sheet metal press operations
Sheet-MetalFormingProcessesandEquipment
FIGURE 16.13 (a) A cupping test (the Erichsen test) to determine the formability of sheet metals. (b) Bulge-test results on steel sheets of various widths. The specimen farthest left is subjected to, basically,
FIGURE 16.15 The deformation of the grid pattern and the tearing of sheet metal during forming. The major and minor axes of the circles are used to determine the coordinates on the forming-limit diagram in Fig.
TABLE 16.2 Important Metal Characteristics for Sheet-forming Op Yield-point elongation in a sheet-metal specimen. (b) Lüder’s bands in a low-carbon steel sheet. (c) Stretcher strains at the bottom of a steel can for household products. Source: (b) Courtesy
practice, clearances usually range between 2 and 10% of the thickness of the sheet. (b) Microhardness (HV) contours for a 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) thick AISI 1020 hot-rolled steel in the sheared region. Source: After
冲压英语
poka-yoke 是人名, 是防错的代名词fool-proofing 防呆, 是防错的一种 Error-proofing 防错, ISO 标准采用的名词' Mistake proofing 偶新学的名词, 还不知道具体含义
冲压英语
stamping, press 冲压
punch press, dieing out press 冲床
CUT
切断、分
隔
SEPARATE
翻 口 BURRING
卷圆、卷
耳
CURRING
压 合 HEMMING 斜 楔 CAM 自动送料 PROGRESSIVE
中外常用名词对照
中文
英文
俄文
剪切 切断 切割 落料 冲孔 切口 修边 剖截 刮边 裁切 压弯 卷耳
shear
cut-off
cutting
blanking
inch 寸动 to continue, cont.连动 to grip(material)吸料
location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块 reset 复位 smoothly 顺利 dent 压痕 scratch 刮伤 deformation 变形 filings 铁削 to draw holes 抽孔 to stock, storage, in stock 库存 approval examine and verify 审核 processing, to process 加工 delivery, to deliver 交货 to return delivenry to. to send delinery back to retrn of goods 退货 registration 登记 registration card 登记卡
【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具的受力分析
英文原文Stress Analysis of Stamping DiesJ. Mater. Shaping Technoi. (1990) 8:17-22 9 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.R . S . R a oAbstract:Experimental and computational procedures for studying deflections, flit, andalignment characteristics of a sequence of stamping dies, housed in a transfer press, are pre-sented. Die loads are actually measured at all the 12 die stations using new load monitors and used as input to the computational procedure. A typical stamping die is analyzed using a computational code, MSC/NASTRAN, based on finite element method. The analysis is then extended to the other dies, especially the ones where the loads are high. Stresses and deflections are evaluated in the dies for the symmetric and asymmetric loading conditions. Based on our independent die analysis, stresses and deflections are found to be reasonably well within the tolerable limits. However, this situation could change when the stamping dies are eventually integrated with the press as a total system which is the ultimate goal of this broad research program.INTRODUCTIONSheet metal parts require a series of operations such as shearing , drawing , stretching , bending , and squeezing. All these operations are carried out at once while the double slide mechanism descends to work on the parts in the die stations, housed in a transfer press [1]. Material is fed to the press as blanks from a stock feeder. In operation the stock is moved from one station to the next by a mechanism synchronized with the motion of the slide. Each die is a separate unit which may be independently adjusted from the main slide. An automotive part stamped from a hot rolled steel blank in 12 steps without any intermediate anneals is shown in Figure 1.Transfer presses are mainly used to produce different types of automotive and aircraft parts and home appliances. The economic use of transfer presses depends upon quantity production as their usual production rate is 500 to 1500 parts per hour [2]. Although production is rapid in this way, close tolerances are often difficult to achieve. Moreover, the presses produce a set of conditions for off-center loads owing to the different operations being performed simultaneously in several dies during each stroke. Thus, the forming load applied at one station can affect the alignment and general accuracy of the operation being performed at adjacent stations. Another practical problem is the significant amount of set-up time involved to bring all the dies into proper operation. Hence, the broad goal of this research is to study the structural characteristics of press and dies combination as a total system. In this paper, experimental and computational procedures for investigating die problems are presented. The analysis of structural characteristics of the transfer press was pursued separately [3].A transfer press consisting of 12 die stations was chosen for analysis. Typical die problems are excessive deflections, tilt, and misalignment of the upperand lower die halves. Inadequate cushioning and offcenter loading may cause tilt and misalignment of the dies. Tilt and excessive deflections may also be caused by the lack of stiffness of the die bolster and the die itself. Part quality can be greatly affected by these die problems. There are a lot of other parameters such as the die design, friction and lubrication along the die work interface, speed, etc. that play a great role in producing consistently good parts. Realistically, the analysis should be carded out by incorporating the die design and the deforming characteristics of the work material such as the elastic-plastic work hardening properties. In this preliminary study, the large plastic deformation of the workpiece was not considered for the reasons mentioned below.Large deformation modeling of a sheet stretching process was carded out using the computational code based on an elastic-plastic work hardening model of the deformation process [4]. Laboratory experiments were conducted on various commercial materials using a hemispherical punch. The coefficient of friction along the punch-sheet interface was actually measured in the experiment and used as a prescribed boundary to the numerical model. Although a good solution was obtained, it was realized that the numerical analysis was very sensitive to the frictional conditions along the interface. In the most recent work, a new friction model based on the micromechanics of the asperity contact was developed [5]. In the present problem, there are several operations such as deep drawing, several reduction drawing operations, and coining, which are performed using complex die geometries. The resources and the duration of time were not adequate to study these nonlinear problems. Hence,the preliminary study was limited to die problems basedon linear stress analysis.A detailed die analysis was carried out by using MSC /NASTRAN code based on finite ele mentmethod. Die loads were.measured at all the stations using new load monitors. Such measured data were used in the numerical model to evaluate stresses and deflections in the dies for normal operating conditions and for asymmetric loading conditions. Asymmetric loading conditions were created in the analysis by tilting the dies. In real practice, it is customary to pursue trial-and-error procedures such as placing shims under the die or by adjusting the cushion pressure to correct the die alignment problems. Such time consuming tasks can be reduced or even eliminated using the computational and experimental procedures presented here.DIE GEOMETRY AND MATERIALSThe design of metal stamping dies is an inexact process. There are considerable trial-and-error adjustments during die tryout that are often required to finish the fabrication of a die that will produce acceptable parts. It involves not only the proper selection of die materials, but also dimensions. In order to withstand the pressure, a die must have proper cross-sectional area and clearances. Sharp comers, radii, fillets, and sudden changes in the cross section can have deleterious effects on the die life. In this work, the analysis was done on the existing set of dies.The dies were made of high carbon, high chromium tool steel. The hardness of this tool steel material is in the range of Rockwell C 57 to 60. Resistance to wear and galling was greatly improved by coating the dies with titanium nitride and titanium carbide. The dies were supported by several other steel holders made of alloy steels such as SAE 4140. The geometry of a typical stamping die is axisymmetric but it varies slightly from die to die depending on the operation. Detailed information about geometry andmaterials of a reduction drawing die (station number 4) was gathered from blueprints. It was reproducedin three-dimensional geometry using a preprocessor, PATRAN. One quadrant of the die is shown in Figure2. The data including geometry and elastic properties of the die material were fed to the numerical model.The work material used was hot rolled aluminumkilled steel, SAE 1008 A-K Steel and the blank thickness was about 4.5 ram. Stampings used in unexposed places or as parts of some deisgn where fine finish is not essential are usually made from hot rolled steel. The automotive part produced in this die set is a cover for a torque converter. A principal advantage of aluminum-killed steel is its minimum strain aging. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESAs mentioned earlier, this research involved monitoting of die loads which were to be used in the numerical model to staldy the structural characteristicsof dies. The other advantage is to avoid overloadingthe dies in practice. Off-center loading can be detected and also set-up time can be reduced. Thus, any changes in the thickness of stock, dulling of the die,unbalanced loads, or overloadings can be detected using die load monitors.Strain gage based fiat load cells made of high grade tool steel material werefabricated and supplied by IDC Corporation. Four identical load cells were embedded in a thick rectangular plate as shown in Figure 3. They were calibrated both in the laboratory and in the plant.The plate was placed on the top of the die. The knockout pin slips through the hole in the plate. Six such plates were placed on each of six dies. In this way,24 readings can be obtained at a given time. Then they were shifted to the other six dies for complete data. All the 12 die loads are presented in Table 1.COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURESLinear static analysis using finite element method wasused to study the effect of symmetric and asymmetric loading for this problem. A finite element model of diestation 4 was created using the graphical preprocessor, PATRAN, and the analysis was carried outusing the code MSC/NASTRA N . The code has a wideT a b l e I. Die LoadsDie Station LoadNumber (kN)1 3562 6413 2144 3565 8546 7127 2858 32O9 234910 113911 21412 2100spectrum of capabilities, of which linear static analysis is discussed here.The NASTRAN code initially generates a structural matrix and then the stiffness and the mass matrices from the data in the input file. The theoretical formulations of a static structural problem by the displacement method can be obtained from the references [6]. The unknowns are displacements and are solved for the appropriate boundary conditions. Strains are obtained from displacements. Then they are converted into stresses by using elastic stress-strain relationships of the die material.The solution procedure began with the creation of die geometry using the graphical preprocessor, PATRAN. The solution domain was divided into appropriate hyper-patches. This was followed by the generation of nodes, which were then connected by elements. Solid HEXA elements with eight nodes were used for this problem. The nodes and elements were distributed in such a way that a finer mesh was created at the critical region of the die-sheet metal interface and a coarser mesh elsewhere. The model was then optimized by deleting the unwanted nodes. The element connectivities were checked. By taking advantage of the symmetry, only one quarter of the die was analyzed. In the asymmetric case, half of the die was considered for analysis. Although, in practice, the load is applied at the top of the die, for the purpose of proper representation of the boundary conditions to the computational code, reaction forces were considered for analysis. The displacement and force boundary conditions are shown for the two cases inFigure 4.As mentioned earlier, sheet metal was not modeled in this preliminary research.As shown in Figure 4(a),the nodes on the top surface of the die were constrained (stationary surface) and the measured load of 356 kN was equally distributed on the contact nodes at the workpiece die interface. Similar boundary conditions for the punch are shown in Figure 4(b). It is noticeable that fewer nodes are in contact with the sheet metal due to the die tilt for the asymmetric loading case as shown in Figure 4(c). In real practice, the pressure actually varies along the die contact surface. Since the actual distribution was not known, uniform distribution was considered in the present analysis.DISCUSSION OF RESULTSAs described in the earlier section, the numerical analysis of die Station 4 (both the die and punch) was performed using the code MSC/NASTRAN . Two cases were considered, namely: (a) symmetric loading and (b) asymmetric loadingFig. 4. Boundary conditions. (A) Symmetric case (onequadrant of the die). (B) Symmetric case (one quadrant ofnthe punch). (C) Asymmetric case (half of the die). Symmetric LoadingNumerical analysis of the die was carried out for a measured load o f 356 kN as distributed equally in Figure 4(a). The major displacements in the loading direction are shown in Figure 5(a). These displacement contours can be shown in various colors to represent different magnitudes. The m aximum displacement value is 0.01 m m fora uniformly distributed load of 356 kN. The corresponding critical stress is very small,8.4 MPa in the y direction and 30 MPa in the x direction. The calculated displacements and stresses at the surrounding elements and nodes wereof the same order, but they decreased in magnitude at the nodes away from this critical region. Thus, the die was considered very rigid under this loading condition.Symmetric loading was applied to the punch and the numerical analysis was carried out separately. The displacement values in the protruding region of the punch were high compared to the die. The maximum displacement was 0.08 m m . It should be noted that the displacement values in this critical range of the punch were of the same order ranging from 0.05 mm to 0.08 ram. Although the load acting on the punch (bottom half) was the same as the die (upper half), that is, 356 kN, the values of displacements and stresses were higher in the punch because of the differences in the geometry. This is especially true for the protruding part of the punch. The corresponding maxim u m stress was 232 MPa. This part of the punch is still in the elastic range as the yield strength of tool steel is approximately 1034 MPa. The critical stress value might be varied for different load distributions. Since the actual distribution of the load was not known,the load was distributed equally on all nodes. As the die (upper half) is operating in a region which is extremely safe, a change in the load distribution may not produce any high critical stresses in the die. Although higher loads are applied at other die stations(see Table 1), it is concluded that the critical stresses are not going to be significantly higher due to the appropriate changesin the die geometries.Asymmetric LoadingFor the purpose of analysis, an asymmetric loading situation was created by tilting the die. Thus, only 15 nodes were in contact with the workpiece compared to 40 nodes for the symmetric loading case. As shown in Figure 4(c), a 356 kN load was uniformly distributed over the 15 nodes that were in contact with the workpiece. Although the pressure was high, because of the geometry at the location where the load was acting, the critical values of displacement and stress were found to be similar to the symmetric case. The predicted displacement and stress values were not significantly higher than the values predicted for the symmetric case.Fig. 5. Displacement contours in the loading direction. (A) Symmetric case (one quadrant of thedie). (B) Symmetric case (one quadrant of the punch). (C)Asymmetric case (half of the die).CONCLUSIONSIn this preliminary study, we have demonstrated the capabilities of the computational procedure, based on finite element method, to evaluate the stresses and deflections within the stamping dies for the measured loads. The dies were found to be within the tolerable elastic limits for both symmetric and asymmetric loading conditions. Thus the computational procedure can be used to study the tilt and alignment characteristics of stamping dies. In general, the die load monitors are very useful not only for analysis but also for on-line tonnage control. Future research involves theintegration of the structural analysis of stamping dies with that of the transfer press as a total system.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSProfessor J.G. Eisley, W.J. Anderson, and Mr. D.Londhe are thanked for their comments on this paper.REFERENCES1. R.S. Rao and A. Bhattacharya, "Transfer Process De-flection, Parallelism, and Alignment Characteristics,"Technical Report, January 1988, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.2. Editors of American Machinist, "Metalforming: Modem Machines, Methods, andTooling for Engineers and Operating Personnel," McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1982, pp. 47-50.3. W.J. Anderson, J.G. Eisley, and M.A. Tessmer,"Transfer Press Deflection, Parallelism, and Alignment Characteristics," Technical Report, January 1988, Department of Aerospace Engineering, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.4. B.B. Yoon, R.S. Rao, and N. Kikuchi, "Sheet Stretching: A Theoretical Experimental Comparison," International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, V ol. 31, No.8, pp. 579-590, 1989.5. B.B. Yoon, R.S. Rao, and N. Kikuchi, "Experimental and Numerical Comparisons of Sheet Stretching Using a New Friction Model," ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, in press.6. MSX/NASTRAN, McNeal Schwendler Corporation.22 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, V ol. 8, No. 1, 1990。
(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计
"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.
材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译解读
最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us .文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。
the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计,考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面。
The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个。
这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本。
Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。
In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads.在现在的时代已经有越来越多的产品性能要求的理想的异国情调的性能如耐高温,更高的速度和额外的负载These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufacturing industry.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理。
马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形实验与数值模拟
马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形实验与数值模拟彭赫力;刘纯国;李明哲【摘要】为了扩展柔性夹钳在板材多点拉形中的应用,对马鞍面件进行了柔性夹钳多点拉形实验.实验结果显示,工件被夹持边缘且呈曲线性,验证了柔性夹持技术的可行性.通过标记圆法测量了各标记圆拉形前后的厚度和长度方向的直径；对马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形过程进行数值模拟,通过模拟结果发现离散夹钳实现了柔性夹持,并且成形件的应力、拉伸应变和厚度分布均匀.实验值和模拟值的对比结果表明,各标记圆长度的拉伸率分布趋势一致,最大偏差为0.21％,而且各标记圆厚度减薄率的分布趋势也基本一致,最大减薄量偏差为0.02 mm,从而验证了数值模拟的正确性和柔性夹钳拉形机的实用性.%Flexible clamp stretch forming experiment of saddle part was conducted to widen the applications of flexible clamp to multi-point stretch forming. The edge line of formed part gets curved, which verifies the feasibility of flexible clamping technology. The thickness and diameter along the length direction of marked circles are calculated. The multi-point stretch forming process of saddle part with flexible clamp is simulated, the numerical results show that the discrete clamp is able to realize the goal of flexible clamping, and the stress, stretching strain and thickness of saddle part are uniformly distributed. A comparison between the experimental and numerical results shows that the length stretching ratios of all marked circles trend to distribute similarly, the maximum deviation is 0. 21%) the thickness thinning ratios of all marked circles do so, and the maximum deviation of thickness thinning value is 0. 02 mm.【期刊名称】《西安交通大学学报》【年(卷),期】2012(046)005【总页数】5页(P109-113)【关键词】柔性夹钳;多点拉形;拉伸率;减薄率【作者】彭赫力;刘纯国;李明哲【作者单位】吉林大学无模成形技术中心 130025 长春;吉林大学无模成形技术中心 130025 长春;吉林大学无模成形技术中心 130025 长春【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG306多点成形［1-2］是一种金属板材三维柔性成形技术，其基本思想是将传统的整体模具离散成一系列排列规则、高度可调的基本体，通过控制基本体高度来形成不同的三维曲面，实现快速、无模、数字化成形.多点拉形［3-6］是在多点成形基础上发展起来的一种新的板料成形技术，多点模具的使用显著减少了模具设计、制造、调试、修复等过程消耗的费用和时间，缩短了新产品的开发周期.随着工业水平的不断提高，对三维曲面件的需求越来越多，曲面形状越来越复杂，对成形质量和生产效率的要求也越来越高.现有拉形机在成形横向曲率较大的工件时不易贴模、出现起皱和拉裂、材料利用率低，而且控制系统复杂、设备价格昂贵［7-8］，为了解决这些缺点，本文研制了多夹钳式柔性拉伸成形设备［9］，实现了多个夹钳的柔性自协调运动，显著提高了成形质量和材料的利用率.本文利用已开发的柔性夹钳拉形机对马鞍面件进行了拉形实验，利用有限元分析软件对拉形过程进行了数值模拟，然后对比分析了模拟和实验结果.1 柔性夹钳拉形机本文针对双曲率工件成形难的问题开发了柔性夹钳拉形机，结构如图1所示.该拉形机主要由离散化的夹钳、万向节和液压缸组成，主要特点是：①传统的整体刚性夹钳被柔性离散夹钳代替，每个离散的独立夹钳通过万向节与一组液压缸连接，拉形过程中，夹钳可以根据模具的形面形状绕万向节自由转动，从而实现了加载和变形的互协调；②每组液压缸由水平缸、垂直缸和倾斜缸组成，这样可以更好地适应不同模具型面的成形，例如，当模具成形面纵向曲率较大时，主要由垂直缸和倾斜缸提供拉形力，当模具成形面纵向曲率较小时，则主要由水平缸和倾斜缸提供拉形力；③柔性夹钳拉形机成功利用了多缸液压系统的帕斯卡定理，以及材料的加工硬化特性和最小阻力定律，例如，当马鞍面件拉形开始时，板料的4个直角部分最先与模具接触，端部夹钳受到模具的反作用力最大，随着变形的进行，最先变形的部分因材料的加工硬化而变形缓慢，其他部分在夹钳顺应模具曲面发生旋转时实现变形，使工件容易贴模，从而提高了拉形件的质量.图1 柔性夹钳拉形机结构图2 成形实验马鞍面件拉伸成形的实验设备为柔性夹钳拉形机（见图2），该拉形机的最大拉形力为200t，工作行程为400mm，左右各10个离散夹钳.拉形模具为多点模具，其型面尺寸为1200mm×1200mm，冲头个数为30×30，单个冲头球面半径为30mm，方体截面尺寸为40mm×40mm，最大行程为400mm.图2 基于多点模具的柔性夹钳拉形装置图3为实验工装图，图中的夹钳呈曲线状，说明在马鞍面件的拉形过程中夹钳发生了转动，实现了柔性夹持的目标，获得了成形质量较好的工件，如图4所示.拉伸应变和厚度测量采用标记圆法，根据标记圆拉形前后长度方向的直径来计算拉伸应变，根据标记圆拉形前后的厚度计算减薄量.为了方便实验测量，实验前在板料上标记各标记圆的顺序和位置，并测量各标记圆圆心距工件对称中心的距离，如图5所示.图3 马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形实验工装图图4 马鞍面件实验照片图5 标记圆的位置利用超声波测厚仪、游标卡尺对标记圆区域拉伸前后的厚度、沿拉伸方向的长度进行测量，拉伸前后的马鞍面件标记圆的厚度δ和拉伸方向的长度l的测量数据见表1.表1 标记圆厚度与拉伸方向的长度标记圆δ／mm拉形前拉形后l／mm拉形前拉形后1 3.90 3.84 100.38 102.75 2 3.91 3.86 100.37 101.99 3 3.91 3.86 100.36 102.02 4 3.89 3.83 100.47 102.94 5 3.89 3.84 100.25 101.97 63.88 3.85 100.24 101.58 7 3.90 3.86 100.31 101.82 8 3.91 3.86 100.27 102.073 数值模拟3.1 有限元模型本文采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形的过程进行数值模拟.模拟用板材料为铝合金5083P-O，尺寸为1800mm×1200mm×3.9mm，密度为2780kg／m3，弹性模量为66.57GPa，泊松比为0.33，屈服强度为145MPa，应力σ-应变ε曲线如图6所示.采用Mooney-Rivlin弹性模型［10］，弹性垫材料为聚氨酯（1 300mm×1200mm×20mm），多点模尺寸为1200mm×1200mm，冲头个数为30×30，单个冲头球面半径为30mm，方体截面尺寸为40mm×40mm，仅对与工件接触的基本体球冠表面部分建模.柔性夹钳的夹料块尺寸为100m m×110mm，为降低建模难度，夹钳仅保留与板料接触的表面，并简化为刚体.图6 5083P-O铝合金板的实际应力-应变曲线目标马鞍面件的双向半径分别为2500mm和4000mm，数值模拟时，考虑到马鞍面件的对称性，为了节约计算时间，只建立1／4有限元模型（见图7），模型由多点模、弹性垫、板料和夹钳4部分组成.多点模和夹钳采用四节点三维四边形刚体单元R3D4来划分网格，弹性垫采用8节点6面体减缩积分实体单元C3D8R 来划分网格，板料采用四边形壳单元S4R来划分网格.多点模、弹性垫、板料和夹钳之间的接触类型为面面接触，弹性垫与多点冲头、弹性垫与板材之间的摩擦系数为0.1，板材与夹钳之间的摩擦系数为0.5，采用位移加载方式，虚拟拉形速度为0.1m／s.图7 柔性夹钳多点拉形有限元模型及模型平面3.2 数值模拟结果图8为马鞍面件柔性夹钳多点拉形应力、拉伸应变和厚度的分布云图，由图8可知，马鞍面件成形区应力的最大值为265MPa，最小值为202.3MPa；成形区拉伸应变εy的最大值为3.332%，最小值为0.99%；成形区厚度的最大值为3.879mm，最小值为3.830mm.在柔性夹钳多点拉形方式下，马鞍面件成形区的应力、拉伸应变和厚度分布均匀，工件被夹钳夹持边缘呈曲线状，夹钳在成形过程中发生了转动，因此实现了柔性夹持的目标.由于文中结果是基于1／4模型的模拟，因此标记圆1与4、2与3、5与8、6与7的数值相同.标记圆1、2、5、6的拉伸应变和厚度的数值模拟结果如表2所示. 表2 标记圆拉伸应变及厚度的数值模拟结果标记圆1 2 5 6 εy／% 2.25 1.52 1.64 1.42 δ／mm 3.86 3.87 3.87 3.87图8 马鞍面件的数值模拟结果4 成形实验与数值模拟的对比分析图9为柔性夹钳多点拉形实验和数值模拟得到的8个标记圆的拉伸应变曲线.由图9可知，实验结果与数值结果趋势基本一致，实验结果普遍大于数值结果，数值模拟和拉形实验的拉伸应变最大值与最大偏差都位于标记圆4，其最大值分别为2.25%和2.46%，实验和数值模拟的最大偏差为0.21%.由于模拟条件比实际拉形条件理想化，例如摩擦条件、板材性能批次差异等，因此这些因素都可能引起数值结果与实验结果的偏差.图10为柔性夹钳多点拉形实验和由数值模拟得到的8个标记圆的板厚减薄率δb曲线.由图10可知，整体上拉形实验得到的板厚减薄率大于数值模拟得到的板厚减薄率，拉形实验的板厚最大减薄率为1.54%，数值模拟的板厚最大减薄率为1.03%，二者的偏差为0.51%，板厚减薄率差值换算成板厚减薄量的差值为0.02mm，但都属于超声波测厚仪的合理误差范围.根据拉伸应变越大厚度就越小，即减薄率越大的特性，可知板厚减薄率曲线与拉伸应变曲线的趋势相一致.图9 各标记圆的拉伸应变曲线图10 各标记圆的板厚减薄率曲线5 结论（1）马鞍面件柔性夹钳的多点拉形实验结果表明，柔性夹钳拉伸成形机的离散夹钳在拉形时可以随模具形状进行自动调节，从而满足了夹钳柔性化的设计要求.成形件各标记圆的拉伸应变和厚度测量数据表明，马鞍面件应变和厚度分布都呈均匀性.（2）通过对马鞍面件柔性夹钳的多点拉形进行数值模拟可知，有限元模拟准确地再现了拉形时柔性夹钳的自协调现象，且马鞍面件有效成形区的应力、拉伸应变和厚度分布均匀.（3）马鞍面件柔性夹钳的多点拉形实验结果和数值模拟结果表明，在合理的偏差及测量误差范围内，实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合得较好，从而验证了马鞍面件柔性夹钳的多点拉形数值模拟的正确性，同时也体现了柔性夹钳拉形机的实用性.【相关文献】［1］李明哲，中村敬一.基本的な成形原理の检讨：板材多点成形法の研究第1報［C］∥平成4年度日本塑性加工春季講演会.横浜，日本：日本塑性加工协会，1992：519-522.［2］ LI M Z，CAI Z Y，SUI Z，et al.Multi-point forming technology for sheet metal ［J］.Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2002，129（1／2／3）：333-358. ［3］周朝晖，蔡中义，李明哲.多点模具的拉形工艺和数值模拟［J］.吉林大学学报：工学版，2005，35（2）：287-291.ZHOU Zhaohui，CAI Zhongyi，LI Mingzhe.Stretching process based on multi-point die and its numerical simulation［J］.Journal of Jilin University：Engineering and Technology Edition，2005，35（2）：287-291.［4］ CAI Zhongyi，WANG Shaohui，XU Xudong，et al.Numerical simulation for themulti-point stretch forming process of sheet metal［J］.Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2009，209（1）：396-407.［5］ WANG Shaohui，CAI Zhongyi，LI Mingzhe.Numerical investigation of the influence of punch element in multi-point stretch forming process［J］.International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2010，49（5／6／7／8）：475-483.［6］ WANG Shaohui，CAI Zhongyi，LI Mingzhe.FE simulation of shape accuracy using the multi-point stretch forming process［J］.International Journal of Materials&Product Technology，2010，38（2／3）：223-236.［7］侯红亮，余肖放，曾元松.国内航空钣金装备技术现状与发展［J］.航空制造技术，2009（1）：34-39.HOU Hongliang，YU Xiaofang，ZENG Yuansong.Current and development status of sheet metal equipment and technology in Chinese aviation industry［J］.Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology，2009（1）：34-39.［8］韩奇钢，付文智，冯朋晓，等.多点成形技术的研究进展及应用现状［J］.航空制造技术，2010（24）：87-89.HAN Qigang，FU Wenzhi，FENG Pengxiao，et al.Research development and application of multi-point forming technology［J］.Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology，2010（24）：87-89.［9］陈雪，李明哲，付文智，等.球形件多钳式柔性拉形的数值模拟［J］.锻压技术，2010，35（4）：32-35.CHEN Xue，LI Mingzhe，FU Wenzhi，et al.Numerical 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输送机英文翻译
附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Production AutomationCharles L. Philips, Royce D. Harbor. FeedbackControl Systems. Prentic Hall, Inc..2000Abstract:Automation is a widely used term in manufacturing. In this context, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with the application of mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems to operate and control production. Examples of this techno logy include:• Automatic machine tools to process parts.• Automated transfer lines and similar sequential produc tion systems.• Automatic assembly machines.• Industrial robots.• Automatic material handling and storagesystems.• Automated inspection systems for qualitycontrol.• Feedback control and computer process control.• Computer systems that automate proce dures for planning, data collection, and decision making to support manufacturing activities.Keywords: Automation manufacturing mechanical computerAutomated production systems can be classified into two basic categories: fixed automation and programmable automation.Fixed AutomationFixed automation is what Harder was referring to when he coinedthe word automation. Fixed automation refers to production systems in which the sequence of processing or assembly operations is fixed by the equipment configuration and cannot be readily changed without altering the equipment. Although each operation in the sequence is usually simple, the integration and coordination of many simple operations into a single system makes fixed automation complex. Typical features of fixed automation include 1. high initial investment for custom-engineered equipment, 2. high production rates, 3. application to products in which high quantities are to be produced, and 4. relative inflexibility in accommodating product changes.Fixed automation is economically justifiable for products with high demand rates. The high initial investment in the equipment can be divided over a large number of units, perhaps millions, thus making the unit cost low compared with alternative methods of production. Examples of fixed automation include transfer lines for machining, dial indexing machines, and automated assembly machines. Much of the technology in fixed automation was developed in the automobile industry; the transfer line (dating to about (1920) is an example.Programmable AutomationFor programmable automation, the equipment is designed in such a way that the sequence of production operations is controlled by a program, i. e., a set of coded instructions that can be read and interpreted by the system. Thus the operation sequence can be readily changed to permit different product configurations to be produced on the same equipment. Some of the features that characterize programmable automation include 1. high investment in general-purpose programmable equipment, 2. lower production rates than fixed automation, 3. flexibility to deal with changes in product configuration, and 4. suited to low and / or medium production of similar products or parts (e. g. part families). Examples of programmable automation include numerically controlled machine tools, industrial robots, and programmable logic controllers.Programmable production systems are often used to produce parts or products in batches. They are especially appropriate when repeat orders for batches of the same product are expected. Toproduce each batch of a new product, the system must be programmed with the set of machine instructions that correspond to that product. The physical setup of the equipment must also be changed; special fixtures must be attached to the machine, and the appropriate tools must be loaded. This changeover procedure can be time-consuming. As a result, the usual production cycle for a given batch includes 1. a (3 period during which the setup and reprogramming is accomplished and 2. a period in which the batch is processed. The setup-reprogramming period constitutes nonproductive time of the automated system.The economics of programmable automation require that as the setup-reprogramming time increases, the production batch size must be made larger so as to spread the cost of lost production time over a larger number of units. Conversely, if setup and reprogramming time can be reduced to zero, the batch size can be reduced to one. This is the theoretical basis for flexible automation, an extension of programmable automation. A flexible automated system is one that is capable of producing a variety of products (or parts) with minimal lost time for changeovers from one product to the next. The time toreprogram the system and alter the physical setup is minimal and results in virtually no lost production time. Consequently, the system is capable of producing various combinations and schedules of products in a continuous flow, rather than batch production with interruptions between batches. The features of flexible automation are 1. high investment for a custom-engineered system, 2. continuous production of mixtures of products, 3. ability to change product mix to accommodate changes in demand rates for the different products made, 4. medium production rates, and 5- flexibility to deal with product design variations.Flexible automated production systems operate in practice by one or more of the following approaches: 1. using part family concepts, by which the parts made on the system are limited in variety; 2. reprogramming the system in advance and /or off-line, so that reprogramming does not interrupt production; 3. downloading existing programs to the system to produce previously made parts for which programs are already prepared;) 4. using quick-change fixtures so that physical setup time is minimized;5. using a family of fixtures that have been designed for a limited number of part styles; and6. equipping the system with a large number of quick-change tools that include the variety of processing operations needed to produce the part family. For these approaches to be successful, the variation in the part styles produced on a flexible automated production system is usually) more limited than a batch-type programmable automation system. Examples of flexible automation are the flexible manufacturing systems for performing machining operations that date back to the late 1960s.Automation StrategiesA number of fundamental strategies exist for improving productivity in manufacturing operations. These strategies often involve the use of automation technology and are, therefore, called automation strategies. Indicating the likely effects of each strategy on operating factors such as cycle time, nonproductive time, manufacturing lead time, and other production parameters.Numerical controlNumerical control (often abbreviated NC) can be defined as a form of programmable automation in which the process is controlled by numbers, letters, and symbols. In NC, the numbers form a program of instructions designed for a particular workpart or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. This capability to change the program for each new job is what gives NC its flexibility. It is much easier to write new programs than to make major changes in the production equipment.NC equipment is used in all areas of metal parts fabrication and comprises roughly 15% of the modern machine tools in industry today. Since numerically controlled machines are considerably more expensive than their conventional counterparts, the asset value of industrial NC machine tools is proportionally much larger than their numbers. Equipment utilizing numerical control has been designed to perform such diverse operations as drilling, milling, turning, grinding, sheet metal press working, spot welding, arc welding, riveting, assembly, drafting, inspection, and parts handling. And this is by no means a complete list. Numericalcontrol should be considered as a possible mode of controlling the operation for any production situation possessing the following characteristics:1. Similar workparts in terms of raw material (e. g., metal stock for machining).2. The workparts are produced in various sizes and geometries.3. The workparts are produced in batches of small to medium-sized quantities.4. A sequence of similar processing steps is required to complete the operation on each workpiece.Many machining jobs meet these conditions. The machined workparts are metal, they are specified in many different sizes and shapes, and most machined parts produced in industry today are made in small to medium-size lot sizes. To produce each part, a sequence of drilling operations may be required, or a series of turning or milling operations. The suitability of NC for these kinds of jobs is the reason for the tremendous growth of numerical control in the metalworking industry over the last 25 years.Basic Components of an NC SystemAn operational numerical control system consists of the following three basic components:1. Program of instructions.2. Controller unit, also called machine control unit (MCU).3. Machine tool or other controlled process.The general relationship among the three components is illustrated. The program of instructions serves as the input to the controller unit, which in turn commands) the machine tool or other process to be controlled.Program of instructionsThe program of instructions is the detailed step-by-step set of directions which tell the Wm machine tool what to do. It is coded in numerical or symbolic form on some type of input medium that can be interpreted by the controller unit. The most common input medium is i-inch-wide punched tape. Over the years, other forms of input media have (been used, including punched cards, magnetic tape, and even 35-mm motion picture film.There are two other methods of input to the NC system which should be mentioned. The first is by manual entry of instructionaldata to the controller unit. This is time-consuming and is rarely used except as an auxiliary means of control or when only one or a very limited number of parts are to be made. The second method of input is by means of a direct link with a computer. This is called direct numerical control, or DNC.The program of instructions is prepared by someone called a part programmer. The programmer's job is to provide a set of detailed instructions by which the sequence of processing steps is to be performed. For a machining operation, the processing steps 4 involve the relative movement of the machine tool table and the cutting tool.Controller unitThe second basic component of the NC system is the controller unit. This consists of the electronics and hardware that read and interpret the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool. The typical elements of the controller unit include the tape reader, a data buffer, signal output channels to the machine tool, feedback channels from the machine tool, and the sequence controls to coordinate the overall operation of the foregoing elements.The tape reader is an electrical-mechanical device for winding and reading the punched tape containing the program of instructions. The data contained on the tape are read into the data buffer. The purpose of this device is to store the input instructions in logical blocks of information. A block of information usually represents one complete step in the sequence of processing elements. For example, one block may be the data required to move the machine table to a certain position and drill a hole at that location.The signal output channels are connected to the servomotors and other controls in the machine tool. Through these channels, the instructions are sent to the machine tool from the controller unit. To make certain that the instructions have been properly executed by the machine, feedback data are sent back to the controller via the feedback channels. The most important function of this return loop is to assure that the table and workpart have $ been properly located with respect to the tool. Most NC machine tools in use today are provided with position feedback controlsfor this purpose and are referred to as closed-loop systems. However, in recent years there has been a growth in the use of open-loop systems, which do not make use of feedback signals to the controller unit. The advocates of the open-loop concept claim that the reliability of the system is great enough that feedback controls are not needed and are an unnecessary extra cost.Sequence controls coordinate the activities of the other elements of the controller unit. The tape reader is actuated to read data into the buffer from the tape, signals are sent to and from the machine tool, and so on. These types of operations must be synchronized and this is the function of the sequence controls.Another element of the NC system, which may be physically part of the controller unit or part of the machine tool, is the control panel. The control panel or control console contains the dials and switches by which the machine operator runs the NC system. It may also contain data displays to provide information to the operator. Although the NC system is an automatic system, the human operator is still needed to turn the machine on and off, to change tools (some NC systems have automatic tool changers), to load and unload the machine, and to perform various other duties. To be able to discharge these duties, the operator must be able to control the system, and this is done through the control panel.Machine toolThe third basic component of an NC system is the machine tool or other controlled process. It is the part of the NC system which performs useful work. In the most common example of an NC system, one designed to perform machining operations, the machine tool consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls necessary to drive them. It also includes the cutting tools, work fixtures, and other auxiliary equipment needed in the machining operation.Transfer MachinesThe highest degree of automation obtainable with special-purpose, multifunction machines is achieved by using transfer machines. Transfer machines are essentially a combination of individual workstations arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices, and integrated withinterlocked controls. Workpieces are automatically transferred between the stations, which are equipped with horizontal, vertical, or angular units to perform machining, gagging, workpiece repositioning, assembling, washing, or other operations. The two major classes of transfer machines are rotary and in-line types.An important advantage of transfer machines is that they permit the maximum number of operations to be performed simultaneously. There is relatively no limitation on (the number of workpiece surfaces or planes that can be machined, since devices can be interposed in transfer machines at practically any point for inverting, rotating, or orienting the workpiece, so as to complete the machining operations. Work repositioning also minimizes the need for angular machining heads and allows operations to be performed in optimum time. Complete processing from rough castings or forgings to finished parts is often possible.One or more finished parts are produced on a transfer machine with each index of the transfer system that moves the parts from station to station. Production efficiencies of such machines generally range from 50% for a machine producing a variety of different parts to 85% for a machine producing one part, in high production, depending upon the workpiece and how the machine is operated (materials handling method, maintenance procedures, etc.)All types of machining operations, such as drilling, tapping, reaming, boring, and milling, are economically combined on transfer machines. Lathe-type operations such as turning and facing are also being performed on in-line transfer machine, with the workpieces being rotated in selected machining stations. Turning operations are performed in lathe-type segments in which multiple tool holders are fed on slides mounted on tunnel-type bridge units. Workpieces are located on centers and rotated by chucks at each turning station. Turning stations with CNC are available for use on in-line transfer machines. The CNC units allow the machine cycles to be easily altered to accommodate changes in workpiece design and can also be used for automatic tool adjustments.Maximum production economy on transfer lines is oftenachieved by assembling parts to the workpieces during their movement through the machine. Such items as bushings, seals, Welch plugs, and heat tubes can be assembled and then machined or tested during the transfer machining sequence. Automatic nut torturing following the application of part subassemblies can also be carried out.Gundrilling or reaming on transfer machines is an ideal application provided that proper machining units are employed and good bushing practices are followed. Contour boring and turning of spherical seats and other surfaces can be done with tracer controlled single-point inserts, thus eliminating the need for costly special form tools. In-process gaging of reamed or bored holes and automatic tool setting are done on transfer machines to maintain close tolerances.Less conventional operations sometimes performed on transfer machines include grinding, induction heating of ring gears for shrink-fit pressing on flywheels, induction hardening of valve seats, deep rolling to apply compressive preloads, and burnishing.Transfer machines have long been used in the automotive industry for producing identical components at high production rates with a minimum of manual part handling. In addition to decreasing labor requirements, such machines ensure consistently uniform high-quality parts at lower cost. They are no longer confined just to rough machining and now often eliminate the need for subsequent operations such as grinding and honing.More recently, there has been an increasing demand for transfer machines to handle lower volumes of similar or even different parts in smaller sizes, with means for quick changeover between production runs. Built-in flexibility, the ability to rearrange and interchange machining units, and the provision of idle stations increases the cost of any transfer machine, but such features are economically feasible when product redesigns are common. Many such machines are now being used in no automotive applications for lower production requirements.Special features now available to reduce the time required for part changeover include I standardized dimensions, modular construction, interchangeable fixtures mounted on master pallets that remain on the machine, interchangeable fixture components,the ability to lock out certain stations for different parts by means of selector switches, and programmable controllers. Product design is also important and common transfer and clamping surfaces should be provided on different parts whenever possible.Programmable Logic ControllersA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid-state device used to control machine motion or process operation by means of a stored program. The PLC sends output control signals and receives input signals through input/output (I/O) devices. A PLC controls outputs in response to stimuli at the inputs according to the logic prescribed by the stored program. The inputs are made up of limit switches, pushbuttons, and thumbwheels switches, pulses, analog signals, ASCII serial data, and binary or BCD data from absolute position encoders. The outputs are voltage or current levels to drive end devices such as solenoids, motor starters, relays, lights, and so on. Other output devices include analog devices, digital BCD displays, ASCII compatible devices, servo variable-speed drives, and even computers.Programmable controllers were developed (circa in 1968) when General Motors Corp, and other automobile manufacturers were experimenting to see if there might be an alternative to scrapping all their hardwired control panels of machine tools and other production equipment during a model changeover. This annual tradition was necessary because rewiring of the panels was more expensive than buying new ones.The automotive companies approached a number of control equipment manufacturers and asked them to develop a control system that would have a longer productive life without major rewiring, but would still be understandable to and repairable by plant personnel. The new product was named a "programmable controller".The processor part of the PLC contains a central processing unit and memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the "traffic director" of the processor, the memory stores information. Coming into the processor are the electrical signals from the input devices, as conditioned by the input module to voltage levels acceptable to processor logic. The processor scans the state of I / O and updates outputs based on instructions stored in the memoryof the PLC. For example, the processor may be programmed so that if an input connected to a limit switch is true (limit switch closed), then a corresponding output wired to an output module is to be energized. This output might be a solenoid, for example.The processor remembers this command through its memory and compares on each scan to see if that limit switch is, in fact, closed. If it is closed, the processor energizes the solenoid by turning on the output module.The output device, such as a solenoid or motor starter, is wired to an output module's terminal, and it receives its shift signal from the processor, in effect, the processor is performing a long and complicated series of logic decisions. The PLC performs such decisions sequentially and in accordance with the stored program. Similarly, analog I / O allows the processor to make decisions based on the magnitude of a signal, rather than just if it is on or off. For example, the processor may be programmed to increase or decrease the steam flow to a boiler (analog output) based on a comparison of the actual temperature in the boiler {analog input) to the desired temperature. This is often performed by utilizing the built-in PID (proportional, integral, derivative) capabilities of the processor.Because a PLC is "software based", its control logic functions can be changed by reprogramming its memory. Keyboard programming devices facilitate entry of the revised program, which can be designed to cause an existing machine or process to operate in a different sequence or to respond to different levels of, or combinations of stimuli. Hardware modifications are needed only if additional, changed, or relocated input / output devices are involved.中文翻译：生产自动化摘要：自动化是一个在制造业中广泛使用的术语。
SHEETMETALWORKING
SHEET METAL WORKING1. IntroductionSheet metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and can be cut and bent into a variety of different shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed of the material. Thicknesses can vary significantly, although extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.2. Sheet metal processingThe raw material for sheet metal manufacturing processes is the output of the rolling process. Typically, sheets of metal are sold as flat, rectangular sheets of standard size. If the sheets are thin and very long, they may be in the form of rolls. Therefore the first step in any sheet metal process is to cut the correct shape and sized …blank‟ from larger sheet.3. Sheet metal forming processesSheet metal processes can be broken down into two major classifications and one minor classification∙Shearing processes -- processes which apply shearing forces to cut, fracture, or separate the material.∙Forming processes -- processes which cause the metal to undergo desired shape changes without failure, excessive thinning, or cracking. This includes bending and stretching.∙Finishing processes-- processes which are used to improve the final surface characteristics.3.1 Shearing Process1.Punching: shearing process using a die and punch where the interior portion of the shearedsheet is to be discarded.2.Blanking: shearing process using a die and punch where the exterior portion of theshearing operation is to be discarded.3.Perforating: punching a number of holes in a sheet4.Parting: shearing the sheet into two or more pieces5.Notching: removing pieces from the edgesncing: leaving a tab without removing any materialFig.1Shearing Operations: Punching, Blanking and Perforating3.2 Forming Processes∙Bending:forming process causes the sheet metal to undergo the desired shape change by bending without failure. Ref fig.2 & 2a∙Stretching:forming process causes the sheet metal to undergo the desired shape change by stretching without failure. Ref fig.3∙Drawing: forming process causes the sheet metal to undergo the desired shape change by drawing without failure. Ref fig.4∙Roll forming:Roll forming is a process by which a metal strip is progressively bent as it passes through a series of forming rolls. Ref fig.5Fig.2 Common Die-Bending OperationsFig.2aVarious Bending OperationsFig.3 Schematic illustration of a stretch-forming process.Fig.4 Schematic of the Drawing process.Fig.5 Eight-roll sequence for the roll forming of a box channel3.3 Finishing processesMaterial properties, geometry of the starting material, and the geometry of the desired final product play important roles in determining the best process4. EquipmentsBasic sheet forming operations involve a press, punch, or ram and a set of dies4.1 Presses∙Mechanical Press - The ram is actuated using a flywheel. Stroke motion is not uniform.Ref fig.6∙Hydraulic Press - Longer strokes than mechanical presses, and develop full force throughout the stroke. Stroke motion is of uniform speed, especially adapted to deep drawing operations. Ref fig.7Fig.6 Mechanical PressFig.7 Hydraulic Press4.2 Dies and Punches∙Simple- single operation with a single stroke∙Compound- two operations with a single stroke∙Combination- two operations at two stations∙Progressive- two or more operations at two or more stations with each press stroke, creates what is called a strip developmentFig 8 Progressive dies Punches5. Tools and AccessoriesThe various operations such as cutting, shearing, bending, folding etc. are performedby these tools.5.1Marking and measuring tools∙Steel Rule - It is used to set out dimensions.∙Try Square - Try square is used for making and testing angles of 90degree∙Scriber – I t used to scribe or mark lines on metal work pieces.∙Divider - This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines, bisecting lines, etcFig.9 Marking and measuring tools5.2Cutting Tools∙Straight snip - They have straight jaws and used for straight line cutting. Ref fig.10∙Curved snip - They have curved blades for making circular cuts. Ref fig.10aRef fig.10 Straight snipRef Fig.10a Curved Snip6. Striking Tools∙Mallet - It is wooden-headed hammer of round or rectangular cross section. The striking face is made flat to the work. A mallet is used to give light blows to theSheet metal in bending and finishing. Ref fig.11Fig.11 Types of Mallets6.Merits∙High strength∙Good dimensional accuracy and surface finish∙Relatively low cost7.Demerits∙Wrinkling and tearing are typical limits to drawing operations∙Different techniques can be used to overcome these limitationso Draw beadso Vertical projections and matching grooves in the die and blank holder ∙Trimming may be used to reach final dimensions8.Applications∙Roofings∙Ductings∙Vehicles body buildings like 3 wheelers, 4 wheelers, ships, aircrafts etc.∙Furnitures, House hold articles and Railway equipment9.Questions:Part A1.What is sheet metal work?2.Write down any four sheet metal characteristics3.What is meant by clearance?4.What is stretching?5.Define the term “spring back”6.How force exerted on the form block is calculated7.What are the formability test methods?8.What is super plasticity of metals?9.What is metal spinning process?10.What is sheet metal?Part B11.What are Punching, Nibbling, Blanking, Piercing, tools/machines are needed for theseprocesses?12.What is deep drawing? Provide a few examples of products/parts made using deepdrawing operations.13.What is progressive die stamping?14.Describe shearing operations in a sheet metal work with a neat sketch15.Describe various types of bending operations with its neat sketches16.Explain any one method of stretch forming operation with a neat sketch17.Explain hydro forming process with its neat sketches. State their advantage andapplications18.Explain the power spinning process with a neat sketch .give their applications19.How magnetic pulse forming process is carried out on sheet metal?Explain peen formingprocess with a neat sketch20.What is super plastic of metal? How this process is carried out on sheet metals?END11. ReferencesBook∙Manufacturing Technology by Hajra choudry ∙Sheet metal working by Robert cook Website∙∙。
Sheet Metal Design Techniques in SolidWorks
Sheet Metal Design Techniques inSolidWorksIntroduction:SolidWorks is a powerful computer-aided design (CAD) software widely used in the engineering and manufacturing industry. One of its significant features is the ability to design complex sheet metal parts. This article will discuss various sheet metal design techniques using SolidWorks, focusing on optimizing designs for manufacturability and ease of assembly.1. Understanding Sheet Metal Basics:Before diving into the design techniques, it is essential to have a good understanding of sheet metal basics. Sheet metal refers to metal sheets that are thin and flat, commonly used in the fabrication of various products. SolidWorks provides specialized tools and features to create accurate sheet metal designs.2. Starting with a Sheet Metal Template:To begin designing sheet metal parts in SolidWorks, the first step is to start with a Sheet Metal template. SolidWorks offers built-in templates for various standard sheet metal sizes and thicknesses. These templates provide a set of predefined properties and settings, making it easier to design sheet metal parts with accurate dimensions.3. Using Sketching Tools:SolidWorks offers a wide range of sketching tools specifically tailored for sheet metal design. These tools allow users to create precise 2D sketches of sheet metal parts, including features such as bends, flanges, and cutouts. Users can define dimensions, angles, and other relevant parameters to ensure the accuracy of the design.4. Utilizing Sheet Metal Features:SolidWorks provides a specific set of sheet metal features that simplifies the design process. These features include base flange, edge flange, hem, jog, and lofted flange, among others. These features enable designers to create complex sheet metal geometries efficiently. It is crucial to use the appropriate features based on the desired design requirements and manufacturing constraints.5. Implementing Bend Tables and Bend Allowance:Bend tables and bend allowance are crucial factors in sheet metal design. Bend tables provide essential information about the bending radius, bend angle, and setback for specific sheet metal materials. SolidWorks allows users to import and define custom bend tables, ensuring accurate bending operations. Additionally, users can specify bend allowances to account for material stretching and compression during the bending process.6. Simulating Sheet Metal Forming:SolidWorks provides simulation capabilities that can be utilized to validate sheet metal designs for their formability and manufacturability. Users can perform virtual simulations to predict potential deformation, stress concentrations, and material thinning. These simulations help identify potential issues before the physical manufacturing process, saving both time and cost.7. Designing for Manufacturing:Designing sheet metal parts that are optimized for manufacturing is essential. SolidWorks offers several tools and features to ensure manufacturability, such as the ability to add relief cuts, corner treatments, and custom bend radius. These features help reduce material stress, prevent tearing, and improve overall product quality.8. Creating Flat Patterns:The flat pattern is a crucial aspect of sheet metal design as it represents the necessary dimensions and shapes required to cut and bend the sheet metal accurately. SolidWorksprovides automatic flat pattern generation for sheet metal parts, ensuring that accurate flat patterns are readily available for manufacturing.9. Considering Assembly Constraints:Sheet metal parts are often designed to be assembled with other components. SolidWorks assists in defining assembly constraints, ensuring proper fit and alignment of sheet metal parts with other components. Users can specify connection points, fasteners, and other relevant constraints to ensure accurate assembly.10. Communicating Design Intent:SolidWorks offers powerful visualization tools to communicate design intent effectively. Users can create detailed 3D models, drawings, and annotations to convey their sheet metal designs clearly. Additionally, SolidWorks provides the ability to generate exploded views, rendering, and animations, enhancing the understanding of the design to stakeholders.Conclusion:Mastering sheet metal design techniques in SolidWorks is crucial for engineers and designers involved in the manufacturing industry. SolidWorks' comprehensive set of tools and features enables users to create accurate and manufacturable sheet metal parts efficiently. By following the discussed techniques, designers can optimize their designs, improve manufacturability, and achieve successful sheet metal fabrication.。
加拿大技术工人-紧缺职业中英文对照清单
以下是加拿大政府、萨省、曼省、BC省、亚省、北部地区等省份招聘的技术工人职业清单。
指定行业：农业机械技术人员Agricultural Machinery Technician飞机维修工程技术人员Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Technician汽车服务技术人员Automotive Service Technician锅炉制造（装配，修理）工Boilermaker砖匠Bricklayer家具木工Cabinetmaker木工Carpenter●框架制造（装配）工Framer●脚手架安装工Scaffolder1建筑工人Construction Craft Labourer厨师Cook起重机操作人员Crane and Hoist Operator●工作台车操作人员A Boom Truck Operator A●工作台车操作人员B Boom Truck Operator B●起重机操作人员Hoist Operator●液力起重机操作人员Hydraulic Crane Operator●桁架吊臂起重机操作人员Lattice Boom Crane Operator●塔式起重机操作人员Tower Crane Operator干面墙和音响机械师Drywall and Acoustical Mechanic电工Electrician电器装配工Electronics Assembler美甲师Esthetician-Nail Technician美容师Esthetician-Skin Care Technician服务员Food and Beverage Person煤气工Gasfitter玻璃工人Glassworker客服代表Guest Services Representative2发型设计师Hairstylist重型设备机械工Heavy Duty Equipment Mechanic园艺技术员Horticulture Technician工业仪器技术人员Industrial Instrument Technician工业机械工（技师）Industrial Mechanic (Millwright)绝缘体Insulator加固钢筋铁工Ironworker Reinforcing Rebar结构钢筋钢铁工人Ironworker Structural铁匠Locksmith机械师Machinist切肉机Meat Cutter加工Processor屠宰Slaughterer汽车车身维修工Motor Vehicle Body Repairer汽车车身整修工Motor Vehicle Body Refinisher油漆和装潢工Painter and Decorator管道设备操作员Pipeline Equipment Operator●推土机械操作师Dozer Operator●挖掘机Excavator●平土机Grader3侧臂Side Boom水管工人Plumber猪肉产品技师Pork Production Technician•猪繁殖Breeder•设备维护Facilities Maintenance•产猪Farrowing•生长修整Grower-Finisher•喂养管理Nursery Management电网技师Powerline Technician冷藏技工Refrigeration Mechanic服装技师Rig Technician屋顶工人Roofer金属片技工Sheet Metal Worker自动洒水装置安装员Sprinkler Systems Installer蒸汽工-管子工Steamfitter-Pipefitter•石油安装技工Petroleum Installer Technician钢制造工Steel Fabricator砖瓦工Tilesetter卡车运输工Truck and Transport Mechanic4水井钻工Water Well Driller焊接工Welder•半自动焊接操作工Semiautomatic Welding Production Operator技能级别 A Skill level A第11组Group 11商业金融主要职位Major occupations in Professional business and finance111审计师，会计师和投资专家111 Auditors,accountants and investment professionals112人力资源和商业业务专家112 Human resources and business service professionals第21组Group 21自然和应用科学主要职位Major occupations in Professional natural and applied sciences211物理科学专家211 Physical science professionals212生物科学专家212 Life science professionals213土木，机械，电气和化学工程师213 Civil, mechanical,electrical and chemical engineers214其他工程师Other engineers5214 215建筑师，城市规划师和土地测量员215 Architects, urban planners and land surveyors216数学家，统计师和精算师216 Mathematicians,statisticians and actuaries217计算机和信息系统专家217 Computer and information systems professionals第31组医疗保健职位Group 31 Major Professional occupations in health (except nursing)311内科医生，牙医和兽医311 Physicians, dentists and veterinarians312验光师，按摩师和其他健康诊断治疗专家312 Optometrists,chiropractors and other health diagnosing and treating professionals313药剂师，营养学家313 Pharmacists, dietitians and nutritionists314理疗和评估专家314 Therapy and assessment professionals315护士监督员和注册护士315 Nurse supervisors and registered nurses6第41组Group 41在社会科学，教育，政府服务和宗教等领域中的专业职位Major Professional occupations in law and social,community and government services411 法官，律师和魁北克公证人411 Judges,lawyers and Quebec notaries412 大学教授和助教412 professors and associate professor413 学院和其他职业指导员413 Institute and other professional instructor414 中等及小学教师和教育顾问414 Secondary and primary school teachers and education consultant415 心理学家，社会工作者，顾问，神职人员和缓刑官员415 Social and community service professionals416 政策和计划人员，研究人员和顾问416 Policy and program researchers,consultants and officers第51组Group 51在艺术和文化领域的专业职位Major Professional occupations in art and culture7511 图书管理员，档案管理员，管理员和策展人511 Librarians,archivists,conservators and curators512 写作、翻译和公共关系专家512 Writing,translating and related communications professionals513 有创造性和表演性的艺术家513 Creative and performing artistsB类Skill Lever B第12组Group 12行政及业务技能职业ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL SUPERVISORS AND ADMINISTRATIVE OCCUPATIONS121 办公室主任121 Administrative services supervisors122 行政管理职位122 Administrative and regulatory occupations123 金融，保险行政职位123 Financial, insurance administrative position124 秘书，记录员，直接根据录音打字的打字员124 Office administrative assistants - general,legal and medical8第22组Major Group 22与自然科学和应用科学有关的技术职位TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS RELATED TO NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 221 自然科学中的技术职位221 Technical occupations in physical sciences222 生物科学中的技术职位222 Technical occupations in life sciences223 土木工程，机械工程，工业工程中的技术职位223 Technical occupations in civil, mechanical and industrial engineering224 电子工程，电力工程中的技术职位224 Technical occupations in electronics and electrical engineering225 建筑，制图，测量，绘图中的技术职位225 Technical occupations in architecture, drafting,surveying, geomatics and meteorology226 其他的技术监管人员226 Other technical inspectors and regulatory officers227 运输官员和管理人员227 Transportation officers and controllers228 计算机信息系统技术职位228 Technical occupations in computer and information systems9第32组Major Group 32健康卫生中的技术职位Technical occupations in Health321 医学技术专家和技术人员（除牙科）321 Medical technologists and technicians (except dental health)322 牙科卫生保健中的技术职位322 Technical occupations in dental health care323 其他卫生保健中的技术职位（除牙科）323 Other technical occupations in health care第42组Major Group 42法定范围的辅助专职人员的职业，社会服务，教育和宗教信仰Parapro- fessional occupations in legal, social,community and education services421律师帮办，社会服务工作者和教育职业者和宗教信仰421 Parapro-fessional occupations in legal, social, community and education services第52组Major Group 52在艺术方面的技术职业，文化，娱乐和运动Technical occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport10521图书馆方面的技术人员，档案馆，博物馆和美术馆521 Technical occupations in libraries, public archives, museums and art galleries522摄影师，图表艺术技术人员和运动图表的对等职业，广播和表演艺术522 Photographers, graphic arts technicians and technical and co-ordinating occupations in motion pictures,broadcasting and the performing arts523广播员和其他演员523 Announcers and other performers, n.e.c.524创作设计设和工匠524 Creative designers and craftspersons525运动员，教练，裁判员和相关职业525 Athletes, coaches, referees and related occupations第62组Major Group 62技术销售和服务行业Retail sales supervisors and specialized sales occupations621销售人员和服务主管621 Retail sales supervisors622技术销售专家和贸易批发622 Technical sales specialists in wholesale trade and retail and wholesale buyers 623保险，房地产销售职业和采购11623 Insurance, real estate and financial sales occupations624主厨和厨师chef and cook624 625屠夫和面包师Ronny turiaf and baker625 626警察和消防员police and firefighters626 627特别技术职业627 Special technical occupations职业群72/73 Major Group72/73贸易、技能运输和设备操作Industrial, electrical and construction trades721 承包商和监管人，贸易及相关工作者721Contractors and supervisors, industrial, electrical and construction trades and related workers722 管理者，铁路和汽车运输职业723 Machining, metal forming, shaping and erecting trades723 机械师及相关职业723 Technicians and workers724 电气和电信相关职业724 Electrical trades and electrical power line and telecommunications workers 725 水管工、管子安装工及气体装配工725 Plumbers, pipe fitters and gas fitters726 金属成型，塑造和安装行业726 Metal forming, shaping and installation industry727 木工和家具师Carpenters and cabinetmakers727 728 砌体和抹灰行业728 Masonry and plastering trades729 其他建筑行业729 Other construction trades731 机械和运输设备机械技工（机动车除外）731 Machinery and transportation equipment mechanics (except motor vehicle) 732 汽车维修技工Automotive service technicians732 733 其他机械技工Other mechanics and related repairers12733 734 家具商、裁缝师、鞋修理者, 珠宝商及相关职业734 Dealer in furniture, tailor, shoe repair person, the jeweler and relevant professional735 固定式发动机，电站及系统操作工735 Stationary engine, power station and system operators736 列车员操作职业736 Train crew operating occupations737 起重机操作员, 钻探工和起爆器工737 Crane operators, drillers and blasters738 印刷工、商业潜水员及其它行业和相关职业738 Printing press operators and other trades and related occupations, n.e.c. 主要类别82 Major Group 82主要工业中的技能职位Supervisors and technical occupations in natural resources, agriculture and related production821 监理员，伐木业和林业821 Supervisors, logging and forestry822 监理员，石油和天然气开采业822 Contractors and supervisors, mining, oil and gas823 地下矿工，石油和天然气钻井工以及相关技工823 Underground miners, oil and gas drillers and related occupations824 伐木机械操作工824 Logging machinery operators825 农业、园艺业和水产业承包商，操作员和监理员13825 Contractors and supervisors, agriculture, horticulture and related operations and services826 渔船操作能手、船长、渔夫826 Fishing vessel masters and fishermen/women主要类别92 Major Group 92加工业，制造业，公共设施监理员和技能操作员Processing, manufacturing and utilities supervisors and central control operators921 加工业监理员921 Supervisors, processing and manufacturing occupations922 组装和制造业监理员922 Supervisors, assembly and fabrication923 制造，加工业的中心控制操作员、过程操作员923 Central control and process operators in processing and manufacturing011 行政管理人员011 Administrative services managers012 金融和专业服务管理人员012 Managers in financial and business services013 通信管理人员（广播电视业除外）14013 Managers in communication (except broadcasting)021 工程、建筑、科技和信息业管理人员021 Managers in engineering, architecture, science and information systems 031 健康、教育和社区服务管理人员031 Managers in health care, education and Community service032 公共管理人员032 Public management personnel主要类别00Major Group 00高级管理职位Senior management occupations001 立法者和高级管理人员001 Legislators and senior management051艺术、文化、娱乐和体育管理人员051 Managers in art, culture,recreation and sport061 销售和广告管理人员061 management In sales and advertise062 零售业管理人员062 Retail and wholesale trade managers063 餐饮和住宿业管理人员15063 Managers in food service and accommodation064 消防事业管理人员064 management in fire service065 其它管理人员071 建筑和交通业管理人员071 Managers in construction and facility operation and maintenance072 设备操作和维护管理人员072 Equipment operation and maintenance management081 主要生产管理人员（农业除外）081 Managers in natural resources production and fishing091 制造业和公共事业设备管理人员091 Managers in manufacturing and utilities16。
casting_forming-sheet metal process 铸造,金属成形,钣金
Sand Casting
Sand Casting
cope: top half drag: bottom half core: for internal cavities pattern: positive funnel sprue runners gate cavity {risers, vents}
- Spray with lubricant (graphite, silica) - improve flow, increase life
- good tolerance, good surface finish - low mp metals (Cu, Bronze, Al, Mg)
Die casting
Plaster-mold, Ceramic-mold casting
Plaster-mold slurry: plaster of paris (CaSO4), talc, silica flour
Ceramic-mold slurry: silica, powdered Zircon (ZrSiO4)
• VERSATILE: complex geometry, internal cavities, hollow sections • VERSATILE: small (~10 grams) very large parts (~1000 Kg)
• ECONOMICAL: little wastage (extra metal is re-used)
HOT CHAMBER: (low mp e.g. Zn, Pb; non-alloying) (i) die is closed, gooseneck cylinder is filled with molten metal (ii) plunger pushes molten metal through gooseneck into cavity (iii) metal is held under pressure until it solidifies (iv) die opens, cores retracted; plunger returns (v) ejector pins push casting out of ejector die
Sheet-metal marking press
专利名称：Sheet-metal marking press发明人：Bernard Amelot,Roger Batard,Claude Bimbert,Georges Boulvard,Alain Leclert 申请号：US05/756352申请日：19770103公开号：US04121516A公开日：19781024专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：This marking press for sheet metal articles and stock comprises a frame structure having a vertically adjustable cross member supporting an oscillatable embosser carrying the marking punch and, underneath, a roller for driving the sheets to be marked. Springs compensate the weight of the oscillatable embosser, cross member and fly bearings. A fluid- actuated cylinder and piston unit is provided for maintaining the oscillatable embosser in its downstream end position after the marking step proper and returning said oscillatable embosser to its upstream end position before the next marking step, without interfering with the driving of said oscillatable embosser by the passing sheet. Worms and nuts are provided for adjusting the position of said cross member as a function of the sheet thickness.申请人：AMELOT; BERNARD,BATARD; ROGER,BIMBERT; CLAUDE,BOULVARD; GEORGES,LECLERT; ALAIN更多信息请下载全文后查看。
SolidWorks Sheet Metal Fabrication Techniques
SolidWorks Sheet Metal FabricationTechniquesSheet metal fabrication is a commonly used technique in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. SolidWorks, a popular computer-aided design (CAD) software, offers a range of tools and features that can be utilized for efficient and accurate sheet metal fabrication. In this article, we will explore some essential techniques in SolidWorks for sheet metal fabrication.1. Creating a Sheet Metal PartTo begin with, SolidWorks provides a dedicated workspace for designing sheet metal parts. Start by selecting the "Sheet Metal" option from the template list when creating a new part. This will automatically set up the necessary parameters and tools specific to sheet metal fabrication.2. Material SelectionSolidWorks allows users to define the properties of the sheet metal material they will be working with. This includes the thickness, bend radius, K-factor, and the material type itself. It is crucial to accurately input these values to ensure precise manufacturing and accurate simulations.3. Bend Relief FeaturesWhen designing sheet metal parts, it is essential to consider the strain on the material during the bending process. SolidWorks provides bend relief features that can be incorporated into the design to alleviate stress concentration at corners and edges. These relief features include tear drops, square corners, or custom-designed shapes.4. Base Flange FeatureThe base flange feature in SolidWorks allows users to create the initial shape of the sheet metal part. It enables the user to define the length, width, and height of the part, aswell as any additional features such as holes or cutouts. The base flange feature acts as the foundation for subsequent operations.5. Adding BendsOnce the base flange is created, SolidWorks enables users to add bend features to transform the flat part into its final bent shape. Users can specify the bend angle, bend position, and the orientation of the bend. By utilizing the bend features, designers can accurately represent the finished part in the CAD model.6. Flat PatternSolidWorks incorporates a flat pattern feature that allows users to visualize and extract the flattened version of the sheet metal part. This is particularly useful for manufacturing purposes, as it provides an accurate representation of how the part should be cut from the sheet metal.7. Sheet Metal Forming ToolsSolidWorks also offers an extensive library of form tools that can be used to create complex shapes and features in sheet metal parts. These form tools can be customized or created from scratch to meet specific design requirements. Examples of form tools include louvers, embossing, flanging, and ribbing.8. Advanced Simulation CapabilitiesIn addition to its design tools, SolidWorks provides advanced simulation capabilities for sheet metal fabrication. Users can simulate and analyze the behavior of the sheet metal part under various loading conditions. This enables designers to optimize the design, reduce material waste, and ensure structural integrity.9. Cost EstimationSolidWorks also offers a cost estimation feature that helps users estimate the fabrication cost of sheet metal parts. By inputting material and manufacturing details, thisfeature provides a detailed breakdown of costs, including material cost, tooling cost, and labor cost. This enables manufacturers to make informed decisions regarding production.10. Documentation and CommunicationSolidWorks provides tools for generating accurate technical drawings, complete with dimensions, annotations, and bills of materials. These drawings are essential for communication with manufacturers, ensuring that the fabricated parts meet the design specifications.In conclusion, SolidWorks offers a comprehensive set of tools and features for efficient sheet metal fabrication. By leveraging these techniques, designers can create precise, manufacturable, and cost-effective sheet metal parts. Whether it's creating the initial design, simulating its behavior, or generating technical drawings, SolidWorks provides the necessary tools for successful sheet metal fabrication projects.。
钣金件的圆角加工工艺流程
钣金件的圆角加工工艺流程英文回答：The process of adding rounded corners to sheet metal parts involves several steps. First, the sheet metal is cut into the desired shape using tools such as shears or laser cutting machines. Once the shape is cut, the edges are smoothed and deburred to remove any sharp edges or burrs.Next, the rounded corners are formed using a variety of methods. One common method is through the use of a press brake. The sheet metal is placed between a punch and a die, and the punch is lowered to bend the metal into the desired shape. By using different punches and dies, various sizes and radii of rounded corners can be achieved.Another method is through the use of a roll-forming machine. The sheet metal is fed through a series of rollers that gradually bend it into the desired shape, including rounded corners. This method is often used for larger ormore complex parts.In some cases, a separate operation may be required to achieve the desired rounded corners. This could involve using a specialized tool, such as a corner rounding machine, or even hand-forming the corners using a hammer and dolly.After the rounded corners are formed, the sheet metal part may undergo additional processes, such as welding, painting, or surface finishing, depending on the specific requirements of the application.Overall, the process of adding rounded corners to sheet metal parts requires careful planning, precise tooling, and skilled craftsmanship to achieve the desired results. It is important to consider factors such as the material thickness, bend radius, and tolerances to ensure the final product meets the required specifications.中文回答：钣金件的圆角加工工艺流程包括以下几个步骤。
汽车零部件压印工艺流程
汽车零部件压印工艺流程英文回答：Automotive Part Stamping Process Flow.1. Design and Engineering:Engineers design the part and create a 3D model.The model is used to create a mold or die for the stamping process.2. Raw Material Preparation:Sheet metal is selected and cut to the appropriate size.The metal is cleaned and coated with lubricant to reduce friction during stamping.3. Stamping Press:The metal is placed into the stamping press between the upper and lower dies.The press applies high pressure to form the metal into the desired shape.4. Trimming and Piercing:After stamping, excess material is trimmed from the part using a trimming die.Holes or other features are pierced into the part using a piercing die.5. Forming and Bending:Additional forming or bending operations may be required to achieve the final shape of the part.6. Heat Treatment:Heat treatment processes, such as annealing or hardening, may be used to enhance the part's strength and durability.7. Finishing:The part may undergo additional finishing processes, such as painting, plating, or coating, to protect it from corrosion or improve its appearance.8. Quality Control:The finished part is inspected to ensure it meetsthe specified dimensions, tolerances, and quality standards.Chinese Answer：汽车零部件压印工艺流程。
Inventor工具：设计师桌子之外的效率说明书
Inventor Tools: Efficiency beyond the designer's deskDave LapthorneImplementation Consultant –D3 TechnologiesMFG222174About the speakerDave Lapthorne –D3 Technologies Implementation Consultant with D3 Technologies, an Autodesk Partner and Authorized Training Center, I am based at the Springfield Missouri office.•Primarily focused on Inventor workflows with a specialization in the CAM tools•15+ years of industry experience ranging from machine design, sheet metal design, CNC programming, and Project Management.•Several years working hands on with manual and CNC machine tools including water-jet, plasma, milling, turning, plus shear and brake forming operations.Class outline•Case Study Business Overview•Review of current workflow and processes•Discussion of identified issues and proposed improvements •Review of new workflows and processes•Q & ALearning Objectives•Understand workflow between 2D ACAD and Inventor (sheet metal)•Leverage the Inventor Nesting Utility for simplifying preparation of sheet metal cutting operations•Understand the ease of integrating HSM into a small-scale job-shop•See the value built into Inventor and its application outside of the design departmentOverview of Case Study •Owner/Operator small business•CNC Plasma cutting•Manual Milling•Manual Turning•Welding•General Hand Fabrication•3d PrintingPast ProjectsSteel Framed Dining Table1.5” x 3” x 14ga Rectangular TubePast Projects Trophies for Local Auto Show14ga Mild SteelPast Projects Gas Powered LatheCR Steel Bar and 7/16 Steel PlateCustomized Face PlatePast Projects3/8” Steel Bracketsfor Log Forks on a Skid LoaderPast Projects Steel Framed Conference Tables3” x 3” x 14ga Legs,W3 Channel Upper Frame1.5” Butcher Block TopsPast ProjectsJeep Bumpers with and withoutWinch Mounts12ga Mild SteelWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorManual creation and export of DXF’s iLogic to create flatsWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorManual creation and export of DXF’s iLogic to create flatsThird Party software for DXF work Nesting UtilityWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorManual creation and export of DXF’s iLogic to create flatsThird Party software for DXF work Nesting UtilityManual Nesting Nesting UtilityWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorManual creation and export of DXF’s iLogic to create flatsThird Party software for DXF work Nesting UtilityManual Nesting Nesting UtilityThird Party software for generating tool paths Inventor HSMWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementMultiple steps to create individual components Layout Design in InventorManual creation and export of DXF’s iLogic to create flatsThird Party software for DXF work Nesting UtilityManual Nesting Nesting UtilityThird Party software for generating tool paths Inventor HSMOrganization and transfer of NC files Vault Basic w/dedicated shop PC for file accessWorkflow ImprovementsCNC Plasma CuttingExisting WorkflowEfficiency Gain:2-3 hours per job**Depending on complexity of changesWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisManual Milling &TurningWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisManual Milling &Turning OperationsIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementOrganization and Selection of Fixturing Modeling of Fixturing ComponentsCustomized Inventor HSM Setup SheetsWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisManual Milling &Turning OperationsIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementOrganization and Selection of Fixturing Modeling of Fixturing ComponentsCustomized Inventor HSM Setup Sheets Organization and tracking of tools Customized Inventor HSM Setup SheetsWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisManual Milling &Turning OperationsIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementOrganization and Selection of Fixturing Modeling of Fixturing ComponentsCustomized Inventor HSM Setup Sheets Organization and tracking of tools Customized Inventor HSM Setup Sheets Material wastage on multiple run jobs Customized Inventor HSM Setup SheetsWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisUsing HSM Setup Sheetswith Manual MachinesWorkflow Discovery & AnalysisManual Milling &Turning OperationsIdentified Inefficiency Proposed ImprovementOrganization and Selection of Fixturing Modeling of Fixturing ComponentsCustomized Inventor HSM Setup Sheets Organization and tracking of tools Customized Inventor HSM Setup Sheets Material wastage on multiple run jobs Customized Inventor HSM Setup SheetsPaper drawings Paperless system with Shared ViewsInventor Tools: Efficiency beyond the designer's deskDave LapthorneImplementation Consultant –D3 TechnologiesQ&A TimeMFG222174Please Fill Out Your SurveysMake sure your voice is heard by completing your surveys!Please take the time to complete your survey for this and every class you attend at Autodesk University.Autodesk uses this information to know what classes to offer in the future.Got An Idea? Share it!•Share your idea directlywith the AutodeskDevelopment Team•Community can supportideas to surface thehttps://autode.sk/vaultidea most relevanthttps://autode.sk/inventorideaAutodesk and the Autodesk logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiaries and/or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product and services offerings, and specifications and pricing at any time without notice, and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document.© 2018 Autodesk. All rights reserved.。
板式设计英文作文30字
板式设计英文作文30字英文回答：Sheet metal design is an indispensable part of the manufacturing industry, involving the creation of flat metal components that form the basis of various products and structures. These components, ranging from simple brackets to intricate enclosures, play a crucial role in industries such as automotive, electronics, aerospace, and construction. Sheet metal design encompasses a wide array of processes, including material selection, geometric modeling, forming techniques, and quality control.The material selection process considers factors such as strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and cost. Common sheet metal materials include steel, aluminum, stainless steel, and copper. Geometric modeling involves creating digital representations of the sheet metal components using computer-aided design (CAD) software. This allows for precise definition of shapes, dimensions, andfeatures.Forming techniques are employed to transform flat sheet metal into desired shapes. These techniques include bending, stamping, punching, and rolling. Bending involves creating angles or curves in the sheet metal using a press brake. Stamping involves using dies to punch or cut shapes out of the sheet metal. Punching creates holes or other openings, while rolling forms cylindrical or conical shapes.Quality control is essential to ensure that sheet metal components meet the required specifications. This involves inspecting the components for dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and material integrity. Non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle inspection are often used to detect defects or imperfections.Sheet metal design is a dynamic and evolving field, driven by advancements in materials, manufacturing technologies, and design software. It requires acombination of technical expertise, creativity, andattention to detail. By embracing these principles, sheet metal designers can create high-quality, cost-effective,and innovative components that meet the demands of modern manufacturing.中文回答：钣金设计是制造业中不可或缺的一部分，它涉及平面金属部件的创建，这些部件构成了各种产品和结构的基础。
冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计
附件1：外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业,各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的,这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。
板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。
如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。
当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。
站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。
落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等,每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。
根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。
图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的,即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。
一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定,而板厚保持几乎不变。
板料成形的原理如图2所示。
拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。
拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。
在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化,即变薄。
图2 板料成形原理弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。
在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
精密零件冲压工艺流程
精密零件冲压工艺流程英文回答：Precision Stamping Process Flow.Precision stamping is a manufacturing process that utilizes specialized presses to shape sheet metal into complex and precise components. The process involves a series of steps that ensure the accuracy and quality of the finished product. Here is an overview of the typical precision stamping process flow:1. Tool Design and Fabrication.The first step in precision stamping is to design and fabricate the stamping tools. These tools consist of a die, which creates the desired shape in the sheet metal, and a punch, which applies force to the sheet metal to form it into the die. The tools are typically made from high-strength materials, such as hardened steel or carbide, towithstand the high forces involved in the stamping process.2. Material Preparation.Before stamping, the sheet metal material is preparedto ensure it is clean and free of any surface defects. This may involve cleaning, degreasing, or applying a lubricantto the surface of the material.3. Stamping Operation.The stamping operation is performed on a stamping press. The sheet metal is placed between the die and the punch,and the press applies force to the punch, causing it to press the sheet metal into the die and form the desired shape. The stamping operation can be performed in multiple stages, with each stage using a different die to create a more complex shape.4. Secondary Operations.After the initial stamping operation, secondaryoperations may be required to complete the part. These operations can include trimming, bending, or forming, which are performed to refine the shape or add features to the part.5. Quality Inspection.Throughout the stamping process, quality inspections are performed to ensure that the parts meet the specified tolerances and requirements. This involves checking the dimensions, shape, and surface finish of the parts to ensure they conform to the design specifications.6. Surface Treatment.Depending on the application, the finished parts may undergo additional surface treatments, such as plating, coating, or heat treatment, to enhance their properties or improve their appearance.中文回答：精密零件冲压工艺流程。
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VARIOUS TYPES OF FORMING OPERATIONS
In stretch flanging tensile strain increases from zero at the flange break line (axis of bending) to a maximum at the flange edge. For that reason any tearing will start from the flange edge. The amount of tensile strain increases with increasing forming angles and increasing flanging heights
SHEET METAL CUTTING TERMINOLOGY
VARIOUS CUTTING OPERATIONS
BLANKING It is the operation of cutting or shearing a piece out of sheet to a predetermined contour It is the operation of producing the holes of round or contoured shape in the blanks or in formed parts. In Notching operation a small piece or pieces of metal are removed from the edges/ corners of a Strip or a Blank It is the operation of cutting off the excess metal after the Drawing or Forming operation It is the operation of slitting on three sides and opening out by bending the lug about an axis on the uncut fourth side with in the blank.
Height of flange after 0 +/- 1.0 90 flanging = 9.0 ( except at corners and feature lines)
Maximum permissible radius of bend 0 during 90 flanging = 0.5T Preferred radius of bend during 900 flanging = 0 (or as minimum as possible)
PRESS WORKING OPERATIONS(SHEET METAL)
PRESS WORKING OPERATIONS (SHEET METAL)
CUTTING
BENDING
FORMING
DRAWING
BLANKING
BENDING
STRETCH FLANGING
CYLINDRICAL CUP DRAWING
THEORY OF FORMING
• Forming is the process in which the shape of the punch and die is directly reproduced in the metal with little or no metal flow. Forming, Bending or drawing actions may be combined in a die and is classified as Form die or Draw die depending on the dominant action of process The decision to use a form die instead of a Draw die will depend largely on the complexity of the shape & geometrical criteria. The use of draw die may be indicated, if the form die would cause the metal to tear because of excessive tensile strain(stretch) or form objectionable wrinkles because of excess crowding of metal etc defects.
JOGGLE
THEORY OF CUTTING
When cutting sheet metal in a die the forces applied to the sheet by the punch and die are basically shear forces, that is, equal and opposite forces spaced at a small distance apart on the metal and produce the cutting. The cutting or separation of the sheet metal is effected through the following stages of shearing • Roll over • Penetration • Fracture From both punch side and Die side simultaneously The spacing or the small distance of the two shearing planes is called clearance.It will be generally about 8 - 10% of metal thickness for MS Sheets.
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VARIOUS BENDING OPERATIONS
SIMLPE BENDING The operation of Folding the sheet about a straight-line axis is called simple bending
FLANGING
It is similar to above in which the height of bend is shorter compared to the overall size of the part. It strengthens the edges of sheet metal parts It provides flanges required for assembling parts by spot welding or any other joining processes. Hemming is an operation in which the edge 0 of a component gets folded by 180 . It improves the rigidity of the edge It facilitates joining of two parts as in the case of Bonnet assy. /Door assy.
PIERCING
FLANGING
SHGULAR SHELL DRAWING
IRREGULAR SHAPE DRAWING
NOTCHING
HEMMING
REVERSE FLANGING
TRIMMING
HOLE FLANGING
LANCING
Embossing/ Form Beads
STRETCH FLANGING
SHRINK FLANGING
In shrink flanging, the tendency to wrinkle increases from zero at the flange break line to a maximum at the flange edge.
HEMMING
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BENDING
Radius of bend T Minimum height of bend 3T
Relief Notches for bend
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEMMING
Where appropriate provide an offset To minimise area of fitting To give additional rigidity to inner panel To reduce potential assembly distortion
PIERCING
NOTCHING
TRIMMING
LANCING
THEORY OF BENDING AND SPRING BACK
• BENDING Bending is the process of folding a sheet about a straight line axis which lies in the neutral plane. Bends are made in sheet metal to gain rigidity, to produce a part of desired shape & perform a particular function etc. The cross section of the bend inward from neutral axis is in compression, outward from neutral axis is in tension as shown in the fig. SPRING BACK During bending the metal nearer to the neutral axis is stressed to the values below the elastic limit.This phenomenon creates a narrow elastic band on both sides of the neutral axis.The metal further away from the neutral axis is stressed beyond the yield strength and is plastically deformed and permanently set. When the bending force on the metal is released the elastic band tries to return to the original flat condition but cannot return fully due to the restrictions of the plastically deformed zones . Some slight return does occur as the elastic and plastic zones come to an equilibrium and this return is known as spring back. The amount of spring back mainly depends on the ratio of bending radius to stock thickness. Spring back can be reduced by over bending, Bottoming or stretch bending.