西方文化导论Unit12
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
西方文化导论
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59BC—AD17 He was Octavian's contemporary. History of Rome: he began it between 2725BC and published it in instalments which at once brought him fame. The book consisted of 142 volumes.
His books:
The book of Satires The Odes Epistles
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Publius Ovidius Naso (43BC—AD17) He was born in a valley of the Apennines, eats of Rome, and was educated to Rome where he studied both rthetoric and law.
》 It includes battles against the Belgic tribes (combined with Gaul), and his crossing the sea and sailing up the Thames to invade Britain.
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Roman playwright (254—184BC) He was born in humble circumstances at Sarsina, Umbria, and once worked as a stagecarpenter.
《西方文化导论》(Quiz)精品PPT课件
(9) The major boost of Humanism is _______ . A. the fall of Constantinople B. the prosperity of the city of Florence C. the prosperous trade and production of handicraft D. the rich variety of urban social life
(7) The core idea of the Renaissance was _____ . A. rationalism B. realism C. humanism D. classicism
(8) The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______ . A. Italy’s prosperous trade
Unit 3
(1)The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____. A. 586 BC B. 450 BC C. 330 BC D. 586
(3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____. A. farming
B. handicraft and trade
C. religionD.来自philosophy(4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.
西方文化导论
Something special of the Ancient Olympic Games
• Women were not allowed to go and watch . • Each competitor covered his body with olive to highlight his physique, and then competed in the nude. • People who won the game would get a branch of olive as the highest honor. • Heracles and his father Zeus
The spirits of the Olympic are: Fair competition , Get to know each other, friendship, unity and equality.
Motto: Faster, Higher, Stronger.
the first Modern Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games
1894 the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) was formed in Lausanne, Switzerland . (Baron Pierre de Coubertin ) the first Modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896 .
The Olympic Flame
• The Olympic flame is the symbol of the Olympic games. The Olympic Torch today is ignited several months before the opening ceremony of the Olympic games at the Temple of Hera by the eleven women.
Unit7西方文化导论
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
The Enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France. It was due to the fact that France met with a period of decline after its national prosperity during the reign of Louis XIV, which was demonstrated by the sharpening class clashes and social crises resulting from the deteriorating political and economic conditions. Internationally, France also suffered a series of setbacks in its competition with other European powers, such as Britain when the latter was marching steadily on its way towards a dominating position following the Glorious Revolution in 1688. The situation was worsened by France’s fiscal deficits and economic difficulties, caused by heavy
西方文化导论叶胜年知识整理
西方文化导论叶胜年知识整理
西方文化导论是一门研究西方文化起源、发展和特点的学科，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和欣赏西方文化。
而西方文化导论的其中一位重要学者就是叶胜年。
叶胜年是一位中国著名的文化学者和作家，他对中西方文化有着深刻的理解和独特的见解。
他的著作《西方文化导论》是一部系统地介绍西方文化的经典之作。
在这本书中，叶胜年从多个角度对西方文化进行了全面而深入的剖析。
他首先介绍了西方文化的起源和发展历程，从古希腊罗马文明到基督教文化的兴起，再到文艺复兴和近代西方文化的形成，他对每个阶段的重要人物、事件和思想进行了详细的介绍。
叶胜年同时也对西方文化的核心价值观进行了深入的探讨。
他认为，自由、平等和人权是西方文化的重要特征，这些价值观在西方文化中起着重要的指导作用。
他还介绍了西方文化中的人文主义、个人主义和民主的思想，以及艺术、音乐、文学和哲学等领域的重要成就。
叶胜年还特别强调了西方文化的开放性和多元性。
他认为，西方文化的多样性源自于其长期以来与其他文化的交流和融合，例如希腊文化对罗马文明的影响，基督教对欧洲文化的塑造，以及欧洲与亚洲、非
洲等地区的文化交流。
他认为，正是这种开放性和多元性使得西方文化成为世界文化的重要组成部分。
除了对西方文化的研究，叶胜年还提出了一些对中国文化发展的启示。
他提倡我们应该借鉴西方文化的优点，同时保持自己的独特性，以推动中国文化的发展。
总之，叶胜年的《西方文化导论》为我们提供了一种深入了解和欣赏西方文化的视角，帮助我们更好地认识和对待不同文化之间的差异和交流。
这对于推动文化多样性和促进世界文化的交流与发展具有重要的意义。
西方文化导论Unit12(共10张PPT)
recovery to an industrial and commercial boom.
_T_ 3. Postmodernism is both an reaction against modernism and a successor to modernism.
_T_
4. 5.
Existentialism had widespread dissemination and In the post-war period, Protestantism has become
identified in the 1960s.
Text Study _4_3333
Text Study _2_3
C. van Gogh Comprehension Exercises
Hollywood consolidated and expanded its position by producing more popular films after the 1970s, which was called its “Golden Age”.
stability to the West.
_T_ 2. In the midst of the 1950s and 1960s, Western society was on the
threshold of drastic transformation from the phase of post-war
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
2. __________is called “the father of the modern painting”.
西方文化导论
The relationship of art and society, can use a metaphor to illustrate -----
the society is the source of art, and art is the social source out of a living water.
The importance of art to a society
4.Art is a great tool for learning. Art can be found in almost everywhere where there is a school. Art is fun and acts as an interactive tool for reluctant learners and younger students. they can learn to appreciate art for what it can do for them. People can learn a lot because art is almost as effective as written things.
The importance of art to a society
7.Art can show the passage of time. During parts of history, writing was not used by certain civilizations because they did not know how to use it.However, people were still able to communicate through means of art. They used art to represent things in life. This is why we understand so much about the past.
西方文化导论(第二版)
西方文化导论(第二版)概述西方文化导论是一本系统介绍和探讨西方文化的教材，第二版在第一版的基础上进行了内容的更新和扩充。
本文档将对第二版的主要章节进行概述和简要介绍。
第一章：文化概念与西方文化特点第一章主要介绍了文化的概念以及西方文化的特点。
通过对文化的定义和内涵进行探讨，帮助读者建立对文化的基本理解。
接着，本章列举了西方文化的特点，包括个人主义、进步和创新、法治精神等方面。
通过对西方文化特点的分析，读者将更好地理解西方社会的价值观和行为准则。
第二章：古希腊文化的形成与发展第二章主要讲述了古希腊文化的形成与发展。
通过对古希腊城邦制度、民主思想、哲学和艺术的详细介绍，读者可以了解到古希腊对西方文化的深远影响。
本章还探讨了古希腊神话、奥林匹克运动会等与古希腊文化相关的重要话题。
第三章：罗马文化的兴盛与衰落第三章主要介绍了罗马文化的兴盛与衰落。
通过对罗马帝国的建立、法律制度、建筑艺术等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到罗马文化的辉煌。
同时，本章还探讨了罗马帝国的衰落原因，包括内外因素的影响，为读者呈现了一个全面的罗马文化画卷。
第四章：基督教与中世纪文化第四章主要探讨了基督教与中世纪文化的关系。
通过对基督教教义、圣经、修道院制度等方面的介绍，读者可以更好地理解基督教对于西方文化的影响。
本章还讲解了中世纪文化的典型特征，包括封建制度、骑士精神等，为读者呈现了一个中世纪文化的全景图。
第五章：文艺复兴与人文主义第五章主要介绍了文艺复兴与人文主义运动。
通过对文艺复兴时期的艺术、文学、科学等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到文艺复兴对于西方文化的重要意义。
本章还探讨了人文主义的核心观点与价值观，为读者呈现了一个充满思想与创新的时代。
第六章：启蒙运动与近代西方文化第六章主要探讨了启蒙运动与近代西方文化。
通过对启蒙运动的起源、思想家以及影响的介绍，读者可以了解到启蒙运动对于近代西方文化的深刻影响。
本章还讲解了近代西方文化的主要发展特点，包括科学理性主义、人权思想等方面。
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概念题1. Da Vinci ：Leonardo di serPieroDa Vinc i was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.2. Shakespeare：William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaboration, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.3. black humor ：The definition of black humor is problematic; it has been argued that it corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor; and that, as humor has been definedsince Freud as a comedic act that anesthetizes an emotion, all humor is "black humor," and that there is no such thing as "non-black humor".二、填空题1.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.2. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.3. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Bound Agamemnon.4. Euripides（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.5. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.6. Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".7. Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.8. Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.9. Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.10. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.11. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of Shecreation of Roman.12. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.13. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is said by Julius Caesar.14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.15. In 313 the Edict of Milan( 米兰敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.17. Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period. Romans”18. Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope Emperor in 800.19. The Summa Theologica 《神学大全》by St. Thomas Aquinas （forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.20. In 18th-century England, two writers must be mentioned as far as the periodical essay is concerned: Addison and Steele.21. Both Addison and Steele contributed to The Tatler and The Spectator, two series of periodical essays.22. In 1492 Moors（摩尔人）that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their last stronghold.23. In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.24. The most important contributions to the musical world by Beethoven were in those musical forms associated with the Beethoven growth of the sonata).25. Swan Lake was composed by Tchaikovsky.三、选择题1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael6. Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time?A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin9. Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus11. Which of th e following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James12. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture?A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great13. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French14. Who is the author of the Opus Maius（《新工具论》）?A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas15. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB.EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus。
《西方文化导论》(Quiz)
Text Study _6_5 F (5) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image __ of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance.
Unit 6
Revision
Unit Unit 1 Multiple choice:
(1) ____ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.
Unit 3
(1)The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____. A. 586 BC
B. 450 BC
C. 330 BC D. 586
前三头同盟（The First Triumvirate）指公元前60年，由庞培、克拉苏和凯 撒组成的政治联盟，相对于屋大维、马克· 安东尼和雷必达组成的后三头同 盟。 (P.31-32)
(5) Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____. A. Greek B. Sicily C. Spain D. Carthage
A. Ancient European culture
B. Ancient Greek culture
C. Ancient Chபைடு நூலகம்nese culture
西方文化导论课后习题答案
西方文化导论课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science、Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling、Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art、It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture、Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water、His philosophy was materialism、He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism、The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle、Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”、Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning、His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”whic h was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life、Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas、His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity、Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes、Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public、In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere、(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples、Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture、The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture、Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization、The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy、The second significant influence was that of philosophy、The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i、e、, human society and the natural world、Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works、Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it、This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West、Chapter 21、Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture、In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture、Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields、According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes、His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind、2、In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples、Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture、,religion, philosophy and literature、In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion、The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture、Chapter 31、How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanationfor the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures、From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population 、2.Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament、The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible、It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts:Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha、After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars,many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book、It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value、Chapter 41、What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are :1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1)、For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum、Christianity could play such a role、2)、It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance、3)、The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances、2、What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them、First is the different image of God、Second is different view of God、Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind 、God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution、Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful 、Chapter 61、Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance、It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes、(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples、The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation、All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved、The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate、Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting、The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners、The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work、。
西方文化导论论文
On the Embodiment of Humanism in William Shakespeare’s DramaA Midsummer Night’s DreamName: Zhao Yujie Student Number: 08081031Abstract: This paper gives a brief introduction of humanism, and also displays a concise content of Shakespeare’s drama A Midsummer Night’s Dream .It shows the main thesis of the comedy and at the end of the paper, a conclusion is drawn on the embodiment of humanism in A Midsummer Night’s Dream.Key Words: Humanism, Individual freedom, Compassion, LoveⅠHumanismHumanism is the core spirit during the Renaissance. It is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Affirming the dignity of each human being, it supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consonant with social and planetary responsibility. It advocates the extension of participatory democracy and the expansion of the open society, standing for human rights and social justice. Humanism maintains there is no evidence a supernatural power ever needed or wanted anything from people, ever communicated to them, or ever interfered with the laws of nature to assist or harm anyone. Humanism thus derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny.Humanism's focus, then, is on using human efforts to meet human needs and wants in this world. History shows that those efforts are most effective when they involve both compassion and the scientific method - which includes reliance on reason, evidence, and free inquiry. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities.Ⅱ Brief introduction of the playA Midsummer Night's Dream is romantic comedy written by William Shakespeare in the 1590s. It is one of Shakespeare’ most popular playand is widely performed across the world. It portrays the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of amateur actors in a moonlit forest, and their interactions with the fairies who inhabit it and Duke of the Athenians. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular and is widely performed across the world.The play features three interlocking plots, connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazonian queen Hippolyta.In the opening scene, Hermia refuses to comply with her father Egeus's wish for her to marry his chosen man, Demetrius. In response, Egeus quotes before Theseus an ancient Athenian law whereby a daughter must marry the suitor chosen by her father, or else face death or lifelong chastity worshipping Diana as a nun. Hermia and her lover Lysander therefore decide to elope by escaping through the forest at night. Hermia informs her best friend Helena, but Helena has recently been rejected by Demetrius and decides to win back his favor by revealing the plan to him. Demetrius, followed doggedly by Helena, chases Hermia, who, in turn, chases Lysander, from whom she becomes separated.Meanwhile, Oberon, king of the fairies, and his queen, Titania, arrive in the same forest to attend Theseus and Hippolyta's wedding. Having seen Demetrius act cruelly toward Helena, Oberon orders Puck to spread some of the juice on the eyelids of the young Athenian man. Instead, Puck puts the juice on the eyes of Lysander, who then falls in love with Helena. When Oberon finds this out, he makes Puck apply the juice to Demetrius. Due to Puck's errors, Hermia's two lovers temporarily turn against her in favor of Helena.Oberon realizes Puck’s mistake and orders Puck to remove the magical enchantment from Lysander but allow it to remain on Demetrius, so that Demetrius may reciprocate Helena's love. Then Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene, during an early morning hunt. They wake the lovers and in the end, all of them find their true love and marry each other.Ⅲ Embodiment of humanism in this dramaA Midsummer Night’s Dream mocks many aspects of human behavior. In this comedy, Shakespeare explores the complex nature of human heart, uses dramatic irony to heighten the sense of comedy and humor; he portrays human relationships in several different lights in order to illustrate the changing and complex sides of human emotions, thus to demonstrate the humanism.As it is said that humanism's focus is on using human efforts to meet human needs and wants in this world .This point can be best explained in this drama. In this comedy, Hermia’s and Lysander’s needs and wants are love. They want to marry the person they love, so when Hermia’s father forces her to marry Demetrius, Lysander and she realize that they can not give up to the authority, they hold that every human being has the right to pursue his or her true love. So they decide to fly from Athens. Their behavior is the reflection of humanism. Their courage show that the humanism has taken shape in people’s minds at that time. They use their own right to fight with the feudalism, they want to control their lives and make their own choices. So will I grow, so live, so die, my soul consents not to give sovereignty,” sa ys by Hermia, Lysander says “Why should not I then prosecute my right?”These typical questions indicate that they have realized the individuality and they come to know the importance of human rights.And also Helena is another typical example who does not conform to destiny. She knows Demetrius does not love her, but she still tries her best to seek love, and never say die.Humanism is a rational philosophy motivated by compassion. We can find some proofs to prove this idea. When Oberon sees Demetrius’indifferent attitude toward Helena’s deep love for him, Oberon shows mercy to her, so he asks Puck-the so –called Robin Goodfellow to drop a kind of juice on Demetrius’ eyes, so that Demetrius can fall in love with Helena. Oberon’s act, is inspired by compassion in his mind, this is one part of the humanism. He hopes that every one can realize their own dreams, so he wants to help Helena to satisfy her needs.Realizing that every one has his or her value is one of the main characters of humanism’s belief. In the drama, Quince, Bottom, Flute and so on are planning for the performance they are going to do during the Duke’s wedding. It is not hard to find that their selection of roles in that performance depends on their personality; what’s more, it shows that no matter how low their statuses are, they are important, not only to the play, but also to the society.All in all, humanism can be seen from many aspects of this comedy, the leading roles’ behaviors in pursuit of love, freedom, peace, etc. are the reflection of humanism.。
《西方文化导论》课程教学大纲.doc
《场方夂祀概崎》教曇丈詢学时：16课时学分：1学分授课对象：全校二年级、三年级学生教材：《四方文化概略》一、课程性质、目的和任务本课程是面向全校二年级、三年级学生设置的全院公共任选课程，旨在实现大学英语教学的个性化教育与综合索质培养的目标。
课程面向广犬学生，满足学生了解西方文化的个性化要求，结合语言学习，综合提高学生语言文化能力。
课程设置上按照时间的顺序对以欧洲文化为核心的西方文明进行导论性的介绍，内容包括古希腊、古罗马文化、文艺复兴、科学革命等对现代文化影响深远的古代文明及历史时期。
每个核心主题屮所涉及内容的选取侧重于文化继承和影响，结合语言方面的相关知识，综合介绍给学生。
二、教学基本要求本课程将英语语言文化背景知识系统的呈现给学生。
面向已具有一定的语言基础的二、三年级学生，课程内容的重心落在背景知识和文化了解的角度。
通过系统的内容丰富的语言文化知识的介绍，帮助学生更真切地掌握语言的深意和内涵，同时，开阔学生的视野，使学生得到全方位发展。
三、教学基本内容周次教学内容课时第二周爱琴文明与希腊神话传说2第三周希腊时期的文化2第四周罗马时期的文化2第五周中世纪时期的基督教文化2第六周文艺复兴时期的文化2第七周宗教改革时期的文化2第八周复习总结2笫九周课程考查2四、教学重点：第一章爱琴文明与希腊神话传说克里特文化的形成、成就和影响；迈锡尼文化的特点；荷马史诗的形成与成就。
1・克里特文化：建筑、壁画和彩陶、文字、宗教。
2. 迈锡尼文化：建筑、文字。
3. 荷马时代文化：《荷马史诗》、陶艺。
第二章希腊时期的文化希腊神话的内容与特点、古希腊宗教；古风吋代的希腊文学与艺术；古典吋代的希腊悲喜剧代表作家与作品，建筑、雕刻、哲学、科学和史学的成就。
新喜剧；亚历山大里亚、小亚细亚的雕刻艺术；亚历山大里亚城的建筑；犬儒学派、伊壁鸠鲁学派、斯多喝学派、怀疑论学派；希腊化时代的宗教特点及科学成就。
1 •早期希腊的文化：神话和宗教，文字和文学，艺术。
西方文化导论考试范围
西方文化导论考试范围木星(Jupiter) Zeus the god of justice。
海王星(Neptune) 代表神Poseidon 海神冥王星(Pluto) 代表神普鲁陀Hades(冥府之神) 太阳(Sun)// 代表神阿波罗Apollo(太阳神) 金星(Venus) 代表神维纳斯Venus(爱与美之神Aphrodite) Athena雅典娜智慧女神月球(Moon) 露娜Luna，希腊人称之为瑟丽妮Selene和阿蒂蜜丝Artemis火星(Mars) 代表神马尔斯Ares(战神)水星(Mercury)// 代表神摩丘力Hermes(商业、旅行与偷窃之神)土星(Saturn) 代表神克隆纳斯(kronus)天王星(Uranus)-天王星是古希腊传说中的天界之神，最早的天神。
他也是克罗那斯（Cronus,土星）、独眼巨人（Cyclopes）和泰坦巨神（Titans，奥林匹亚众神的始祖）的父亲，妻子则是大地之母盖娅（Gaia）。
Athens Sparta polis城邦ruled by the leader owning aristocrat or the slave-turned king. archons首席执政官solon梭伦Cleisthenes 克里斯提尼Draco德拉古。
Socrates苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图The School of Athens 。
Apology辩解篇padres理想国Aristotle亚里士多德science logic。
Cynics 犬儒主义Epic poetry长篇史诗Homer Iliad Odyssey 奥德赛--Trojan war Lyric poetry Callimachus—Hymns Theocritus—The Syracusan Woman The GracesDrama 戏剧Aeschylus—Prometheus Bound，Agamemnon，the PersiansSophocles----Oedipus the king，Oedipus Complex恋母情结Electra，AntigoneEuripides ----Medea ，Trojan Women Electra Complex恋父情结Parthenon帕特农神殿Pantheon 万神庙Discobolis ，Disous Thrower 掷铁饼者Laocoon Group拉奥孔人物组雕Venus De Mile断臂维纳斯Julius Caesar 凯撒---Commentaries on the Gallic War ，The Civil War。
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Comprehension Exercises
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Multiple choice. 5. Who initiated the ideals of the expressionist movement in modern music? A. Arnold Schoenberg. B. Igor Stravinsky. C. Claude Debussy. D. Paul Hindemith.
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True or false questions. __ T 1. Cinema has greatly changed the ways of living in the West since its invention by Thomas Edison in 1894. __ F 2. Hollywood consolidated and expanded its position by producing more popular films after the 1970s, which was called its “Golden Age”. __ T 3. The role of TV is an important link between the individual and the public or social side of life. __ F 4. The major four Western agencies are: Associated Press, BBC, Reuters and Press de France Nouvelle. __ T 5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
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performance art 行为艺术: A term referring to a kind of usually avant-garde or conceptual art which grew out of the visual arts and began to be identified in the 1960s. Performance art is unconventional and often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways.
C. van Gogh’s
D. Paul Gauguin’s
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MultipLeabharlann e choice. 2. __________is called “the father of the modern painting”. A. Paul Gauguin B. Paul Cezanne C. van Gogh D. Degas
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Multiple choice. 3. _________refers to a kind of usually avant-garde or conceptual art as early as in the 1960s, which often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways. A. Performance art
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True or false questions. F 1. The end of the two world wars brought real sense of security __ and stability to the West. T 2. In the midst of the 1950s and 1960s, Western society was on __ the threshold of drastic transformation from the phase of postwar recovery to an industrial and commercial boom. __ T 3. Postmodernism is both an reaction against modernism and a successor to modernism. T 4. Existentialism had widespread dissemination and acclaim after __ WWII. F 5. In the post-war period, Protestantism has become more open __ and more popular to the public, while Catholicism has stuck to conventions.
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Multiple choice. (1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise. A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s
B. Impressionism
C. Photo-realism
D. Futurism
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Multiple choice. 4. Which of the following artists does not belong to the school of Impressionism in painting? A. Manet. B. Monet. C. Cezanne. D. Piccasso.
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Fill in the blanks. 1. _________ New York became a new centre of world art during and after the WWII, taking over from Paris. 2. One of the representative of abstract expressionism is Hans Hofmann, who benefited from the movements like cubism, _______ fauvism and expressionism. expressionism . ___________________ 3. Action painting is a branch of abstract Minimal art is an art form which purports to pursue a 4. __________ completely pure and perfect quality of art by reducing its art creation to its mere natural attributes. Pop art intends to set up a style of impersonality by 5. _______ employing the imagery of commercialized art or other art forms of the mass media.