of PCAOB and more than 20 SEC rules Teamwork: Q 1, 2
Public Trust and Investor Confidence
Public trust and investor confidence drive economic growth, prosperity, and financial stability Historically, U.S. capital markets regarded as most transparent, efficient, and fair worldwide Result 1 – efficiently allocates the scarce resource of capital Result 2 – enables public companies to raise capital Result 3 – provides a safe and lucrative financial marketplace for investors (save for retirement, save for children‟s education, etc.)
Global capital markets
A healthy financial sector and efficient capital markets are vital to economic growth and prosperity in any nation U.S. capital markets face competition from other capital markets e.g. London and Hong Kong Regulations should attract investors seeking proper protection Regulations that are overbearing will be regarded as constraints to entering capital markets Teamwork: Q 7, 8
Lecture Outline
Free market system and business Responsibilities of business Primary goal of corp. governance Power sharing Reliable and transparent financial Investor confidence Corp. governance reforms Business ethics
Lynn Turner, Former Chief Accountant at the SEC
… the ability of the U.S. capital markets to attract capital depends on investors having confidence in the integrity and transparency of the markets. Confidence is earned over time through honest and fair markets that provide investors with the material information they need to make informed decisions. Teamwork: DQ 1, 2
Free market system and business
The free enterprise system is the bedrock principle of the U.S. economy and its capital markets are the backbone of the system. U.S. capital markets – world‟s largest, deepest, and safest Home to the world‟s largest financial institutions More than 100 million Americans have provided capital to the markets “Capital will always go where it is welcome and stay where it is well treated” – Wm. Donaldson, former chairman of the U.S. SEC.
Introduction to Corporate Governance
Effective corp. governance ensures corp. accountability, enhances reliability and quality of public financial information, enhances integrity and efficiency of the capital market, and thus improves investor confidence. Financial scandals of high-profile companies e.g. Enron and WorldCom tarnished corporate trustworthiness. Lack of investor confidence in corporate America and its fin. reports has adversely affected vibrancy of the capital market.
Teamwork: DQ 7, 8
Role of Financial Information in the Capital Markets
Financial information necessary for decision-making by investors, lenders, and others. U.S. public companies are required to file financial reports with the SEC, including audited financial statements on Form 10-K, reviewed quarterly F/Ss on Form 10-Q, extraordinary transactions on a current basis (e.g. departure of directors, officers, auditors), in addition to proxy F/Ss submitted to investors. SOX requires F/Ss filed with the SEC to be certified by the company‟s senior executives (CEO and CFO) SOX also requires public companies to file management and auditor reports on their internal control over financial reporting.
Americans have increased responsibility to ensure security of their financial future and retirement funds