On Comparison of Wine Culture between China and English-speaking Countries
中国酒文化英文介绍Chinesewinecultureintroduction
Significance of Chinese Wine Culture in Global Context
• Cultural Exchange: Chinese wine culture has played a significant role in cultural exchange between China and other countries Wine has been a popular gift for foreign dignitaries and has facilitated cultural understanding and cooperation
Business Dinners: In business settings, driving Chinese wines is often seen as a way to strengthen relationships and seal deals It is important to follow the lead of the host or the most senior person at the table, and to toast them before drinking
Geographic Indications and Terroir of Chinese
Wines
要点一
要点二
Geographical Indications
Terroir
China has a rich history of producing wines with distinct regional characteristics Geographic indications (GIs) are used to identify wines that originate from specific regions known for their unique terroir and production methods
中西方酒文化的对比
中西方酒文化的对比摘要本文通过比较中西方酒的文化的源头、酿酒原料、酒文化和饮酒方式等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异.本文不同于其他的调研，我主要着重于通过学习英语而了解酒文化的重要性。
本文第一部分是引言，接下来两部分是对比中西酒文化，第四部分是关于酒的创新技术，最后结束在一段总结中。
通过这个论文，新鲜的着重点和方法为英语学习者提供了不一样的文化观点。
酒文化源远流长，品种繁多，是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。
中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异酒文化也是一样。
通过这一对比，从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异特别是价值观方面的差异。
关键词：国家，西方，酒文化，比较AbstractThis paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine cultur e. Different from previous research, this paper, wants to emphasize the importance of wine culture through studying English language. There are five parts in this paper. We start with a brief introd uction to the background and objective of the course. Then we expound on the two parts of the co mparison, and the fourth part is about innovation. We end this paper with a summary of the paper. The fresh focuses and methods will help some English learners with some points that they have no t fully realized. Wine culture is one of the irreplaceable parts of a country’s historic development a nd cultural sediment. Through comparing the origin and the material and category of wine-making , drinking customs, the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the Wes t, this paper further compares the differences between Chinese and the western cultures, especially the value.Key Words: country, wine culture, compare1. 引言文化是一个国家的灵魂，是一个民族凝聚力形成的关键，是落叶归根的根源。
酒文化之中西对比
第２期（总第７５期）山西广播电视大学学报Ｎｏ．２至Ｑ！Ｑ生２旦』型旦型』塾型些些垡塑兰些些嬖堑圣一：：一：一一些：：！Ｑ！Ｑ酒文化之中西对比口曲晓慧ｆ河南工业大学外语学院。
河南郑州４５０００１ｌ摘要：酒在人类的日常交往中发挥着重要的作用，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。
中西方不同的文化背景，使中西方的酒文化亦呈现出不同的特征。
了解和掌握中西方在酒史、酒器、酒礼及酒德等文化方面的不同。
有助于人们从更深层次了解不同文化，更好地进行跨文化交流。
关键词：酒文化；酒史；酒器；酒礼；酒德中图分类号：Ｇ６４２文献标识码：Ｂ文章编号：１００８－－－８３５０（２０１０）０２—０１０３—０２酒在人类的日常交往中发挥着重要的作用。
无论是节日庆典、亲朋聚会，还是国家首脑相见，似乎都离不开酒。
可以说，古今中外，酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。
由此可见，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。
它伴随着人类文明的发展，不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。
“酒文化是与酒有关的物质的（含生产技术）、精神的（包括社会学、心理学）以及习俗等行为的现象的总和；有关酒的起源、生产、流通、消费，尤其是酒的社会文化功能，以及酒所带来的社会问题等方面所形成的一切现象，也均属于酒文化及其相关的范畴”。
酒作为文化的一种载体，与文化一样，由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同，在中西方呈现出其风格迥异、异彩纷呈的民族特性。
本文仅从酒史、酒器、酒礼及酒德四方面对中西方的酒文化进行粗浅的对比。
一、酒史对比酒是人类文明的产物，在我国，关于酒的历史起源，众说不一，但它至少是随着中华民族五千年的文明史而不断发展的。
“‘酒文化’是中华民族文化的重要组成部分，一方面，它的产生和发展与中华民族文化相融相随；另一方面，它也极大地丰富了中华民族文化的内涵”。
中英酒文化差异英语作文
中英酒文化差异英语作文In China, drinking is often seen as a way to build relationships and show respect to others. It's common for people to toast each other and drink together as a sign of friendship and camaraderie.In English-speaking countries, drinking is often more casual and less ceremonial. People may gather at a bar or party and simply enjoy a few drinks without the same emphasis on toasting or formalities.In China, drinking is often accompanied by a variety of traditional customs and rituals, such as pouring drinks for others and using both hands to hold the glass as a sign of respect.In English-speaking countries, drinking is often more focused on individual enjoyment and relaxation, with less emphasis on formalities or traditional customs.In China, certain types of alcohol, such as baijiu, hold a special cultural significance and are often used in important social and business gatherings.In English-speaking countries, a wide variety of alcoholic beverages are enjoyed, with less emphasis on specific types of alcohol holding cultural significance.In China, the concept of "saving face" is important in drinking culture, and it's considered polite to drink what is offered to you, even if it's more than you can handle.In English-speaking countries, there is more emphasis on individual choice and personal limits when it comes to drinking, and it's generally acceptable to refuse a drink without causing offense.。
中西方酒文化差异
毕业设计(论文)开题报告Comparison of the Wine Culture between China and the Western World中西方酒文化对比一、题目来源其他，专题研究二、研究目的和意义研究目的：文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,中国和西方的酒文化差异,包括酒的酿造工艺和酒人文精神等的差异,都可以归结为物质和精神两大类。
造成这些差异的原因是多方面的,不仅有地理环境、物产和风俗习惯等因素的不同,而且有生产方式、文化传统等因素的不同,但是也不外乎客观和主观两个方面。
只要密切关注这两个方面的变化,就能在一定程度上了解和把握中国和西方酒文化发展的脉搏,促进中西文化的交流与发扬光大。
研究意义：酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物。
酒文化源远流长。
酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用。
由于生活环境、历史背景、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和社会规范等的不同,东西方(甚至国与国之间) 的酒文化呈现出风格迥异、丰富多彩的民族特性。
对东西方酒文化特性进行比较研究,颇有意义。
东西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富。
了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际。
三、阅读的主要参考文献及资料名称[1]Fang Weiwen.Chinese Wine.[J].CHINA’S GOREIGN TRADE,2000, Vol.21 No.1：48[2]Kongco.Wine Songs and Culture.[J].CHINA’S TIBET,1996, Vol.5No.3:36～37[3]Liu Changsheng.China’s Alcohol Culture-An Elementary Introduction.[J].P AST AND PRESENT,1996 Vol.13No.1：34～35[4] Lu nd of Wine and Poets.[J].CHINA TODAY,20 04, Vol.12No.5:56～57[5]Nie Yan.Riches and Romance from France’s Wine Harvest. [J].ENGLISH COACHING,1999,Vol.26No.3:26[6] Oliver Dawe, Hector Innes,Book, Wilton 65, January 19 93[7]Shan Yongjun, The Different Nature in the Drinknig Culture between Ch nia and W estern World,Journal ofA nkang Teachers College, Vol118 №.2[8]陈洪绶,任熊（清）.酒牌[M].东画报出版社，2005.9[9]陈桥生.诗酒风流[M].北京: 华文出版社 , 1997.1[10]杜莉.中西酒文化比较[J].扬州大学烹饪学报，2004，Vol.21No.1：1～4[11]（美）盖尔·梅斯.走进欧美酒天地[M]. 高间.金盾出版社，2005.1[12]林莹,毛永年.爱恋葡萄酒[M].中央编译出版社，2006.11[13]曲松斌等.酒文化丛书[M].黑龙江科学技术出版社，2005.3[14]阮汝玮.酒菜与酒话[M].上海世界图书出版公司，2001.8.[15]单永军.醉：诗意的自远与本能的迷醉—中西酒文化精神之比较[J].安康师专学报，2006，Vol.18No.2：46～48[16]天龙.民间酒俗[M].中国社会出版社，2006.9 [1]徐琰.从酒文化的词语形态异同点看东西方文化特质 [J].杭州师范学院学报（自然科学版），2004，Vo l.3No.3：238～240[17]杨乃济. 中西酒文化比较[J].北京联合大学学报，1994，Vol.8No.18：84～99[18]杨婷.中西诗歌中的酒文化比较略谈[J].重庆教育学院学报，2004，Vol.17 No.4：40～42[19]张吕.酒趣诗情景理—论中国古代诗酒文化的审美意蕴[J] .兵团教育学院学报,1999 , Vol.9No.1:47～51[20]朱江.消闲时节话洋酒[J].中国烹饪研究，1996，Vol.13No.1：15～20四、国内外现状和发展趋势与研究的主攻方向1.国内外现状与发展趋势：葡萄酒是西方国家的主要酒种，西方人经过长期的不断探索，逐渐形成了一套享受葡萄酒的餐桌礼仪。
关于中英酒文化差别的作文 英语
关于中英酒文化差别的作文英语The cultural differences between Chinese and English wine culture are quite evident in various aspects. Firstly, in terms of historical development, the wine culture in China dates back to at least 2,000 years, with the production of wine having a long-standing tradition. On the other hand, the origins of wine culture in England can be traced back to the Roman times, but it wasn’t until the Medieval period that it began to gain prominence.Secondly, the consumption habits and preferences differ significantly between the two cultures. In China, wine is often enjoyed during elaborate banquets and formal occasions, where toasting and the exchange of wine are considered important social rituals. In contrast, in England, wine is more commonly consumed in a casual setting, such as at dinner parties or social gatherings.Furthermore, there are considerable differences in the types of wine preferred in each culture. Chinese consumerstend to favor red wine, particularly those with a higher alcohol content. Meanwhile, English consumers have a preference for a wider variety of wines, including red, white, rosé, and sparkling wines.Additionally, the etiquette and customs associated with wine consumption also vary between the two cultures. For example, in China, it is customary to pour wine for others before serving oneself, and the order in which people are served is based on their seniority or social status. On the other hand, in England, there are fewer formalities surrounding wine consumption, with a focus on simply enjoying the drink in a relaxed manner.Moreover, the production and marketing of wine differ between the two cultures. Chinese wine production is characterized by the use of traditional methods and thecultivation of native grape varieties. In contrast, English wine production has seen a resurgence in recent years, with an emphasis on modern techniques and the cultivation of grape varieties such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Bacchus.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and English wine culture are apparent in various aspects, including historical development, consumption habits, preferences, etiquette, and production. Understanding and appreciating these cultural distinctions can provide insight into the unique traditions and values associated with wine in each respective culture.。
The Comparison of Wine Culture between Chinese and Western
The Comparison of Wine Culture between Chinese and WesternAbstractOwing to the differences of cultures, wine plays different roles in Chinese people and westerners. Based on others’ researches, this article mainly makes comparisons of wine culture between Chinese and western. It contains several aspects as differences of selection on materials to make wine, differences of processes, differences of drinking vessels, differences of purposes of drinking and differences of drinking ceremonies. It follows that wine culture between Chinese and western has prodigious differences but wine is an essential part in Chinese and westerners’lives. Especially, wine culture is an essential part of Chinese and western cultures and has traditional characteristics. As the constant communications between Chinese people and westerners, wine culture becomes an essential part of communications. Therefore, it is beneficial to undertake cross-cultural communications to have profound understandings on Chinese and western wine cultures.Key words: wine culture making wine etiquetteContentsChapter 1 Introduction (3)Chapter 2 The Comparison of Material Selection (5)2.1 Chinese Wine Materials (5)2.2 Western Wine Materials (5)Chapter 3 The Comparison of Wine Brewing (7)3.1 Chinese Wine Brewing (7)3.2 Western Wine Brewing (8)Chapter 4 The Comparison of Wine Culture (10)4.1 Container or Drinking Vessel (10)4.1.1 Chinese Container or Drinking Vessel (10)4.1.2 Western Container or Drinking Vessel (11)4.2 Purpose of Drinking Wine (12)4.2.1 Chinese Purpose of Drinking Wine (12)4.2.2 Western Purpose of Drinking Wine (13)4.3 Wine Etiquette (15)4.3.1 Chinese Wine Etiquette (15)4.3.2 Western Wine Etiquette (17)Chapter 5 Conclusion (19)Bibliography (20)Acknowledgements (21)The Comparison of wine culture between Chinese and WesternChapter 1 IntroductionWine plays an important role in human beings’daily communications. No matter holiday celebration, parities for relatives and friends or meeting of national leading figures, it cannot separate with wine. At all times and in all over the world, wine has permeated in social life, including politics, economy, literature, art, diet and health promotion and so on. It follows that in the long historical process of human cultures, wine does not only exist as a kind of substance but is a kind of cultural symbol. Following with the development of human civilization, it constantly forms unique culture---wine culture.“Wine culture is the summation of material phenomenon (incl udes technologies), mental phenomenon (includes sociology and psychology) and customs related to wine. The origin, production, circulation and consumption, especially the social cultural functions of wine as well as social problems brought by wine and othe r phenomenon belong to wine culture and related domain.” As a kind of carrier of cultures, wine is same with cultures. It takes up different and extraordinary national characteristics in Chinese and western because of the differences of historical backgrounds, living environments, religious faiths, manners and customs and thinking models.The phrase “wine culture” was put forward by famous economist Yu Guangyuan professor in 1987. Later, in Sublime charm---Chinese wine culture, Xiao Jiacheng put forward the connotation and extension of the concept of wine culture. Wine culture is a summation of material, skilled, psychological, consuetudinary, mental and behavioral phenomenon focused on the center of wine. Making a general survey of the histories of Chinese and western wine cultures, wine not only appears as physical forms but also permeates in religions, customs, manners, military affairs, politics and literature and other aspects and appears as mental andcultural state. No matter in Chinese or in western, wine culture plays an important role in human lives.Chapter 2 A Comparison of Material SelectionIn materials and categories of wine, the most special and famous is millet wine and distilled spirit made by grain, which are called grain wine customarily.2.1 Chinese Wine MaterialsChina has large district, moderate climate and much fertile farmland and soil, which is suitable for the farming of crops. The development of agriculture is rapid and China has become a leading power in agriculture. The grain output is huge and there are various categories. People use a great quantity of grain to brew distilled spirit and millet wine with Chinese characteristics. Before the Song Dynasty, the center of Chinese politics, economy and culture is the valley of the Yellow River and wine materials are mainly wheat, broomcorn and millet and others produced in the North. Since the Song Dynasty, the southern economy develops rapidly and the center of Chinese politics and economy transfers to the South and wine materials are mainly rice produced in River South and other regions. If divides wine into brewed wine, liquor and blending wine, in Chinese history, millet wine belonged to brewed wine and white spirit belonged to liquor use miscellaneous grains and liqueur and medicinal liquor belonged to blending wine take millet wine or white spirit as substratum of spirit. They all cannot be separated with grain.2.2 Western Wine MaterialsThe most special and famous wines in western are grape wine and brandy made by grapes, which is called wine by a joint name. Western countries focus on animalhusbandry or business and agriculture is supplement. The climate and soil in many places are not suitable for the growth of many crops but benefit for the growth of grapes, which makes that the quality and quantity of grapes are second to none and thus people can largely make wine. Take ancient Greek that is called the cradle of western civilization for an instance, it is located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and surrounded by sea on three sides. Its churchyard spread all over mountains and islands and a large part of regions are barren sloping fields. The climate is Mediterranean and warm and more rain in winter and hot arid in summer and rivers dry up in summer. This kind of natural conditions is not benefit for common crops’ growth and many crops are difficult to survive. But grapes have strong drought-enduring ability and thus the Greeks begin to cultivate grapes. In addition, most of the creams that form the quality of wine exist in the mineral substances in deep soil and fertile surface soil can make it easy for vines to survive. If the roots are not in depth of soil, it cannot yield high quality grapes. Vines, growing in relatively barren soil, yield high quality fruits because that their roots are in the depth of soil. Among various wines in the western, the most special and famous wines are wine belonged to brewed wine and brandy belonged to liquor. What they use are almost absolutely grapes. Aperitif, liqueur and cocktail belonged to blending wine are mostly taking wine as their substratum of spirit and dessert wine belongs to reinforced wine. In ancient Greek, wines and Florence oil becomes its major economic lifeline. A scholar says: “The civiliz ation of Athens establishes on wine and Florence oil.” (Zhao Yanping 19) From powers on production of brewed wine, around the year of 1994, Italy had 1.1 million hectare farmland to plant grape and produced more than 9 million tons, ranking the second in the world. France is in the leading position on the output of wine. The total output was more than 50 million tons in 1996, occupying an important position in the whole producing of liquors.Chapter 3 The Comparison of Wine Brewing3.1 Chinese Wine BrewingIn the wine brewing process, wine in China is made of raw materials such as grains, water and distiller’s yeast. It is necessary to unify the three materials. There are three methods in wine brewing: the solid-fermentation, half solid-fermentation and double fermentation. Being solid, the grains can not be directly fermented. Mixed with water and distiller’s yeast, they must be steeped and cooked before fermented. The creative labor plays a leading role in this process. There is an old Chinese saying that materials are the meat of the wine and water is the blood of the wine. Chinese people pay particular attention to the wine brewing process.In the process of wine brewing, the first important is the raw materials. The long-term practices show that grains play a very important role in the category and quality of the wine. For example, if the yellow wine is made of the sticky rice, it will be heavy and quality. If the White Wine is made of the broomcorn, it will be tasty with bouquet and a high alcoholic strength and liquor yield. The White Wind will be sweet with the corn, pure with the rice and heavy with the barley. In addition, it can be found that choosing the local specialty as the raw material for brewing is the key to brew the vintage wine with special local flavors. For example, Lang Wine in the Gulin, Sichuan province, its raw material is the local broomcorn which has thin skin, shell-less and full particles. Thus, it can brew the quality wine.The second important is the water. “The good wine needs fine water.” The quality of water can directly influence the flavor and quality of the wine. During the brewing process, people pay more attention to the property and flavor of the water and choose the beast water. In modern times, as for Shaoxing rice wine, water in the center of Jianhu Lake is used to brew the wine because the water is clearand moderate with suitable salt. It is the best water for wine brewing. The Chinese vintage wine such as Maotai, Lang Wine and Lu Zhou Lao Jiao can not separate from the water in the Chishui river and the sweet and cool spring water besides the river.The third important is the distiller’s yeast, which contains plenty of lively microorganism and enzymes. It can not only saccharify the fermentation but endow the wine with special flavor and quality. It is native to Chinese wine brewing. According to the Heavenly Creations by Song Yingxing, in Ming Dynasty, there is a saying that “the distiller’s yeast is very important for wine brewing but without it is impossible to brew the good wine even though there are quality grains.” Qi Min Yao Su, the first Chinese book about agriculture,records that “July is the best time to make the distiller’s yeast when children with black cloth knead and unfold the distiller’s yeast.”(C hang and Guo 66).Earlier about two thousand years ago in Song Dynasty, people had systematically summarized six principles to brew wine: plump rice, at proper time to gather the distiller’s yeast, cleanly steeping and cooking, quality water, proper degree of heating, using various grains.” With high level of craftsmanship, Chine wine brewing has produced many vintage wines and each vintage wine has its own ingeniousness. For example, there is a Chinese proverb about Lang Wine that “Lang Wine’s success depends on the beautiful context, quality spring water, cavity and great workmanship.” The exquisite craftwork lies in adding the material for twice, diastatic fermentation for eight times, being stewed for nine times and seven times distillation. The raw wine should be kept in the cave from three years before selling. However, however different the workmanship on wine brewing is, it can not separate from steeping, stewing and multiple adding materials with the solid-fermentation or half solid-fermentation.3.2 Western Wine BrewingThe western countries are famous for their grape wine and beer. Some historians think that the grape and beer had been made firstly by the westerners in the world. the western wine brewing pays more attention to the material quality, taking the wine brewing tool such as buckets and cellar as the effective ensure for the wine brewing. They take the liquid state and simplex fermentation process in the wine brewing. The grapes the westerners use to make the wine brewing include sugar and yeast so that can have the natural fermentation under the proper temperature of 12-30. Under such conditions, the alcohol is produced. Peel and flesh of grape can release the coloring matter and everlasting power the grape wine needs. The grape wine, after the alcohol fermentation, they are rich in gallotannic acid, so, people can not drink it before the wine is stored up in the cellar and oak bucket. In this way, the wine becomes more mature and perfect in taste.In the process of grape wine brewing, the grape takes a key role. People’s working takes a minor role in the wine brewing. So, the westerners pay more attention to the grape selection and planting.Chapter 4 The Comparison of Wine Culture4.1 Container or Drinking VesselDrink ing vessels refer to appliances for holding wine. “If no drinking vessel, no drinking. The size of drinking vessel has measurement”. Since the appearance of wine, people use different vessels to hold it. The history of drinking vessel has the same long-standing history and has wide varieties.4.1.1 Chinese Container or Drinking VesselThe development of drinking vessels cannot be separated with the development of national economy. In different historical periods, the technologies, materials and appearances of drinking vessels can reflect a country’s development levels of economy and culture. Chinese people always value the usage of drinking vessel. As the use, they can be divided into vessel for storing wine, vessel for holding wine, vessel for selling wine and vessel for drinking. In ancient times, because of low development level of productivity, people mainly use appliances made from natural materials not manufactured for a special purpose such as animal horns and calabash and so on. As the constant improvement of productivity and gradual development of wine-making industries, materials and categories of drinking vessels become more such as ceramic drinking vessels, drinking vessels made from bronze, drinking vessels made from paint, jade drinking vessels and later gold and silver drinking vessels, glass drinking vessels and stainless steel drinking vessels and so on. Every drinking vessel has different types such that there are goblet, pot, utensil, mirror and vase in drinking vessels made from bronze. Some drinking vessels have different animal shapes such as sheep, tiger, cow and rabbit and so on. There are also some drinking vessels painted with characters, landscapeand stories with various categories and different forms, which make people, become dazzled. Certainly, when using these colorful drinking vessels for drinking, people also can enjoy the sense of beauty and at the same time reflect the unique charm of Chinese art and cultures.In a word, Chinese ancient drinking vessels are famous for bronze ware, lacquer and porcelain. They are also famous for elegant imagine and various decoration. Most of Chinese ancient drinking vessels occur as a whole set. The most typical is bronze ware in Shang and Zhou dynasties. Stewing drinking vessels, holding drinking vessels, drinking vessels, storing drinking vessels and sacrificial vessels in bronze drinking vessels are available, just like nowadays tea sets. The later decorative patterns on lacquer and porcelain are also beautiful. There are also some unique drinking vessels such as luminous wine glass, backflow pot, and mandarin ducks to Hong pot, Kowloon fair pot and jade jar of Dushan and so on (Wang and Zhong 39).4.1.2 Western Container or Drinking VesselThough western drinking vessels are not so abundant as Chinese, they have their characteristics. And that westerners pay attention to drinking different wines in different occasions and use different wineglasses such as wine-cup, white wine glass, brandy wine glass and champagne glass. In addition, the fabrication of western wineglasses needs thin and transparent and thus most of drinking vessels are glass and crystal ware so as to appreciating color and luster of wine and then estimating the grade of wine. When drinking, westerners like playing with wineglass and make the wineglass circle round. Therefore, appearances of western wineglasses are almost narrow mouth and wide belly, which are both elegant and light and practical. It can avoid the overflow of wine at the time it maintain aroma. It follows that Chinese drinking vessels are vivid and graceful and western are light and convenient. Though differences are obvious, they have their culturalcharacteristics. Nowadays, as the development of society, there are less Chinese traditional drinking vessels and western drinking vessels become prevail in China, which is a reflection of cultural combinations we advocate.In a word, western drinking vessels are almost glass and transparent, which can estimate the grade of wine. Western drinking vessels are handy and convenient, which are accepted by most of Chinese families. Westerners pay more attention to using suitable drinking vessels when drinking. Thus they have wine-cup, white wine glass, wine-glass and brandy glass and so on.4.2 Purpose of Drinking Wine4.2.1 Chinese Purpose of Drinking WineIn china, wine is often regarded as a kind of instrument. Drunk appeal is not drinking, but in landscape between the appeal. Enjoy the fun of landscape; see it in my heart, and hopes to it in its wines. People rely more on drinking to pursue other things. Warming the wine is just defining a hero; no stopped drunk is to eliminate worries with you; seven distinguished men singing with wild joy in the bamboo forest are taking refuge by wine. In Chinese people’s opinions, wine is a communicating instrument. Therefore, in Chinese wine culture, they lack of scientific and systematic theoretical analysis and evaluation on wine and they care more about the wonderful feeling after drinking.In Chinese fetes, wine also plays an important role. Though Chinese and western fetes all express people’s prays and respect to gods or Bacchus, the purposes are different. Pursuing payback is an instrumental feature of Chinese wine culture. Wine is a kind of static form in fete activities and it is an instrument to realize wishes.As for the core of wine culture, Chinese people take the wine as a tool to communicate instead of just drinking.Firstly, the wine can keep people in good health. Taoist culture is the indispensible part of Chinese cultures. Taoist school emphasizes this life instead of next lifetime, advocating being immortal by cultivating and preserving health. In Taoist culture, the purpose is more important than the means, which is just like getting fish but forgetting the bait. Taoist school considers that the wine is the key to the diet, which is helpful for keeping people in health and cultivating them. Taoists take the wine as the important means or the tool to be immortal so they often drink wine or brew wine. The adequate wine is good to health; otherwise, it will harm health. Li Shizhen points out that “the wine is a good thing. Drinking moderately is beneficial to health and even to keep the cold out and worries away. Drinking heavily is harm to health. The tipsy is the best in drinking.Secondly, the wine can be used as a special tool or media. It can not only negate unhappiness and bring about happiness but stimulate inspiration, creative ability and beauty. Gao Xiaosheng, famous modern author points out that “t he wine can create the beautiful things for us.” At the same time, the wine is just like a tool used by people. Although Chinese people love it and frequently use it, they pay less attention to the wine itself and more to the wonderful effect produced by drinking. What’s more, few of them will analyze, comment and identify the wine in a scientific and systematic way. Ou Yangxiu, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty, says that “many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake” (Zhang Xiangchi 24). The enjoyment of the b eauty of mountains and rivers lies in drinking.” There are many drinking anecdotes with rich meanings. As to poets and literary men, the wine can stimulate their inspiration and wisdom. Taking the wine as the pen, they write and paint freely. The wine is poetic.4.2.2 Western Purpose of Drinking WineIn the West, people’s purpose for drinking is very simple and direct. Theydrink just for appreciating and enjoying the wine. Certainly, there is an exception that the grape wine also has the communicative function in the West. The pursuit of pleasure is the core value of Western wine culture. Most Westerners drink just to pursue how to indulge in the flavor of good wine. They take the wine as the work of art and aim at drinking.Firstly, Westerners think that the wine stand for life because it can not be inseparable from Jesus and Christ. The Western cultures are mainly made up of Ancient Greek and Roman culture and Christian Culture. Horace, a Roman poet, says that: “The wine is pretty with the character of fire and the appearance of water.” The Bible records that “Jesus Christ distributes the grape wine to his disciples at the last dinner and tell them it is his blood to make people remember that his death is to atone for others’crim.” It can be seen that th e grape wine is a part of life and Jesus’ incarnation.Secondly, westerners regard the wine and wine brewing as the process of making the works of art. In some westerners’ opinions, the wine is a special work of art with charm and life and the grape wine is more representative. American writer William Young said: "a bunch of grapes is beautiful, static and pure. Once squeezed, it becomes a kind of living thing.” (Kang Mingguan 43)In face of the holy and charming work of arts, Westerners naturally love it, drink it and even appreciate it. As for Westerners, the wine is used to drink. Taking the grape wine as an example, Westerners take grape wine brewing as making work of arts. In many chateaux, wine makers receive strict training since their early years. They learn enology and grape planting technology. As for wine brewing, they have a sense of honor and passion and are careful with every step of rape planting and wine brewing. They classify the grape wine according to the production specification. They brand the grape wine’s origin, vintage and rank, grape variety on the bottle in order to guarantee the quality of the wine and maintain the reputation of the chateau. Taking drinking grape wine as appreciating arts, they think that every kind of grape wine has its temperature, flavor, tie-in glass and dishes. Only if the grapewine is perfectly collocated with other things, its color, aroma and taste will wonderfully appear. That grape wine deserves the reputation as the wonderful wine.Westerners think the good wine is used to drink; otherwise the wine will disappoint its reputation. They are more likely to talk about the categories and brewing and evaluating methods of the wine.4.3 Wine Etiquette4.3.1 Chinese Wine EtiquetteChina has the reputation of state of ceremonies. Since antiquity, people pay more attention to courtesy and manners have almost been everywhere in people’s lives. “Without wine, it cannot be called courtesy”, as a part of Chinese traditional cultures, wine has close connections with courtesy and thus we call courtesy related to wine as wine ceremony. “In ancient times, the ceremony of drinking has four steps: worship, offer a sacrifice, taste and cheers. At the beginning, make a worship to express respect, and then pour a little of wine out on the ground to appreciate virtue of the earth; then taste the wine and give some praise to let the host happy; finally, drink off the wine.” Since the ancient times, people have had detailed regulations on wine ceremony. “Until the Western Zhou Dynasty, the regulations on wine ceremony are very strict and specific. It pays attention to time, sequence, number and order. Time refers that it must strictly control the time of drinking. Drinking is only allowed in crowning for the emperor and dukes, wedding or funerals and sacrifices or other celebrations or grand ceremonies; Sequence means that it must strictly abide by rank order and drinking must be undertook according to the sequences of God, earth, ancestor, deity, seniority, younger，venerator and inferiority; Number, refers that it must strictly control the quantity of drinking and less than three cups each time; Order, means that it must obey the order of official who is in charge of drinking. Thereare detailed regulations on the positions, types of wineglass, toast to whom and how to toast according to the different sequences of seniority, younger，venerator and inferiority.” (Zhang and Wang 72).Until now, people still abide by these drinking manners and just become more broad and flexible. People can invite relatives and friends to hold parties at any time and they no longer toast to God, earth, ancestor, deity in advance but also toast according to the classes and occasions. Chinese people lay emphasis on human and atmosphere when drinking and regard fullness as respect when pouring out wine and drink off for worship when drinking. When clinking glasses, glasses of juniors or inferiors must be lower than that of seniority or superiors; when toasting, juniors and inferiors must be initiative and need to speak toasting speech; there are serious urging drinking phenomenon in some regions and drink until thoroughly drunk and so on. In a word, there are fifty-six nationalities in China and each has its characteristics on wine ceremony. Being different from China, western wine ceremony is not so fussy. The purpose of drinking is to stimulate every organ to taste wine and enjoy the wonderful feeling.Besides, wine also plays a key role in Chinese sacrifice and in the memorial ceremonies.In China, under the situation that our ancestor cannot dominate the nature, in order to avoid damages of flood, drought, wind and thunder on human life, they only pray for gods for blessing on good weather for the crops and excellent harvest. On one hand, they constantly cultivate from spring to winter and on the other hand, they worship gods and pray for protection. What really make people happy and satisfied are harvested crops. Therefore, wine is just a instrument and is in a static state in the process of sacrifice and represents the nobility of gods and human’s respect. In the sacred atmosphere, fill good wine, invite gods to enjoy with soft voice and respective and pray for gods to bless everyone auspicious and longevity. Wine is precious and is the tribute devoted to immortal. Certainly, people do not invite them without any purpose but they have wishes on gods andhope to obtain paycheck for their respect and devotion, which expresses instrumentality features about pursuing paycheck of Chinese wine culture.As one of the sources of Chinese literature and cultures, The Book of Songs that is written about three thousand years ago has a lot of records and descriptions about wine. Works in The Book of Songs are mainly used on ceremonies, viewpoints and entertainment and important components of rites and music cultures in Zhou Dynasty and important instruments for education. After being edited into books, they are widely prevail in neighboring warlords and applied to sacrifice, going to court and banquet and other occasions and play important roles in political and diplomatic affairs. Since The Book of Songs is originally used in ceremony and entertainment, wine is indispensable. According to the textual research, there are 305 sheets of The Book of Songs; t he word “wine” appears 63 times. On one hand, it shows that only on the foundation of developed agriculture production and more surplus crops, the large number of making wine and drinking can be possible. On the other hand, when people have deep comprehension on wine, wine can be written in poetries in quantity. Though drinking is pleasure, because of the limitation of productivity, making wine is not easy. If there is wine, ancient people will memory their ancestor and gods who protect them. Wine becomes the appliance for sacrifice with a meaning to piously worship gods.4.3.2 Western Wine EtiquetteComparing with the Chinese wine etiquette, westerners also pay more attention to the wine etiquette in drinking.For example, in western countries, there is a certain order for serving wine, the proper order is: aperitif, wine goes with entrée, dessert wine and postprandial wine; in addition, on banquet, the atmosphere is relatively relaxed that they never play finger-guessing game and loudly shout; they advocate to pour two-thirds of goblet wine; toasting is after the choice of entrée while before the choice of。
A comparison between China and Western countries on Wine Culture
A Comparison between China and W estern countries on WineCultureWine culture is a symbol of country’s culture, history, lifestyle and sprits than just kind of drinks for pleasure in real life. It plays an important role in and great influencing on both Chinese and western counties’people life. However, the wine culture shows us various styles in different places, especially in between china and western countries. This essay based on the origins of wine; the kinds of wine; how to make wine; the purpose of drinking wine; the drinking etiquettes to analyses the similarities and the differences between china and western countries.On the one hand, when we focus on history, we can easily find that both China and western countries' wine culture have some similarities in the process of forming wine culture.Firstly, both China and western countries share the similar way of making wine---the brew methods. People firstly prepare all brewing raw materials; some of them need peeling, soaking, squeezing or something else. Then control the suitable temperature for the purpose of letting them ferment. After fermentation, people also cut wine and clarify. The final step is to set the wine aside for some time. After all these steps, fragrant wine brewing is finished. Also, some wine may need other steps.Secondly, both China and western countries have the same kind of wine. As we know, in ancient China, fruit wine is so popular among people. People use the grapes, apples and oranges and so on. Similar with china, western countries, they also have the fruit wine, such as the Wine in France and the Rum which formed by the yeasty sugarcane.On the other hand, considering with the origins of wine, the purpose of drinking wine; the drinking etiquettes, there are some differences between China and western countries.Foremost, when we talk about the origin of wine, Chinese claims that wine is brewed with many kinds of technology by people, while the westerners think wine is originally created by god. In Chinese history, it is of long standing, and the old sayings about the born of wine are a lot. However, generally speaking, people prefer to consider the saying of Du Kang brewing wine is correct. However, there are a lot of origins in the west, but mostly thought that wine is created by god, and it is the gift for humane given by god. the ancient Egyptian think wine is made by Osiris who protects the dead, and Greece people think wine is brought by the god of wine named Dionysus, it is not only the gift given given by the god of wine, but also the symbol of people’s harvest.Next, the things people concerning when they are drinking aredifferent between China and western countries. Chinese people pay much attention to respecting people. They drink wine regardless of the smell, the color and the flavor. But pay more attention to the people who they are drink together. Unlike China, people in western countries care more about the wine, showing the respect for the wine. They often watch the color of the wine and smell it seriously before they drink.Then, the purpose of drinking wine is different. In China, wine is usually more of a kind of tool than wine itself. Because Chinese people drink wine for many other aims, not to enjoy the taste of wine simply. They often drink to drown their sorrows, or to add to their fun, even drink it as a tool for communication. However, in many western countries, people drink wine just for wine’s sake. They drink to appreciate good wine, to enjoy it. W e cannot deny that drinking wine also has the effect of adding pleasure when communicating in western countries.Finally, the Chinese drinking etiquettes are different from the western countries. When one needs to propose a toast, he usually toasts to the old man or those in high position first. And besides, the glass must be filled with wine. The whole toast has a particular regularity and strong interactivity. When westerners drink together such as a party, the host toasts the guests to thank thepresence and hope them enjoy the party. After that, other time is free for all guests; they can find their own partner to propose a toast and chat.By comparing Chinese and western culture of wine, we found that although Chinese and western not only have their own distinguishing feature in the wine culture, but also have the similarities. People’s love to wine is the same. From the substance point of view, wine play an important role in human communication; from the perspective of culture, wine symbolized the culture features of nation, and it becomes a delicacy for the national cultural feast. W e can say, wine makes a bridge for the intercommunications between countries and countries. In addition, it helps people understand different culture deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.。
中西酒文化差异英语专业论文
课程论文（学术论文写作）Title: On the Difference between Chinese and Western Wine Culture题目: 浅析中西方酒文化差异二级学院：英语学院专业：英语班级：姓名：学号：授课教师：成绩：目录目录 (i)摘要 (I)Abstract ...................................................................................................................... I I1 Introduction (1)2 Different Origins of Wine (2)2.1 The Origin of Wine in China (2)2.2 The Origin of Wine in The West (2)2.3 Brief Summary (2)3 Different Preferences of Wine (3)4 Differences of Drinking Vessels (4)5 Drinking Etiquette (5)6 Spirit Connotation of Wine (6)6.1 Wine is Their Emotional Sustenance (6)6.2 Wine is Their Way of Reclusiveness (7)6.3 Wine Has Secular Utilitarian Utility (7)6.4 Brief Summary (7)7 Conclusion (8)Bibliography (9)摘要随着中西方交流的扩大，中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视，酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。
酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物，酒文化源远流长，酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用，它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。
中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析
Analysis of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences and theReasons for WineAuthor：Lan XiaoyongAbstract：The wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human beings. People’s life becomes colorful with it. Regarding to the w ine culture, there exists difference between China and the western countries. Duing to the living environment, historical background, values, thinking patterns and differences in education ,there are many different styles, a variety of national identity between eastern and western countries in wine cultures. Cultural differences are important factor which restrict to communication between Chinese and foreigners. Owning a little knowledge of Western culture, or lacking the necessary understanding of the eastern and western countries in wine cultures the People will encounter many problems during their communication process, even more it will cause misunderstandings or an awkward position among people. Therefore, understanding the differences between different cultures, in particular, understanding the differences between chinese and western wine culture will contribute to people to have the smooth conducttion about cross-cultural communication .It also has a certain practical significance to the foreign cultural exchanges. Also,it conforms to the historical trend of development,and the general requirements of building a harmonious society.Key Wordschinese and western, wine culture, differences in performance, the reasons中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析作者：蓝小荣摘要：我们对于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用，有了它人们的生活变的多姿多彩。
Misunderstandings and conflicts in wine culture between China and Europe
Misunderstandings and conflicts in wine culture between China and Europe Introduction“The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire. It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.” (Ge, 2009 ) N o matter in China or in Europe, no matter people who are wealthy or poor, no matter they are in high spirits or in low spirits, all of them like drinking wine since it appeared. People regard wine as a necessary thing in their life. They taste wine and interested in the wine. So in the world wide, no matter China or Europe, all has their unique style of wine culture: different of wine, different materials of wine, different drinking manner of wine and so on.Although the wine culture can be rich and varied by those differences, there are many misunderstandings and conflicts caused by those differences, such as the conflicts in the origin of wine and the conflicts in drinking manner of wine. These conflicts are unfavorable to the cultural exchange. So, clear up the misunderstandings and avoid the conflicts are very important to the communication of wine culture between China and Europe.In this research, there will be some analysis of the differences of wine culture which lead to the misunderstandings and conflicts between China and Europe. Also, according to the misunderstandings and conflicts there will be some solutions for them, so as to push the development of wine culture of both China and Europe and promote the communication of wine culture between China and Europe.Literature ReviewThere are many research articles discuss the wine culture of China and Europe (Qu, 2010; Rao, 2010;Jia, 2008); however, what those articles fail to do is that they just list common ground or the different features of the wine culture but there have not analyze the reason that cause the differences. Though a few articles can be found on discuss the reasons for the different wine culture (Wang, 2011), their discussions are only some analysis about the causes of the difference. There have no further discussion about the wine culture conflicts as the result of the differences. To illustrate, Rao’s (2010) analyzed some kinds of wine culture differences between China and Europe, such as the different wine people choose in the formal occasion and there including the causes: the different geographical factors, the different social situations. Also, it talks about the different wine drinking manner and found the reasons that cause the differences. But there haven’t the analysis about the misunderstandings and conflicts as a result of the differences.In addition, Wang’s (2011) analyze the different custom of Chinese and European in the banquet and party: the language of wine drinking, the form of proposing a toast to guests. He talked the difference in detail but he just included the differences of China and Europe. Also he did not analyze the reason of the differences and did not analyzethe conflicts caused by the differences that exist in the wine culture.Despite many people discussed and compared the wine culture between China and Europe, but few of them pay attention to the conflicts caused by the different kind of wine culture. So, hoping this research can be a new type of the compration between the wine culture of China and Europe.Research Design and MethodologyTo conduct this study, the following questions were posed:1.What cause the misunderstandings and conflicts in the wine culture betweenChina and Europe?2.What are some possible solutions to eliminate the misunderstandings and reducethe conflicts?To find the reason for the misunderstandings and conflicts in the wine culture between China and Europe, first step, I found the differences of wine between them. Including: 1) the origin of wine: in China, people hold the opinion that Du kang, a sheepherder, invented the wine (Li, Z. 2007a) while in Europe, people believed that the wine was the present for mankind which given by Dionysus, the god of wine (Xu, 2004); 2) the kind of wine people usually drink: Chinese like drinking the rice wine and white wine, maybe sometime, the young drink the beer while in Europe, in most of occasions, people choose to drink the grape wine (Li, n.d.); 3) the materials of the wine: the rice wine and the white wine in China are both made by the cereal crops while in Europe, the wine are mainly made by different kinds of grapes. We can easily know it by the name “grape wine”(Li, Q. 2007); 4) the wine drinking manners: Chinese are keen on encouraging people to drinking as a kind of respecting to others while Europeans can not accept the manner of proposing a toast too frequently (Li, Z. 2007b). Also, there are aspects in the different function of the wine cups and so on.After the information collecting, an analysis of those was done. Picked out the differences that cause the misunderstandings and conflicts. Then found the solutions according to the different kinds of misunderstandings and conflicts.Analysis and ResultsThere are many differences existed in the wine culture of China and Europe, but not all of them lead to the misunderstandings and conflicts. So, after analyze the information I pick out the causes of the misunderstandings and conflicts:1.The differences in the origin of wineBoth in China and in Europe, there are mythology or legend about the origin of wine, but there exist differences between them. In Europe, there is a saying that the wine was a present given by Dionysus (Bacchus, in Roman mythology), the god of wine. So, in Europe, in order to give Dionysus their regards, every year in March, people would hold the Great Dionysia. They would drink the wine, sang and danced joyouslyand often got dizzy with happiness. All the nature of human beings has been released (Xu, 2004). But in China, there have no such saying, such as, the god of wine. In Chinese legend, the wine was made by a sheepherder, whose name was Du kang. It was said that: one day, he was missed his bamboo tube which full filled with rice porridge when he granted sheep. After half a month, he found his tube by accident and he found the rice porridge was fermented and became wine of good taste. Then he stopped granting and began to make wine. His wine was warming welcomed. Gradually, his name “Dukang” became the alternative term for wine (Li, Z. 2007a).Comparing the two kinds of origin of wine, we can know that in Europe people hold the opinion that the wine is a present given by god of wine. In other words, they believed that the wine was made by god. But in China, people think the wine was made by a sheepherder. That is to say, people believed that the wine was made by human beings. So because of the different origin of wine, there exist the conflicts about god made the wine and human beings made the wine.2.The differences in geographical and social conditionIn Chinese traditional modes of thinking, people prefer to choose rice wine or white wine as beverage in a formal occasion. In Europe, there is no doubt, the grape wine will be their chose. No matter in a get-together or in a banquet Europeans always like choosing grape wine. (Zhang & Wang, n.d.) Finding the reason that lead to this phenomenon, have to tract back to the different geographical and social condition of China and Europe.“China belongs to warm temperate climate type continental climate, there are many fertile farmlands for the growing of cultivated plants” (Du, 2004). In the mean while, the emperors of almost every dynasty in ancient time of China give adequate attention to the development of agriculture. All of these factors promote the agriculture developed very rapidly. Also, the cereal crops are diversified and productive so there are many surpluses. It offers the materials for the wine making. “Europe belongs to the Mediterranean climate, it dry in summer and often rainy in winter. The climate is not suitable for the growing of cultivated plants” (Du, 2004). Also, because of the climate, countries in Europe pay more attention to the development of the livestock industry and commerce. As a result, their agriculture is not so developed. So, people don’t use food provisions to make the wine. Though the climate of Europe is not suit for the growing of cultivated plants, it is the right condition foe the grape planting. The grape’s quantity as well as the quality is very high. They can make as much as they want.As the result of the different geographical and social condition, there exist the conflicts of the choosing of wine between Chinese and Europeans. Many Europeans do not like Chinese’s rice wine and white wine, because they think the alcoholic content of the wine is too high to drink. However, most of the Chinese cannot get used to drinking the grape wine, so they always add cola or Sprite in the dry red wine(Li, n.d.).3.The differences in wine drinking mannerAbout wine drinking manners, there exist many differences between China and Europe.In a Chinese style banquet, one of the most important things is toast. Host will propose a toast to the guests. First he will show his welcome to the guests and say some wishes. After this he will start his toast. At the beginning, he will toast to the senior or the honored guests, then the other guests. Sometimes, the guests need to toast back after the host’s toast. But in Europe, there haven’t such custom. Maybe, they just have a “Cheers” at the beginnin g of the banquet（Rao, 2010）. However, the biggest difference of wine culture between China and Europe is encouraging people to drink. Chinese are good at encouraging people to drink as a way to show respects to others. Host always compel his guests to drink, it seems that he has a tendency to turn others be drunk. “It is not only because of the enthusiastic and friendly nature of Chinese, but also due to the collective way of thinking.” (Wang, 2011)Encouraging people to drink, as another way of proposing a toast, is a C hinese traditional custom which gradually formed in the thousands long history of China. But this way of proposing toast can’t be accept by Europeans. In Europe, “people emphasize democracy and liberty, so even about wine drinking, they will not want to be forced to drink” (Y ang, 1994).So, because of the different social situations and the different way of thinking and the different traditional custom there exist the conflicts in the wine drinking manners. After an analysis of those causes that leading to the conflicts between the wine culture of China and Europe, we can divide the conflicts into two kinds: 1) the conflicts that can not avoid or can not clear up totally, such as the conflicts about god made the wine and human beings made the wine and the conflicts of the choosing of wine between Chinese and Europeans; 2) The conflicts that can eliminated, such as the conflicts in the wine drinking manners. Then according to the two different kinds of conflicts, we can offer respective solutions.1.Solutions for the conflicts that can not avoid or can not clear up totally.This kind of conflicts can not eliminate because we can not force people to change their views about the wine culture. For example, we can not compel Chinese to accept that the wine was made by god can command Europeans to accept that the wine was made by human beings. Also, we can not force the Chinese who loath the grape wine to drink dry red wine, and ask the Europeans who are dislike the white wine to drink “Erguotou” (a kind of Chines e wine).So the solution for these conflicts is to acquaint people with the history of wine culture of the other side. China has a long history of wine making and rice wine is oneof the oldest wines in the world. In Shang Dynasty, over 3000 years ago, Chinese invented the double-zymolysis method of wine making. Then started the rice wine making in a large amount. In Song Dynasty, about 1000 years ago, Chinese invented the distillation method of wine making. From then on, the white wine became the main kind of wine of China. Till now, the white wine is still the distillation wine that has the greatest output in the world wide (Li, Q. 2007). Also, the origin of civilization of china has its roots in the Y ellow River Basin where the soil and climate genial for the growing of cultivated plants, so China became a big agriculture country early in the ancient time. And the varied crops are produced in large amounts. Besides the part for people eating, there were large amounts surplus. It laid a good foundation for the making of wine. However, the origin of civilizations of Europe was located in the Balkan Peninsula.It was almost surrounded by the sea and mountains can be found everywhere in the peninsula and the soil are relatively infertile. (Du, 2004) The typical Mediterranean climate is unfavorable to the growing of the growing of the grain and the cereal crops are in low output. The grain can only use for food, so there has little grain for making wine. Though the climate is not suit for the grain, it is the right climate for grapes. So the grape wine meets the demand of Europeans.2.The solutions for the conflicts that can be eliminated.The conflicts in wine drinking manners of China and Europe can be eliminated by learning the rules and habits about wine drinking. There are many rules and habits in the wine drinking both of China and Europe, here will list some of them that are important: 1) the seat. In Chinese traditional way of thinking, left side is more important than left side, so in a banquet, the honored guests always sit in the left side of the host. While in Europe, the right side is more important. And should interlace the male female and the couples should separated. Also the male should pull the chair for the female who sit in the right side of him. (Li, Z. 2007b) 2) the atmosphere during the dinner. In the Chinese style banquet, people hope to have a scence of bustle and excitement, they will talk loudly and laugh loudly. But Europeans prefer to quiet scence, they will pay much attention to their action. And one can not make noise during the dinner. (Foreign Countries’ Wine Culture, 2010) 3) the way pours the wine. In China, the wine always pours by the host, and in order to show respects to the guests, the guest’s cup need to be filled. But in Euro pe, people drink the wine just for taste the wine. So the wine should occupy a quarter of the cup and the wine always pours by the waiter (Li, n.d.).Of course, there are many manners in the wine drinking of China and Europe we should learn in order to eliminate the conflicts. One can learn them by the books、internet、magazines and though other way.ConclusionThe aim of this paper is, at first, to found the cause of conflicts in wine culture between China and Europe. Though the analyze of the information have been found, the research identified three causes of the conflicts of wine culture between China and Europe: 1) The differences in the origin of wine; 2) The differences in geographical and social condition; 3) The differences in wine drinking manner. The second and the third causes are the main factors that lead to the conflicts. But the first cause is also a very important aspect of the factors that cause the conflicts. It can not arouse the conflicts directly, but it can affect people’s thought in an indirect way.According to the causes that lead to the conflicts, I take the conflicts into two kinds: the conflicts that can not avoid or can not clear up totally and the conflicts that can be eliminated. So there are two kinds of solutions were given. The first kind of solution proposed to help people to understand the history of wine culture of China and Europe. The second kind of solution proposed to help people to learn the rules and habits about wine drinking of China and Europe.This study has found and concluded some reasons for the conflicts that exist in the wine culture of China and Europe. Also, according to the different features of the conflicts, there given some solutions. Hoping the research can help people reduce the misunderstandings and conflicts in wine culture and hoping the wine culture of China and Europe can be well communicated.ReferencesDu, L. (2004). Comparison of Wine Culture between China and the West. Culinary Journal of Yangzhou University, 73(21). /grid2008/index/ZKCALD.htmForeign Countries’ Wine Culture, (2010). /r5393946Ge Yugege, (2009). The Wine Culture Between China and Western/viviensuoJia, Q. (2010). The Different Culture Functions of Wine Culture Between China and Western. /grid2008/index/ZKCALD.htmLi, Q. (2007). Taste the Wine. Harbin Publishing House, (2nd edition), 280-302Li, R. (n.d.). The Wine Culture of the East and the West. Intelligence./grid2008/index/ZKCALD.htmLi, Z. P. (2007a). The Wine Culture of China. Current Publishing House, (1st edition), 1-32Li, Z. P. (2007b). The Wine Culture of China. Current Publishing House, (1st edition), 143-148Qu, X.H.(2010) The Comparison of Wine Culture between China and Western Countries. Journal of Shanxi adio & TV University, 75(2), 103-104Rao, H.H.(2010). The Comparison of Wine Culture between China and Western Countries. Journal of Products and Quality, Dec.2010, 103-104.Wang, C. H. (2011). The Differences in Wine Culture of China and the West. Journal of Liquor Making, 38(2), 99-100.Xu, Y. (2004). A comparison between sone featured Chinese and English words expressions on wine culture. Journal of Hangzhou Teachers College (Natural Science Edition), 3(3), 238-240.Y ang, N. J. (1994). Comparison Between the Alcoholic Drinking Culture in China and in the Western Countries. Journal of Beijing Union University, 18(8), 84-99Zhang, Y. G. & Wang, X. Y. (n.d.) Talking About Wine Culture. /grid2008/index/ZKCALD.htm。
英语酒文化
英语酒文化：Comparison of Wine Culture between China and the Western World Different Origins of Wine Liquor occupies an important position in people’s life from its appearance. After a long period of history, liquor has become an indispensable part of culture. About the origin of wine, Chinese claims that wine is brewed by many kinds of technology by people, while the westerners think wine is originally created by god. Du Kang is considered the forefather of wine-making in China. In the West people is generally agreed that wine is created by Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Semele. Different Preferences of Wine In Chinese traditional views, people prefer to choose food as raw material to make white and yellow wine as drinks in formal occasions. The Western wine is made from grape. The difference is caused by different geographical conditions between China and the Western world. China has fertile plains, and agriculture is the main mode of production. In the Western world, especially in Europe, most regions are mountain. The climate and topography are very suitable for grape growing. In recent years, beer is more and more important in the Chinese market, and people always choose beer to adjust atmosphere in the parties.Differences of Drinking Vessels Whatever in China or the West, people takes drinking vessels seriously.The elegant and suitable extant of drinking vessels are related to people’s degree of attention. The drinking vessels’ culture as an important part of wine culture also has a long history. Ancient Chinese wine vessels are known as bronze(青铜器), lacquer(漆器)and porcelain(瓷器). But now most families use western wine vessels. Western wine vessels are mostly made of glass so it is easy for people to distinguish the grade level of wine. Westerners focus on using different wine vessel to drink different wine. Different Drinking Etiquette Urging others to drink as a special way to toast is a kind of Chinese custom that formed in the thousands of years. The custom is one kind of Chinese traditional culture which cannot see in the western countries and can not be understood in thewest. They drink and meal all by free and independent. In China, after toast, the host should also give the guests full of wine but cannot overflow, the full, the better. For westerners, they would not to show their humility. So when they see the Chinese behavior that doesn’t let their cup higher than others, they feel surprise and cannotunderstand. Different Drinking Purposes Since Chinese has a long history of drinking, we have many purposes for drinking. Like Worship(祭祀), Ceremony, Business. In the eyes of the Chinese people, wine is a tool for communication.Westerners pay more attention on the wine-tasting when they are drinking. Conclusion Chinese wine culture is influenced by the Confucianism. The culture shows not only the hospitality of Chinese people, but also the Chinese groupthink. Western culture emphasizes individualism andself-development.Westerners care more about themselves. In China, drinking is an ancillary behavior to express their feelings, and for westerners, wine is a substance made personal senses more cheerful. By comparing the differences between Chinese and western culture of wine, we find that although Chinese and western have their own distinguishing feature in the wine culture, people’s love to wine are the same. In addition, it helps people understand different cultures deeply so that we can have a better intercultural communication.世界各地的酒文化：正如我们找到了世界各地许多不同的传统和文化，我们发现酒文化也是随着传统和世界的区域而不同的。
2013届学生(英语师范类)论文题目一览表
of the Wild
析《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中的象征手法
Huckleberry Finn
论《珍妮姑娘》中造成珍妮悲剧的原因
Gerhard
副教授 《永别了武器》的主题分析 副教授 《恋爱中的女人》中两姐妹的对比分析 副教授 论《虹》中女性的进步 讲师 讲师 讲师 讲师 讲师 讲师 副教授
The Contrast of in Rainbow
专接 刘洋 本 1班 刘洋
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้专接 王英群 本 专接 王英群 本 1班 王英群
Eden
《爱玛》女主人公的性格分析An Analysis of the Heroine’s Character in Emma 《贵妇画像》中伊莎贝尔的婚姻悲剧分析An Analysis of the Heroine’s Tragic Marriage in
专接 魏晓红 本 1班 2班 1班 1班 2班 1班 孙红艳 孙红艳 孙红艳 孙红艳 孙红艳 孙红艳
Toklos
析《三个女人的一生》死亡主题 On the Three Deaths of Three Lives
专接 孙红艳 本 专接 孙红艳 本 韩婧 韩婧 韩婧
析《菊花》的象征艺术 On the Symbolic Art of The Chrysanthemums An Analysis of Code-switching on the Campus大学校园语码转换现象分析 The Motivation of Code-switching on the Internet 网络聊天中语码转换动机研 究 The Application of Positive and Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in ELT 母语正负迁 移在英语语言教学中的应用
中西酒文化对比(英文版)文库
There is more freedom in terms of how much or how little wine to drink. It is considered acceptable to taste a small amount or to refuse a glass if one does not want to drink.
Social Context
Respect for Elders
Focus on the Wine
In Western cultures, the emphasis is often more on the quality and appreciation of the wine itself rather than the associated cultural or historical traditions.
Comparison of Wine Types
CATALOGUE
02
Yellow Wine
01
Made from a variety of grains, yellow wine is a traditional Chinese beverage with a low alcohol content. It is often served at important occasions and festivals.
Wine is often a social lubricant in China, where it is often shared among friends and family. It is considered disrespectful to refuse an offer ture emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony, while Western wine culture emphasizes the complexity and diversity of flavors.
关于酒文化的英语作文
关于酒文化的英语作文英文回答：Wine culture, a rich tapestry of traditions, rituals, and social customs, has existed for centuries. From the humble beginnings of grape cultivation in ancient Mesopotamia to the sophisticated winemaking techniques of modern times, wine has played an integral role in human history.Wine's cultural significance transcends its role as a beverage. It is a symbol of celebration, a catalyst for social interaction, and an object of artistic expression. Wine has been immortalized in literature, art, and music, and its intricate flavors and aromas have captivated connoisseurs for generations.In many cultures, wine is deeply intertwined with religious practices. In Christianity, wine is a central element of the Eucharist, while in Judaism, it is used tocommemorate the Passover holiday. In ancient Greece and Rome, wine was associated with the gods Dionysus and Bacchus, respectively, and was often used in religious ceremonies.Furthermore, wine culture has a profound impact on regional identity. Different wine-producing regions around the world have developed their own unique traditions and styles, reflecting their local climate, soil conditions, and agricultural practices. Burgundy's elegant Pinot Noirs, Napa Valley's robust Cabernets, and the crisp Rieslings of the Mosel Valley are just a few examples of the diversity that exists within the world of wine.In recent years, wine culture has also become increasingly globalized. Advances in transportation and communication technologies have made it possible for wines from all over the world to be easily accessible to consumers. This has led to a broadening of palates and an increased awareness of the different winemaking regions and styles.However, the globalization of wine culture has also posed some challenges. The standardization of winemaking techniques and the emergence of international wine corporations have raised concerns about the preservation of local wine traditions and the potential loss ofbiodiversity in grape varieties.Despite these concerns, wine culture continues to flourish and evolve. Winemakers are constantly experimenting with new techniques and grape varieties, while consumers are becoming increasingly knowledgeable and discerning. The future of wine culture is bright, as it continues to captivate the hearts and minds of people around the world.中文回答：酒文化，一个由传统、仪式和社交习俗编织而成的繁复挂毯，已经存在了数个世纪。
世界各地的酒文化英语作文
世界各地的酒文化英语作文Wine Culture around the World。
Wine is more than just an alcoholic beverage. It has been an integral part of human culture for thousands of years. From the vineyards of France to the valleys of Napa, wine has played an important role in shaping the traditions, customs, and social norms of different societies. In this essay, I will explore the wine culture of different regions around the world.France is undoubtedly one of the most prominent wine-producing countries in the world. French wines are highly regarded for their quality, complexity, and elegance. The French have a long history of wine production, and their wine culture is deeply rooted in their way of life. In France, wine is not just a drink, it is a way of life. Wine is enjoyed with meals, at social gatherings, and as asymbol of national pride. The French have a saying, "In water one sees one's own face, but in wine one sees theheart of another." This highlights the importance of wine in French culture, as it is seen as a way to connect with others on a deeper level.Italy is another country that has a rich wine culture. Italian wines are known for their bold flavors and deep colors. Wine is an essential part of Italian cuisine, and it is often enjoyed with meals. In Italy, wine is seen as a way to bring people together, to celebrate life, and to enjoy the simple pleasures of food and drink. Italian wine culture is deeply rooted in the country's history and traditions, and it is a source of national pride.Spain is also a country with a strong wine culture. Spanish wines are known for their rich flavors and aromas. Wine is an integral part of Spanish culture, and it is often enjoyed with tapas, small plates of food that are shared among friends. In Spain, wine is seen as a way to connect with others, to celebrate life, and to enjoy the simple pleasures of food and drink. Spanish wine culture is deeply rooted in the country's history and traditions, and it is a source of national pride.In the United States, wine culture is relatively new compared to Europe. However, the country has quickly become a major player in the global wine industry. The Napa Valley in California is one of the most famous wine regions in the world, and it produces some of the best wines in the United States. Wine culture in the United States is often associated with luxury and sophistication. Wine is often enjoyed at fine dining establishments and social gatherings, and it is seen as a way to show off one's taste and refinement.In conclusion, wine culture is an integral part of human culture around the world. From France to Italy, Spain to the United States, wine has played an important role in shaping the traditions, customs, and social norms ofdifferent societies. Wine is more than just a drink, it isa way to connect with others, to celebrate life, and to enjoy the simple pleasures of food and drink.。
中西方酒文化的比较研究.doc
中西方酒文化的比较研究中西方酒文化的比较研究A Comparative Study on AlcoholCulture Between China and Western CountriesAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family. On the process of composing the paper, they have been giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding. Their love and support encouraged me to pursue progress all the time.And I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years.I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Lu Li. It is for her constant encouragement, critical instructions, her great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.AbstractAlcohol，which plays an important role in people’s daily life, is familiar to human beings. People’s life becomes colorful with it. As to alcohol culture, differences and similarities co-exist between China and the western countries. A large number of previous researches have been done on specific alcohol culture, whereas few studies focus on the alcohol culture comparison between China and western countries. Systematic and comprehensive researches in this regard are hard to find. Since comparative studies on the similarities and differences of alcohol culture between China and western countries are lacking, this paper attempt to explore the differences from the raw materials and drinking customs and conclude their similarities to introduce the alcohol culture of China and western countries.Key Words：alcohol ; cultural difference; China and western countries摘要酒是人们非常熟悉的一种饮品，它在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用。
中国和西方的酒文化英文
中国和西方的酒文化AbstractThe wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human being s. People’s life becomes colorful with it. As regards the wine culture, there exists di fference between China and the western countries. The raw material and drinking c ustom is different in terms of geography. There also exist similarities. Both China a nd western countries have some beautiful legends about the origin of wine and the symbol wine of spirit, leading to the birth of romanticism and the development of mainstream belief. The development of world wine culture depends on the intercom munication of different nations. Thus, communicating with other nations is helpful a nd indispensable to the development of wine culture. Three methods can be done t o promote intercommunication. Nowadays, as we know, globalization is inevitable, s o is the intercommunication of wine culture between countries.Key WordsWine culture; cultural difference; habit of drinking摘要我们对于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用，有了它人们的生活变的多姿多彩。
comparison
The Comparison between Chinese Wine Culture and Western Wine Culture1. InclusionPeople have a complex feeling of alcohol. The alcohol sometimes looks like a devil, and sometimes looks like an angel. When mentioning Chinese wine, we often think of Wuliangye, Jiannanchun, Zhangyu and so on; when mentioning western wine, we without hesitation think of Sherry, Whisky, Cocktail and the like.Alcohol has come into various aspects of the society, including customs, arts, religion, politics, economy…Alcohol has a huge promotion on the development of human civilization. Changing people’s eating habits; giving impetus to association between people; enriching ethnomedicine field;2. The similarity of Chinese alcoholic culture and western alcoholic cultureSince China is an agriculture-oriented country, traditional wines were brewed from crops, while in western countries, brewing industry has been based on viticulture. The origins of alcoholic cultures are different, but they have something in common in the way of keeping good health. They both think that drinking wine can make the digestive process much more efficient and accelerate blood circulation.2.1 wine culture in old timesThe Old Testament says, “Wine makes men foolish, and strong drink makes men come to blows; and whoever comes into error through these is not wise.”Winespinits of China is originated from Taoism. Pursuit of absolute freedom and forgetting of life-death are the core of the winespirits of China. Dionysus spirit is symbolized by Dionysus, the God of viticulture and wine industry.In Chinese ancient literature, there are a lot of cases in which wine is combined with different styles, such as poem, opera, essay, novel, couplet and so forth. To some extent, as a kind of beverage, wine played an important role in the Chinese ancient literature. Litterateurs occupied a large share of Chinese ancient wine drinkers. In ancient Greek there are also three tragedy writers, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, who are good at drinking wine.2.2 wine culture in modern timesDuring the process of cultural communication, the wine cultures have been merging.。
酒文化 比较 英文 论文
A comparative study on wine cultureⅠ. IntroductionWine is an alcoholic beverage. Date back to 6,500 years ago, the earliest in Europe was evidenced in northern Greece. In Egypt wine was recorded in history and playing an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Dating from the second and first millennium BC wine has also been found in China. Company with the production of wine, the culture it combined is variety and instructive. Wine culture or drinking culture refers to the customs and practices associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered the processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine, and distilling spirits.As a special form of culture, wine culture could be found in all kinds of works, all kinds of human life. Based on this point, it has a crucial impact on our society. As we have known that, culture is connection with economics and politics of the states. In terms of those, it is important to do the comparative study on wine culture.Ⅱ. The different wine culture between China and western countries There are four major difference differences among the Chinese wine culture and the western one.The first thing I would like to mention is that the kind of the wine is quite different. Barley wine and rice wine, which is made from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, is the most common wine in China, while the western wine is made of fermented fruit juice; usually from grapes. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different types of wine. Wines are also made from other fruits, such as apples and berries, and generically called fruit wine or country wine. Chinese grape wine was first produced in the Han Dynasty around the 2nd century BC.Secondly, the understanding of the wine is different.In the eyes of western people, wine is a symbol of power. When people mention wine, they causally picture an elegant and delicate image. They believe that wine is an art, a living and charming thing which is worthy of being cherished. For instance, as Maya, the character of the Sideways,puts it: “I like how wine continues to evolve, like if I opened a bottle of wine today, it would taste different than if I opened it on any other day. Because a bottle of wine is actually alive, and it is constantly evolving and gaining complexity. That is until it peaks, like you ’61, and then it begins its steady, inevitable decline…”Facing with the busy and reluctantly life, sighing for the momentary and fleeting, one’s heavy heart could gain temporary peace and relive only when s/he got drunk. This view of life could be found in the western culture. Understanding drinking in young people should be understood through a "developmental" framework.On the other hand, Chinese way of understanding is tend to the moral level, and it bore plenty feeling, such as grace, sorrow, frustration, etc. The Confucian culture isthe core of Chinese wine culture while in western wine is tied in myth to Dionysus/Bacchus. As noted by Shen Kuo (1031–1095) in his Dream Pool Essays, an old phrase in China amongst the gentry class was having the company of "drinking guests" (jiuke), which was a figure of speech for drinking wine, playing the Chinese zither, playing Chinese chess, Zen Buddhist meditation, calligraphy and painting, tea drinking, alchemy, chanting poetry, and conversation.Last but not least, No matter the western liquor, or Chinese rice wine, their drinking habits have very big distinction. When Chinese people go out for a dinner, especially which have something to do with business, men are expected to drink a lot of wine. In that case, you have to drink for the sake that others propose a, while refuse is often regarded as offence.However, the western men feel really uncomfortable, when the other party kept toasting, they take it for discourtesy. It is not appropriate. They feel like being forced to drink. In their opinion everyone has the right to decide what they want to eat or to drink. If you would like to ask them to eat more food, two or three time is suitable. On the contrast, it is a polite manner for Chinese to keep telling someone to eat more or drink. In a word, when Chinese are in the business banquets and try not to drink too much, for that may leaves their western business partners a bad impression.In short, interpretation of Chinese and western culture of wine is a good way to find out the differences between Chinese and western. And as all have disgusted above, it is safe to say that the major reasons for the difference is their different way of thinking. The Chinese is the typical kind of divergent thinking, while the westerners are more tending to the line thought. The understanding of Chinese and western culture of wine, and the study of it are benefit to develop wine culture sufficient and reduce the conflicts in international communication. With the frequently exchanges among Chinese and western culture recently, we can not prevent mutual penetration and fusion of the tide of them. Among the Chinese and western wine culture, some were consistent, some inconsistent and some complementary.Understanding the different kinds of wine culture, both countries would understand each other better, and the development of the world would be more harmonious.。
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题目：On Comparison of Wine Culture between China and English-speaking CountriesContentsAbstract (iv)1 Introduction (1)2 A Brief Introduction about Wine Culture (1)2.1 Definitions of Wine Culture (1)2.2 Origins of Wine (2)2.3 Types of Wine (3)2.3.1 Different Wine-making Processes between China and English-speaking Countries (3)2.3.2 Moutai (3)2.3.3 Whiskey (5)3 Different Wine Cultures between China and English-speaking Countr ies (6)3.1 Special Wine Culture at Home and Abroad (6)3.1.1 Ways of Table-culture (7)3.1.2 Ways of Pub-culture (7)3.2 Comparison of Chinese Wine Customs and English-speaking Countries’ Wine Customs (7)3.2.1 Chinese Drinking Etiquettes (8)3.2.2 Jiu Xi and Wine Game (9)3.2.3 Western Drinking Etiquettes (9)3.2.4 American Wine Festival.. (9)4 Conclusion (10)Notes and References (11)Acknowledgments (12).Abstract:Wine is taken as a gift given by God in the English-speaking countries, so people’s purpose is simply for drinking wine, they drink wine because of appreciation; they drink wine thanks to their enjoyment in drinking wine. Naturally, wine has its communicative function, but people more like to seek how to enjoy the flavor of wine. In China, people drink wine with their motivation for a successful business or for deepening emotion with others.As the difference in historical context, social customs and habits, rational culture, thinking patterns and values etc., there are differences in drinking wine between the Chinese people and English-speaking countries’people. Yet, the dissimilarities in wine culture affect the communication between the Chinese people and English-speaking countries’ people. On account of the slight acquaintance and lacking necessary understanding of the China and English-speaking countries, people get in many difficulties even misconstrue each other or embarrass each other when they communicate.Therefore, knowing various culture, especially the Chinese wine culture and English-speaking countries’ wine culture is conducive to successful cross-cultural communication, to deepening people’s understandi ng in cross-cultural communication, to respecting both sides and to learning from other’s strong points and clos ing the gap, which have realistic meaning to both sides of communication.摘要：在西方，酒被认为是酒神赋予人们的礼物，所以人们饮酒的目的很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。
当然,酒也有交际功能，但是人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
在中国，人们饮酒通常都有自己的动机，有人在推杯换盏之间达成一项交易，有人在把酒言欢中升华了与他人的感情。
因为中西方人们历史背景、风俗习惯、文化传统、思维模式、价值观念等因素的不同使得中西方人在饮酒上存在差异，然而酒文化的差异又影响着中国人与西方人的交流。
由于对中西方文化知之甚少或缺乏必要的了解，人们在交际过程中遇到了许多问题甚至造成误解或使双方处于尴尬境地。
因此，了解不同文化之间的差异，特别是了解中西方酒文化的差异有助于跨文化交际的顺利进行，有助于推动跨文化交际中文化双方的深入理解，相互尊重以及取长补短，对中外文化交流有一定的现实意义。
Key Words:Wine Culture, Cross-cultural Communication, China, English-speaking Countries关键词：酒文化中国酒文化西方酒文化跨文化交流On Comparison of Wine Culture betweenChina and English-speaking Countries1IntroductionWine is not simply an objective existence but also a symbol of culture in the mankind history. As a distinct culture, it almost spreads every aspect of society. Wine culture expresses the shared culture and historical culture, reflects the essential culture of its own nationality from the side aspect. In fact, the diversity of wine culture is the diversity of the nation’s essential culture. Different drinking customs, distinctive wine-making techniques and different raw materials etc., help us to enhance the theme of cultural differences in cognition. Knowing and understanding different wine culture can make contribute to cross-cultural communication between the Chinese people and English-speaking countries’ people even make a contribution to build a harmonious world.This thesis begins with a brief introduction of wine then followed by a series of comparisons of Chinese and English-speaking countries’ wine culture by following the steps of wine making from both sides, representative wines of two cultures. The comparison is systematic and wholesome, involving the following aspects, including the typical cultural products and cultural patterns. Finally the conclusion can be drawn that it is these elements of deep structures of the two cultures that shape the essential qualities of national cultures and cause the distinct disparities of Chinese and English-speaking countries’ cultures. They always hide behind cultural products and behaviors, are relatively stable, and always serve as the underlying reasons for different manifestations of cultural values. Analysis of elements of deep structure through different observable manifestations of cultural values will enhance deep understanding of both alien and native cultures, develop mutual respect between them, and continue to add to the vigor of native culture in the process of cross-cultural communication.2Brief Introduction about Wine Culture2.1Definition of Wine CultureWine is a kind of fermented beverage with ethanol made by food, fruit or the substance which contains amylum or sugar. Culture, is the sum of material and spiritual wealth created by mankind in the course of social development, especially the spiritual wealth. The phrase wine culture was first proposed in China in 1987 by a famous Chinese economist Mr. Yu Guangyuan. He said: Generalized wine culture including its own development affects China’s economic construction and Chinese people’s life in a certain extent.[1] (P. 1)Wine culture becomes a common cultural phenomenon in people’s life like other cultures when wine comes out in the world, with its development of historical stage, continuity and continuation, it turns into a catalyst in human material life and spiritual life. Wine culture is the sum of physical behaviour including technique and spiritual phenomenon including sociology andpsychology related to wine. The origin of wine, production of wine, circulation of wine, consumption of wine, especially the social cultural function of wine and all the phenomenon brought by wine such as a social problem, are also in the scope of wine culture. Usually, the wine culture that people taking is a narrowly-defined one which just contains the drinking customs, drinking etiquettes and some interesting stories about wine or some famous persons connecting to wine.2.2Origins of WineIn China, there are four kinds of saying about the origin of wine.The first saying is that wine was made by god, and some poems can prove it. Li Bai (a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty) said if the god doesn’t like wine then the wine star would not be in heaven.（天若不爱酒，酒星不在天。