human-oriented urbanization
关于城市人因工程学
关于城市人因工程学文 _ 张利译 _ 孙福广ABOUT URBAN ERGONOMICS 当前，中国建筑的重点关注从“物”转向“人”，追求以人为核心的空间质量。
人们不再把建筑作为简单的物质去膜拜，而是将其看作连接人和人、人和自然的桥梁。
人与城市空间的互动，或者说人对空间的体验、空间对人的关怀，成为当代世界城市间竞争的主要阵地之一。
21世纪初，建筑设计正从追求形式转向服务于人们的生活。
建筑师在创新与创造的同时，更肩负改善人们生活质量的责任。
传统意义上的建筑设计不断向外扩展交叉，新兴设计科学不断涌现，其中，城市人因工程学便是一个典型例子。
人因工程学，或称人因学，英文为欧洲的Ergonomics 与美洲的Human Factor Engineering 两种，两个词除了前者的希腊语源头外，在实际使用中并无差别。
人因工程学产生于19世纪与20世纪之交，兴盛于20世纪后半叶，旨在通过人与物质产品界面的设计提升效率及愉悦的程度。
人因工程学最初应用于生产力的研究， 20世纪50年代之后开始服务于职业安全；20世纪90年代以来，更广泛应用于各类创新设计领域，包括建筑学；进入21世纪之后，随着人们对空间质量的要求不断提升，城市人因工程学应运而生。
与环境行为学相比，城市人因工程学从人的需求定义空间，关注人与空间互动的生理、心理环境机制，强调借助人因量化数据提升空间干预的精准度。
它既作用于新建空间设计，也作用于既有空间的改造更新。
城市人因工程学以量化数据为工具，以设计为导向，带动从用户端实践到理论之间的动态知识转换。
它从人的需求提取人因问题，通过不同尺度的设计干预寻找答案。
城市人因工程学运用客观人因量度技术手段，分析空间对人在生存、效率、体验等方面的生活需求的满足程度，对设计方案进行评估和优化，形成高质量的城市空间设计干预。
这些空间设计的尺度可以分为宏、远、中、近和微五个层面。
Text_ Zhang Li Translation_ Sun FuguangWith the rapid development of urbanization since the reform and opening up, the focus of China's architecture has changed from worshiping large landmark buildings to pursuing human-centered quality of the living space. At present, people no longer treat the architecture or the human intervention in space in cities as a simple material form, but as a bridge between man and man as well as mankind and nature. The interaction between human body and urban space, or in other words, human body's experience of space and space's care for human body, has become one of the main competitions among cities in the contemporary world. At the beginning of the 21st century, the former trend of overemphasizing innovation and formalism is gradually shifting to a design closer to people's life. How can design bring positive changes to life? Architects, besides innovating and creating, will also shoulder the important task of improving people's living quality. Therefore, the traditional architectural design is also expanding outward, among which Urban Ergonomics is a typical example.Ergonomics used in Europe and Human Factors Engineering in America are actually interchangeable except that the former term came from Greek. Ergonomics came into being at the turn of the 19th-20th century and flourished in the second half of the 20th century. It aims to improve people's performance and pleasure through the design of material interface. Ergonomics was first applied to the research of productivity improvement, which could be seen in furniture design, industrial design and other areas, and later it began to serve the occupational safety guarantee after the 1950s. Since the 1990s, the rapid development of computer technology and data technology has made ergonomics welcomed in various design fields. With its later introduction to architecture, Urban Ergonomics emerged naturally. Compared with environmental behavior studies, Urban Ergonomics tends to study the environment and needs that adapt to people's psychology and physiology on the basis of innate evolution and acquired learning. Its focus is on how space serves people's physical and mental pleasure in the city.Urban Ergonomics is an applied discipline for the design of urban space and human interaction interface. It is design oriented and drives the dynamic transformation of knowledge between theory and user practice. At different scales, urban ergonomics studies people’s judgment at the cognitive level, activities at the behavioral level and reactions at the physiological level through the technical means of objective measurement, which can make reference to the intervention of urban space design, so as to achieve higher quality urban space design. Based on the human perception of space, the five design scales can be categorized as MACRO, FAR, MEDIUM, NEAR and MICRO.The first scale is the MACRO scale, referring to the urban life circle of urban residents, which covers theurban space with a distance of 2.5 km and above. The basic information model of humans is a dot, andthe human location, relative distance between people and population density distribution are the mainobjects studied at this scale. Therefore, in the MACRO scale, the study mainly focuses on the connectivitybetween different places of the city and the urban mobility and vitality following it.首先是宏（Macro）尺度，指城市居民所处的城市生活圈，其所涉及的范围大约在2.5km 以上，其设计干预经常以1∶2000及以上的图纸表达。
人类活动影响环境英语作文
人类活动影响环境英语作文Human Activities and Their Impact on the Environment。
Introduction:Human activities have had a significant impact on the environment. From industrialization to urbanization, the actions of humans have caused various environmental issues. In this essay, we will explore some of the major human activities that have negatively affected the environment and discuss potential solutions to mitigate these impacts.Body:1. Deforestation:Deforestation is one of the most significant human activities that have adversely affected the environment. Trees play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen.However, due to the demand for timber, agricultural expansion, and urbanization, large areas of forests are being cleared. This not only leads to a loss ofbiodiversity but also contributes to climate change. To address this issue, governments and individuals should promote sustainable forestry practices and reforestation efforts.2. Pollution:Pollution is another major consequence of human activities. Industrial activities release harmful chemicals and pollutants into the air, water, and soil, leading toair pollution, water pollution, and soil degradation. These pollutants not only harm human health but also damage ecosystems and disrupt the balance of nature. To combat pollution, strict regulations should be imposed on industries to limit their emissions. Additionally, individuals should adopt eco-friendly practices such as reducing waste, recycling, and using renewable energy sources.3. Overfishing:Overfishing is a human activity that has had a devastating impact on marine ecosystems. The demand forfish has led to excessive fishing, depleting fish populations and disrupting the marine food chain. This not only affects the biodiversity of oceans but also threatens the livelihoods of communities that depend on fishing. To address this issue, sustainable fishing practices should be implemented, including imposing fishing quotas, creating marine protected areas, and promoting responsible fishing techniques.4. Urbanization and Habitat Destruction:Rapid urbanization has resulted in the destruction of natural habitats. As cities expand, forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems are being converted into concrete jungles. This leads to the displacement of wildlife and loss of biodiversity. To minimize the impact of urbanization, city planning should prioritize green spaces, create wildlife corridors, and promote sustainable infrastructuredevelopment.5. Climate Change:Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have contributed to climate change. The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has led to global warming, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events. To combat climate change, it is essential to transition to renewable energy sources, reduce carbon emissions, and promote energy efficiency. Additionally, international cooperation is crucial to address this global issue effectively.Conclusion:Human activities have undoubtedly had a profound impact on the environment. However, by recognizing the consequences of our actions and implementing sustainable practices, we can mitigate these impacts and preserve the planet for future generations. It is essential for governments, industries, and individuals to work togetherto find innovative solutions and ensure a sustainable future for all.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities Urbanization, the process by which more and more people are moving from rural areas to urban areas, has been a defining feature of human civilization for centuries. As the world's population continues to grow, the trend of urbanization is only expected to accelerate. The evolution of cities has been a complex and multifaceted process, shaped by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors. In this essay, we will explore the various dimensions of urbanization and the ways in which cities have evolved over time. One of the most significant drivers of urbanization has been the promise of economic opportunity. Cities have long been hubs of commerce, trade, and industry, offering a wide array of job opportunities and the potential for upward mobility. As a result, people fromrural areas are drawn to cities in search of better economic prospects for themselves and their families. This influx of people has led to the rapid expansion of urban areas, as cities have had to accommodate and provide for their growing populations. However, the rapid growth of cities has also brought about a host of social and environmental challenges. As more and more people flock to urban areas, cities have struggled to provide adequate housing, infrastructure, and public services. This has led to the proliferation of informal settlements, overcrowding, and strained public resources. Additionally, the concentration of people and economic activity in cities has contributed to environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity. The evolution of cities has also been shaped by technological advancements and changes in the way we live and work. The industrial revolution, for example, led to the rapid urbanization of many Western countries as people flocked to cities in search of employment in factories and mills. More recently, the digital revolution has transformed the way we work and communicate, leading to the rise of knowledge-based industries and the growth of urban areas as centers of innovation and creativity. In addition to economic and technological factors, the evolution of cities has also been influenced by political and cultural forces. Throughout history, cities have been centers of political power and cultural exchange, serving as the seat of government and the focal point of artistic and intellectual life. This has led to the development of distinct urban identitiesand the preservation of cultural heritage in cities around the world. Despite the many challenges and complexities associated with urbanization, cities have also been the site of incredible human achievement and progress. The concentration of people and resources in cities has fostered innovation and creativity, leading to advancements in science, technology, and the arts. Cities have also been at the forefront of social and political change, serving as the epicenter of movementsfor civil rights, environmental sustainability, and social justice. In conclusion, the evolution of cities is a complex and multifaceted process that has been shaped by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors. While urbanizationhas brought about significant challenges, it has also been the catalyst for human progress and innovation. As the world's population continues to grow and urbanize, it is essential that we address the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of urbanization in order to create cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and vibrant.。
翻译词汇2
翻译词汇，日积月累计划单列市city specifically designated in the state plan农机具补贴subsidy for agricultural machinery and tools附加税VAT(value-added tax)/extra duties/surtax/super tax/tax surcharge三资企业three kinds of foreign-invested enterprise or ventures 中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint ventures外商独资企业exclusively foreign-owned company in china中外合作企业cooperative business经济萧条economic slump/economic recession/economic depression business depression发展才是硬道理development as a task of overriding importance driven by consumption, investment ,import and export统筹城乡发展coordinate development in rural and urban regions 拓宽农村增收渠道seek new ways to increase farmer's incomes区域协调互动发展机制 a mechanism for promoting balance and interactive development among regions粗放型增长方式the extensive/inefficient mode /model of growth 密集的增长模式the intensive mode of growth国民经济性支柱产业pillar industry of national economy英汉词汇homecoming 同学会agent 代理crowdsourcing 众包lion's share 大部分ecological civilization 生态文明surrealism 超现实主义Central Ballet Troupe 中央芭蕾舞歌舞团myth of China's peaceful rise 中国的和平崛起的神话currency manipulator 货币操纵国sample survey 抽样检查core competiveness 核心竞争力intellectual property infringement 知识产权侵权multi-polar world 多极世界unabridged dictionary 足本词典Chic lit（文学）年轻女性小说缩略语交货前付款CBD（Cash Before Delivery）泛太平洋伙伴关系TPP（trans-pacific partnership）万国邮政联盟UPU（Universal Postal Union）订金CBD（Cash Before Delivery）有线电视CATV（Cable Television）汉英词汇转变经济增长方式the transformation of the economic growth mode弥补外需缺口compensate for weak external demand重点产业调整振兴规划the plan for restructuring and reinvigorating key industries县级基本财力保障机制 a mechanism for ensuring basic funding for county-level governments对外工程承包和劳务合同营业额the total turnover of contracted overseas construction and labor contracts激发经济内在活力stimulate the internal vitality of the economy 消除经济不利影响overcome the adverse effects of imported and structural inflation进出口许可证管理the import and export licensing administration 货物实际进出境口岸the port of the actual entry and exit of the goods进口环节增值税和消费税import value added tax and consumption tax劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重the ratio of worker's incomes in the primary distribution of national income区域发展总体战略the master strategy of regional development 登月舱lunar module服务舱service module指令舱command module英汉词汇reentry module 返回舱propelling module 推进舱orbital module 轨道舱geosynchronous satellite 同步轨道卫星satellite in sun geosynchronous 太阳同步卫星weather satellite 气象卫星recoverable satellite 返回卫星communication satellite 通讯卫星remote sensing satellite 遥感卫星The long marchⅡrocket launcher 长征2号运载火箭low earth orbit 近地轨道orbit the earth 绕地球飞行fine-tune orbit 调整轨道personnel type 人才类型talent competitiveness 人才竞争力缩略语特别行政区SAR（Special Administrative Region）联合国旅游组织WTO（World Tourism Organization）军事委员会CMA（Committee of Military Affairs）仅供参考FRI（for your information）仅供参考FYR（for your reference）汉英词汇人才流失brain drain海外人才overseas talents人才库talent pool人才管理talent management人才政策personnel policy人才发展talent development尊重人才value talent/ talented people党管人才human resources under the Party leadership 党政人才Party and government officials青年英才young talents高素质教育人才high-quality educators海外高层人才high-quality overseas professionals全民健康卫生人才national health professionals高技能人才the highly skilled/highly skilled workers企业经营管理人才enterprise management talents英汉词汇military talents 高素质军事人才professional medical personnel 专业医药人才innovative skilled sci-tech workers 创新性科技人才急需紧缺专门人才professionals in short supplybuilding of talent team 人才队伍建设talent management 人才工作管理体制major projects for talent development 重大人才工程HR= human resources 人力资源overseas Chinese students' home 全球留学人才之家cramming method of teaching 填鸭式教学be released from regular work for study 脱产学习locally-granted student loan 生源地助学贷款pseudo-science 伪科学academic credit system 学分制talent pool 人才贮备汉英词汇保障性住房indemnificatory housing包工头labor contractor首期按揭down payment筒子楼tube-shaped apartment危房dilapidated building违章建筑unapproved construction project样板房model unit活动板房movable plank house/ movable house违章借贷abusive lending包装风险房贷packaging of risky mortgages住房公积金贷款housing accumulation fund/ housing provident fund保障性住房low-income housing/government subsidized housing 小产权房house/apartment with limited/incomplete property rights棚改房housing run-down areas that will undergo renovation一定让人民安居乐业we must ensure peace and security for the people出让、划拨和转让grant, allocation and transfer of right to use land英汉词汇relief fund 救济金under-the-counter deals 开后门pet phrase 口头禅flash mob 快闪族Malthusian Theory of Population 马尔萨斯人口论the Matthew Effect 马太效应rule of thumb 拇指规则door-to-door service 上门服务probationary period 试用期human trafficking 人口贩卖sugar-coated bullet 糖衣炮弹job-hopping 跳槽ostrich policy/ostrichism 鸵鸟政策die-hard fans 铁杆粉丝sister cities 友好城市缩略语首次公开募股IPOs（initial public offerings）中国民航CAAC（Civil Aviation Authority of China）域名服务器DNS（Domain Name Server）亚洲石油公司APC（Asian Petroleum Company）最惠国待遇原则MFNS（Most-Favored-Nation Treatment）汉英词汇邮政储蓄postal savings回扣sales commission/kickback潘多拉魔盒Pandora's box霹雳舞break dancing诺亚方舟Noah‘s Ark软肋soft spot/Achilles’ heel软着陆soft landing汇演joint performance花边新闻tidbit西气东输pipeline for transmitting natural gas from the west to the east政府保障力the government’s capacity for safeguard people’s livelihood开辟了中国特色社会主义道路blaze a trial of socialism with Chinese characteristics生产安全事故workplace accident ; work-related accident/work accident/accident at work/accident due to lack of work safety 行政事业性收费administrative charges/fees/public service charges/fees一次性补偿lump-sum compensation/once-and-for-all compensation/one-off compensation/flat compensation英汉词汇property tax 物业税vacant property 闲置地产complete apartment 现房first/second stage 一期/二期monthly installment payment 月供added-value fees 增值地价depreciation allowances 折旧费policy-related house 政策性住房key zones for development 重点开发区residential property 住宅地产owner-occupied homes /houses 自住型住房消费run-down areas 棚户区commercial housing with price ceilings 限价商品房change hand 房屋转手（易主）jelly-built projects 豆腐渣工程缩略语中国银监会CBRC（China Banking Regulatory Commission）多边贸易谈判MTN（multilateral trade negotiations）国内生产总值GDP（Gross Domestic Product）石油输出国家组织OPEC（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）东南亚国家联盟（东盟）ASEAN（Association of Southeast Asian Nations）汉英词汇观望态度wait-and-watch attitude旧区改造reconstruction of old area楼层建筑面积floor space普通购房者private homebuyer期房forward delivery housing容积率capacity rate商品房commercial /residential building商业地产commercial property商住综合楼commercial/ residential complex社区community首付down payment售后回租（租回已租出财产）leaseback塔楼tower building停车位parking space停车场parking lot英汉词汇land reserves 囤地second-hand house 二手房property ownership certificate 房产证real estate agent 房产中介property bubble 房地产泡沫real estate/property market 房地产市场overheated property sector 房地产市场过热property price/housing price 房价payment by installment 分期付款tenement 分租合住的经济公寓property deed tax 购房契税housing bubble 房地产泡沫land use certificate 土地使用证allowances for repairs and maintenance 维修费speculative property transaction 投机性房产交易缩略语科学技术开发应用咨询委员会ACASTD（Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology Development）联合国可持续发展委员会CSD（Commission on Sustainable Development）粮食及农业组织FAO（Food and Agriculture organization）联合国大会GA（general assembly)国际法院ICJ（International Court of Justice）汉英词汇花钱炫富spend money thoughtlessly and flaunt one's wealth 土豪newly rich and powerful people南水北调工程South-to-North water diversion project政绩考核assess the performance of local authorities生态脆弱fragile eco-system妥善处理敏感问题和分歧properly handle sensitive questions and disputes安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents住房空置率housing vacancy rate地王property king /land king/top bidder廉租房low-rent housing经济实用型住房affordable housing限价房price-capped housing公租房public rental housing按揭购房buy a house on mortgage板楼slap-type apartment building英汉词汇civil service exam 公务员考试interdisciplinary talent 复合型人才college/university entrance exam 高考divergent thinking 发散思维top student 高材生teaching to the test/exam-oriented education 应试教育quality-oriented education 素质教育senior cadre/high-ranking official 高干enrollment expansion 扩招real estate speculator 炒房者unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额location classification 地段等级nail household/nail house residents 钉子户planned enrollment 计划内招生correspondence university 函授大学缩略语独联体CIS（Commonwealth of Independence States）东盟自由贸易区AFTA（Asian Free Trade Area）联合国教科文组织UNESCO（United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization）全国人民代表大会NPC(National People's Congress）中华人民共和国PRC（People's Republic of China）汉英词汇各类型，多层次人才队伍 a skilled, diversified and multilevel workforce高级人才high-end professionals/top talents国家中长期人才发展规划纲要national program for medium and long-term talent development中国国际人才交流协会Conference on InternationalExchange of Professionals科教兴国战略和人才强国战略the strategy of reinvigorating China through science, education and human resources文化渗透cultural infiltration玛雅文化Mayan civilization国家非物质文化遗产national intangible cultural heritage以人为本的城镇化human-centered urbanization打破城乡二元经济结构break up the city-country dualistic economic structure释放巨大的内需潜力unleash huge potential in domestic demand 公共文化服务体系public service system of culture国家文化软实力the country’s soft power in cultural fields全民族文明素质the Chinese people‘s civil education对外文化宣传international cultural publicity英汉词汇Trojan Horse 特洛伊木马cultural industry 文化产业cultural undertaking 文化事业hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器organic nanomaterial 有机（生化）纳米材料lunar rover 月球车live broadcast 直播chief editor 主编candid camera 抓拍镜头special dispatch 专电sulfur dioxide emissions 二氧化硫排放wind break 防风林charm of oriental culture 东方神韵the Oriental Hawaii 东方夏威夷holiday resort 度假村缩略语转基因动物GMA（Genetically Modified Animal）转基因食品GMF（Genetically Modified Food）国家环境保护总局SEPA（State Environmental Protection Administration）联合国气候变化框架公约UNFCCC（The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change）中国人民政治协商会议CPPCC（Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference）汉英词汇两岸包机the cross-Straits charter flight历史遗留问题problems left over by history领土管辖权territorial jurisdiction落实共识implement the consensus民间外交people-to people diplomacy白色污染white pollution悬浮颗粒物suspended particles烟尘排放soot emission野生动植物wild animals and plant；wild fauna and flora有毒废料toxic waste加强文化建设加强文化建设strengthen cultural development efforts高雅艺术high art培养青少年思想道德建设cultivate ideals and ethics among young people满足人民群众不断增长的精神文化需求satisfy the people'sever-growing demand for cultural products加强公民道德建设工程carry out the program for improving civic morality英汉词汇joint venture 合资企业gold reserve 黄金储备reciprocal trade agreement 互惠贸易协定exchange risks 汇率风险demand deposit 活期存款judge by default 缺席判决rights of the person 人身权力determine facts 认定事实petition for appeal 上诉状cases involving foreign interests 涉外案件boarding school 寄宿学校education in the home 家庭教育education in home economics 家政教育contingent of teachers 教师队伍innovation in pedagogy 教学方法创新缩略语合格境内机构投资者QDII（Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor）合格境外机构投资者QFII（Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors）计算机辅助教学CAI（computer-aided instruction或computer-assisted instruction）计算机辅助设计CAD（Computer - Aided Design）计算机辅助翻译CAT（Computer Aided Translation）汉英词汇"爱国者"导弹PatriotmissileAA制Dutchtreatment;goDutch百闻不如一见Seeingisbelieving.百慕大三角BurmudaTriangle闭关政策closed-doorpolicy闭卷closed-bookexam冰雕icesculpture本垒打circuitclout,four-master,roundtrip本票cashier'scheque本本主义bookishness吃皇粮"receivesalaries,subsidies,orothersupportedfromthegovernmen t"充值卡rechargeablecard出入平安Safetripwhereveryougo敞蓬轿车open-toppedlimousine畅通工程SmoothTrafficProject英汉词汇deadaccount 呆帐packingcredit(loan) 打包贷款sun-top 吊带衫revokelicense 吊销执照firstinning 第一发球权countdown 倒计时globalvillage 地球村24-hour(service) 全天候all-weatehraircraft 全天候飞机performanceofenterprises 企业效益listingofacompany 企业上市braindrain人才流失competitionfortalentedpeople 人才战administrativeprogram 施政纲领double-edgedsword 双刃剑缩略语有线电视CATV（Cable Television）首席信息主管CIO（Chief Information Officer）注册会计师CPA（Certified Public Accountant）情商EQ（Emotional Quotient）超文本传输协议HTTP（Hyper Text Transfer Protocol）汉英词汇女汉子tough girl, manly woman殡葬改革funeral and interment reform生态安葬an ecological way of burial多功能生态保护实验区multifunction ecological experimentation zone谨言慎行be cautious in words and deeds包二奶have a concubine (originally a Cantonese expression) 变相涨价disguised inflation保证金margins, collateral保证金帐户margin account背投屏幕rear projection screen背黑锅to become a scapegoat不夜城"sleepless city, ever-bright city"不败记录clean record, spotless record存款准备金制度reserve against deposit system粗放式管理extensive management英汉词汇target hitting activities 达标活动grand slam 大满贯paid holiday 带薪假期penalty kick 点球loan loss provision, provisions of risk 风险准备金quota-free products 非配额产品burglarproof door; antitheft door 防盗门real estate evaluator 房产估价师real estate management 房管Time and tide wait for no man 时不我待break a butterfly on the wheel 杀鸡用牛刀be disengaged from work; divorce oneself from one's work 脱产talk show 脱口秀inter-bank borrowing 同业拆借geostationary satellilte 同步卫星缩略语强迫性神经官能症OCD（obsessive-compulsive disorder）艾滋病病毒HIV（human immunodeficiency virus）疯牛病BSE(bovine spongiform encephalopathy)非处方药OTC(over the counter)联合国儿童基金会UNICEF（United Nations International Children'sEmergency Fund）。
城市规划专业术语英文
城市规划建设英语术语保留地 reserved land步行街 pedestrian street仓储区 warehouse district仓储用地 warehouse land城市城镇 city城市布局 urban layout城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio城市道路网 urban road network城市道路网密度 density of urban road network城市道路系统 urban road system城市对外交通 intercity transportation城市发展方向 direction for urban development城市发展目标 goal for urban development城市发展战略 strategy for urban development城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 flood control standard城市防洪工程 flood control works城市防空 urban air defense城市防灾 urban disaster prevention城市防震 earthquake hazard protection城市给水 water supply城市给水工程 water supply engineering城市给水系统 water supply system城市工程管线综合 integrated design for utilities pipelines 城市功能分区 functional districts城市供电电源 power source城市供电系统 power supply system城市供热系统 district heating system城市规划 urban planning城市规划法规 legislation on urban planning城市规划管理 urban planning administration城市规划建设管理 urban planning and development control城市规划区 urban planning area城市规划用地管理 urban planning land use administration城市规模 city size城市化 urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市环境保护 city environmental protection城市环境污染 city environmental pollution城市环境质量 city environmental quality城市环境质量评价 city environmental quality assessment城市基础设施 urban infrastructure城市集中供热 district heating城市建成区 urban built-up area城市交通 urban transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast城市结构 urban structure城市绿地系统 urban green space system城市绿化 urban afforestation城市排水 sewerage城市排水工程 sewerage engineering城市排水系统 sewerage system城市群 agglomeration城市燃气 gas城市燃气供应系统 gas supply system城市人口机械增长率 mechanical growth rate of population 城市人口结构 urban population structure城市人口年龄构成 age composition城市人口预测 urban population forecast城市人口增长 urban population growth城市人口增长率 urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率 natural growth rate城市设计 urban design城市生态平衡 balance of city ecosystem城市生态系统 city ecosystem城市通信 communication城市通信系统 communication system城市污水 sewage城市详细规划 detailed plan城市消防 urban fire control城市形态 urban morphology城市性质 designated function of city城市用地 urban landunban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic 城市经济学urban geograghy 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building城市供水、供电、道路修建urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section 城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing 遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划Urban design 城市设计·Land-use planning 土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning 保护规划Urbanization 城市化Suburbanization 郊区化Public participation 公众参与Sustainable developmentsustainability 可持续性发展可持续性Over-all urban layout 城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing 人行横道Human scale 人体尺寸sculpture fountain tea bar 雕塑、喷泉、茶吧Traffic and parking 交通与停车Landscape node 景观节点·Brief history of urban planningArchaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆,交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道·The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料·Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙,后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter>雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation交通Swallow 吞咽,燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀,反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀,支持,同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant 助学金,基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛转盘Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏·Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 宗教建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大,百万,强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C commercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域及其他用地除E外,其他合为城市建设用地Corporate 公司的,法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径·Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater·Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉,干道,大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道·Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库,蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库,配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统,排污体制Separate 分流制Combined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门·UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照,许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路·A view of VeniceMetropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式。
以人为本的建筑设计
浅谈以人为本的建筑设计摘要：近年来，随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化建设进程的不断加快，建筑行业的发展可谓突飞猛进，人们生活水平不断提高的同时，也对建筑行业提出了更高的要求，绿色住宅、以人为本等设计理念成为当前的主流。
以人为本的建筑设计要求，所强调的是在遵循生态自然规律的基础上，将人们的需求尽可能地融入到建筑设计过程中中去，从而实现现代建筑空间、地域以及文化上有机融合，同时还要充分体现出建筑设计的个性化要求。
本文将对当前建筑设计中的问题和以人为本的设计要求进行分析，并在此基础上以淄博君临天下建筑设计为例，诠释何为以人为为本。
关键词：建筑工程；以人为本；建筑设计；研究abstract: in recent years, with the rapid development of social economy and urbanization advancement speeding up unceasingly, the construction industry is the development by leaps and bounds, people’s standard of living increased at the same time, but also to the construction industry put forward higher request, the green house, people-oriented design concept and become the mainstream. human-oriented architectural design requirements, and to emphasize the follow natural law based on the demand of people as much as possible into the architectural design process, so as to realize the modern architectural space, regional and culturalorganic fusion, and at the same time, to fully reflect the architectural design personalized requirement. this paper analyzes the current problems in the architectural design and people-oriented design requirement analysis, and on this basis to zibo reigns, architectural design, for example, what is the interpretation of human.keywords: building engineering; people-oriented; architectural design; research.中图分类号：tu72文献标识码：a 文章编号：2095-2104（2013）建筑设计过程中，适当地融入现代生态理念是社会经济发展的必然要求，而以人为本的现代建筑设计理念，成为建筑空间延续性要求的重要表现形式。
改革开放40年以来翻译
这些翻译表达涵盖了改革开放40年以来中国在经济、贸易、金融以及社会发展，科技创新、教育文化、农业农村发展，业劳动力、城市发展与建设，交通与基础设施、环境保护与可持续发展、文化与教育，医疗与健康、法律与司法、体育与奥运、军事与国防，外交与国际关系、党风廉政与反腐败，城市化与城市发展等领域的进展和改革。
它们在相关的政策文件、新闻报道和学术文献中被广泛使用。
Reform and Opening Up: 改革开放Economic restructuring: 经济重组Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Opening up to the outside world: 对外开放Foreign investment: 外资投资Trade liberalization: 贸易自由化Foreign trade: 外贸Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Export-oriented economy: 出口导向型经济Special Economic Zones (SEZs): 经济特区Opening up of the financial sector: 金融业开放State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Private enterprise development: 民营企业发展Market economy: 市场经济Socialism with Chinese characteristics: 中国特色社会主义Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Technological innovation: 科技创新Sustainable development: 可持续发展经济与金融：State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Mixed ownership reform: 混合所有制改革Financial liberalization: 金融自由化Stock market: 股票市场Bond market: 债券市场Foreign exchange market: 外汇市场Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Capital market: 资本市场Intellectual property rights protection: 知识产权保护Financial deregulation: 金融放松管制贸易与对外关系：31. Free trade: 自由贸易Trade surplus/deficit: 贸易顺差/逆差Bilateral trade: 双边贸易Multilateral trade: 多边贸易Trade barriers: 贸易壁垒Trade imbalance: 贸易不平衡Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Trade cooperation: 贸易合作Export-oriented industries: 出口导向产业Cross-border e-commerce: 跨境电子商务社会发展与改革：Urbanization: 城市化Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social welfare: 社会福利Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Education reform: 教育改革Environmental protection: 环境保护Rural revitalization: 农村振兴Housing reform: 住房改革Pension system reform: 养老保险制度改革Social security system: 社会保障体系51. Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发High-tech industry: 高科技产业Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Internet of Things (IoT): 物联网Big data: 大数据Cloud computing: 云计算Cybersecurity: 网络安全教育与文化：Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural diversity: 文化多样性Intangible cultural heritage: 非物质文化遗产Cultural preservation: 文化保护Art education: 艺术教育Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Education reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习Cultural heritage conservation: 文化遗产保护Quality-oriented education: 素质教育Vocational education: 职业教育Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural heritage protection: 文化遗产保护Film and television industry: 影视产业Performing arts: 表演艺术Literary works: 文学作品农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Crop diversification: 作物多样化Organic farming: 有机农业Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Farmer cooperatives: 农民合作社Agricultural technology transfer: 农业技术转让Rural poverty alleviation: 农村扶贫Agricultural reforms: 农业改革Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Agricultural reform: 农村改革Agricultural technology: 农业技术Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续发展Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Farmer's income: 农民收入Agricultural cooperation: 农业合作就业与劳动力：Employment opportunities: 就业机会Labor market: 劳动力市场Job creation: 就业创造Labor rights: 劳工权益Wage reform: 工资改革Labor mobility: 劳动力流动性Unemployment rate: 失业率Labor union: 工会Labor protection: 劳动保护Work-life balance: 工作与生活平衡城市发展与建设：Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban planning: 城市规划Sustainable urbanization: 可持续城市化Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transportation: 城市交通Urban pollution control: 城市污染控制Urbanization rate: 城镇化率Urban-rural integration: 城乡一体化Livable cities: 宜居城市交通与基础设施：High-speed rail: 高速铁路Expressways: 高速公路Airport expansion: 机场扩建Port development: 港口发展Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Public transportation: 公共交通Logistics network: 物流网络Rail transit: 轨道交通Bridge construction: 桥梁建设Urban transport planning: 城市交通规划环境保护与可持续发展：Green development: 绿色发展Renewable energy: 可再生能源Carbon emissions reduction: 减排Eco-friendly practices: 环保实践Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Waste management: 废物管理Clean energy technology: 清洁能源技术Sustainable agriculture: 可持续农业Environmental regulations: 环境法规Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解社会治理与法律改革：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Legal system reform: 法制改革Social stability: 社会稳定Public security: 公共安全Community governance: 社区治理Crime prevention: 犯罪预防Human rights protection: 人权保护Legal education: 法律教育社会福利与保障：Social insurance: 社会保险Healthcare coverage: 医疗保障Pension system: 养老保险制度Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability support: 残疾人扶助Childcare services: 儿童保育服务Elderly care: 老年人护理Housing subsidies: 住房补贴Family planning policy: 计划生育政策科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Higher education: 高等教育Scientific achievements: 科研成果Science and technology parks: 科技园区STEM education: 科学、技术、工程、数学教育School curriculum: 学校课程Talent cultivation: 人才培养Academic exchange: 学术交流Digital learning: 数字化学习Education equity: 教育公平性文化与娱乐：Cultural industry: 文化产业Artistic expression: 艺术表达Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Film festival: 电影节Music concert: 音乐会Literary award: 文学奖项Cultural heritage sites: 文化遗产地Performing arts center: 表演艺术中心Art exhibition: 艺术展览Online streaming platform: 在线流媒体平台经济与金融：Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Economic liberalization: 经济自由化Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Financial reform: 金融改革Stock market: 股票市场Monetary policy: 货币政策Economic globalization: 经济全球化Supply-side reforms: 供给侧改革Consumer market: 消费市场国际合作与外交：Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作Diplomatic relations: 外交关系International trade: 国际贸易Foreign aid: 外援Cultural diplomacy: 文化外交Global governance: 全球治理Regional integration: 区域一体化International organizations: 国际组织Peacekeeping missions: 维和任务社会变革与社会价值观：Gender equality: 性别平等Family values: 家庭价值观Social equality: 社会平等Human dignity: 人的尊严Social justice: 社会公正Civil society: 公民社会Youth empowerment: 青年赋权Volunteerism: 志愿服务Social inclusion: 社会包容Cultural diversity: 文化多样性人民生活与社会福利：Living standards: 生活水平Social security system: 社会保障体系Health insurance: 医疗保险Education system: 教育体系Housing affordability: 住房可负担性Consumer rights: 消费者权益Social welfare: 社会福利Elderly care services: 老年人护理服务Maternity leave: 产假Cultural activities: 文化活动科技与创新：Technological advancements: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Science parks: 科技园区Start-up ecosystem: 创业生态系统High-tech industries: 高科技产业Digital transformation: 数字化转型Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Big data analytics: 大数据分析环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental conservation: 环境保护Sustainable development: 可持续发展Clean energy: 清洁能源Carbon emissions: 碳排放Renewable resources: 可再生资源Ecological restoration: 生态恢复Green technology: 绿色技术Waste management: 废物管理Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Public transportation: 公共交通Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban design: 城市设计Urban governance: 城市治理Urban development: 城市发展Housing construction: 住房建设医疗与健康：Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Universal health coverage: 全民医保Primary healthcare: 基层医疗Medical research: 医学研究Disease prevention and control: 疾病预防和控制Telemedicine: 远程医疗Health promotion: 健康促进Traditional Chinese medicine: 中医药Public health emergency response: 公共卫生应急响应Health education: 健康教育法律与司法：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Legal system: 法律体系Legal rights: 法律权益Legal aid: 法律援助Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Judicial independence: 司法独立Criminal justice: 刑事司法Civil litigation: 民事诉讼Legal awareness: 法律意识体育与奥运：Sports development: 体育发展Olympic Games: 奥运会Sportsmanship: 体育精神Athlete training: 运动员培训Sports facilities: 体育设施Sports culture: 体育文化Sports diplomacy: 体育外交Fair play: 公平竞争Paralympic Games: 残奥会Sports nutrition: 运动营养军事与国防：National defense: 国防Military modernization: 军事现代化Defense technology: 防务技术Peacekeeping operations: 维和行动National security: 国家安全Defense budget: 国防预算Military strategy: 军事战略Defense industry: 国防工业Cybersecurity: 网络安全Military cooperation: 军事合作经济与贸易：Economic reform: 经济改革Market-oriented economy: 市场经济Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Free trade: 自由贸易Economic globalization: 经济全球化Export-oriented manufacturing: 出口导向型制造业Financial market: 金融市场E-commerce: 电子商务Economic growth: 经济增长Sustainable development: 可持续发展科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Technological innovation: 技术创新STEM education: 科学、技术、工程和数学教育Knowledge-based economy: 知识经济Research institute: 研究所Academic exchange: 学术交流Science and technology policy: 科技政策Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护Educational reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习社会与人文：Social harmony: 社会和谐Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social equality: 社会平等Gender equality: 性别平等Social welfare: 社会福利Volunteer work: 志愿者工作Community development: 社区发展Cultural tolerance: 文化包容Ethical values: 道德价值观Social responsibility: 社会责任农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural productivity: 农业生产力Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Agricultural technology: 农业技术Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续性Farmer's income: 农民收入Crop diversification: 农作物多样化交通与基础设施：Transportation network: 交通网络High-speed rail: 高铁Expressway: 高速公路Urban transportation: 城市交通Airport construction: 机场建设Port development: 港口发展Bridge and tunnel: 桥梁和隧道Public transportation system: 公共交通系统Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Smart transportation: 智能交通外交与国际关系：Diplomatic relations: 外交关系Bilateral cooperation: 双边合作Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作International trade: 国际贸易Global governance: 全球治理International cooperation: 国际合作Foreign aid: 外援Peacekeeping mission: 维和任务Non-interference policy: 不干涉政策Soft power: 软实力党风廉政与反腐败：Party discipline: 党纪Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Party building: 党建设Clean governance: 清廉政府Anti-graft measures: 反贪措施Integrity education: 廉政教育Corruption investigation: 腐败调查Asset recovery: 资产追回Whistleblower protection: 举报保护Anti-corruption legislation: 反腐败立法城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Urban renewal: 城市更新Sustainable urban development: 可持续城市发展Smart city: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transport system: 城市交通系统Urban design: 城市设计Urban environmental protection: 城市环境保护Urban governance: 城市治理环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental protection: 环境保护Pollution control: 污染治理Carbon emissions reduction: 碳排放减少Renewable energy: 可再生能源Ecological conservation: 生态保护Biodiversity preservation: 生物多样性保护Clean energy development: 清洁能源开发Waste management: 废物处理Green technology: 绿色技术Sustainable development goals: 可持续发展目标科技与创新：Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development: 研发Artificial intelligence: 人工智能Big data: 大数据Internet of Things: 物联网Cloud computing: 云计算Robotics: 机器人技术Quantum computing: 量子计算5G technology: 5G技术社会保障与福利：Social security: 社会保障Pension system: 养老金制度Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Social insurance: 社会保险Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability rights: 残疾人权益Maternity benefits: 生育津贴Unemployment insurance: 失业保险Housing welfare: 住房福利人民生活水平提高：Standard of living: 生活水平Income inequality: 收入不平等Consumerism: 消费主义Quality of life: 生活质量Education equality: 教育平等Affordable housing: 负担得起的住房Employment opportunities: 就业机会Social mobility: 社会流动性Leisure and entertainment: 休闲与娱乐Consumer rights: 消费者权益法律与知识产权保护：Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Patent protection: 专利保护Copyright infringement: 侵权Trademark registration: 商标注册Anti-counterfeiting measures: 打击假冒行动Cybersecurity: 网络安全Data protection: 数据保护Legal enforcement: 法律执法Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败斗争Anti-money laundering: 反洗钱。
城市规划专业术语英文
城市规划建设英语术语保留地 reserved land步行街 pedestrian street仓储区 warehouse district仓储用地 warehouse land城市城镇 city城市布局 urban layout城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio城市道路网 urban road network城市道路网密度 density of urban road network城市道路系统 urban road system城市对外交通 intercity transportation城市发展方向 direction for urban development城市发展目标 goal for urban development城市发展战略 strategy for urban development城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 flood control standard城市防洪工程 flood control works城市防空 urban air defense城市防灾 urban disaster prevention城市防震 earthquake hazard protection城市给水 water supply城市给水工程 water supply engineering城市给水系统 water supply system城市工程管线综合 integrated design for utilities pipelines 城市功能分区 functional districts城市供电电源 power source城市供电系统 power supply system城市供热系统 district heating system城市规划 urban planning城市规划法规 legislation on urban planning城市规划管理 urban planning administration城市规划建设管理 urban planning and development control城市规划区 urban planning area城市规划用地管理 urban planning land use administration城市规模 city size城市化 urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市环境保护 city environmental protection城市环境污染 city environmental pollution城市环境质量 city environmental quality城市环境质量评价 city environmental quality assessment城市基础设施 urban infrastructure城市集中供热 district heating城市建成区 urban built-up area城市交通 urban transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast城市结构 urban structure城市绿地系统 urban green space system城市绿化 urban afforestation城市排水 sewerage城市排水工程 sewerage engineering城市排水系统 sewerage system城市群 agglomeration城市燃气 gas城市燃气供应系统 gas supply system城市人口机械增长率 mechanical growth rate of population 城市人口结构 urban population structure城市人口年龄构成 age composition城市人口预测 urban population forecast城市人口增长 urban population growth城市人口增长率 urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率 natural growth rate城市设计 urban design城市生态平衡 balance of city ecosystem城市生态系统 city ecosystem城市通信 communication城市通信系统 communication system城市污水 sewage城市详细规划 detailed plan城市消防 urban fire control城市形态 urban morphology城市性质 designated function of city城市用地 urban landunbanplanning城市规划townplanning城镇规划actofurbanplanning城市规划法urbancomprehensiveplanning城市总体规划urbandetailedplanning城市详细规划Residentiraldistrictdetailedplanning修建性详规regulatorydetailedplanning控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginalplanning区域规划urbansystemplanning城镇体系规划urbansociology城市社会学urbaneconomic城市经济学urbangeograghy城市地理学urbaninfrastructureplanning城市基础设施规划watersupplyanddrainage\electricitysupply\roadbuilding城市供水、供电、道路修建urbanroadsystemandtransportationplanning城市道路系统和交通规划urbanroadcross-section城市道路横断面urbanmanagementinformationsystem城市管理信息系统GIS=geograghyinformationsystem地理信息系统RS=remotesensing遥感Gardening==Landscapearchitecture园林=营造景观学Urbanlandscapeplanninganddesign城市景观规划和设计Urbangreenspacesystemplanning城市绿地系统规划Urbandesign城市设计·Land-useplanning土地利用规划Theculturalandhistoricplanning历史文化名城Protectionplanning保护规划Urbanization城市化Suburbanization郊区化Publicparticipation公众参与Sustainabledevelopmentsustainability可持续性发展可持续性Over-allurbanlayout城市整体布局Pedestriancrossing人行横道Humanscale人体尺寸sculpturefountainteabar雕塑、喷泉、茶吧Trafficandparking交通与停车Landscapenode景观节点·BriefhistoryofurbanplanningArchaeological考古学的Habitat住处Aesthetics美学Geometrical几何学的Moat护城河Vehicles车辆,交通工具,mechanization机械化merchant-trader商人阶级urbanelements城市要素plazas广场malls林荫道·ThecityandregionAdaptable适应性强的Organicentity有机体Departmentstores百货商店Opera歌剧院Symphony交响乐团Cathedrals教堂Density密度Circulation循环Eliminationofwater水处理措施Inthreedimensionalform三维的Condemn谴责Ruralarea农村地区Regionalplanningagencies区域规划机构Service-oriented以服务为宗旨的Frameofreference参考标准Distribute分类Waterarea水域Alteration变更Inhabitants居民Motorway高速公路Update改造论文写作Abstract摘要Keywords关键词Reference参考资料·UrbanproblemDimension大小Descendant子孙,后代Luxury奢侈Dwelling住所Edifices建筑群<AthensCharter>雅典宪章Residence居住Employment工作Recreation休憩Transportation交通Swallow吞咽,燕子Urbanfringes城市边缘Anti-前缀,反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro-前缀,支持,同意……的；如：pro-American亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant助学金,基金Sewage污水Sewer污水管Sewagetreatmentplant污水处理厂Braindrain人才流失Drainagearea汇水面积Trafficflow交通量Trafficconcentration交通密度Trafficcontrol交通管制Trafficbottleneck交通瓶颈地段Trafficisland交通岛转盘Trafficpointcity交通枢纽城市Train-make-up编组站Urbanredevelopment旧城改造Urbanrevitalization城市复苏·UrbanFunctionUrbanfabric城市结构Urbanform城市形体Warehouse仓库Materialprocessingcenter原料加工中心Religiousedifices宗教建筑Correctionalinstitution教养院Transportationinterface交通分界面CBD=centralbusinessdistrict城市中心商业区Publicagenciesofparking停车公共管理机构Energyconservation节能Individualbuilding单一建筑Mega-structures大型建筑Mega-大,百万,强Megalopolis特大城市Megaton百万吨Rresidence居住用地黄色Ccommercial商业用地红色Mmanufacture工业用地紫褐色Wwarehouse仓储用地紫色Ttransportation交通用地蓝灰色Ssquare道路广场用地留白处理Uutilities市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色Ggreenspace绿地绿色Pparticular特殊用地E水域及其他用地除E外,其他合为城市建设用地Corporate公司的,法人的Corporation公司企业Accessibility可达性；易接近Serviceradius服务半径·UrbanlandscapeTopography地形图Well-matched相匹配Ill-matchedVisuallandscape视觉景观Visualenvironment视觉环境Visuallandscapecapacity视觉景观容量Tourindustry旅游业Serviceindustry服务业Reliefroad辅助道路Ruralpopulation城镇居民Roofline屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscapeplant architecture/buildingtopographywater·UrbandesignNaturereserve自然保护区Civicenterprise市政企业Artery动脉,干道,大道Landdeveloper土地开发商Broadthorough-fare主干道·Watersupplyanddrainage Awatersupplyforatown城市给水系统Storagereservoir水库,蓄水库Distributionreservoir水库,配水库Distributionpipes配水管网Waterengineer给水工程师Distributionsystem配水系统Catchmentarea汇水面积Openchannel明渠Seweragesystem污水系统,排污体制Separate分流制Combined合流制Rainfall降水Domesticwaste生活污水Industricalwaste工业污水Streamflow河流流量Runoff径流Treatmentplant处理厂Sub-main次干管Branchsewer支管Citywaterdepartment城市供水部门·UrbanizationSpatialstructure空间转移Laborforce劳动力Renewable可再生Biosphere生物圈PlannedcitiesBlueprints蓝图License执照,许可证Minerals矿物Hydroelectricpowersource水利资源Monuments纪念物High-riseapartment高层建筑物Lawn草地Pavement人行道Sidewalk人行道Windingstreet曲折的路·AviewofVeniceMetropolis都市Constructionwork市政建设Slums平民窟Alleys大街小巷Populate居住Gothic哥特式Renaissance文艺复兴式Baroque巴洛克式。
常用英语短语手册01国情
汉英词语1. 矮穷挫=short, poor and ugly-looking men2. 爱国统一战线=patriotic united front3.安家费/settling-in allowance4. 安居工程=Comfortable；Affordable Housing Project5.白富美=fair-skinned and attractive ladies from a decent family6. 办年货=Spring Festival shopping7. 保障和改善民生=ensure the wellbeing of the people and improve their lives8. 保障性住房=low-income housing9. 悲催=a tear-inducing misery10. 毕婚族=marry-upon-graduation11. 编内职工=permanent staff12. 编制人数=staff size13. 车牌摇号=license-plate lottery14. 城管=urban management staff15. 城市补丁=run-down neighborhoods16. 城市低保户=low-income urban families17. 城市低收入者=low-income city dwellers18. 城乡差距=rural-urban divide the city-country dualistic economic19.城乡二元经济结构=structure20.城乡公共就业服务体系 =urban and rural systems for providing public employment services21. 城乡社会救助体系 =urban and rural emergency aid system22.城镇职工基本养老保险制度=basic old-age insurance system for urban workers23. 穿越剧=time-travel TV play24. 创新型国家=innovation-oriented nation25.春联=Spring Festival couplets26. 粗放性增长方式=extensive mode of growth; inefficient model of growth27."大V“=Internet celebrity28. 代排族=hired queuers29.淡定=calm；unruffled30. 低保制度=subsistence security system31. 低收入家庭=low-income household；family32. 地方保护主义=regional protectionism33. 短租房=short-term housing34. 恶搞=video spoof35. 恶性循环=vicious circle36. 二手房=pre-owned house; second-hand housing37. 二手房交易=second-hand housing transactions38. 法治政府=law-based government39. 房奴 =mortgage slave apartment40. 房子、车子、票子=house，car and well-paid job；savings41.(非法) 传销=pyramid schemes; multi-level marketing42.非法收入=illegal earnings ;illicit income43.封口费 =hush money44. 服务型政府 =service-oriented government45. 福利彩票=welfare lottery46.副主任科员 =senior staff47. 富二代=second-generation rich, silver-spoon generation48. 腹黑=scheming further reform in difficult areas49. 改革攻坚 =tackle hard issues in the reform50. 改革试点 =pilot reform program51. 高层次人才=high-caliber personnel52.高档住宅区=high-end residential53. 高富帅=compound men who are tall, rich, handsome and very popular among females54.高技能人才=highly skilled personnel55. 哥只是个传说。
当代社会时兴英语词汇
当代社会时兴英语词汇汉英词语1.矮穷挫short,poor and ugly-looking men2.爱国统一战线patriotic united front3安家费settling-in allowance4.安居工程Comfortable/Affordable Housing Project5.白富美fair-skinned and attractive ladies from a decent family6.办年货Spring Festival shopping7.保障和改善民生ensure the wellbeing of the people and improve their lives8.保障性住房low-income housing9.悲催a tear-inducing misery10.毕婚族marry-upon-graduation11.编内职工permanent staff12.编制人数staff size13.车牌摇号license-plate lottery14.城管urban management staff15.城市补丁run-down neighborhoods16.城市低保户low-income urban families17.城市低收入者low-income city dwellers18.城乡差距rural-urban divide19.城乡二元经济结构the city-country dualistic economic structure20.城乡公共就业服务体系urban and rural systems for providing public employment services 21.城乡社会救助体系urban and rural emergency aid system22.城镇职工基本养老保险制度basic old-age insurance system for urban workers 23.穿越剧time-travel TV play24.创新型国家innovation-oriented nation25.春联Spring Festival couplets26.粗放性增长方式extensive mode of growth;inefficient model of growth 27.“大V”Internet celebrity28.代排族hired queuers29.淡定calm/unruffled30.低保制度subsistence security system31.低收入家庭low-income household/family32.地方保护主义regional protectionism33.短租房short-term housing34.恶搞video spoof35.恶性循环vicious circle36.二手房pre-owned house;second-hand housing37.二手房交易sccond-hand housing transactions38.法治政府law-based govemment39.房奴mortgage slave40.房子、车子、票子apartment/house,car and well-paid job/savings41.(非法）传销pyramid schemes;multi-level marketing42.非法收入illegal earnings;illicit income43.封口费hush money44.服务型政府service-oriented government45.福利彩票welfare lottery46.副主任科员senior staff47.富二代second-generation rich,silver-spoon generation48.腹黑scheming49.改革攻坚further reform in difficult areas;tackle hard issues in the reform 50.改革试点pilot reform program51.高层次人才high-caliber personnel52.高档住宅区high-end residential compound53.高富帅men who are tall,rich,handsome,and very popular among females 54.高技能人才highly skilled personnel55.哥只是个传说Brother is only a legend56.个人账户individual pension account57.个体户the self-employed58.公共参与public/communal participation59.公款送礼give gifts by using public funds60.公务车state-financed vehicle61.公务员civil/public servant62.公用互联网public Internet63.购物卡shopping card64.固定电话网fixed-line telephone network65.光盘行动clear-your-plate campaign66.闺蜜close/best friends;bosom buddies67.《国家发展规划纲要》Outline of the National Development Program 68.国家行政编制government staff size69.海归（“海龟”）overseas returnee70.和谐社会harmonious society71.黑车unlicensed cab72.黑恶势力Mafia-like gangs73.户口registered permanent residence74.花钱炫富spend money thoughtlessly and flaunt one's wealth 75.会所luxury clubs76.基层社区grassroots community77.加强和改善宏观调控improve macro control78.家政服务domestic service79.家政服务公司domestic help firms80.假文凭fake diplomas81.坚持基本纲领uphold the basic program82.减员增效downsize the staff to improve cfficiency83.简易过渡房makeshift shelter84.经济适用房affordable housing85.经济适用男／女budget husband/wife86.纠结ambivalent87.酒后代驾designated driver88.就业指导employment guidance89.开放型经济an open economy90.开瓶费corkage fee91.抗灾救灾工作efforts to combat disasters and provide relief 92.科学发展观scientific outlook on development93.科员staff member94.坑爹the reverse of one's expectation95.空巢家庭empty-nest/childless family96.廉租房low-rent housinghouse of two limits;house with limited 97.两限房price and habitable area98.留守儿童left-behind children99.留守女士／男士grass widow/widower100.楼堂馆所office buildings,large halls and guest-houses 101.裸婚simplistic/bare-handed marriage102.卖萌act cute103.面子工程vanity/image project104.秒杀seckill105.民工荒labor shortage106.民生people's wellbeing107.民族团结ethnic unity108.南水北调South-to-North water diversion109.农村富余劳动力surplus rural labor110.农村合作医疗制度system of rural cooperative medicare111.(农村）劳动力转移就业（rural workers)find work in nonagri-cultural sectors 112.农民工migrant worker113.农业税agricultural tax114.女汉子tough girl;manly woman115.泡吧kill time in a bar116.泡网吧hit the Internet bar117.棚户区run-down/shanty urban areas118.拼爹competition of family background119.贫富差距disparity in wealth distribution120.贫困人口impoverished people121.平房改造工程renovation project of shanty dwellings122.潜规则casting couch123.权力下放shift power to the grassroots;delegate power to the lower levels124.群租客tenant groups125.人口功能区functional population zone126.人口老龄化population aging127.人肉搜索human flesh search engine;cyber man-hunt128.人事制度改革reform of personnel system129.入住率occupancy rate130.弱势群体disadvantaged/vulnerable group131.三八红旗手March8Red Flag Bearer132.三公经费pending on official overseas trips,official vehicles and official hospitality 133.三网融合integration of telecom,radio and TV, and Internet networks134.闪婚flash marriage135.闪离flash divorce136.闪跳族habitual job hopper137.伤不起vulnerable;be prone to getting hurt138.社会保障工作social security work139.社会保障体制social security system140.社会结构social structure141.社会利益格局interests of different social groups142.社会矛盾social conflicts/problems143.社会事业social services/programs/undertakings144.社会统筹social pooling145.社会信用体系social credit system146.社会主义核心价值体系core socialist values147.社会主义荣辱观Socialist Concept of Honor and Disgrace148.社会主义新农村socialist new countryside149.社会转型时期period of social transition150.社会组织形式the way society is organized151.社交网站social networking websites152.市政工程municipal/public works153.事业编制staffing of public institutions154.视频分享video sharing155.数字鸿沟digital divide156.双休日two-day weekend157.双职工working couple158.特色优势产业industries with local advantages159.天灾人祸natural calamities and man-made misfortunes 160.贴小广告的人bill sticker161.铁哥们faithful pals;sworn or close friends162.同城待遇identical treatment163.筒子楼tube-shaped apartment building164.土地流转transfer of rural land-use rights165.土豪newly rich and powerful people166.吐槽disclose one's secret167.团购group/team buying168.退休金双轨制dual pension schemes169.网络拜年online greeting170.微博控microblog complex171.无偿献血unpaid blood donation172.五好家庭Five-Virtues Family173.捂盘惜售property hoarding174.西部大开发战路western development strategy175.下岗职工unemployed workers and staff;laid-off employees 176.下基层锻炼temper oneself in a grassroots unit177.限购limitations on property purchase178.羡慕嫉妒恨envious,jealous and hateful179.乡长township head180.乡镇企业township enterprises181.小产权房house/apartment with limited/incomplete property rights 182.学区房school district housing;school-nearby house183.学生减负reduce students'study load184.巡视员inspector185.延迟退休delay retirement186.严打斗争strike-hard operation/campaign to crack down on crimes 187.一、二、三线城市first-,second- and third-tier cities188.依法拆迁lawful housing demolition and relocation189.移动通信网mobile telecommunications network190.以人为本的城镇化human-centered urbanization191.引进人才bring in needed personnel192.优抚安置provide special assistance to entitled groups193.月光族live from paycheck to paycheck194.月嫂maternity matron195.暂住证temporary residence permit196.增强道德观念enhance one's moral awareness197.职业道德occupational ethics198.智能、绿色、低碳城市smart,green and low-carbon city199.中国式过马路cross the road in Chinese style/Chinese-style road crossing 200.重复建设项目overlapping/redundant project201.主任科员principal staff202.住房制度改革reform of housing system203.住家／非住家保姆live-in/live-out nanny204.着装要求dress code205.自觉排队日Queuing-up Day206.自主创新能力capacity for independent innovation207.总体规划overall plan208.最低生活保障subsistence allowance。
翻译考级词汇01 国情 汉--英
1.shirt, poor and ugly-looking men2.patriotic united front3.settling-in allowancefortable/affordable Housing Project5.fair-skinned and attractive ladies from a decent family6.Spring Festival shipping7.ensure the wellbeing of the people and improve their lives8.low-income housing9. a tear-inducing misery10.marry-upon-graduation11.permanent staff12.staff size13.license-plate lottery14.urban management staff15.run-down neighborhoods16.low-income urban families17.low-income city dwellers18.rural-urban divide19.the city-country dualistic economic structure20.urban and rural systems for providing public employment services21.urban and rural emergency aid system22.basic old-age insurance system for urban workers23.time-travel TV play24.innovation-oriented nation25.Spring Festival couplets26.extensive mode of growth; inefficient model of growth27.Internet celebrity28.hired queuers29.calm/unruffled30.subsistence security system31.low-income household/family32.regional protectionism33.short-term housing34.video spoof35.vicious circle36.pre-owned house; second-hand housing37.second-hand housing transactionsw-based government39.mortgage slave40.apartment/house, car and well-paid job/savings41.pyramid schemes; multi-level marketing42.illegal earnings; illicit income43.hush money44.service-oriented government45.welfare lottery46.senior staff47.second-generation rich, silver-spoon generation48.scheming49.further reform in difficult areas; tackle hard issues in the reform50.pilot reform program51.higher-caliber personnel52.high-end residential compound53.men who are tall, rich, handsome, and very popular among females54.highly skilled personnel55.Brother is only a legend56.individual pension account57.the self-employed58.public/communal participation59.give gifts by using public funds60.state-financed vehicle61.civil/public servant62.public Internet63.shopping card64.fixed-line telephone network65.clear-your-plate campaign66.close/best friends; bosom buddies67.Outline of the National Development Programernment staff size69.overseas returnee70.harmonious society71.unlicensed cab72.Mafia-like gangs73.registered permanent residence74.spend money thoughtlessly and flaunt one's wealth75.luxury clubs76.grassroots community77.improve macro control78.domestic service79.domestic help firms80.fake diplomas81.uphold the basic program82.downsize the staff to improve efficiency83.makeshift shelter84.affordable housing85.budget husband/wife86.ambivalent87.designated driver88.employment guidance89.an open economy90.corkage fee91.efforts to combat disasters and provide relief92.scientific outlook on development93.staff member94.the reverse of one's expectation95.empty-nest/childless family96.low-rent housing97.house of two limits; house with limited price and habitable area98.left-behind children99.grass widow/widower100.office buildings, large halls and guest-houses101.simplistic/bare-handed marriage102.act cute103.vanity/image project104.seckillbor shortage106.people's wellbeing107.ethnic unity108.South-to-North water diversion109.surplus rural labor110.system of rural cooperative medicare111.(rural workers) find work in nonagricultural sectors112.migrant worker113.agricultural tax114.tough girl; manly woman115.kill time in a bar116.hit the Internet bar117.run-down/shanty urban areaspetition of family background119.disparity in wealth distribution120.impoverished people121.renovation project of shanty dwellings122.casting couch123.shift power to the grassroots; delegate power to the lower levels 124.tenant groups125.functional population zone126.population aging127.human flesh search engine; cyber manhunt128.reform of personnel system129.occupancy rate130.disadvantaged/vulnerable group131.March 8 Red Flag Bearer132.spending on official overseas trips, official vehicles and offical hospitality 133.integration of telecom, radio and TV, and Internet networks134.flash marriage135.flash divorce136.habitual job hopper137.vulnerable; be prone to getting hurt138.social security work139.social security system140.social structure141.interests of different social groups142.social conflicts/problems143.social services/programs/undertakings144.social pooling145.social credit system146.core socialist values147.Socialist Concept of Honor and Disgrace148.socialist new countryside149.period of social transition150.the way society is organized151.social networking websites152.municipal/public works153.staffing of public institutions154.video sharing155.digital divide156.two-day weekend157.working couple158.industries with local advantages159.natural calamities and man-made misfortunes 160.bill sticker161.faithful pals; sworn or close friends162.identical treatment163.tube-shaped apartment building164.transfer of rural land-use rights165.newly rich and powerful people166.disclose one's secret167.group/team buying168.dual pension schemes169.online greeting170.microblog complex171.unpaid blood donation172.Five-Virtues Family173.property hoarding174.western development strategy175.unemployed workers and staff; laid-off employees 176.temper oneself in a grassroots unit177.Limitations on property purchase178.envious, jealous and hateful179.township head180.township enterprises181.house/apartment with limited/incomplete property rights 182.school district housing; school-nearby house183.reduce students' study load184.inspector185.delay retirement186.strike-hard operation/campaign to crack down on crimes 187.first-, second- and third-tier citieswful housing demolition and relocation189.mobile telecommunications network190.human-centered urbanization191.bring in needed personnel192.provide special assistance to entitled groups193.live from paycheck to paycheck194.maternity matron195.temporary residence permit196.enhance one's moral awareness197.occupational ethics198.smart, green and low-carbon city199.cross the road in Chinese style/Chinese-style road crossing 200.overlapping / redundant project201.principal staff202.reform of housing system203.live-in / live-out nanny204.dress code205.Queuing-up Day206.capacity for independent innovation207.overall plan208.subsistence allowance。
中国新型城镇化的英语作文
The New Wave of Urbanization in ChinaIn recent years, China has embarked on an unprecedented journey of urbanization, transforming its vast countryside into a network of modern, vibrant cities. This new wave of urbanization, often referred to as "New Urbanization," marks a significant departure from the traditional model of rapid urban expansion seen in many developing countries. New Urbanization prioritizes sustainable development, environmental protection, and social inclusivity, aiming to create cities that are not just economically productive but also socially harmonious and environmentally friendly.At the heart of New Urbanization is the concept of "human-centered urbanization," which emphasizes the importance of improving the lives and well-being of urban residents. This approach is evident in the focus on providing better infrastructure, such as transportation, healthcare, and education, as well as creating more inclusive cities that cater to the needs of all segments of the population, including the elderly, children, and those with special needs.Another key aspect of New Urbanization is its emphasis on green development. This means promoting eco-friendly practices and technologies to reduce pollution, conserve energy, and protect the environment. For instance, many cities are investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, as well as implementing green building standards and promoting public transportation to reduce carbon emissions.Moreover, New Urbanization recognizes the importantrole of culture and heritage in shaping cities. Instead of sacrificing local culture and traditions to the demands of rapid urbanization, New Urbanization aims to preserve and celebrate these values, ensuring that cities retain their unique identities and character.To achieve these goals, New Urbanization calls for a comprehensive approach that involves not just government agencies but also private sector partners, community organizations, and individual citizens. This collaboration is crucial in ensuring that urbanization efforts are sustainable and inclusive, benefiting everyone in society.In summary, the new wave of urbanization in China represents a significant evolution in urban planning and development. By prioritizing human well-being, green development, and cultural preservation, New Urbanization aims to create cities that are not just economically productive but also socially harmonious and environmentally friendly. This approach offers a valuable model for other countries seeking to balance economic growth with social and environmental sustainability.**中国新型城镇化的浪潮**近年来，中国踏上了一段前所未有的城镇化之旅，将其广阔的乡村地区转变为现代、充满活力的城市网络。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of CitiesUrbanization is a complex and multifaceted process that has been shaping the world for centuries. The evolution of cities has been a central aspect of this phenomenon, as urban areas have grown and transformed in response to social, economic, and technological changes. From the ancient cities of Mesopotamia to the modern metropolises of the 21st century, the development of urban centers has been a defining feature of human civilization. In this essay, we will explore the evolution of cities through a historical, social, economic, and environmental lens, considering the impact of urbanization on human societies and the natural world. From a historical perspective, the evolution of cities can be traced back to the earliest human settlements. The transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one marked the beginning of urban development, as people began to gather in centralized locations for trade, governance, and cultural exchange. The ancient cities of Sumer, Mohenjo-daro, and Babylon are prime examples of early urban centers that laid the foundation for future urbanization. These cities were characterized by advanced infrastructure, complex social structures, and cultural achievements that set them apart from rural communities. As societies continuedto grow and expand, the rise of empires and trade networks further fueled the development of cities. The Roman Empire, for example, was renowned for its network of well-planned cities connected by a system of roads, aqueducts, and public amenities. The urban centers of Rome, Alexandria, and Constantinople became hubsof political power, commerce, and intellectual exchange, shaping the course of Western civilization. Similarly, the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between the urban centers of China, India, Persia, and the Mediterranean, contributing to the cosmopolitan nature of these cities. The medieval period witnessed a different phase in the evolution of cities, as urban centers became focal points of religious, cultural, and economic activity. The growth of trade and commerce led to the emergence of merchant guilds, artisan workshops, and marketplaces, transforming cities into vibrant hubs of economic activity. The construction of cathedrals, mosques, and temples also reflected the spiritual significance of cities, drawing pilgrims and worshippers from far and wide. The city-states of Renaissance Italy, such as Florence and Venice,epitomized this urban dynamism, fostering artistic and intellectual achievements that continue to resonate in contemporary culture. The industrial revolution marked a turning point in the evolution of cities, as rapid urbanization and technological advancements reshaped the urban landscape. The shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones led to massive migrations from rural areas to urban centers, resulting in overcrowding, poor living conditions, and social unrest. The rise of factory towns and industrial cities, such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Pittsburgh, epitomized the impact of industrialization on urban development. These cities became centers of manufacturing and innovation, driving economic growth and societal transformation. In the 20th century, the evolutionof cities took on new dimensions as urbanization accelerated in response to global migration, demographic shifts, and technological progress. The rise of megacities, such as Tokyo, New York, and Mumbai, reflected the concentration of population, resources, and infrastructure in urban areas. The advent of skyscrapers, mass transit systems, and digital technologies further transformed the urban experience, redefining the way people live, work, and interact in cities. The challenges of urbanization, including environmental degradation, social inequality, and governance issues, have also come to the forefront, prompting efforts to create more sustainable and inclusive urban environments. From a social perspective, the evolution of cities has had profound implications for the way people live and interact with one another. Urbanization has been a catalyst for cultural exchange, social mobility, and the formation of diverse communities. Cities have beenmelting pots of different ethnicities, languages, and traditions, fostering a rich tapestry of human experience. The urban environment has also given rise to new forms of social organization, from labor unions and political movements to community-based initiatives and grassroots activism. At the same time,urbanization has also been associated with social challenges, such as crime, poverty, and social isolation, which have underscored the need for inclusive urban policies and social welfare programs. Economically, the evolution of cities has been closely linked to the growth of markets, industries, and financial systems. Urban centers have been engines of economic development, attracting investment, talent, and innovation. The concentration of human capital and infrastructure incities has facilitated the exchange of goods and services, the specialization of labor, and the development of knowledge-based industries. The urban workforce has been central to the success of modern economies, driving productivity, creativity, and entrepreneurship. However, the uneven distribution of economic opportunities and resources in cities has also contributed to disparities in income, education, and access to basic services, highlighting the need for inclusive economicpolicies and urban planning. From an environmental perspective, the evolution of cities has had far-reaching consequences for the natural world. Urbanization has led to the conversion of natural habitats into built environments, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The expansion of cities has also led to increased energy consumption, pollution, and waste generation, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation. The demand for water, food, and resources in urban areas has put pressure on natural systems, leading to issues of land use, deforestation, and resource depletion. At the same time, cities have also been at the forefront of environmental innovation, with initiatives in sustainable urban design, renewable energy, and green infrastructure aiming to mitigate the impact of urbanization on the planet. In conclusion, the evolution of cities has been a dynamic and transformative process that has shaped human societies and the natural world in profound ways. From ancient civilizations to modern metropolises, urbanization has been a driving force of cultural, economic, and environmental change. The challenges and opportunities of urbanization continue to be at the forefront of global discourse, as cities grapple with issues of sustainability, equity, and resilience. As we look to the future, it is essential to consider the impact of urbanization on human well-being and planetary health, and to strive for inclusive, innovative, and sustainable urban environments.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of CitiesUrbanization, the evolution of cities, is a topic that has garneredsignificant attention in recent years as the world continues to experience rapid population growth and migration to urban areas. This phenomenon has led to the development of cities and the transformation of rural landscapes into bustling urban centers. In this response, we will delve into the historical background of urbanization, analyze different perspectives surrounding the topic, provide case studies to illustrate key points, offer a critical evaluation of the benefits and drawbacks of urbanization, and conclude with future implications and recommendations related to the title. The process of urbanization has been a defining feature of human civilization for centuries. As populations have grownand societies have become more complex, the need for centralized hubs of activity has become increasingly apparent. The earliest cities emerged in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley, serving as centers of trade, governance, and culture. Over time, cities have continued to expand and evolve, with industrialization and globalization further accelerating the pace of urban growth. Historically, urbanization has been driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, technological advancements, and social and political changes. The Industrial Revolution, for example, led to the rapid growth of cities as people flocked to urban centers in search of employment in factories and other industries. Similarly, the process of urbanization has been shaped by colonialism, war, and other historical events that have forced people to migrate from rural areas to cities in search of safety and stability. From a sociological perspective, urbanization has been viewed both positively and negatively. Proponents of urbanization argue that cities offer a wealth of opportunities for social and economic advancement. They are hubs of innovation, creativity, and cultural exchange, providing a diverse and dynamic environment for people to thrive. Additionally, cities often offer better access to education, healthcare, and other essential services, making them attractive destinations for many individuals and families. On the other hand, critics of urbanization point to a range of social and environmental challenges associated with rapid urban growth. Issues such as overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, pollution, and social inequality areprevalent in many cities around the world. These problems can lead to social unrest, public health crises, and environmental degradation, posing significant challenges for urban planners and policymakers. To illustrate the complexities of urbanization, let us consider the case of Shanghai, China. As one of the world's largest cities, Shanghai has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades. The city's population has swelled to over 24 million people, making it a vibrant and diverse metropolis. However, this rapid expansion has also strained the city's infrastructure, leading to traffic congestion, air pollution, and housing shortages. Despite these challenges, Shanghai continues to attract migrants from rural areas and other parts of the country, drawn by the promise of economic opportunities and a better quality of life. In evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of urbanization, it is important to consider the long-term implications for society and the environment. On the one hand, cities have the potential to drive economic growth, foster cultural exchange, and promote social progress. They are centers of innovation and creativity, attracting talented individuals from diverse backgrounds. On the other hand, urbanization can exacerbate social inequalities, contribute to environmental degradation, and place immense pressure on limited resources. Looking ahead, it is clear that urbanization will continue to shape the future of human civilization. As the global population continues to grow, more people will move to cities in search of opportunities and a better quality of life. This trend presents both challenges and opportunities for policymakers, urban planners, and communities around the world. It is essential to prioritize sustainable urban development, invest in infrastructure, and address social and environmental concerns to ensure thatcities remain livable and inclusive for all residents. In conclusion, urbanization, the evolution of cities, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has shaped human civilization throughout history. While cities offer a wealth of opportunities for social and economic advancement, they also presentsignificant challenges related to social inequality, environmental degradation, and infrastructure development. As we look to the future, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable urban development and address the social and environmentalimplications of urbanization to ensure that cities remain vibrant, inclusive, and resilient.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities Urbanization, the process by which cities grow and develop, has been adefining feature of human civilization for centuries. From the ancient cities of Mesopotamia to the bustling metropolises of today, urbanization has played a crucial role in shaping the way we live, work, and interact with one another. As cities continue to expand and evolve, it is important to consider the various factors that have influenced their development and the implications of these changes on society as a whole. One of the key drivers of urbanization is population growth. As more and more people flock to cities in search of better opportunities and a higher standard of living, urban areas have becomeincreasingly crowded and densely populated. This influx of people has put pressure on city infrastructure, leading to issues such as traffic congestion, housing shortages, and environmental degradation. In many cases, urbanization has also exacerbated social inequalities, with marginalized communities often bearing the brunt of these challenges. Another factor that has contributed to the evolution of cities is technological advancements. The advent of the industrial revolution, for example, transformed urban landscapes by introducing new modes of transportation, communication, and production. This led to the rise of factory towns and urban centers that were hubs of industry and commerce. In more recent years, the digital revolution has further reshaped cities, with the proliferation of smartphones, social media, and e-commerce changing the way people live, work, and interact in urban environments. The physical layout of cities has also been influenced by urbanization. As cities have grown and expanded, urban planners and architects have grappled with the challenge of designing spaces that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. This has led to the development of iconic landmarks, such as skyscrapers, bridges, and public parks, that define the character of a city and contribute to its sense of identity. At the same time, urbanization has also led to the destruction of natural habitats and the loss of green spaces, raising concerns about the impact of urban development on the environment. In addition to these physical changes, urbanization has also had a profound impact on the social and cultural fabric of cities. As people from different backgrounds and walks of life come together in urban areas, cities havebecome melting pots of diversity and multiculturalism. This has enriched the cultural landscape of cities, leading to the proliferation of art, music, cuisine, and other forms of expression that reflect the unique identities of urban communities. At the same time, urbanization has also given rise to social issues such as gentrification, displacement, and segregation, highlighting the need for inclusive and equitable urban development policies. Despite these challenges, urbanization also presents opportunities for innovation and growth. As cities continue to evolve, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable development practices that prioritize environmental conservation, social equity, and economic prosperity. Initiatives such as green building design, public transportation systems, and renewable energy sources are being implemented to create more livable and resilient cities. By harnessing the power of technology, creativity, and community engagement, cities can become vibrant hubs of innovation and creativity that benefit all residents. In conclusion, urbanization is a complex and multifaceted process that has shaped the course of human history and continues to influence the way we live, work, and interact with one another. By considering the various factors that have influenced the evolution of cities – from population growth and technological advancements to physical design and social dynamics – we can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities that urbanization presents. By working together to address these issues and create more sustainable, inclusive, and vibrant urban environments, we can build cities that are not only thriving centers of commerce and culture but also places where all residents can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities Urbanization, the process by which cities grow and become more densely populated, has been a defining feature of human civilization for centuries. The evolution of cities has been shaped by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic changes, and social and cultural shifts. As a result, cities have undergone significant transformations over time, impacting the way people live, work, and interact with one another. One of the key drivers of urbanization has been technological advancements. Throughout history, innovations such as the steam engine, the automobile, and the internet have facilitated the movement of people and goods, making it easier for individuals to live and work in urban areas. These technological advancements have also led to the development of infrastructure and services that support urban living, such as public transportation systems, utilities, and communication networks. As a result, cities have become hubs of economic activity and innovation, attracting people from rural areas in search of better opportunities. Economic changes have also played a significant role in the evolution of cities. As industrialization took hold in the 19th century, cities grew rapidly as people flocked to urban areas in search of employment in factories and other industries. This led to the development of urban centers with distinct social and economic structures, as well as the emergence of urban problems such as overcrowding, pollution, and social inequality. In more recent times, the shift towards a knowledge-based economy has led to the growth of cities as centers of innovation and entrepreneurship, attracting young professionals and creative individuals looking to be part of vibrant urban communities. Social and cultural shifts have also shaped the evolution of cities. As people have become more connected through advances in communication and transportation, cities have become melting pots of diverse cultures and ideas. This has led to the development of vibrant urban neighborhoods and theproliferation of cultural institutions, arts, and entertainment venues. At the same time, urbanization has also led to social challenges such as gentrification, displacement of local communities, and the erosion of traditional ways of life. The evolution of cities has had a profound impact on the way people live and interact with one another. Urbanization has led to the development of new forms ofhousing, such as apartment buildings and condominiums, as well as the rise of mixed-use developments that combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. Cities have also become centers of education, healthcare, and cultural exchange, offering a wide range of opportunities for personal and professional growth. However, the rapid pace of urbanization has also led to social and environmental challenges, such as traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, and the loss of green spaces. In conclusion, the evolution of cities has been shaped by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic changes, and social and cultural shifts. As a result, cities have undergone significant transformations over time, impacting the way people live, work, and interact with one another. While urbanization has brought about many opportunities and benefits, it has also led to social and environmental challenges that need to be addressed in order to create sustainable and livable urban environments for future generations.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities Urbanization is a phenomenon that has shaped the course of human history, transforming small settlements into sprawling metropolises. The evolution ofcities has been a complex process, influenced by a myriad of factors such as technological advancements, economic forces, and societal changes. As someone who has observed the growth of cities over centuries, I have witnessed the profound impact of urbanization on human civilization. One of the key drivers of urbanization has been the Industrial Revolution, which saw a massive influx of people from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities in factories and industries. This rapid migration led to the growth of cities such as London, New York, and Tokyo, which became bustling hubs of commerce and industry. The rise of urbanization also brought about significant changes in the way people lived, worked, and socialized, as traditional agrarian societies gave way to urban lifestyles. The evolution of cities has not been without its challenges, however. The rapid growth of urban populations has put a strain on infrastructure, leading to issues such as overcrowding, traffic congestion, and pollution. In many cities, inadequate housing and sanitation have become major concerns, as slums and informal settlements have proliferated in the absence of proper urban planning. The social and economic disparities that often accompany urbanization have also contributed to rising crime rates and social unrest in many cities around the world. Despite these challenges, urbanization has also brought about numerous benefits to society. Cities have served as centers of innovation and creativity, fostering the exchange of ideas and knowledge among diverse populations. The concentration of resources and talent in urban areas has enabled advancements in fields such as science, technology, and the arts, leading to the development of new industries and cultural movements. In addition, cities have often been at the forefront of social and political change, serving as hubs of activism and resistance against oppressive regimes. As someone who has witnessed the evolution of cities firsthand, I have seen how urbanization has transformed the physical landscape of our world. Skyscrapers now tower over once-quiet neighborhoods, while highways and railways crisscross urban centers, connecting people and goods in ways that were unimaginable in the past. The architectural styles of cities havealso evolved over time, reflecting the changing tastes and values of society, from the grandeur of ancient civilizations to the sleek modernity of contemporary design. In conclusion, the evolution of cities is a complex and multifaceted process that has shaped the course of human history in profound ways. From therise of urban centers during the Industrial Revolution to the challenges of overcrowding and pollution in modern megacities, urbanization has had a lasting impact on the way we live, work, and interact with one another. As someone who has witnessed the growth of cities over centuries, I believe that it is important to recognize both the benefits and challenges of urbanization, in order to create sustainable and inclusive cities that can thrive for generations to come.。
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities
Urbanization The Evolution of Cities Urbanization, the process of population concentration in cities, has been a significant phenomenon throughout human history. From the ancient cities of Mesopotamia to the sprawling metropolises of today, cities have played a crucial role in shaping human civilization. The evolution of cities has been a complex and multifaceted process, driven by various factors such as economic, social, and technological changes. One of the key drivers of urbanization has been the rise of industrialization. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries marked a turning point in human history, leading to the rapid growth of cities as centers of manufacturing and commerce. The development of factories and the expansion of transportation networks facilitated the migration of people fromrural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities. This influx of rural migrants fueled the growth of cities and contributed to the rise of urban populations. Alongside industrialization, urbanization has also been driven by social factors such as population growth and demographic changes. The increasing urbanization of the world's population can be attributed to factors such as higher birth rates in urban areas, improved healthcare and sanitation, and rural-to-urban migration. As cities continue to grow, they face challenges related to infrastructure, housing, and social services, leading to issues such as overcrowding, poverty, and inequality. Technological advancements have also played a crucial role in the evolution of cities. The development oftransportation systems, communication networks, and infrastructure has transformed the way cities function and interact with their surroundings. The invention of the automobile, for example, led to the expansion of cities and the creation of suburbs, while the internet and digital technologies have revolutionized the way people live, work, and socialize in urban environments. Despite the many benefits of urbanization, such as economic growth, cultural diversity, and access to services and amenities, it also poses challenges and risks. The rapid growth of cities can lead to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social inequalities. Urban areas are often characterized by high levels of pollution, traffic congestion, and inadequate housing, which can have negative impacts on the health and well-being of residents. In recent years, there has been a growingrecognition of the need to promote sustainable urban development and address the challenges posed by urbanization. Governments, policymakers, and urban planners are increasingly focusing on creating livable, inclusive, and environmentally friendly cities that prioritize the well-being of their residents. Initiatives such as green infrastructure, public transportation, affordable housing, and community engagement are being implemented to create more sustainable andresilient urban environments. In conclusion, the evolution of cities is a complex and dynamic process that is shaped by a multitude of factors. Fromindustrialization and social changes to technological advancements and environmental concerns, cities have undergone significant transformations throughout history. As urbanization continues to accelerate, it is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to work together to create cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and resilient, ensuring a better quality of life for all residents.。
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Building reflects Paris
The building can reflect the entire Paris. A kind of magic is also really feeling The program's name is "Mirage" How to make this mirage in the city?
最近MAD建筑事务所公布了在2016 年发起的国际竞赛方案法国巴黎的蒙 帕纳斯大厦改造在方案里马岩松竟然 拿法国的地标埃菲尔铁塔玩了一把把 这座300米高的铁塔倒立了过来！让 我们来看看这到底是个什么样的方案
Montparnasse Tower
Montparnasse Tower Is the tallest building in Paris, France ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱxcept the Eiffel Tower Built in the 70s of last century. When built is the tallest building in Europe.The height is 210 meters.A total of 59 layers which is the only skyscraper in the center of Paris.It is also the highest in France while EU's ninth-tallest building
These years, govenment of Beijing decide to build so many skycrapes, while many beautiful traditional building such as quadrangle courtyards have been tear down
recently MAD Architects announced International competition program launched in 2016 Renovation of the Montparnasse Tower in Paris,France In the program, Ma Yansong even take the French landmark Eiffel Tower played a hand Take this 300meter tall tower Upside down! Let's see what kind of scenario this is in the end.
Human-Oriented Urbanization
“以人为本的城市化”
Suppose that Our City is a drama
➢ the drama which, from the balcony, we have been witnessing is, first and foremost, is a human drama.
但大楼建成后, 与周围环境格格不入 破坏了巴黎的城市天际线 让巴黎人民对它深恶痛绝 甚至在它建成后 巴黎居然出了一项法律 禁止在市中心兴建摩天大楼 它还获得过“全世界最丑建筑物”的第二名 大家把蒙帕纳斯大厦形容为 巴黎的伤疤
Ma Yansong's MAD
The French who finally end up in 2016 hosted the Montparnasse Tower Renovation Competition There are more than 700 candidates worldwide taking part in. In the end only seven architects were shortlisted Among them are Ma Yansong's MAD
sector theory 扇形理论
American sociologist Hatt raised the theory by study 142 American cities's real estate catagories. It amend Burgess' theory, which argues that the urban area with high charter hire mostly located in several sector area around the city.
➢ 我们从包厢上看的这幕戏剧，首先是一部人类 的戏剧
➢ Those vast architectural forms are only a stage set. It is those specks of figures down there below who are, in reality, the principle of the play.
➢ Look through the history of formation and transition of city, we could find that all kinds of modes and structure of formation of city have so much in common. Those genernal characters come form the need, mode of acticity and gathering of human beings.
Burgess's concentric circle theory 伯吉斯“同心圆”理论
The middle of the city is central busines district(CBD). Number 2 stands for transition area. Number 3 stands for workers's dwelling district. Number 4 means decent dwelling district. Number 5 represents commuting dwelling zone,
美国社会学家海特在1939年报据対美国142 个城市地产业目录资料研究提出来的。这种 理论对伯吉斯的同心圆理论作了修正。认为 租金高的市区多数是在城市外围的一个或若 干个扇形地带或1/4的地区；
Multiple Nuclei Model 多核心理论
Multiple Nuclei Model argues that city develop with several nuclei to form CBD,wholesale commerce, light industy, heavy industy,dwelling area,and suburbs rather thandevelop around single nuclei,
(PIctures) Baby: which way to choose?
城市的本质是人聚集在一起，形成了城 市。城市也应该像林肯所说的，民享、 民有、民治。 摩天大楼和人行空间可以不成为矛盾
Coordinate city's development with People's willing
➢ An example from Paris
蒙帕纳斯大厦是法国巴黎除了埃菲尔铁塔 以外的最高建筑建成于上世纪70年代 建成时是欧洲第一高楼,高度为210米 共有59层。是巴黎市中心唯一的摩天大楼 如今也是法国最高欧盟第九高的建筑。
Scar of Paris 巴黎的伤疤
But after the building is completed.It‘s incompatible with the surroundings. Destroying the city skyline of Paris.Let the people of Paris hate it. Even after it's built, Paris actually out of a law states No skyscrapers are to be built in the city center. It also won second place in the "World's Fastest Building". We describe the Montparnasse Tower as”Scar of Paris”.
➢ As the theory of Burgess from Chicago School goes, the expand of urban region due to competition,and our city looks like a concentric circle, which divide the city into different parts to satisfy human's need.
北京的道路尺度太大，但是人行道不足，还常被侵占；很多旧城四 合院被拆迁，建成了摩天大楼
What is the essence of our city?
城市的本质是什么？
City, also called city settlement, put it simply, human beings gather up, so there is city. City, should be also of the people, by the people, and for the people,just like Abraham Lincoln once said. these two pictures shows different pursue of modern city, skyscrapers or more walking zone? This could be a paradox, but it also could not.