Biodiversity
bio- 英语单词
bio- 英语单词Bio-英语单词随着全球化的发展和信息技术的普及，英语已经成为大多数人必备的语言之一。
无论是在工作中、学习中还是生活中，我们都经常会接触到英语单词。
在本文中，我们将介绍一些与"bio-"前缀相关的英语单词，帮助读者了解他们的含义和用法。
1. Biodegradable（可生物降解的）Biodegradable是由"bio-"和"degradable"两个部分组成的单词，表示物质可以被自然界中的生物分解和降解。
这种物质对环境的影响较小，可以减少对地球的污染。
目前，许多国家和地区都在提倡使用可生物降解的产品，以保护环境和生态系统的健康。
2. Biodiversity（生物多样性）Biodiversity是指一个地区或生态系统中不同生物种类的丰富程度。
这包括动物、植物、微生物等各种生物的分类和数量。
生物多样性对于维持生态平衡和自然界的稳定至关重要。
保护生物多样性不仅可以保护物种的独立性和繁衍能力，还可以为人类提供食物、药物、材料等重要资源。
3. Biofuel（生物燃料）Biofuel是一种由生物质资源制成的燃料，比如生物柴油和生物酒精。
与传统石油燃料相比，生物燃料更环保、可再生，并且可以减少对化石能源的依赖。
生物燃料的应用可以降低温室气体的排放，减少气候变化的影响。
4. Biotechnology（生物技术）Biotechnology是将生物科学与工程技术相结合，应用于农业、医学、食品加工等领域的学科。
通过使用生物技术，人们可以改变生物体的遗传性状，研发新药物和治疗方法，提高农作物的产量和品质，改进食品的加工和保存技术，促进人类福祉和生态可持续发展。
5. Biohazard（生物危害）Biohazard是指对生物体具有危害性的物质或环境。
这些物质可能包括病原体、有毒化学物质、放射性物质等。
生物危害对人类和其他生物的健康产生负面影响，需要采取相应的预防和控制措施，以确保安全。
生物多样性有关英语作文
生物多样性有关英语作文生物多样性保护是当今全球环境保护的重要议题之一。
以下是一个高质量的作文，旨在探讨生物多样性的重要性以及我们应该如何保护和促进生物多样性的发展。
Title: The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation。
Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems in which they live. It encompasses the richness and variety of life atall levels, from genes to species to ecosystems. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and stability of ecosystems, providing essential ecosystem services, and supporting human well-being in numerous ways.First and foremost, biodiversity is essential for ecosystem stability and resilience. Ecosystems with higher biodiversity tend to be more productive and better able to withstand environmental changes or disturbances. Forexample, a diverse forest ecosystem can better resist pests and diseases, recover more quickly from natural disasters like wildfires or storms, and maintain essential functions such as nutrient cycling and water purification. Thus, biodiversity is often referred to as nature's insurance policy against environmental uncertainties.Furthermore, biodiversity is critical for providing ecosystem services that support human livelihoods and well-being. These services include provisioning services such as food, medicine, and raw materials; regulating services such as climate regulation, pollination, and pest control; cultural services such as recreation, tourism, andspiritual enrichment; and supporting services such as soil formation, nutrient cycling, and oxygen production. Many of these services are directly or indirectly essential for human survival and economic development.In addition to its ecological and economic importance, biodiversity also has intrinsic value and contributes to the aesthetic, cultural, and spiritual aspects of human life. People derive pleasure and inspiration from thebeauty and diversity of nature, whether it's watching colorful birds, exploring diverse ecosystems, or admiring the intricate patterns of plants and animals. Biodiversity also plays a significant role in cultural traditions, spiritual beliefs, and indigenous knowledge systems around the world, enriching human culture and identity.Despite its importance, biodiversity is facing unprecedented threats due to human activities. Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and degradation are leading causes of biodiversity loss, driven primarily by factors such as deforestation, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development. Pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, invasive species, and climate change are exacerbating these threats, further compromising the integrity and resilience of ecosystems worldwide.To address the crisis of biodiversity loss, concerted efforts are needed at local, national, and global levels. Conservation strategies should focus on protecting and restoring habitats, establishing protected areas, promoting sustainable land-use practices, combating illegal wildlifetrade, controlling invasive species, reducing pollution, and mitigating climate change. Furthermore, efforts to conserve biodiversity should involve collaboration among governments, local communities, indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations, scientists, businesses, and other stakeholders.Education and awareness-raising are also essential for fostering a culture of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. People need to understand the value of biodiversity, the threats it faces, and the actions they can take to protect it. Public participation, citizen science, environmental education, and capacity-building initiatives can empower individuals and communities to become stewards of biodiversity and advocates for change.In conclusion, biodiversity conservation is a matter of paramount importance for the health of the planet and the well-being of current and future generations. By safeguarding biodiversity, we can ensure the resilience and sustainability of ecosystems, support human livelihoods andprosperity, and preserve the beauty and wonder of naturefor all to enjoy. Let us join hands in protecting and promoting biodiversity for the benefit of all life on Earth.。
环境与自然资源英语词汇大全
环境与自然资源英语词汇大全Environmental and Natural Resources VocabularyIntroduction:In today's globalized world, environmental conservation and sustainable use of natural resources have become crucial. This article aims to provide a comprehensive list of English vocabulary related to the environment and natural resources to enhance understanding and communication in this field.1. Biodiversity:Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. It encompasses the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic resources within a particular region or on a global scale. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecological balance and providing various ecosystem services.2. Ecosystem:An ecosystem is a dynamic system comprising living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) and their physical environment (air, water, soil). Ecosystems can be terrestrial (forests, grasslands) or aquatic (oceans, lakes) and play a crucial role in maintaining environmental stability.3. Conservation:Conservation involves the sustainable management and protection of natural resources to ensure their long-term availability for future generations. Conservation efforts aim to preserve biodiversity, protect habitats, and mitigate environmental degradation caused by human activities.4. Renewable Resources:Renewable resources are natural resources that can replenish or regenerate over time. These resources include solar energy, wind power, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. Unlike non-renewable resources, renewable resources have sustainable and environmentally friendly characteristics.5. Non-Renewable Resources:Non-renewable resources are finite in nature and cannot be replaced or regenerated once depleted. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of non-renewable resources. Efficient utilization and alternative energy sources are key considerations in reducing dependence on non-renewable resources.6. Pollution:Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing adverse effects on human health and ecological balance. Types of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution.7. Climate Change:Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature patterns, weather conditions, and precipitation levels. It is primarily caused by human activities, such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Climate change poses significant challenges to global sustainability.8. Deforestation:Deforestation is the clearing, removal, or destruction of forests primarily for agricultural or industrial purposes. It leads to habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and contributes to climate change by reducing carbon storage capacity.9. Sustainable Development:Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on balancing economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection. Sustainable development ensures the efficient use of resources and minimizes negative impacts on the environment.10. Extinction:Extinction occurs when a species ceases to exist. It can be caused by natural factors or human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change. The loss of species has significant ecological and environmental implications.11. Organic Farming:Organic farming refers to agricultural practices that avoid the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It promotes biodiversity conservation, soil health, and sustainable farming methods.12. Conservationist:A conservationist is an individual or organization dedicated to protecting and preserving natural resources, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Conservationists advocate for sustainable development, environmental policies, and raising public awareness about environmental issues.Conclusion:This comprehensive compilation of environmental and natural resources vocabulary provides an essential foundation for understanding and discussing various aspects of environmental conservation, sustainable development, and biodiversity. Effective communication using this vocabulary is crucial for addressing environmental challenges and finding innovative solutions to protect our planet for future generations.。
讲义3-Biodiversity
Why do you take the negative of the sum(Pilog[Pi])?
Since Pi is the proportion of a given
category, its maximum value is 1 and its minimum approaches 0. For any base, the log of 1 is 0 and the log of any value between 0 and 1 is a negative number. By reversing the sign, the index becomes positive and is easier to understand
BIODIVERSITY
1987年，UNEP——“Biodiversity” 1992年，联合国环境与发展会议（UNCED） 签署《生物多样性公约》 Biodiversity means the rich variety of life forms in nature.
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所谓生物多样性，是指地球上 动物、 植物、微生物的纷繁多样性和它们的遗 传及变异，包括生态系统多样性、物种 多样性 、遗传多样性、景观多样性等。
Habitat fragmentation is the seperation of a landscape into various landuses (e.g, development, agriculture, etc.), resulting in numerous small, disjunct分离的 habitat patches 小块栖息地 left for use by wildlife.
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MATRIX
生物多样性的定义英语作文
生物多样性的定义英语作文Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organismsin a particular habitat or ecosystem. It encompasses the diversity of species, genetic diversity within each species, and the diversity of ecosystems and habitats.Biodiversity is important because it provides us with essential ecosystem services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and water purification. It also contributes to the resilience of ecosystems, making them more resistant to disturbances and less vulnerable to invasive species.The loss of biodiversity is mainly caused by human activities such as deforestation, overfishing, pollution, and climate change. This loss can have serious consequences for human well-being, as it can lead to the collapse of ecosystems and the loss of valuable resources.Conservation efforts are crucial for protecting biodiversity. This can be achieved through theestablishment of protected areas, sustainable land use practices, and the promotion of sustainable resource management. It also requires raising awareness and engaging local communities in conservation efforts.Preserving biodiversity is not only a moral obligation, but also a matter of self-interest. By protecting biodiversity, we are ensuring the continued availability of essential ecosystem services and the long-termsustainability of our planet.。
Global_Biodiversity(全球多样性)
On average, 300 sp named each day
Two new phyla have been named in past 25 yrs Range is 10M-50M
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Mites: 30,000 sp described (but probably >1M) Insects: almost 1M described, but consider canopy fogging 4 sites <70km proximity, 1% common
55%
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Should always be a bifurcating tree
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
How many species are there? Approximately 1.75M named with another 300K fossil sp
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
What is the difference between a species and population? Can be somewhat difficult to determine if they are one species or two… Why? Problems: fossils, asexual organisms, lack of knowledge
biodiversity 白皮书 英文
biodiversity 白皮书英文Biodiversity White PaperIntroduction:Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the variety of life on Earth, including all species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems in which they live. It is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems, providing important services such as food, clean water, and air, and supporting the overall well-being of humanity. This white paper aims to outline the current state of biodiversity, its significance, and the steps needed to protect and enhance it for a sustainable future.Importance of Biodiversity:Biodiversity is a cornerstone of the Earth's natural systems and plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. It contributes to the stability and resilience of ecosystems, making them more resistant to environmental changes such as climate change. Biodiversity also provides numerous resources and benefits to humans, including food production, medicine development, and ecosystem services such as pollination and water purification. Current State of Biodiversity:Unfortunately, biodiversity is currently facing unprecedented levels of loss due to human activities. Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, invasive species, and overexploitation are among the major drivers of biodiversity decline. According to recent reports, species extinction rates are significantly higher than the natural background rate, leading to an alarming loss of biodiversity worldwide.Protecting Biodiversity:To address the biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to implement comprehensive conservation strategies. This includes the establishment of protected areas, both on land and in the ocean, to safeguard critical habitats and enable the recovery of threatened species. Additionally, sustainable land and water management practices must be promoted to minimize habitat loss and degradation. Conservation efforts should also involve local communities, indigenous peoples, and stakeholders to ensure their active participation and support.Enhancing Biodiversity:In addition to protecting existing biodiversity, efforts should be made to enhance and restore degraded ecosystems. This can be achieved through habitat restoration initiatives, reforestation projects, and the reintroduction of threatened species into their natural habitats. Promoting sustainable agriculture practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, can also contribute to enhancing biodiversity by maintaining healthy soil ecosystems and reducing chemical inputs.Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation:Biodiversity conservation should not be limited to specific sectors or areas but should be integrated into all aspects of decision-making processes. It is essential to incorporate biodiversity considerations into national policies, development plans, and business practices. This can be achieved through the implementation of legal frameworks, economic incentives, and public awareness campaigns to promote sustainable practices andresponsible consumption patterns.International Cooperation:Given that biodiversity loss is a global issue, international cooperation is paramount to address it effectively. Cooperation among governments, NGOs, scientific institutions, and the private sector is essential for sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices. International agreements, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, provide a framework for collaboration and the establishment of targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss. Conclusion:Protecting and enhancing biodiversity is crucial for the sustainable future of our planet. It requires concerted efforts, both locally and globally, to address the drivers of biodiversity loss and implement effective conservation and restoration measures. By valuing and protecting biodiversity, we can ensure the long-term survival of ecosystems and the well-being of future generations. Together, we can build a more sustainable and biodiverse world.。
生物多样性保护 Conservation of Biodiversity 英语作文
生物多样性保护 Conservation ofBiodiversity 英语作文Conservation of BiodiversityIntroduction:Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is crucial for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and providing essential services to humans. However, due to human activities such as deforestation, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, biodiversity is facing significant threats. Therefore, conservation of biodiversity is essential to ensure the sustainable existence of life on our planet. This essay will discuss the importance of biodiversity conservation and propose effective strategies to protect it.Importance of Biodiversity Conservation:1. Ecosystem Stability: Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining the stability and resilience of ecosystems. Each species has a unique function and contributes to the overall functioning of the ecosystem. The loss of even a single species can disrupt the delicate balance and lead to ecological imbalances.2. Economic Value: Biodiversity provides numerous economic benefits such as food, medicine, and raw materials. Many pharmaceutical drugs are derived from plants and animals found in diverse ecosystems. Conserving biodiversity ensures the sustainable availability of these resources, benefiting industries and contributing to economic growth.3. Climate Regulation: Forests, wetlands, and oceans act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. Biodiverse ecosystems are more efficient in carbon sequestration, making them crucial in mitigating climate change and maintaining a stable climate.4. Cultural and Aesthetic Value: Biodiversity is deeply intertwined with human cultures and traditions. It provides inspiration for art, literature, and spiritual practices. Preserving biodiversity ensures the continuity of cultural practices and enriches our lives aesthetically.Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation:1. Protected Areas: Establishing and effectively managing protected areas is a fundamental approach to conserve biodiversity. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and marine protected areas safeguard critical habitats and provide refuge for endangered species. Strict regulations and enforcement are necessary to prevent illegal activities within these areas.2. Habitat Restoration: Restoring degraded habitats is crucial for the recovery of biodiversity. Afforestation and reforestation programs can help recreate forest ecosystems, providing habitats for a wide range of species. Wetland restoration projects can revive vital ecosystems that support diverse plant and animal life.3. Sustainable Land Use Practices: Encouraging sustainable land use practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and sustainable forestry, can minimize habitat destruction and promote biodiversity conservation. These practices reduce the use of harmful chemicals, preserve soil fertility, and maintain ecological balance.4. Public Awareness and Education: Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity conservation is essential. Educational campaigns, workshops, and community engagement programs can help people understand the value of biodiversity and encourage them to take individual and collective actions to protect it.5. International Cooperation: Biodiversity conservation is a global issue that requires international cooperation. Governments, organizations, and communities must work together to develop and implement conservation strategies. Sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices can enhance the effectiveness of conservation efforts.6. Sustainable Development: Integrating biodiversity conservation into development plans and policies is crucial. Sustainable development practices should prioritize theprotection of biodiversity and ensure that economic activities do not harm ecosystems. This can be achieved through environmental impact assessments, sustainable tourism, and green infrastructure development.Conclusion:Conservation of biodiversity is essential for the well-being of both present and future generations. It is a shared responsibility that requires collective efforts from individuals, governments, and organizations. By implementing the strategies mentioned above and recognizing the value of biodiversity, we can ensure the preservation of Earth's rich and diverse ecosystems. Let us strive to protect and conserve biodiversity for a sustainable and thriving planet.。
微生物多样性总结
Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. It is contrasted with biodiversity, which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems.
heterotrophs: carbon is obtained from organic compounds
(halophilic Archaea and others)
autotrophs: carbon is obtained by fixing CO2 (most cyanobacteria,
——From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1.3 微生物多样性表现形式
❖ 形态多样性（Morphological diversity） ❖ 代谢多样性（Metabolic diversity） ❖ 生态多样性（Ecological diversity）
Morphological diversity
-cells size: average 1 to 5 microns range 0.1 to 660 microns (Thiomargarita namibiensis , giant sulfur bacteruim in Namibian sediments)
Dimensions of some bacteria
-cell shapes: rods, cocci, spirals, filaments,amorphous, starshaped, squares,……
环境专业英语 05_Biodiversity
Ecological services
Crisis
In 2006 many species were formally classified as rare or endangered or threatened; moreover, scientists have estimated that millions more species are at risk which have not been formally recognized. About 40 percent of the 40,177 species assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria are now listed as threatened with extinction—a total of 16,119.
Definition
Biodiversity is the a degree ofof the health of measure variation of life forms within ecosystems. a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entBiodiversity supports ecosystem services including air quality, climate, water purification, pollination, and prevention of erosion.
Agriculture
Unit 5
by Huang Lei Hubei University of Technology
保护生物多样性英语小作文
保护生物多样性英语小作文英文回答：Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It provides us with the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. It also plays a crucial role in regulating climate, providing natural resources, and supporting human health. However, biodiversity is under threat from a number of human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation.Protecting biodiversity is essential for the health of our planet and our well-being. There are a number of things that can be done to protect biodiversity, including:Conserving and restoring habitats.Reducing pollution.Combating climate change.Reducing overexploitation.Raising awareness.By taking these steps, we can help to protect biodiversity and ensure that it continues to provide uswith the essential services that we rely on.中文回答：生物多样性是地球上生命的基础。
第六章生命的多样性
（2） 物种多样性 (species diversity)
物种的保护有两种基本途径 就地保护(in situ preservation, on-site preservation)是在野生动植物的原产地对 物种实施有效保护。 迁地保护(ex situ preservation, off-site preservation)是通过将野生动植物从原产 地迁移到条件良好的其他环境中进行有 效保护的一种方式。
生命的多样性及形成机制
பைடு நூலகம்
一、生命的多样性biodiversity
生物多样性是指地球上所有生物（动物、植物、 微生物等）、它们所包含的基因以及由这些生 物与环境相互作用所构成的生态系统的多样化 程度。
生物多样性的主要组成：
遗传多样性、 物种多样性 生态系统多样性
（1） 遗传多样性(genetic diversity)
二、生命多样性形成的机制
生命的多样性形成与生命的历史过程
起源 发展
遗传变异是生命多样性形成的基本动力
遗传是物种得以存在和延续的保证，没有遗传，就不 会有物种的存在，变异是物种演变进化的根据，没有 变异，进化就无从进行。
地理隔离分化是生命多样性形成的主要 途径。
地理隔离是物种分化的必要条件，也是生命多样性形 成的主要途径。初此外还有生态隔离、生殖隔离、行 为隔离、机械隔离等等。
物种多样性是指地球上动物、植物、微 生物等生物种类的丰富程度。物种多样 性包括两个方面，其一是指一定区域内 的物种丰富程度，可称为区域物种多样 性；其二是指生态学方面的物种分布的 均匀程度，可称为生态多样性或群落物 种多样性（蒋志刚等，1997）。物种多 样性是衡量一定地区生物资源丰富程度 的一个客观指标。
biodiversity
The astonishing biodiversity ofour planet is the result of aperpetual and never-endedevolution where the biologicalspecies had to adapt to an oftenhostile environment. Thecomplex relationship betweenthem and their habitat, thepressure of the natural selectionand the spontaneous mutations,between chance and necessity,shaped living it in a multitude offorms, which exceed ourimaginary. If all the mechanismsof this evolutionary process arenot completely elucidated, it willbe sure that the dynamics of thelife has transformed, eliminatedand modified the species sincethe beginning of time.Membracidae: Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity.Photos and text: Patrick Landmann/LightmediationContact: Thierry Tinacci- Lightmediation Agency- +33 (0) 6 61 80 57 21193-06: Bocydium globulare, fullface.193-01/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-01: Cladonota latifrons. An imitation which curiously points out a desiccated branchlet. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-02/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-02: Cladonota benitezi, female. Strong dimorphism with the male / South America / Neotropical forest193-03/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-03: Cladonota benitezi, male. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-04/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-04: Smerdalea imminens, fullface. / South America / Neotropical forest193-14: Heteronotus maculatus, The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal consequently.193-05/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-05: Smerdalea imminens, female. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-06/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-06: Bocydium globulare, fullface. / South America / Neotropical forest193-07/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-07: Bocydium globulare, in profile. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-08/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-08: Cladonota sp. male. / South America / Neotropical forest193-16: Umbelligerus peruviensis. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal consequently.193-09/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-09: Heteronotus nigrogiganteus, in profile. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal 193-10/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-10: Heteronotus nigrogiganteus, fullface. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal193-11/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-11: Heteronotus nigrogiganteus, from the top. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later 193-12/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-12: Heteronotus delineatus. / South America / Neotropical forest193-19: Heteronotus delineatus.193-13/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-13: Heteronotus delineatus, fullface. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-14/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-14: Heteronotus maculatus, The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal193-15/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-15: Heteronotus albopunctatus. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal 193-16/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-16: Umbelligerus peruviensis. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal193-03: Cladonota benitezi, male.193-17/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-17: Head of Umbelligerus peruviensis. The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later 193-18/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-18: Heteronotus delineatus. / South America / Neotropical forest193-19/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-19: Heteronotus193-20/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-20: Atypa bucktoni. /193-21/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-21: Anchistrotus maculatus, has precuts at the base of its outgrowth which break or is detached when it is snapped up, allowing the insect to escape. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-22/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-22: Anchistrotus maculatus, fullface. / South America / Neotropical forest193-23/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-23: Lycoderes193-24/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-24: Oeda inflata. /193-25/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-25: Cyphonia clavata. While mating. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-26/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-26: Stegaspis fronditia, female. / South America / Neotropical forest193-27/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-27: Head of Stegaspis193-28/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-28: Stegaspis fronditia,193-29/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-29: Stegaspis fronditia, female on a flower. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-30/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-30: Stegaspis fronditia, female with an ant Dolichoderus bispinosus. Mutualistic associations are very complex and multifactorial. Mutualism are found between the two species only if the benefit is important for each one: for example,193-31/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-31: Stegaspis fronditia193-32/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-32: Stictopelta squarus.193-33/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-33: Head of Stictopelta squarus. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-34/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-34: Membracis flaveola. / South America / Neotropical forest193-35/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-35: Membracis flaveola193-36/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-36: Enchophyllum193-37/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-37: Enchophyllum cruentatum fullface. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-38/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-38: Lycoderes fernandezi, female of its laying. Gregarious they are scattered on the stem with their outgrowths pointed towards outside make think of spines of certain shrubs. / South America / Neotropical forest193-39/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-39: Lycoderes193-40/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-40: Tritropidia193-41/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-41: Larvae of Tritropidia bifenestrata, babied by an ant Dolichoderus bispinosus. Mutualistic associations are very complex and multifactorial. Mutualism are found between the two species only if the benefit is important for 193-42/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-42: Larvae an mature Tritropidia bifenestrata on its laying. Mutualistic associations are very complex and multifactorial. Mutualism are found between the two species only if the benefit is important for each one: for example, protection193-43/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-43: Female of tritropidia193-44/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-44: Tritropidia193-45/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-45: Oriola picta, female on its laying. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-46/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-46: Oriola picta, female on its laying with young an ant Dolichoderus bispinosus. Mutualistic associations are very complex and multifactorial. Mutualism are found between the two species only if the benefit is important for each one: for193-47/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-47: Gerridius fowleri, female on its laying. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-48/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-48: Gerridius fowleri, female on its laying with ant Dolichoderus bispinosus. Mutualistic associations are very complex and multifactorial. Mutualism are found between the two species only if the benefit is important for each one: for193-49/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-49: Lycoderes fabricii. Its outgrowth pointed towards outside make think of spines of certain shrubs. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-50/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-50: Enchenopa albidorsa, with a louse (in red). Its outgrowth pointed towards outside make think of spines of certain shrubs. / South America / Neotropical forest193-51/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-51: Enchenopa albidorsa. Its outgrowth pointed towards outside make think of spines of certain shrubs. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-52/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-52: Enchenopa gracillis. Its outgrowth pointed towards outside make think of spines of certain shrubs. / South America / Neotropical forest193-53/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-53: Nassunia binotata. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-54/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-54: Bolbonota insignis, This one looks like an bird excrement. A perfect imitation ! / South America / Neotropical forest193-55/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-55: Stegaspis fronditia, male. / South America / Neotropical forest 193-56/©Patrick Landmann/Lightmediation/Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity / 193-56: Tynelia pubescens. / South America / Neotropical forestMembracidae: Wonder of terrestrial biodiversity.The astonishing biodiversity of our planet is the result of a perpetual and never-ended evolution where the biological species had to adapt to an often hostile environment. The complex relationship between them and their habitat, the pressure of the natural selection and the spontaneous mutations, between chance and necessity, shaped living it in a multitude of forms, which exceed our imaginary. If all the mechanisms of this evolutionary process are not completely elucidated, it will be sure that the dynamics of the life has transformed, eliminated and modified the species since the beginning of time.A real mother henChef d'oeuvre of biological diversity, Membracidae astonish us and let us perplex because their forms are strange and eccentric. The curious and impressive expansions in front of their head or in extension of their prothorax make real alive sculptures of them. Tricks of nature or mimicry, these insects somewhat "baroques" surprise by the extravagance and the great diversity of their outgrowths. What were the environmental constraints and pressures which in that way shaped these odd expansions? The long path of living molded these protuberances in curious cuticular prolongations in front of the head or starting from the first thoracic segment (prothorax): spherical sizes, curved or right spines, arabesques, horns, roundnesses and more or less complex structures form the Membracidae exoskeleton. Their aspects are varied as much: hairy to smooth, rough and polygonal even reticulated or similar tobark, dented, translucent or opaque,colored or cryptic. These empty hulls, ofimpressive sizes make the flight difficultfor some species, but Membracidaeremain very sharp in their jump. Themales can be very different from thefemales regarding the morphology. Aftermating, from which the positions are verydifferent according to the structure and theform of the outgrowths, the female, at thetime of the laying, inserts directly in theliving tissue of their host plant, either asingle egg or plenty of them, or glue it onthe surface. Some species coat them witha frothy substance which, while drying,becomes hard. The very protectivefemales (they cover the eggs with theirbody), will form groups by indifferentlymothering the larvae and the nymphs ofthe ones and others until the adulthood,which would lead us to believe that theyhave a "maternal instinct".Discreet, females are tented by antsBecause of their small size (approximately1 cm length), Membracidae are oftenunseen or very difficult to spot. Among the2500 species which belong to theHomoptera order, many, solitary anddiscreet, remain badly known. Only thoseare studied which are gregarious andhave mutualistic relations with ants.Homoptera live on annual or perennialplants and sucks the sap from which theyfeed nutritive compounds thanks to acomplex digestive system. Theexcrements are rejected in form of smallsweetened droplets, the honeydew. Thisvery sticking liquid is difficult to eliminatemechanically regarding the sedentary andthe quasi-immobility of those species. Itisn't seldom to find an insect definitivelyfixed on the host plant, killedcontaminated and invaded by moulds.Their sweetened excrements are anappreciable source of food for the arborealand opportunistic ants which intenseforaging activity facilitates the meetingswith the sedentary females which thendevelop gregarious habits. Mutualisticassociations are very complex andmultifactorial. Mutualism are foundbetween the two species only if the benefitis important for each one: for example,protection (against the predatories) andcare (to inhibit parasitism, to avoiddiseases from fungus) in exchange of agreat production of honeydew. Thisproduction is carried out when the antsclaim for and incite the evacuation of thesweetened liquid in "stroking" the insectwith its antennas. The weak operatingcost for the ants, an easy access and ashort-haul until the place of harvestincrease association between the twospecies. The host plant takes profit fromthe protection thus brought to theMembracidae by the ants because theywill push away all the specializedplant-eating animals.The predatory are wary aboutThe tropical forest is rich, plentiful of life.From the litter untill the top of the trees,life is omnipresent. The extraordinaryvariety of the species is without end, themultitude of the forms incredible. Thesmall insects of the Membracidae familyare one of the most significantrepresentatives. Neither aggressive, norequipped with natural defensive means(darts, mandibles) so they probablydeveloped imitations in compensation thatcould be at the origin of their outgrowths.As these which looks like the buds of thehost plant amazingly, or those which,scattered on the stem with theiroutgrowths pointed towards outside makethink of spines of certain shrubs, or otherswhich prolongations remind finedesiccated branchlets. First of all onecould think that this tiny world, if peacefuland quiet. It is only one impression,because some species share a veryadvanced technique. Several types ofacoustic signal, inaudible sounds tohuman, are transmitted thanks to thevibrations made by tapping the legs on thestem of the host plant for example. Whena young feels threatened, the vibrationsso created are communicated within thegroup of the larvae and the nymphs.Together, they tap the stem to alert themothers who come to defend them byusing the power of their posterior legs orby beating their wings vigorously. Thusthey can push back predatory much morebigger in size. Other sound vibrations areused by the males which drum the plantwith their abdomen to attract females.Predatories, like various Arthropods,Arachnida and Hyménoptera (wasps) canbe pushed back by the mothers at firstsight so placid but foolhardy when theiroffspring should be protected. Birds orother predatories which which feed onMembracidae are terribly wary. Thehooked spines, horns and other pointswith which some species are provided innumber wound the throat or are planted inthe tissue which could then be infectedand then later kill the animal. To counterthe attacks of the animals, some speciesof Membracidae have precuts at the baseof their outgrowths which break or aredetached when they are snapped up,allowing the insect to escape.These attractive insects, mini-monsters orwonders of nature still keep verymysterious. If one can easily observe mostcommon of them which live in partnershipswith the ants, how much are those, solitaryin the heights of the trees, that remain tous unknown?Membracidae, dazzling for the ones,pushingback for the others, but don't let indifferentat all, are the witnesses of the immensediversity of the species.Captions1 Cladonota latifrons. An imitation which curiously points out a desiccated branchlet2 Cladonota benitezi, female. Strong dimorphism with the male (3).3 Cladonota benitezi, male.4 Smerdalea mminens, fullface.5 Smerdalea imminens, female.6 Bocydium globulare, fullface.7 Bocydium globulare, in profile.8 Cladonota sp. male.9 Heteronotus nigrogiganteus, The hooked spines, horns and other points with which some species are provided in number wound the throat or are planted in the tissue which could then be infected and kill later the animal consequently.11 Heteronotus nigrogiganteus, from the top.12 Heteronotus delineatus.13Heteronotus delineatus, fullface.14 Heteronotus maculatus, see 9.15 Heteronotus albopunctatus, see 9.16 Umbelligerus peruviensis, see 9.17 Head of Umbelligerus peruviensis.18 Heteronotus delineatus.19 Heteronotus delineatus, fullface.20 Atypa bucktoni.21 Anchistrotus maculatus, has precuts atthe base of its outgrowth which break or isdetached when it is snapped up, allowingthe insect to escape.22 Anchistrotus maculatus, fullface.23 Lycoderes gladiator, fullface.24 Oeda inflata.25 Cyphonia clavata. While mating.26 Stegaspis fronditia, female.27 Head of Stegaspis fronditia, female.28 Stegaspis fronditia, female from 3/4.29 Stegaspis fronditia, female on aflower.30 Stegaspis fronditia, female with an antDolichoderus bispinosus, see 41.31 Stegaspis fronditia female. Theexcrements are rejected in form of smallsweetened droplets, the honeydew. Thisvery sticking liquid is difficult to eliminatemechanically regarding the sedentary andthe quasi-immobility of those species. Itisn't seldom to find an insect definitivelyfixed on the host plant, killedcontaminated and invaded by moulds.32 Stictopelta squarus. looks like the budsof the host plant amazingly.33 Head of Stictopelta squarus.34 Membracis flaveola.35 Head of Membracis flaveola.36 Enchophyllum cruentatum.37 Enchophyllum cruentatum, de face.38 Lycoderes fernandezi, female of itslaying. Gregarious they are scattered onthe stem with their outgrowths pointedtowards outside make think of spines ofcertain shrubs.39 Idem Lycoderes fernandezi, female ofits laying.40 Tritropidia bifenestrata. with a larvae.41 Larvae of Tritropidia bifenestrata,babied by an ant Dolichoderus bispinosus.Mutualistic associations are very complexand multifactorial. Mutualism are foundbetween the two species only if the benefitis important for each one: for example,protection (against the predatories) andcare (to inhibit parasitism, to avoiddiseases from fungus) in exchange of agreat production of honeydew. Thisproduction is carried out when the antsclaim for and incite the evacuation of thesweetened liquid in "stroking" the insectwith its antennas. The weak operatingcost for the ants, an easy access and ashort-haul until the place of harvestincrease association between the twospecies. The host plant takes profit fromthe protection thus brought to theMembracidae by the ants because theywill push away all the specializedplant-eating animals.42 Larvae an mature Tritropidiabifenestrata on its laying, see 41.43 Female of tritropidia bifenestrata withegges, larvae and ants Dolichoderusbispinosus, see 41.44 Tritropidia bifenestrata. When a youngfeels threatened, the vibrations so createdare communicated within the group of thelarvae and the nymphs. Together, they tapthe stem to alert the mothers who come todefend them by using the power of theirposterior legs or by beating their wingsvigorously.45 Oriola picta, female on its laying.46 Oriola picta, female on its laying, seer41.47 Gerridius fowleri, female on its laying.48 Gerridius fowleri, female on its layingwith ant Dolichoderus bispinosus.49 Lycoderes fabricii.50 E nchenopa albidorsa, with a louse (inred).51 E nchenopa albidorsa, see 38.52 E nchenopa gracillis, see 38.53 N assunia binotata.54 B olbonota insignis, This one looks likean bird excrement. A perfect imitation !55 S tegaspis fronditia, male.56 T ynelia pubescens.57 C ertainly a larvae of Anchistrotus.For more informations :Hôlldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson. 1990. Theants. The Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press, Cambridge,Massachusetts.(Gullan, P.J. and Kosztarab, M. -1997-Adaptations in scale insects. AnnualReview of Entomology 42: 23-50).Rex Cocroft, The inside story of insectsong, American Museum of NaturalHistory, October 1999。
生物多样性PPT课件(共23张PPT)
微生物的物种有10多万种。
微生物的物种有10多万种。
如何从自己的角度实践？Personal practise
环境污染 僧海豹
生物多样性面临严重威胁
Biodiversity is facing a serious crisis. 森林过量砍伐
Forest
Grassland
草原过度放牧
人为原因
大规模围湖造田
Your future.
微生物的物种有10多万种。
ATL& Learner profile attributes: What is “Biodiversity”
围湖造田 荒漠化
比如：猫 （一个物种），猫的基因和基因型有很多种，所以才不同的猫会有不同毛色、不同颜色的眼睛、毛发的长短不同。
比如：草原、湖泊、森林、湿地等等很多不同的环境系统，就构成了生态系统的多样性。
Lake
Wetland
湿地破坏
Group Competition Time ! 小组 竞赛 时间 ！
国际情怀international-mindeness
可持续发展
Sustainable development
既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求的发展。 ——————可持续发展（sustainable development）
02.Different kinds of cats have different colors of their eyes.
02.不同的猫咪有着不同颜色的 眼睛。
Try Time:
Give one example and think about which diversity it belongs to.
01.地球上有好多种的动物啊！
修改名词: biodiversity
修改名词: biodiversity修改名词: 生物多样性生物多样性是指地球上各种生物体的种类和数量的差异。
它是地球生态系统的一个重要组成部分，对维持生态平衡和促进可持续发展至关重要。
在修改名词"生物多样性"时，我们可以考虑以下几个方面的变化：1. 生物多样性 -> 生命多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"生命"，更加广泛地包含各种生命形式，包括动物、植物和微生物等。
生物多样性 -> 生命多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"生命"，更加广泛地包含各种生命形式，包括动物、植物和微生物等。
2. 生物多样性 -> 物种多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"物种"，更加突出了种类的多样性，注重不同物种之间的差异。
生物多样性 -> 物种多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"物种"，更加突出了种类的多样性，注重不同物种之间的差异。
3. 生物多样性 -> 生态多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"生态"，更加强调生物群落之间相互作用的复杂性，着重于各个生态系统的多样性。
生物多样性 -> 生态多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"生态"，更加强调生物群落之间相互作用的复杂性，着重于各个生态系统的多样性。
4. 生物多样性 -> 自然多样性：将"生物多样性"名称中的"生物"改为"自然"，使其更关注自然界中不同生物之间的多样性和丰富性。
Biodiversity
横断山南段(藏东南、滇西北、川西南) 沿海滩涂湿地
岷山—横断山北段(川西北) 东北松嫩—三江平原湿地
闽江口外—南澳岛海区
渤海海峡及渤海海区
新、青、藏交界处高原地区 滇南西双版纳地区 湘、黔、川、鄂边境山地 海南岛中西南部山地 桂西南石灰岩地区 浙、闽、赣交界地区 秦岭山地 伊犁—西段天山山地 长白山地
A 广义的遗传多样性：指地球上所有生物所携带的遗传 信息的总和。
B 狭义的遗传多样性：是指生物种内不同群体之间或同 一群体内不同个体之间的遗传变异的总和（世界资源 研究所，WRI）。
• 遗传多样性是生物多样性的内在形式。 • 生物种内不同群体：生态型、变种、亚种，品种、 品系等。
• 形态学（表型性状）水平 — 符合孟德尔 遗传规律的单基因性状，多基因决定的 数量性状。 • 细胞学（染色体）水平 — 染色体数目、 组型。 • 生理生化（蛋白质多态性）水平 —同工 酶、蛋白质多态性等。 • 分子水平 — DNA多态性、线粒体DNA序 列、核糖体DNA。
• 18个生物多样性热点地区：例如马 达加斯加、马来西亚半岛、西亚马 逊高地、澳大利亚西南部等被列入 全球范围内的生物多样性热点地区， 这18个地区虽然仅占地球表面积的 0.5%，却拥有全球20%的植物物种， 而且有49955种植物特有种。
表4 中国生物多样性关键地区
（国家环境保护局，1998）
就地保护在原来生境中对濒危动植物实施保护。 由于自然选择的择优汰劣作用，能保持野生状态 下物种的活力，因此，就地保护是将物种作为生 物圈中的一个有生存力的物种进行保护，是最有 效的保护。
• 就地保护：通过立法，以保护区和 国家公园的形式，将有价值的自然 生态系统和珍稀濒危野生动植物集 中分布的天然栖息地保护起来，限 制人类活动的影响，确保保护区内 生态系统及其物种的演化和繁衍， 维持系统内的物质循环和能量流动 等生态过程。
中考英语生物多样性的重要性与保护措施单选题40题
中考英语生物多样性的重要性与保护措施单选题40题1.Biodiversity is very important because it provides us with _____.A.food, medicine and energyB.money, clothes and housesC.cars, planes and shipsputers, phones and tablets答案：A。
本题考查生物多样性的重要性。
生物多样性为我们提供食物、药品和能源。
B 选项中的钱、衣服和房子不是直接由生物多样性提供的；C 选项中的汽车、飞机和船是工业产品，与生物多样性无关；D 选项中的电脑、手机和平板也是科技产品，与生物多样性没有直接关系。
2.The loss of biodiversity can lead to _____.A.more beautiful landscapesB.better living conditionsC.fewer natural disastersD.increased poverty and hunger答案：D。
生物多样性的丧失会导致贫困和饥饿的增加。
A 选项中更美丽的风景通常需要生物多样性来维持，而不是生物多样性丧失带来的结果；B 选项更好的生活条件也需要生物多样性，生物多样性丧失会使生活条件变差；C 选项生物多样性丧失可能会增加自然灾害而不是减少。
3.Biodiversity helps to maintain the balance of _____.A.economy and societyB.nature and environmentC.industry and agriculturecation and culture答案：B。
生物多样性有助于维持自然和环境的平衡。
A 选项经济和社会的平衡不是由生物多样性直接维持的；C 选项工业和农业的平衡与生物多样性关系不大；D 选项教育和文化的平衡与生物多样性没有直接联系。
全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程3讲义Unit12Biodiversity
Unit 12 BiodiversityPart APre-listening TaskQuestions for Discussion1.Do you know anything about biological diversity or biodiversity?2.Where can we enjoy the beauty of biodiversity?3.Is biodiversity important? Why?4.What is meant by “endangered species”? Can you name some species that are endangered?5.What are the main causes that lead some animals and plants to decline in number or evendisappear completely?6.What can we do to save species from extinction?Demo:1. Do you know anything about biological diversity or biodiversity?The term “biodiversity”comes from “biological diversity”. It is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem on the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species. The year 2010 has been declared as the International Year of Biodiversity. Today there is concern that the period since the emergence of humans is part of a mass reduction in biodiversity, caused primarily by the impact humans are having on the environment, particularly the destruction of plant and animal habitats.Additional Question for DiscussionA famous conservationist once said, “Animal conservation is a war to save the human race from committing suicide.” Do you agree?Demo:Y es, I do. As members of the earth’s ecosystem, animals play a major part in maintaining the balance and harmony of the earth’s environment. To a great extent, the human race and other animals rely on one another for survival. The extinction of one species would eventually lead to the extinction of another. If human beings did not protect animals, their own survival would soon be endangered. Therefore, a wise policy for the human race is “live and let live”.Language FocusHere are some sentences and structures that you may find useful in discussing the above questions.●Biodiversity refers to the diversity of living things on Earth and the environments in whichthey live.●Biodiversity is everywhere around us.●We can enjoy the beauty of biodiversity when we are close to nature.●Different species of flowers, trees, birds, animals show us the rich diversity of the livingworld.●All species that share the same natural environment depend on / interact with each other.●All species require a small / minimal amount of habitat for survival.●Biodiversity is important because all the species that share the same environment, or habitat,rely on one another for survival.●Every species, no matter how small, has an important role to play.●It is this combination that enables the ecosystem to prevent and recover from a variety ofdisasters.●Biodiversity is obviously useful for mankind as a larger number of plant species means agreater variety of crops.● A larger number of animal species ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained.●At least 40 per cent of the world’s economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor arederived from biological resources.●The richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity for medical discoveries, economicdevelopment, and adaptive responses to such new challenges as climate change.●Many species are endangered / threatened. Among these are the panda, the tiger, the sea turtle,the blue whale, the gray wolf, and the bald eagle.●Human activities and pollution are important causes of the extinction of species.●Governments / International organizations / Industries / Individuals should make great effortsto save endangered species / preserve biodiversity.●The protection of endangered species and habitats should be a top priority.●We must find solutions that benefit both humans and non-human species.Part BListening TasksPassage 1Why Is Biodiversity Important?Word Bankbiodiversity n. variety of living things 生物多样性philosophical a. of or related to philosophy 哲学的spiritual a. of the spirit, rather than the body 精神的；心灵的ecosystem n. all the plants and animals that live in a particular area and the complexrelationship that exists between them and their environment 生态系统species n. a class of animals or plants whose members are so similar that they canbreed with each other （动植物的）物种（单、复数形式相同）keystone n. basis 基石organism n. a living thing 生物；有机体regulate v. to control控制；制约recycle v. to convert (waste) to reusable material 回收利用pest n. an insect or other animal that harms food supplies or crops 害虫；有害动物（如老鼠等）raw a. not yet treated for use 未加工过的medicinal a. of healing 医疗的Script:The importance of biodiversity seems obvious to us. We enjoy the beauty of biodiversity when we take a walk in the park, take a trip to the zoo or a wild area, read books or watch TV shows about strange creatures in foreign lands. Some people believe that biodiversity is important simply because it is so wonderful. Some think there are philosophical or spiritual reasons for biodiversity. But there are other reasons why it is so important.The loss of biodiversity will change the balance of life on Earth. If an ecosystem is destroyed, many species adapted to that ecosystem may very likely be destroyed as well. If that species is what scientists call “keystone”, a whole ecosystem may depend on it. Biodiversity is also important in its direct benefits to people. Plants give us the air we breathe; animals and plants supply us with the food we eat; and organisms and microorganisms clean the air, regulate floods, recycle waste, and control pests.Biodiversity also has economic and health benefits. Both industry and agriculture depend on it for raw material and other things. And medicine is even more dependent on biodiversity. In China, more than 5,000 species of plants are used for medicinal purposes. Many species which were thought “useless” at first are found to be valuable. And this is a further threat from the loss of biodiversity.Language and Culture Notes1. Background informationBiodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the sum total of the different species of animals, plants, and organisms living on Earth and the variety of habitats in which they live. This very broad term is essentially a synonym of “life on Earth”. Scientists estimate that more than 10 million species exist on our planet, but so far only 1.75 million species have been discovered and named. And only a very small number of those have been examined for their value in medicine, agriculture, or industry. In the meantime, we are losing much of Earth’s biodiversity. Most biologists agree that we are facing the most serious extinction of species since the disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.2. loss of biodiversityThe loss of biological diversity may take many forms but at its most fundamental and irreversible it involves the extinction of species. At present species are disappearing at an alarming rate. According to the estimate of the American biologist Edward O. Wilson, we are losing 27,000 species every year. His estimate is accepted by most biologists. Human activities are largely blamed for this. However, as more and more people realize the importance of biodiversity, positive steps have been taken to protect endangered species and to preserve biodiversity. In 1992, at the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Rio de Janeiro, an agreement was reached by 160 countries, which called on governments to take action to protect plant and animal species.Exercise 1Listen to the recording and decide whether the following statements are true or false. If a statement is true, write T in the brackets. If it is false, write F in the brackets and the correct version in the blank.1. You can see biodiversity in the park. (T)2. You cannot enjoy the beauty of biodiversity in a foreign country if you don’t go there. (F)You can enjoy it through reading books and watching TV shows about foreign lands.3. Biodiversity is a term used to refer to the variety of living things in the world. (T)4. Scientists think that the importance of biodiversity lies in its presenting us with a wonderful world to enjoy. (F)Some people think so, but scientists believe that biodiversity is important to us because it is essential to our survival.5. The loss of a keystone species may destroy some of the living creatures in the natural world. (F) It may destroy an entire ecosystem.6. In China, over 7,000 species of plants are used for medicinal purposes. (F)More than 5,000 species of plants are used for medicinal purposes in China.Exercise 2Listen again and fill in the following blanks with the missing information.Biodiversity is everywhere around us. Without doubt, it is important to our life. Why? Below are some of the reasons:1. Biodiversity gives people a wonderful world to live in.2. The loss of any one kind of biodiversity will change the balance of life on Earth.3. Biodiversity brings direct benefits to people. For example, plants give the air we breathe.4. Biodiversity also has economic and health benefits. It provides industry and agriculture with raw material and other things. It is essential to medicine.5. Many species were thought useless at first but were later discovered valuable. This is a further threat from the loss of biodiversity.Passage 2How Many Species Are There?Word Bankgalaxy n. one of the large groups of stars in the universe 星系database n. a very large collection of related data arranged for convenient access, generally ina computer 数据库mammal n. a type of animal in which the female gives birth to babies, not eggs, and feeds them on milk from her body 哺乳动物microbe n. a living thing that is so small that it can’t be seen without a microscope 微生物；细菌Panama a country in Central America 巴拿马（中美洲国家）Script:Isn’t it surprising that scientists have a better understanding of how many stars there are in the galaxy than how many species there are on Earth? Their estimates of global species diversity vary from 2 to 100 million species. Most people agree on an estimate of somewhere near 10million and yet only 1.5 million have actually been named. Current knowledge of species diversity is limited. This problem becomes more serious because there is a lack of a central database or list of the world’s species.New species are still being discovered —even new birds and mammals. On average, about three new species of birds are found each year, and since 1990, 10 new species of monkeys have been discovered. Other groups are still far from being completely described; an estimated 40 percent of freshwater fishes in South America have not yet been classified.Scientists were startled in 1980 by the discovery of a huge diversity of insects in tropical forests. In one study of just 19 trees in Panama, 960 new species of beetles were discovered.As scientists begin investigating other little-known ecosystems, like the soil and the deep sea, “surprising”discoveries of species become commonplace. There is nothing strange about this, though, since as many as a million undescribed species are believed to live in the deep sea. And one gram of a small-sized piece of land might hold 90 million bacteria and other microbes. How many species these communities contain is still anyone’s guess.Language and Culture Notes1.Background informationWe humans have shared our planet with millions of creatures, yet we know very little of our neighbors. It is estimated that there exist 5 to 100 million species on Earth. But according to the latest counts, scientists have so far only described over 1.5 million species of animals, plants and algae. Among those are mammals (5,416), birds (9,956), reptiles (8,240), amphibians (6,199), insects (950,000), flowering plants (258,650), conifers (980), and mushrooms (16,000). The greatest diversity exists among insects, which account for nearly a million of the planet’s species. Mammals make up one of the smallest groups, with just 5,416 members.2. central databasea database that stores all the related information (about species)3. “surprising” discoveries of species become commonplacediscovering new species (in the soil and the deep sea) becomes quite ordinary4. anyone’s guesssomething that no one knows for sureExercise 1Listen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. Which of the following is true?a. Scientists don’t know much about the number of stars in the galaxy.b. Scientists have a sound knowledge about the diversity of species.c. Scientists don’t agree on the number of species in the world.d. Scientists show more interest in stars in the galaxy than in species on Earth.2. How many species are there on Earth according to most scientists?a. About 10 million.b. 2 million.c. 100 million.d. 1.5 million.3. In which of the following groups is the discovery of new species not mentioned in the passage?a. Birds.b. Monkeys.c. Trees.d. Freshwater fish.4. What can you learn from the passage?a. The soil and the deep sea belong to communities that haven’t been fully explored.b. It is surprising news whenever new species are discovered in the deep sea.c. A million species in the deep sea have been discovered and named.d. About 90 million species are believed to live in the deep sea.5. Which of the following best reveals the main idea of the passage?a. Scientists differ greatly in their estimates of global species diversity.b. Knowledge of global species diversity is still limited.c. The mystery of the deep sea and the soil remains to be uncovered.d. Surprising discoveries of new species are commonplace.Exercise 2Listen to the passage again and then give a simple answer to each of the following questions.1. Which do scientists know better, the number of stars in the galaxy or the number of species on Earth?The number of stars in the galaxy.2. What is the percentage of freshwater fishes in South America that have been described?About 60%.3. How were 960 species of beetles discovered?In one study of 19 trees in Panama.4. What other little-known ecosystems are scientists investigating?The soil and the deep sea.5. How many species live in these little-known ecosystems?No one knows for sure.Speaking T asksPair WorkDebating — Arguments for or against the view that urban expansions should be stoppedbecause they cause the loss of biodiversityA SampleNowadays, some people think that urban expansions in coastal cities should be stopped because they cause the loss of biodiversity. Are you for or against this view? Express and defend your views from the perspectives given in the card below.Possible Arguments (for reference)From the perspective of an environmental conservationist (positive)Nowadays because of economic development and the increase of population in coastal cities, commercial centers, new houses and tall apartment buildings are being built in outskirts which used to be the habitats of various kinds of animals, birds, insects and plants. With the rise of blocks of buildings and people moving into them, gradually the number of species has dwindled and some species have even disappeared completely.The loss of biodiversity will certainly change the balance of life on Earth. Therefore I think urban expansion projects should be stopped. We should encourage people to go and live in inland cities. If the population can be evenly distributed, urban expansions will become quite unnecessary and the loss of biodiversity can be at least partially avoided.From the perspective of a developer (negative)I don’t think we should stop urban expansions simply because some species are disappearing. Urban expansion is an inevitable trend. With the rapid development of the economy, more businesses are set up in coastal cities, which attract a large number of investors and university graduates from home and abroad. Hence, skyscrapers, high-rises, new residential areas need to be built to accommodate companies and their staff. As the space within coastal cities is quite limited, expansion into the outskirts is naturally the first choice. It is true that with people settling in, some species may have to move out or even disappear. However, it is unwise to give a sudden stop to urban expansion projects in coastal cities because it will result in a threat to the development of human society. I think a better way is to balance the preservation of biodiversity and human development. For example, we can set up parks as habitats for various kinds of species before building projects begin. In this way we can avoid the danger of the loss of biodiversity.Now use the above sample as your model and carry on similar activities with your partner.Some Ideas for ReferenceThe Argument (positive)1.We humans are the master of nature.2.We build shelters to protect ourselves from the natural elements.3.We can grow vegetables in greenhouses all year round despite the change of seasons innature.4.Nothing can stop us in our progress, not even high mountains or surging rivers. We can buildroads through mountains and bridges over rivers.5.We have invented automobiles, planes, boats and spaceships to reach almost everywhere.6.We discover cures for a great many illnesses and diseases.7.We build reservoirs to prevent floods and generate electricity at the same time.8.We can make artificial rainfall in drought-stricken regions and turn desert into farmland.The Counter-argument (negative)1.It’s true that we humans have kept acting like a master and doing whatever we want withnature for thousands of years. However, as a consequence of this “leadership”, now we are confronted with problems that are far beyond our control.2.We have asked too much from nature and have been punished again and again.3.We cut down too many trees and destroy forests and vegetation. As a result floods frequentlytake place.4.Irresponsible development of the economy has caused serious pollution of both air and water.And diseases, caused by pollution, are increasing at an alarming rate.5.Carbon dioxide emission from cars and other sources has caused global warming.6.The holes of the ozone layer make the earth less suitable to live for some creatures includinghuman beings.7.We humans, therefore, cannot ignore the counterattack of nature.8.Treat nature nicely and we human beings can doubtlessly live harmoniously with it.Part CTest Your ListeningA PassageListen to the passage and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. What does this passage mainly tell us?a. A special kind of tomato.b. A newly created tomato.c. A new kind of tomato that can grow on water.d. A kind of tomato created by some Canadian scientists.2. What is the significance of the new technology?a. It can help solve the problem of feeding the world’s growing population.b. It can meet the needs of the world development.c. It can help the land of poor countries to be productive.d. It can solve the problem of the world’s growing population.3. What will happen by 2025 according to the passage?a. About 214,000 babies will be born each day.b. About 247 million acres of land will be lost to agriculture.c. The land will have become too salty.d. The world’s population will amount to over 9 billion.Script:Scientists have created a tomato that can grow on salty water. The plant is the first crop of its kind ever produced in the world. Its significance cannot be overestimated. The new technology can help mankind solve the problem of feeding its ever-expanding population. It is estimated that by 2025 the world population will amount to more than 9 billion, an increase of 3 billion over 2,000. Each day 240,000 more people are born, ready to be fed like the rest of us.Unfortunately, not all the land on Earth can be used to grow crops for humans. About 24.7 million acres of land is lost to agriculture each year because the land has become too salty. The main cause of the problem is irrigation (灌溉). When farmers water their crops, salts in the wateralso enter the soil. Over time, salts such as sodium (钠) and calcium build up to such a point that they severely harm the growth of crops. Salts destroy most plants’ability to draw up water through their roots.But, the new variety of tomato produced by American and Canadian scientists can store salts in its leaves so that the fruit doesn’t taste salty. Researchers hope this technology will enable areas of poor quality land to become productive. And they can feed some of the world’s growing population.Part DTime to TalkLook at these pictures and describe them one by one. If possible, try also to find something relevant to talk about.Hints:1. A: American redwood trees, the tallest tree in the world, over 100 metres tall, 9 metres in diameter (直径), hollow at the base, so wide a truck can drive through, as old as over 2000 years, living witnesses to the human historyB: honey bees (蜜蜂), tiny compared with the redwood trees, close to a flower, very busy, the idiom “as busy as a bee” (像蜜蜂一样忙碌), social animals, amazing organizational ability2.koala (树袋熊), lovely animal, gray coat, round eyes, big black nose, a funny-looking animal,kangaroo (袋鼠), little pocket on its belly, its young grow up there, hope to go to Australia, take a picture of the lovely animal3.tiger, seem calm and peaceful, perhaps just had a meal, he lives in the wild, no cage, blackand yellow stripes, beautiful, though he is called “king of the mountains”, the number of tigers is shrinking, take measures to protect them, disappear from the world foreverDemo:1. A: This is a picture of the American redwood trees. Redwood trees are the tallest livingtrees in the world. They can grow to be over 100 meters tall and 9 meters in diameter. Some giant redwood trees have a hollow at the base, wide enough to allow a truck to drive through.Some of the oldest trees in the Redwood National Park are as old as over 2000 years. They are living witnesses to the human history.B: The picture on the right shows a little honey bee. It’s tiny compared with the redwood trees. It’s flying close to a flower. Bees are hard-working, thus we have the idiom “as busy asa bee”. They are social animals and have an amazing organizational ability. These twopictures show how diverse living things can be on the earth.2. This picture shows a lovely little animal, koala. It has a gray coat, round eyes, a big blacknose, and a short little tail. Funny-looking, isn’t it? It lives on a special kind of tree leaves.Like the kangaroo, it has a little pocket on its belly, and baby koalas live there until they growup. Koalas are found only in Australia, just as pandas are found only in China. I certainly hopeI can go to Australia one day and take a picture of lovely koalas.3. The tiger in the picture seems calm and peaceful. Maybe he’s just had a meal. He livesin the wild, as we cannot see a cage. Look at the black and yellow stripes on its body and his face. The patterns look very beautiful. Despite the fact that he is sometimes called “king of the mountains”, the number of tigers in the world is shrinking and there are fewer tigers in the wild. If no measures are taken to protect them, tigers may disappear from the world forever.Movie TimeWord BankPandora 潘多拉，希腊神话人名，电影中指虚构的一个星球名hemisphere n.半球orbit v.环绕轨道运行Saturn n.土星toxic a.有毒的uninhabitable a.不适合居住的tropical a.热带的the Amazon Basin 亚马逊盆地bioluminescent a.生物体发出冷光的trait n.特征emit v.发射ecology n.生态symbiotic a.共生的Navi 纳美人，电影中Pandora星球上的居民namesake n.同名savage a.未开化的terrain n.地带bewitching a.令人着迷的Script:Pandora, a world of wonder and mystery, incredible danger and strange beauty. From earth’s southern hemisphere, you can see the solar system where Pandora is located. Pandora is one of the many moons orbiting the planet Polyphemus. A gas giant planet the size of Saturn. Pandora’s toxic atmosphere makes it uninhabitable by humans. Tropical rain forest covers a large part of each of the continents. These rain forests are similar to those that once covered the Amazon Basin, but on a scale several times the size of anything on earth.A wide variety of animals can be found throughout Pandora, all inspiring and dangerous. But there is beauty even in the most frightening things. Every living organism on Pandora has bioluminescent qualities that set the night aglow. Plants, animals and marine organisms shared the same trait, emitting light in breathtaking patterns.From what scientists can tell, the Pandoran ecology works and communicates like a nervoussystem, suggesting a symbiotic relationship between all things on Pandora. The tree of souls. The tree is sacred to the Navi, and believed to be the heart of the deep connection of all life.Pandora. One can only think of its namesake in Greek Mythology. The box has been opened. Amidst the savage terrain and fierce creatures, we must assume the strange bewitching place might hold something inside itself for us all. Hope for our race, for our planet, and for the future of all living things.Exercise AFill in the blanks with the information you’ve got from the movie clip.Pandora, a world of wonder and mystery, incredible danger and strange beauty. From earth’s southern hemisphere, you can see the solar system (1) ____________________________. Pandora is one of the many moons orbiting the planet Polyphemus. A gas giant planet the size of Saturn. Pandora’s toxic atmosphere makes it uninhabitable by humans. Tropical rain forest covers a large part of each of the continents. These rain forests are similar to those that once covered the Amazon Basin, but on a scale (2) ____________________________________.A wide variety of animals can be found throughout Pandora, all inspiring and dangerous. But there is (3) ____________________________________. Every living organism on Pandora has bioluminescent qualities that set the night aglow. Plants, animals and marine organisms shared the same trait, emitting light in breathtaking patterns.From what scientists can tell, the Pandoran ecology (4) ____________________________________, suggesting a symbiotic relationship between all things on Pandora. The tree of souls. The tree is sacred to the Navi, and believed to be (5) ________________________________.Pandora. One can only think of its namesake in Greek Mythology. The box has been opened. Amidst the savage terrain and fierce creatures, we must assume the strange bewitching place might hold something inside itself for us all. (6) ____________________________, for (7) __________________, and for (8) _______________________.Keys:1. where Pandora is located2. several times the size of anything on earth3. beauty even in the most frightening things4. works and communicates like a nervous system5. the heart of the deep connection of all life6. Hope for our race7. our planet8. the future of all living thingsExercise BAnswer the following questions.1.Do you think that there are aliens (E.T.) living on other planets like Pandora? Give yourreasons.2.In the future, do you think human beings will colonize other planets which can support life?。
公开课教案biodiversity
公开课教案Biodiversity一、课程背景本节课旨在让学生了解生物多样性的概念、重要性和保护措施。
通过学习，学生能够理解生物多样性的三个层次：遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性，以及人类活动对生物多样性的影响。
二、教学目标1. 知识与技能：理解生物多样性的概念及其三个层次；了解生物多样性的重要性；掌握保护生物多样性的基本措施。
2. 过程与方法：通过观察、讨论、调查等方法，分析生物多样性现状；学会运用保护措施来保护生物多样性。
3. 情感态度价值观：培养学生对生物多样性的保护意识；提高学生对生态环境的关注程度。
三、教学重点与难点重点：生物多样性的概念、重要性和保护措施。
难点：生物多样性的三个层次及其相互关系。
四、教学方法本节课采用讲授法、讨论法、调查法等多种教学方法，引导学生主动探究、积极思考。
五、教学过程1. 导入新课利用图片、视频等素材，引导学生关注生物多样性；提问：“什么是生物多样性？为什么我们要保护它？”2. 讲授新课介绍生物多样性的概念及其三个层次；讲解生物多样性的重要性；阐述人类活动对生物多样性的影响。
3. 课堂讨论学生分组讨论，分析生物多样性现状；各组汇报讨论成果，进行交流分享。
4. 实践活动学生分组调查校园内的生物多样性，记录不同物种；分析调查结果，提出保护生物多样性的措施。
5. 总结与反思回顾本节课所学内容，进行知识梳理；学生分享自己的收获和感悟。
6. 课后作业编写一篇关于生物多样性的短文；绘制一幅生物多样性保护的宣传画。
六、案例分析：生物多样性保护的成功案例1. 教学目标分析成功案例的经验与启示。
2. 教学方法采用案例分析法、讨论法；引导学生关注生物多样性保护的实际效果。
3. 教学过程呈现典型案例，如我国云南省的自然保护区建设；引导学生分析案例中的成功因素；讨论成功案例对我国生物多样性保护的启示。
七、生物多样性保护策略1. 教学目标掌握生物多样性保护的基本策略；学会制定生物多样性保护计划。
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How to protect biodiversity
• • • • Building natural reserve Planting trees Perfecting laws and regulations building germplasm repository(种质库)
English environmental slogan
Gene diversity
1.Genetic diversity is the ultimate source of biodiversity at all levels 2.Important in establishing breeding programs 3.May allow species to broaden tolerances
Species diversity
• This is the core (核心)of biodiversity. • Species diversity includes two aspects, one is the species richness(物种丰富程度) in a certain area， another one is the ecology of species distribution uniformity（密度）. • As species (and populations) evolve, they continue to accumulate genetic differences. • Including immense (巨大的)richness of viruses, bacteria, archaea (古生菌)(singled-cell organisms in extreme environs), protists(原生生物)and other unicellular osystem diversity
Ecosystems are various biological and its surrounding environment of natural complex
• Natural diversity in ecosystems provides many benefits to human life. And yet biodiversity, faces threats in many places. Biodiversity is under threat in many areas of the world. Concern about global biodiversity loss has emerged as a prominent and widespread public issue.
Biodiversity
Biological diversity， refers to the variety of life on Earth.
Three aspects of biodiversity
• Gene diversity（基因多样性） • Species diversity（物种多样性） • Ecosystem diversity（生态系统多样性）
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