Belgium Wallonia Brussels Research and Innovation
western-europe-8-belgium_v1_m56577569830517922
Get away from tourist crowds at Ghent (p125), one of the country’s best-kept secrets.
Be silenced by Ypres (p132), a little town with a big place in wartime history.
BELGIUM
BELGIUM
110 BELGIUM •• H ighlights
BELGIUM
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
0
50 km
0
30 miles
To Rosyth
(Scotland); Hull
NORTH
NETHERLANDS
Eindhoven
SEA
Zeebrugge
ZHweitWn esterschelde
HISTORY
Bruges, Ghent and Ypres were Belgium’s first major cities, booming in the 13th and 14th centuries due to the cloth trade. Their craftspeople established powerful guilds (organisations to stringently control arts and crafts), whose elaborate guildhalls you’ll see in many cities – the most famous are those on Brussels’ Grand Place (p115).
英国药典 白凡士林
DEFINITIONPurified and wholly or nearly decolorised mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum. It may contain a suitable antioxidant. White soft paraffin described in this monograph is not suitable for oral use.CHARACTERSAppearanceWhite or almost white, translucent, soft unctuous mass, slightly fluorescent in daylight when melted.SolubilityPractically insoluble in water, soluble in methylene chloride, practically insoluble in alcohol and in glycerol.IDENTIFICATIONFirst identification A, B, D.Second identification A, C, D.A. The drop point is between 35 °C and 70 °C and does not differ by more than 5 °C from the value stated on the label, according to method (2.2.17) with the following modification to fill the cup: heat the substance to be examined at a temperature not exceeding 80 °C, with stirring to ensure uniformity. Warm the metal cup at a temperature not exceeding 80 °C in an oven, remove it from the oven, place on a clean plate or ceramic tile and pour a sufficient quantity of the melted sample into the cup to fill it completely. Allow the filled cup to cool for 30 min on the plate or the ceramic tile and place it in a water bath at 24-26 °C for 30-40 min. Level the surface of the sample with a single stroke of a knife or razor blade, avoiding compression of the sample.B. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).Comparison Ph. Eur. reference spectrum of white soft paraffin.C. Melt 2 g and when a homogeneous phase is obtained, add 2 ml of water R and 0.2 ml of0.05 M iodine. Shake. Allow to cool. The solid upper layer is violet-pink.D. It complies with the test for appearance (see Tests).TESTSAppearanceThe substance is white. Melt 12 g on a water-bath. The melted mass is not more intensely coloured than a mixture of 1 volume of yellow primary solution and 9 volumes of a 1 per cent m/V solution of hydrochloric acid R(2.2.2, Method II).Acidity or alkalinityTo 10 g add 20 ml of boiling water R and shake vigorously for 1 min. Allow to cool and decant. To 10 ml of the aqueous layer add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R. The solution is colourless. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the indicator to red.Consistency (2.9.9)60 to 300.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsMaximum 300 ppm.Use reagents for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Dissolve 1.0 g in 50 ml of hexane R which has been previously shaken twice with 10 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide R. Transfer the solution to a 125 ml separating funnel with unlubricated ground-glass parts (stopper, stopcock). Add 20 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide R. Shake vigorously for 1 min and allow to stand until 2 clear layers are formed. Transfer the lower layer to a second separating funnel. Repeat the extraction with a further 20 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide R. Shake vigorously the combined lower layers with 20 ml of hexane R for 1 min. Allow to stand until 2 clear layers are formed. Separate the lower layer and dilute to 50.0 ml with dimethyl sulphoxide R. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) over the range 260 nm to 420 nm using a path length of 4 cm and as compensation liquid the clear lower layer obtained by vigorously shaking 10 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide R with 25 ml of hexane R for 1 min. Prepare a reference solution in dimethyl sulphoxide R containing 6.0 mg of naphthalene R per litre and measure the absorbance of the solution at the maximum at 278 nm using a path length of 4 cm and dimethyl sulphoxide R as compensation liquid. At no wavelength in the range 260 nm to 420 nm does the absorbance of the test solution exceed that of the reference solution at 278 nm.Sulphated ash (2.4.14)Maximum 0.05 per cent, determined on 2.0 g.STORAGEProtected from light.LABELLINGThe label states:—the nominal drop point,—where applicable, the name and concentrationDroping pointethod I(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.14)The melting point determined by the capillary method is the temperature at which the last solid particle of a compact column of a substance in a tube passes into the liquid phase.When prescribed in the monograph, the same apparatus and method are used for the determination of other factors, such as meniscus formation or melting range, that characterise the melting behaviour of a substance.Apparatus The apparatus consists of:—a suitable glass vessel containing a liquid bath (for example, water, liquid paraffin or silicone oil) and fitted with a suitable means of heating,—a suitable means of stirring, ensuring uniformity of temperature within the bath,—a suitable thermometer with graduation at not more than 0.5 °C intervals and provided with an immersion mark. The range of the thermometer is not more than 100 °C,—alkali-free hard-glass capillary tubes of internal diameter 0.9 mm to 1.1 mm with a wall 0.10 mm to 0.15 mm thick and sealed at one end.Method Unless otherwise prescribed, dry the finely powdered substance in vacuo and over anhydrous silica gel R for 24 h. Introduce a sufficient quantity into a capillary tube to give a compact column 4 mm to 6 mm in height. Raise the temperature of the bath to about10 °C below the presumed melting point and then adjust the rate of heating to about 1 °C/min. When the temperature is 5 °C below the presumed melting point, correctly introduce the capillary tube into the instrument. For the apparatus described above, immerse the capillary tube so that the closed end is near the centre of the bulb of the thermometer, the immersion mark of which is at the level of the surface of the liquid. Record the temperature at which the last particle passes into the liquid phase.Calibration of the apparatus The apparatus may be calibrated using melting point reference substances such as those of the World Health Organisation or other appropriate substances.Method II(No Ph. Eur. equivalent method)Apparatus(a) A glass heating vessel of suitable construction and capacity containing one of the following, or another suitable liquid, to a height of not less than 14 cm.(i) A liquid paraffin of sufficiently high boiling point.(ii) A silicone fluid of sufficiently high boiling point.(iii) Water.(b) A suitable stirring device capable of rapidly mixing the liquid.(c) An accurately standardised thermometer suitable for the substance being examined complying with the requirements of British Standard 1365:1990 (Specification for short-range short-stem thermometers) for thermometers designated by one of the following Schedule Marks.(d) Thin-walled capillary glass tubes of hard glass, closed at one end, with a wall thickness of 0.10 to 0.15 mm, at least 12 cm in length and of internal diameter 0.9 to 1.1 mm. The tubes should preferably be kept sealed at both ends and cut as required.Method Dry a small quantity of the finely powdered substance at a temperature considerably below its melting point or at a pressure of 2 kPa over a suitable desiccant, unless otherwise directed. Transfer a portion to a dry capillary tube and pack the powder by tapping on a hard surface so as to form a tightly packed column 4 to 6 mm in height. Heat a suitable liquid in the heating vessel and regulate the rate of rise of temperature, prior to the introduction of the capillary tube, to 3° per minute, unless otherwise directed, stirring constantly. When the temperature reaches 10°below the lowest figure of the range for the substance being tested, adjust the height of the thermometer so that the immersion mark is at the level of the surface of the liquid and insert the capillary tube so that the closed end is near the middle of the bulb of the thermometer. Note the temperature at which the liquefaction of the substance occurs, which is indicated by the formation of a definite meniscus or, for substances that decompose, the temperature at which frothing begins. Correct the observed temperature for any error in the calibration of the thermometer and for the difference, if any, between the temperature of the emergent stem of the thermometer and the temperature of the emergent stem under the conditions of standardisation of the thermometer. The temperature of the emergent stem is determined by placing the bulb of asecond thermometer in contact with the emergent stem at a point approximately midway along the mercury thread in the emergent stem.The correction to be applied is given by the following equation:t c = 0.00016n(t s– t d)wheret c=correction to be added to the observed temperature of the melting point,t s=mean temperature of the emergent column when standardised,t d=mean temperature of the emergent column at the observed melting point,n=number of °C over which the exposed column extends.The corrected temperature is regarded as the melting point of the substance. When the melting point in the monograph is expressed as a range, the melting point of the substance being tested must fall within that range.Method III(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.17)The drop point is the temperature at which the first drop of the melting substance to be examined falls from a cup under defined conditions.Apparatus The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.17.-1) consists of 2 metal sheaths (A) and (B) screwed together. Sheath (A) is fixed to a mercury thermometer. A metal cup (F) is loosely fixed to the lower part of sheath (B) by means of 2 tightening bands (E). Fixed supports (D) 2 mm long determine the exact position of the cup in addition to which they are used to centre the thermometer. A hole (C) pierced in the wall of sheath (B) is used to balance the pressure. The draining surface of the cup must be flat and the edges of the outflow orifice must be at right angles to it. The lower part of the mercury thermometer has the form and size shown in the Figure; it covers a range from 0 °C to 110 °C and on its scale a distance of 1 mm represents a difference of 1 °C. The mercury reservoir of the thermometer has a diameter of 3.5 ±0.2 mm and a height of 6.0 ± 0.3 mm. The apparatus is placed in the axis of a tube about 200 mm long and with an external diameter of about 40 mm. It is fixed to the test-tube by means of a stopper through which the thermometer passes, and is provided with a side groove. The opening of the cup is placed about 15 mm from the bottom of the test-tube. The whole device is immersed in a beaker with a capacity of about 1 litre, filled with water. The bottom of the test-tube is placed about 25 mm from the bottom of the beaker. The water level reaches the upper part of sheath (A). A stirrer is used to ensure that the temperature of the water remains uniform.Method Fill the cup to the brim with the substance to be examined, without melting it, unless otherwise prescribed. Remove the excess substance at the 2 ends of the cup with a spatula. When sheaths (A) and (B) have been assembled press the cup into its housing insheath (B) until it touches the supports. Remove with a spatula the substance pushed out by the thermometer. Place the apparatus in the water-bath as described above. Heat thewater-bath and when the temperature is at about 10 °C below the presumed drop point, adjust the heating rate to about 1 °C/min. Note the temperature at the fall of the first drop. Carry out at least 3 determinations, each time with a fresh sample of the substance. The difference between the readings must not exceed 3 °C. The mean of three readings is the drop point of the substance.Method IV(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.15)For certain substances, the following method is used to determine the melting point (also referred to as slip point and rising melting point when determined by this method).Use glass capillary tubes open at both ends, about 80 mm long, having an external diameter of 1.4 mm to 1.5 mm and an internal diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.2 mm.Introduce into each of 5 capillary tubes a sufficient amount of the substance, previously treated as described, to form in each tube a column about 10 mm high and allow the tubes to stand for the appropriate time and at the prescribed temperature.Unless otherwise prescribed, substances with a waxy consistency are carefully and completely melted on a water-bath before introduction into the capillary tubes. Allow the tubes to stand at 2-8 °C for 2 h.Attach one of the tubes to a thermometer graduated in 0.5 °C so that the substance is close to the bulb of the thermometer. Introduce the thermometer with the attached tube into a beaker so that the distance between the bottom of the beaker and the lower part of the bulb of the thermometer is 1 cm. Fill the beaker with water to a depth of 5 cm. Increase the temperature of the water gradually at a rate of 1 °C/min.The temperature at which the substance begins to rise in the capillary tube is regarded as the melting point.Repeat the operation with the other 4 capillary tubes and calculate the result as the mean of the 5 readings.Method V(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.16)The instantaneous melting point is calculated using the expression:in which t1 is the first temperature and t2 the second temperature read under the conditions stated below.Apparatus The apparatus consists of a metal block resistant to the substance to be examined, of good heat-conducting capacity, such as brass, with a carefully polished plane upper surface. The block is uniformly heated throughout its mass by means of amicro-adjustable gas heater or an electric heating device with fine adjustment. The block has a cylindrical cavity, wide enough to accomodate a thermometer, which should be maintained with the mercury column in the same position during the calibration of the apparatus and the determination of the melting point of the substance to be examined. The cylindrical cavity is parallel to the upper polished surface of the block and about 3 mm from it. The apparatus is calibrated using appropriate substances of known melting point.Method Heat the block at a suitably rapid rate to a temperature about 10 °C below the presumed melting temperature, then adjust the heating rate to about 1 °C/min. At regular intervals drop a few particles of powdered and, where appropriate, dried substance, prepared as for the capillary tube method, onto the block in the vicinity of the thermometer bulb, cleaning the surface after each test. Record the temperature t1 at which the substance melts instantaneously for the first time in contact with the metal. Stop the heating. During cooling drop a few particles of the substance at regular intervals on the block, cleaning the surface after each test. Record the temperature t2 at which the substance ceases to melt instantaneously when it comes in contact with the metalCalibration of the apparatus The apparatus may be calibrated using melting point reference substances such as those of the World Health Organisation or other appropriate substances.ethod III(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.17)The drop point is the temperature at which the first drop of the melting substance to be examined falls from a cup under defined conditions.Apparatus The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.17.-1) consists of 2 metal sheaths (A) and (B) screwed together. Sheath (A) is fixed to a mercury thermometer. A metal cup (F) is loosely fixed to the lower part of sheath (B) by means of 2 tightening bands (E). Fixed supports (D) 2 mm long determine the exact position of the cup in addition to which they are used to centre the thermometer. A hole (C) pierced in the wall of sheath (B) is used to balance the pressure. The draining surface of the cup must be flat and the edges of the outflow orifice must be at right angles to it. The lower part of the mercury thermometer has the form and size shown in the Figure; it covers a range from 0 °C to 110 °C and on its scale a distance of 1 mm represents a difference of 1 °C. The mercury reservoir of the thermometer has a diameter of 3.5 ±0.2 mm and a height of 6.0 ± 0.3 mm. The apparatus is placed in the axis of a tube about 200 mm long and with an external diameter of about 40 mm. It is fixed to the test-tube by means of a stopper through which the thermometer passes, and is provided with a side groove. The opening of the cup is placed about 15 mm from the bottom of the test-tube. The whole device is immersed in a beaker with a capacity of about 1 litre, filled with water. The bottom of the test-tube is placed about 25 mm from the bottom of the beaker. The water level reaches the upper part of sheath (A). A stirrer is used to ensure that the temperature of the water remains uniform.Method Fill the cup to the brim with the substance to be examined, without melting it, unless otherwise prescribed. Remove the excess substance at the 2 ends of the cup with a spatula. When sheaths (A) and (B) have been assembled press the cup into its housing in sheath (B) until it touches the supports. Remove with a spatula the substance pushed out by the thermometer. Place the apparatus in the water-bath as described above. Heat thewater-bath and when the temperature is at about 10 °C below the presumed drop point, adjust the heating rate to about 1 °C/min. Note the temperature at the fall of the first drop. Carry out at least 3 determinations, each time with a fresh sample of the substance. The difference between the readings must not exceed 3 °C. The mean of three readings is the drop point of the substance.Method IV(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.15)For certain substances, the following method is used to determine the melting point (also referred to as slip point and rising melting point when determined by this method).Use glass capillary tubes open at both ends, about 80 mm long, having an external diameter of 1.4 mm to 1.5 mm and an internal diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.2 mm.Introduce into each of 5 capillary tubes a sufficient amount of the substance, previously treated as described, to form in each tube a column about 10 mm high and allow the tubes to stand for the appropriate time and at the prescribed temperature.Unless otherwise prescribed, substances with a waxy consistency are carefully and completely melted on a water-bath before introduction into the capillary tubes. Allow the tubes to stand at 2-8 °C for 2 h.Attach one of the tubes to a thermometer graduated in 0.5 °C so that the substance is close to the bulb of the thermometer. Introduce the thermometer with the attached tube into a beaker so that the distance between the bottom of the beaker and the lower part of the bulb of the thermometer is 1 cm. Fill the beaker with water to a depth of 5 cm. Increase the temperature of the water gradually at a rate of 1 °C/min.The temperature at which the substance begins to rise in the capillary tube is regarded as the melting point.Repeat the operation with the other 4 capillary tubes and calculate the result as the mean of the 5 readings.Method V(Ph. Eur. method 2.2.16)The instantaneous melting point is calculated using the expression:in which t1 is the first temperature and t2 the second temperature read under the conditions stated below.Apparatus The apparatus consists of a metal block resistant to the substance to be examined, of good heat-conducting capacity, such as brass, with a carefully polished plane upper surface. The block is uniformly heated throughout its mass by means of amicro-adjustable gas heater or an electric heating device with fine adjustment. The block has a cylindrical cavity, wide enough to accomodate a thermometer, which should be maintainedwith the mercury column in the same position during the calibration of the apparatus and the determination of the melting point of the substance to be examined. The cylindrical cavity is parallel to the upper polished surface of the block and about 3 mm from it. The apparatus is calibrated using appropriate substances of known melting point.Method Heat the block at a suitably rapid rate to a temperature about 10 °C below the presumed melting temperature, then adjust the heating rate to about 1 °C/min. At regular intervals drop a few particles of powdered and, where appropriate, dried substance, prepared as for the capillary tube method, onto the block in the vicinity of the thermometer bulb, cleaning the surface after each test. Record the temperature t1 at which the substance melts instantaneously for the first time in contact with the metal. Stop the heating. During cooling drop a few particles of the substance at regular intervals on the block, cleaning the surface after each test. Record the temperature t2 at which the substance ceases to melt instantaneously when it comes in contact with the metalCalibration of the apparatus The apparatus may be calibrated using melting point reference substances such as those of the World Health Organisation or other appropriate substances.h. Eur. method 2.2.24)Infrared spectrophotometers are used for recording spectra in the region of 4000-650 cm-1 (2.5-15.4 µm) or in some cases down to 200 cm-1 (50 µm).ApparatusSpectrophotometers for recording spectra consist of a suitable light source, monochromator or interferometer and detector.Fourier transform spectrophotometers use polychromatic radiation and calculate the spectrum in the frequency domain from the original data by Fourier transformation. Spectrophotometers fitted with an optical system capable of producing monochromatic radiation in the measurement region may also be used. Normally the spectrum is given as a function of transmittance, the quotient of the intensity of the transmitted radiation and the incident radiation. It may also be given in absorbance.The absorbance (A) is defined as the logarithm to base 10 of the reciprocal of the transmittance (T):T=I0=intensity of incident radiation,I=intensity of transmitted radiation.Preparation of the sampleFor recording by transmission or absorptionPrepare the substance by one of the following methods.Liquids Examine a liquid either in the form of a film between 2 plates transparent to infrared radiation, or in a cell of suitable path length, also transparent to infrared radiation.Liquids or solids in solution Prepare a solution in a suitable solvent. Choose a concentration and a path length of the cell which give a satisfactory spectrum. Generally, good results are obtained with concentrations of 10-100 g/l for a path length of 0.5-0.1 mm. Absorption due to the solvent is compensated by placing in the reference beam a similar cell containing the solvent used. If an FT-IR instrument is used, the absorption is compensated by recording the spectra for the solvent and the sample successively. The solvent absorbance, corrected by a compensation factor, is subtracted using calculation software.Solids Examine solids dispersed in a suitable liquid (mull) or in a solid (halide disc), as appropriate. If prescribed in the monograph, make a film of a molten mass between 2 plates transparent to infrared radiation.A. MullTriturate a small quantity of the substance to be examined with the minimum quantity of liquid paraffin R or other suitable liquid; 5-10 mg of the substance to be examined is usually sufficient to make an adequate mull using one drop of liquid paraffin R. Compress the mull between 2 plates transparent to infrared radiation.B. DiscTriturate 1-2 mg of the substance to be examined with 300-400 mg, unless otherwise specified, of finely powdered and dried potassium bromide R or potassium chloride R. These quantities are usually sufficient to give a disc of 10-15 mm diameter and a spectrum of suitable intensity. If the substance is a hydrochloride, it is recommended to use potassium chloride R. Carefully grind the mixture, spread it uniformly in a suitable die, and submit it to a pressure of about 800 MPa (8 t·cm-2). For substances that are unstable under normal atmospheric conditions or are hygroscopic, the disc is pressed in vacuo. Several factors may cause the formation of faulty discs, such as insufficient or excessive grinding, humidity or other impurities in the dispersion medium or an insufficient reduction of particle size. A disc is rejected if visual examination shows lack of uniform transparency or when transmittance at about 2000 cm-1 (5 µm) in the absence of a specific absorption band is less than 60 per cent without compensation, unless otherwise prescribed.Gases Examine gases in a cell transparent to infrared radiation and having an optical path length of about 100 mm. Evacuate the cell and fill to the desired pressure through a stopcock or needle valve using a suitable gas transfer line between the cell and the container of the gas to be examined.If necessary adjust the pressure in the cell to atmospheric pressure using a gas transparentto infrared radiation (for example nitrogen R and argon R). To avoid absorption interferences due to water, carbon dioxide or other atmospheric gases, place in the reference beam, if possible, an identical cell that is either evacuated or filled with the gas transparent to infrared radiation.For recording by diffuse reflectanceSolids Triturate a mixture of the substance to be examined with finely powdered and dried potassium bromide R or potassium chloride R. Use a mixture containing approximately 5 per cent of the substance, unless otherwise specified. Grind the mixture, place it in a sample cup and examine the reflectance spectrum.The spectrum of the sample in absorbance mode may be obtained after mathematical treatment of the spectra by the Kubelka-Munk function.For recording by attenuated total reflectionAttenuated total reflection (including multiple reflection) involves light being reflected internally by a transmitting medium, typically for a number of reflections. However, several accessories exist where only one reflection occurs.Prepare the substance as follows. Place the substance to be examined in close contact with an internal reflection element (IRE) such as diamond, germanium, zinc selenide, thallium bromide-thallium iodide (KRS-5) or another suitable material of high refractive index. Ensure close and uniform contact between the substance and the whole crystal surface of the internal reflection element, either by applying pressure or by dissolving the substance in an appropriate solvent, then covering the IRE with the obtained solution and evaporating to dryness. Examine the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectrum.Identification using reference substancesPrepare the substance to be examined and the reference substance by the same procedure and record the spectra between 4000-650 cm-1 (2.5-15.4 µm) under the same operational conditions. The transmission minima (absorption maxima) in the spectrum obtained with the substance to be examined correspond in position and relative size to those in the spectrum obtained with the reference substance (CRS).When the spectra recorded in the solid state show differences in the positions of the transmission minima (absorption maxima), treat the substance to be examined and the reference substance in the same manner so that they crystallise or are produced in the same form, or proceed as prescribed in the monograph, then record the spectra.Identification using reference spectraControl of resolution performance For instruments having a monochromator, record the spectrum of a polystyrene film approximately 35 µm in thickness. The difference x (see Figure 2.2.24.-1) between the percentage transmittance at the transmission maximum A at 2870 cm-1 (3.48 µm) and that at the transmission minimum B at 2849.5 cm-1 (3.51 µm) must be greater than 18. The difference y between the percentage transmittance at the transmission maximum C at 1589 cm-1(6.29 µm) and that at the transmission minimum D at 1583 cm-1 (6.32 µm) must be greater than 10.。
Belgium欧洲之心比利时国家介绍英文版
Belgium: The Heart of Europe An Introduction to the Belgian Nation inEnglishNestled in the heart of Western Europe, Belgium stands as a beacon of cultural diversity, historical significance, and political innovation. This small yet influential country is often referred to as the "Heart of Europe," not only for its geographical location but also for its pivotal role in European affairs.Belgium boasts a rich tapestry of languages, with Dutch, French, and German being the official languages. This linguistic diversity reflects the country's cultural mosaic, where different regions coexist harmoniously, each contributing to the nation's unique character.The Capital: Brussels, a Cosmopolitan HubHistorical Wonders: From Medieval Castles to War MemorialsBelgium's history is marked a series of conquests and conflicts, leaving behind a treasure trove of historical sites. From the majestic Gothic architecture of the Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint Gudula in Brussels to the medievalcharm of Bruges and Ghent, Belgium offers a glimpse into the past.Culinary Delights: Chocolate, Waffles, and BeerBelgium is renowned for its culinary delights, with chocolate, waffles, and beer being the most famous exports. Belgian chocolate, known for its rich flavor and smooth texture, is a treat for the senses. The country's waffles, both Brussels and Liège styles, are crispy on the outside and fluffy on the inside, often topped with a variety of sweet toppings.Belgium's beer culture is a point of national pride, with over a thousand different varieties to choose from. From Trappist beers produced in monasteries to Flemish red ales and lambics, Belgium's beer scene is a paradise for beer enthusiasts.Festivals and Traditions: Celebrating Belgium's Rich HeritageBelgium is a country that loves to celebrate, and festivals are an integral part of its cultural fabric. From the vibrant Carnival of Binche, with its colorful costumes and parades, to the Gentse Feesten, one of Europe's largest cultural festivals, Belgium's festivals showcase the nation's rich heritage and joyful spirit.In conclusion, Belgium is a nation that packs a punch in terms of culture, history, and influence. Its unique blend of languages, traditions, and culinary delights make it a mustvisit destination for anyone interested in exploring the heart of Europe.Belgium: The Heart of Europe An Introduction to the Belgian Nation in English (Continued)A Patchwork of Regions: Diverse and DistinctBelgium's regional diversity is one of its mostintriguing aspects. The country is divided into three regions: Flanders in the north, Wallonia in the south, and the BrusselsCapital Region. Each region boasts its own distinct identity, language, and cultural heritage. Flanders, knownfor its Flemish art and medieval cities, is predominantly Dutchspeaking. Wallonia, with its rolling hills and lush forests, is Frenchspeaking and has a more rustic charm. The bilingual BrusselsCapital Region stands as a bridge between these two worlds.The Art of Living: Belgium's Quality of LifeBelgium consistently ranks high in global quality of life indices, and it's not hard to see why. The country offers a high standard of living, with excellent healthcare, education, and social services. Belgians value worklife balance, andthis is reflected in the country's numerous public holidaysand generous leave policies. The emphasis on enjoying the finer things in life, whether it's a leisurely meal with friends or a weekend getaway to the countryside, is a hallmark of the Belgian lifestyle.Green Spaces and Natural WondersDespite its small size, Belgium offers a surprising amount of greenery. The Ardennes, a hilly and forested region in Wallonia, is perfect for hiking, cycling, and outdoor adventures. The Flemish coastal area provides serene beaches and picturesque towns, such as Oostende and KnokkeHeist. Belgium's parks and gardens, like the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken in Brussels and the Domaine de Mariemont in Wallonia, are also worth exploring for their beauty and tranquility.Innovation and Education: Belgium's Bright FutureSports: A Nation United PassionBelgium: The Heart of Europe An Introduction to the Belgian Nation in English (Continued)A Cultural Cornucopia: Celebrating the ArtsBelgium's cultural scene is a vibrant tapestry woven with threads from both the past and the present. The country has a rich tradition in the visual arts, having been home to renowned Flemish masters such as Rubens, Van Dyck, and Bruegel. Their legacies live on in museums like the Royal Museums of Fine Arts in Brussels and the Groeningemuseum inBruges, where visitors can marvel at the intricate details and profound narratives of these masterpieces.Literature and Philosophy: Belgium's Intellectual Legacy Belgium's literary tradition is as diverse as its population, with authors like Maurice Maeterlinck and Georges Simenon contributing to the world's literary heritage. Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his symbolist plays and essays, while Simenon's Inspector Maigret detective novels have been translated into more than 50 languages. The country's philosophical contributions are also significant, with figures like Émile Durkheim and Chantal Mouffe influencing social and political thought.Commerce and Economy: A Hub of International TradeEnvironmental Sustainability: Belgium's Green CommitmentsA Melting Pot of Cultures: Belgium's Multicultural IdentityBelgium's multicultural society is a testament to its openness and inclusivity. The country is home to a wide array of ethnic groups and nationalities, each contributing to the rich cultural mosaic. This diversity is reflected in the cuisine, with a variety of international restaurants and food markets offering everything from Moroccan tagines to Vietnamese pho. The fusion of cultures creates a dynamic andtolerant society where different backgrounds and traditionsare celebrated and respected.In closing, Belgium stands not only as a geographicalheart of Europe but also as a cultural, economic, and intellectual nexus. Its unique blend of history, innovation, and diversity makes it a microcosm of the European experience, offering a warm and inviting glimpse into the continent'srich tapestry. Whether you're wandering through medieval alleyways or engaging in thoughtful conversation over a pintof local beer, Belgium is a place where every encounter is a story waiting to be told.。
比利时英文
比利时英文BelgiumBelgium, officially known as the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country located in Western Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It is a small, highly urbanized country with a population of over 11 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Europe.Belgium is divided into three regions: Flanders to the north, Wallonia to the south, and Brussels, the capital, located in the central region. The country has three official languages: Dutch, French, and German.HistoryBelgium has a rich and complex history that has left a lasting legacy on the country's culture and society. The region that is now Belgium has been inhabited by various groups since prehistoric times. Throughout history, it has been invaded and occupied by various foreign powers, including the Romans, the Franks, and the Spanish.In 1830, Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands and established itself as a constitutional monarchy. In the following years, the country grew in size and prosperity, becoming a major industrial and commercial center in Europe.During World War I, Belgium was invaded by Germany and suffered significant damage and loss of life. However, the country emerged from the war as a key player in the international community and helped to establish the League of Nations.During World War II, Belgium was once again invaded by Germany and occupied for four years. The country played a role in the Allied victory, and was a founding member of the United Nations and NATO.CultureBelgium is known for its rich cultural heritage, which includes distinctive cuisine, architecture, art, and music.CuisineBelgian cuisine is world-renowned for its quality and variety. The country is famous for its waffles, chocolate, beer, and fries. Belgian cuisine is characterized by its use of fresh, high-quality ingredients and its focus on simple yet delicious flavors.ArchitectureBelgium is home to numerous impressive architectural landmarks, including the famous Grand Place in Brussels and the Gothic-style Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp. The country is also known for its impressive castles and palaces, such as the Royal Palace of Brussels and the chateau of Laeken.ArtBelgium has produced many famous artists over the years, including the surrealist René Magritte and the impressionist James Ensor. The country is home to numerous impressive art museums, including the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels and the Museum of Modern Art in Antwerp.MusicBelgium has a vibrant music scene that encompasses a wide variety of genres, including rock, pop, jazz, and classical music. The country is home to numerous music festivals throughout the year, including the famous Tomorrowland festival.EconomyBelgium has a highly developed and diversified economy. The country is home to many multinational corporations, including the beer giant AB InBev, the pharmaceutical company UCB, and the chemical firm Solvay. The country is also known for its strong service sector, which includes banking, finance, and insurance.Belgium has a highly educated workforce and invests heavily in research and development. The country is also known for its excellent transportation infrastructure, including its high-speed rail network and its major ports in Antwerp and Zeebrugge.Belgium is a member of the European Union and uses the Euro as its currency.ConclusionBelgium is a small but highly influential country in Europe. Its rich cultural heritage, strong economy, and strategic location make it an important player in the international community. Despite its small size, Belgium has made notable contributions to the world in many fields, from art and music to science and technology. It is a fascinating country with a complex history and a bright future.。
比亚芬皮肤科-补水保湿作用-2
J.J.P.Mine等人在烧伤术后供皮区应用比亚芬的观察[1]证明，比亚芬提高愈 合速度40% ，而James.Q等人在光角化病的Mohs手术后观察到应用比亚 芬可提高完全愈合速度22%[2]。
天
比亚芬与矿物纱布的愈合时间对比
14
12.8
12
10
7.6
8
6
4
2
0 比亚芬
凡士林
[1] Coulomb B et al. Skin Pharmacol. 1997;10:281-287.
[2] Reprinted with permission from Del Rosso JQ et al. Poster presented at: 65th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology February 2-6, 2007; Washington, DC
比亚芬对于放射后血管扩张的效果
在5Gy射线放射后24小时，真皮毛细血管显著扩张 〔p=0.001〕。对照皮肤的扩张血管平均百分率为65.6％，扩 张血管百分率增加到86.4％。比亚芬乳膏能将扩张血管的百 分率显著性地减少到53.2％〔p=0.0001〕。
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%
Rejuvenation. Omaha, Neb: Addicus Books; 2007.
Page 26
Post-Er:YAG激光皮肤磨削术后 使用比亚芬修复皮肤表面
单击添加
在2天时间内，患者中重度红斑反响减轻比照：比亚芬组为46%，凡士林组仅为14%。
各种皮肤损伤，伴有皮肤枯燥病症； 难愈合创口； 放射性皮炎等。
废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范
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附件三：《废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范》（征求意见稿）编制说明《废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范》编制单位二 OO 八年三月1目次1．任务来源......2 2．编制的目的及意义......2 3．国内外电子废物管理现状......4 4．国内废家用电器处理现状......7 5 编制依据......9 6 编制原则......9 7 废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制的技术路线......10 8 工作思路......11 9 本技术规范涉及的定义......11 10 与本技术规范有关的法规、管理办法及标准......13 11 专家评审意见......13 12 对专家意见的处理 (14)13 专家问题明细及处理意见 (15)1《废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范》编制说明1．任务来源为了落实科学发展观，促进我国废家用电器的资源利用行业的健康发展，减少和控制废家用电器回收和再生利用过程中的污染，国家环境保护总局于2006年11月23 日发布了《2007年度国家环境保护标准制修订计划(征求意见稿)》，正式向中国环境科学学会下达制定《废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范》的计划。
中国环境科学学会同清华大学共同承担了此项工作，在认真听取多方面专家意见的基础上，结合废家用电器处理厂家的废家用电器处理实际情况，特制订了《废家用电器处理回收利用污染控制技术规范》。
2．编制的目的及意义废家用电器中含有大量有毒重金属与化学物质，是对环境和人类健康有很大威胁的危险废物。
随着国内家用电器产品淘汰高峰的到来，废旧家用电器经营利润逐渐明显，一大批不法商贩利用法律的漏洞与居民环保意识的缺乏，在大城市收购大量废弃家用电器，运到偏僻地域（如贵屿等地）进行不法拆解，回收电子废物中的金属与价值较高的部件，而对废家用电器中的危险物质不做处理，致使大量毒害物质泄漏，对当地环境造成严重污染，严重危害了工人及当地居民的身体健康。
国际上著名的从事药剂学研究的专家
Intra Oral Delivery (口腔内传递)直接由口腔黏膜吸收,瞬间进入血液循环,有效成分不流失。
Universities, Departments,FacultiesResearchersButler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Health Sciences USA Associate Professor Nandita G. DasMain focus on her research facilities are about peformulation, biopharmaceutics, drug targeting, anticancer drug delivery.Purdue University School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy (IPPH) USA Professor Kinam ParkControlled Drug Delivery, Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogels for Self-Regulated Insulin Delivery, Superporous Hydrogel Composites, Oral Vaccination using Hydrogel Microparticles, Fractal Analysis of Pharmaceutical Solid Materials.St. John's University School of Pharmacy and Allied Health ProfessionsUSA Professor Parshotam L. MadanControlled and targeted drug delivery systems; Bio-erodible polymers as drug delivery systemsThe University of Iowa College of Dentistry Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine USA Professor Christopher A. Squierpermeability of skin, and oral mucosa to exogenous substances, including alcohol and tobacco, and drug deliveryThe University of Iowa College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutics USA Associate Professor Maureen D. DonovanMucosal drug delivery especially via the nasal, gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelia; and mechanisms of drug absorption and disposition.The University of Texas at San Antonio College of Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering USA Professor Jeffrey Y. ThompsonDental restorative materials and implantsThe University of Utah Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry USA Professor John W. MaugerDr. Maugner is mainly focused on dissolution testing and coating technology of orally administered drug products with bitter taste about which he is one of the inventors of a filed patent.University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences USA Professor Peter CrooksDr. Crooks is internationally known for his research work in drug discovery, delivery, and development, which includes drug design and synthesis, pharmacophore development, drug biotransformation studies, prodrug design, and medicinal plant natural product research. His research also focuses on preclinical drug development, including drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in animal models, dosage form development, and drug delivery assessment using both conventional and non-conventional routes, and preformulation/formulation studies.Associate Professor Russell MumperDr. Mumper's main research areas are thin-films and mucoadhesive gels for (trans)mucosal delivery of drugs, microbicides, and mucosal vaccines, and nanotemplate engineering of nano-based detection devices and cell-specific nanoparticles for tumor and brain targeting, gene therapy and vaccines.West Virginia University School of Pharmacy Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences USA Associate Professor Paula Jo Meyer StoutDr. Stout's research areas are composed of dispersed pharmaceutical systems, sterile product formulation DDS for dental diseases and coating of sustained release formulations.Monash University Victorian College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutics Australia Professor Barrie C. FinninTransdermal Drug Delivery. Physicochemical Characterisation of Drug Candidates. Topical Drug Delivery. Drug uptake by the buccal mucosaProfessor Barry L. ReedTransdermal Drug Delivery. Topical Drug Delivery. Formulation of Dental Pharmaceuticals.University of Gent Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pharmaceutics Belgium Professor Chris Vervaet-Extrusion/spheronisation - Bioadhesion - Controlled release based on hot stage extrusion technology - Freeze-drying - Tabletting and - GranulationPh.D. Els AdriaensMucosal drug delivery (Vaginal and ocular) Nasal BioadhesionUniversity of Gent Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesLaboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Belgium Professor Jean Paul Remonbioadhesive carriers, mucosal delivery, Ocular bioerodible minitablets, Compaction of enteric-coated pellets; matrix-in-cylinder system for sustained drug delivery; formulation of solid dosage forms; In-line monitoring of a pharmaceutical blending process using FT-Raman spectroscopy; hot-melt extruded mini-matricesDanish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pharmaceutics Denmark Associate Professor Jette JacobsenLow soluble drugs ?in vitro lymphatic absorption Drug delivery to the oral cavity ?in vitro models (cell culture, diffusion chamber) for permeatbility and toxicity of drugs, in vivo human perfusion model, different formulation approaces, e.g. iontophoresis.。
基于网络药理学预测白藜芦醇治疗阿尔茨海默症的关键潜在靶点
基于网络药理学预测白藜芦醇治疗阿尔茨海默症的关键潜在靶点田晓燕 江思瑜 张睿 许顺江 李国风*【摘要】目的通过网络药理学预测白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RSV)治疗阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的关键靶点。
方法 利用TCMSP数据库检索含RSV的中药，并对其性味、归经和功效进行归纳分析。
利用SwissTargetPrediction、SEA、HERB数据库预测RSV作用靶点；利用GeneCards、OMIM、TTD、DisGeNRT 数据库检索AD靶点；取RSV的作用靶点与AD靶点的交集为潜在治疗靶点。
利用DAVID数据库进行潜在治疗靶点的GO分析。
利用STRING数据库获取潜在治疗靶点的KEGG富集分析和蛋白质交互作用（protein-protein interaction, PPI），并用Cytoscape绘制PPI网络图。
AlzData数据库验证AD关键靶点变化。
SwissDock网站对RSV与关键蛋白进行分子对接。
结果含RSV中药的性味为苦味最多；归经中入肝经最多；功效中清热解毒功效最多。
RSV预测靶点388个，AD靶点1624个，交集靶点119个。
KEGG富集通路中的阿尔兹海默症通路共富集到27个蛋白。
AlzData数据库分析发现AD患者表达发生变化的蛋白。
分子对接结果发现，RSV与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(serine/threonine kinase 1, AKT1)、白介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、连环蛋白-1(β-catenin, CTNNB1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)均有较好的结合能力。
结论网络药理分析结果显示RSV对AD的治疗是多靶点、多通路的，可为后续研究方向提供参考。
【关键词】 网络药理学；白藜芦醇；阿尔兹海默症；分子对接中图分类号 R285文献标识码 A 文章编号1671-0223(2023)24-1879-08Predicting the key potential targets of resveratrol in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology Tian Xiaoyan, Jiang Siyu, Zhang Rui, Xu Shunjiang, Li Guofeng. Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China【Abstract】Objective Key targets of resveratrol (RSV) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are predicted by network pharmacology. Methods The traditional Chinese medicines which contain RSV were searched by the TCMSP database, and their property and flavor, meridian distribution and phamacologic action were summarized and analyzed. The targets of RSV were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction, SEA and HERB databases. The targets of AD were retrieved using GeneCards, OMIM, TTD and DisGeNRT databases. The intersection targets of RSV and AD were taken as the potential therapeutic targets.Analysis gene ontology (GO) annotations of potential therapeutic targets by biological information annotation database (DAVID). Did KEGG cluster analysis and protein interactions (PPIs) of potential therapeutic targets in STRING database, and mapped PPI networks in Cytoscape. Verified changes of AD key targets in AlzData database.Docking RSV and key proteins in SwissDock website. Results The most Tropism of taste of the traditional Chinese medicines that contain RSV: bitter, cold, in the liver. And the main phamacologic action is clearing away heat and toxic materials.There are 388 predicted targets of RSV,1624 targets of AD, 119 intersection targets. Alzheimer's pathway in KEGG enriched pathway was enriched to 27 proteins. The proteins which expression changed of AD patients was analysised in AlzData database. The results of molecular docking showed that RSV had good binding ability with AKT1, IL-6, CTNNB1 and TNF. Conclusion The results of network pharmacological analysis show that the treatment of AD by RSV is multi-target and multi-pathway, which can provide reference for subsequent research directions.【Key words】 Network pharmacology; Resveratrol; Alzheimer's disease; Molecular docking作者单位：067000 河北省承德市，承德医学院研究生学院 （田晓燕、李国风）；河北医科大学第一医院中心实验室（江思瑜、张睿、许顺江）；河北省疾病预防控制中心药物研究所（李国风）*通讯作者现代科学研究认为，阿尔兹海默症（Alzheimer disease，AD）是一种不可逆的退行性神经疾病，临床上多以记忆力障碍、执行能力障碍以及人格变化等为特征，是老年性痴呆的最主要因素。
欧洲术后镇痛指南
PostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyPostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyContents ContentsContents11. Introduction and objectives1 Although the choice of drugs shown here is indicative, adjustments will be required to take account ofindividual patient variation and are the responsibility of the prescribing physician.Effective postoperative pain management has a humanitarian role, but there are additional medical and economic benefits for rapid recovery and discharge from hospital. A number of factors contribute to effective postoperative pain management including a structured acute pain management team, patient education, regular staff training, use of balanced analgesia, regular pain assessment using specificassessment tools and adjustment of strategies to meet the needs of special patient groups, such as children and the elderly.Recent advances in pain control provide greater potential for effective postoperative management. This document reflects the opinions of a panel of European anaesthesiologists. Its aims are to raise awareness of recent advances in pain control and to provide advice on how toachieve effective postoperative analgesia. The recommendations and advice are general principles of pain management and do not provide detailed advice for specific surgical procedures.1Effective pain management is now an integral part of modern surgical practice. Postoperative pain management not only minimises patient suffering but also can reduce morbidity and facilitate rapid recovery and early discharge from hospital (see section 8, page 33), which can reduce hospital costs.23Pain is a personal, subjective experience that involves sensory,emotional and behavioural factors associated with actual or potentialtissue injury. What patients tell us about their pain can be very revealing,and an understanding of how the nervous system responds and adaptsto pain in the short and long term is essential if we are to make sense ofpatients’ experiences. The wide area of discomfort surrounding awound, or even a wound that has healed long ago, such as anamputation stump, is a natural consequence of the plasticity of thenervous system. An understanding of the physiological basis of pain ishelpful to the sufferer, and the professionals who have to provideappropriate treatment.According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP),pain is defined as"An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated withactual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of suchdamage."(IASP 1979)There is individual variation in response to pain, which is influenced bygenetic makeup, cultural background, age and gender. Certain patientpopulations are at risk of inadequate pain control and require specialattention. These include:G Paediatric patientsG Geriatric patientsG Patients with difficulty in communicating (due to critical illness,cognitive impairment or language barriers)Postoperative pain can be divided into acute pain and chronic pain:G Acute pain is experienced immediately after surgery (up to 7 days)G Pain which lasts more than 3 months after the injury is considered tobe chronic pain3. Physiology of pain 2. Goals of pain treatmentAcute and chronic pain can arise from cutaneous, deep somatic orvisceral structures. Surgery is typically followed by acute pain and correct identification of the type of pain enables selection of appropriate effective treatment. The type of pain may be somatic (arising from skin, muscle, bone), visceral (arising from organs within the chest and abdomen), or neuropathic (caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system). Patients often experience more than one type of pain.3.a. Positive role of painAcute pain plays a useful "positive" physiological role by:G Providing a warning of tissue damageG Inducing immobilisation to allow appropriate healing3.b. Negative effects of painShort term negative effects of acute pain include:G Emotional and physical suffering for the patientG Sleep disturbance(with negative impact on mood and mobilisation)G Cardiovascular side effects(such as hypertension and tachycardia)G Increased oxygen consumption(with negative impact in the case of coronary artery disease)G Impaired bowel movement(while opioids induce constipation or nausea, untreated pain mayalso be an important cause of impaired bowel movement or PONV*)G Negative effects on respiratory function(leading to atelectasis, retention of secretions and pneumonia)G Delays mobilisation and promotes thromboembolism(postoperative pain on mobilisation is one of the major causes fordelayed mobilisation)Long term negative effects of acute pain:G Severe acute pain is a risk factor for the development of chronicpain1G There is a risk of behavioural changes in children for a prolongedperiod (up to 1 year) after surgical painThere are two major mechanisms in the physiology of pain:G Nociceptive (sensory):Inflammatory pain due to chemical,mechanical and thermal stimuli at the nociceptors (nerves thatrespond to painful stimuli).G Neuropathic:Pain due to neural damage in peripheral nervesor within the central nervous system.During normal physiology, pain sensations are elicited by activity in unmyelinated (C-) and thinly myelinated (Ad-) primary afferent neurons that synapse with neurons is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Sensory information is then relayed to the thalamus and brainstem.Repetitive activation of C- nociceptive receptors produces alterations in central as well as peripheral nervous systems.3.c. The mechanism of peripheral pain sensitisationNormally, C- fibres (slow-conducting fibres that transmit dull aching pain) are silent in the absence of stimulation, but following acute tissue injury in the presence of ongoing pathophysiology, these nociceptors become sensitised and release a complex mix of pain and inflammatory mediators leading to pain sensations (Figure 1, page 6).1Several investigations into chronic pain have concluded that 20% to 50% of all patients with chronic pain syndromes started with acute pain following trauma or surgery, but the role of effective pain treatment in preventing this risk is not clear.* PONV = Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.Figure 1.Mechanism of peripheral sensitisation3.d. The mechanism of central sensitisationThe responses in the CNS are primarily physiological. Centralsensitisation is a physiological process and, only if there is continual firing of C-nociceptors over time, will these processes leads to more chronic pain syndromes.Sustained or repetitive C-nociceptor activity produces alterations in the response of the central nervous system to inputs from the periphery.When identical noxious stimuli are repeatedly applied to the skin at a certain rate, there is a progressive build-up in the response of spinalcord dorsal horn neurons (known as ‘wind up’). This allows the size of the dorsal horn neuron’s receptive field to grow (Figure 2). This process,called central sensitisation, occurs with any tissue damage. As with sensitisation of primary afferent nociceptors, this sensitisation of central pain transmission is a normal physiological response of the undamaged nervous system.Figure 2.Pain mediatorsGUnexpected intense pain, particularly if associated with altered vital signs, (hypotension, tachycardia, or fever), is immediately evaluated. New diagnoses, such as wound dehiscence, infection, or deep venous thrombosis, should be considered.GImmediate pain relief without asking for a pain rating is given to patients in obvious pain who are not sufficiently focused to use a pain rating scale.GFamily members are involved when appropriate.4.a. Specific tools for pain assessmentSpecific pain assessment scales are used to quantify pain. The use of one scale within a hospital ensures that everyone in the team "speaks the same language"regarding the intensity of pain. The patient's own report is the most useful tool. The intensity of pain should therefore be assessed as far as possible by the patient as long as he/she is able tocommunicate and express what pain feels like. Always listen to and believe what the patient says.A number of different patient self-assessment scales are available (Figure 3, page 12):A. Facial expressions: a pictogram of six faces with differentexpressions from smiling or happy through to tearful. This scale is suitable for patients where communication is a problem, such as children, elderly patients, confused patients or patients who do not speak the local language.B. Verbal rating scale (VRS): the patient is asked to rate their pain on a five-point scale as "none, mild, moderate, severe or very severe".Assessment of pain is a vital element in effective postoperative pain management. The principles of successful pain assessment are shown in Table 1.44. Assessment of pain4G The treatment strategy to be continued is discussed by the physician responsible for the patient in conjunction with the ward nurses.GThe physician and nurses pay attention to the effects and side effects of the pain treatment.C. Numerical rating scale (NRS): This consists of a simple 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 scale which correlates to no pain at zero and worst possible pain at 5 (or 10). The patient is asked to rate his/her pain intensity as a number.D. Visual analogue scale (VAS): This consists of an ungraduated,straight 100 mm line marked at one end with the term " no pain" and at the other end "the worst possible pain". The patient makes a cross on the line at the point that best approximates to their pain intensity.The VRS and NRS are the most frequently used assessment tools in the clinical setting while the VAS scale is primarily used as a research tool.4.b. Selection of suitable assessment tool (Figure 3, page 12):When selecting a pain assessment tool ensure that:GIt is appropriate for the patient's developmental, physical, emotional, and cognitive statusGIt meets the needs of both the patient and the pain management team4.c. DocumentationDocument pain regularly, take appropriate action and monitor efficacy and side effects of treatment. Record the information in a well-defined place in the patient record, such as the vital sign sheet or a purpose-designed acute pain chart.GThe nurse responsible for the patient reports the intensity of pain and treats the pain within the defined rules of the local guidelines. GThe physician responsible for the patient may need to modify theintervention if evaluation shows that the patient still has significant pain.44Faces painassessmentscale(Fig A) Patientable to communicatewell ?VRS painassessmentscale(Fig B)NRSassessmentscale(Fig C)VASassessmentscale(Fig D) NoYesChoice of assessment tool12Fig A. Alternatecoding Fig B.Fig C. Fig D.G Select a pain assessment tool, and teach the patient to use it.Determine the level of pain above which adjustment of analgesia or other interventions will be considered.G Provide the patient with education and information about pain control.GEmphasise the importance of a factual report of pain, avoiding stoicism or exaggeration.The "Patient Information Project" is a useful source of information for patients who require information about anaesthesia and postoperative pain management. This is a joint project between the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, together with patient representative groups. The website is:Patients are unlikely to be aware of postoperative pain treatment techniques and as the success of pain relief is influenced by theirknowledge and beliefs, it is helpful to give patients (and parents in case of children) detailed information about postoperative pain and pain treatment. Adequate information gives the patient realistic expectations of the care that can be provided (pain relief, not a "pain free status"). This information can include:G The importance of treating postoperative pain G Available methods of pain treatment G Pain assessment routinesG Goals (optimum pain scoring) (see section 2, page 2)GThe patient's participation in the treatment of painInformation for the patient can be given in different ways (in combination):G Verbal informationGWritten and/or audiovisual information -Brochures -Wall posters -Video films -Web pagesA preoperative discussion with the patient and relatives can include the following:GDiscuss the patient's previous experiences with pain and preferences for pain assessment and management.GGive the patient information about pain management therapies that are available and the rationale underlying their use.GDevelop with the patient a plan for pain assessment and management.141555. Patient education51716Effective treatment of postoperative pain includes a number of factors,including good nursing, non-pharmacological techniques, such as distraction, and balanced (multimodal) analgesia to provide adequate pain relief with optimal drug combinations used at the lowest effective doses.6.a. Pharmacological methods of pain treatment 1Postoperative pain management should be step-wise and balanced (Figure 4, page 18). The four main groups of analgesic drugs used for postoperative pain management are shown in Table 2 opposite, with examples of drugs listed in each group.6.a.i. Balanced (multimodal) analgesiaBalanced (multimodal) analgesia uses two or more analgesic agents that act by different mechanisms to achieve a superior analgesic effect without increasing adverse events compared with increased doses of single agents. For example, epidural opioids can be administered in combination with epidural local anaesthetics; intravenous opioids can be administered in combination with NSAIDs, which have a dose sparing effect for systemically administered opioids.Balanced analgesia is therefore the method of choice wherever possible,based on paracetamol and NSAIDs for low intensity pain with opioid analgesics and/or local analgesia techniques being used for moderate and high intensity pain as indicated (Figure 4, page 18).66. Treatment optionsTable 2Pharmacological options of pain managementNon-opioid analgesicsParacetamolNSAIDs, including COX-2 inhibitors*Gabapentin, pregabalin 2Weak opioidsCodeine TramadolParacetamol combined with codeine or tramadol Strong opioidsMorphine Diamorphine Pethidine Piritramide Oxycodone Adjuvants**Ketamine Clonidine* At the time of writing, COX-2 inhibitor drugs are subject to scrutiny by international regulatory bodies with regard to adverse outcomes when used for long-term oralprescription or for pain relief in patients with cardiovascular problems such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension. Rofecoxib has been withdrawn fromsales and prescription of valdecoxib has been suspended pending further research into its adverse events profile for cardiovascular morbidity and the occurrence of severemuco-cutaneous side effects. The injectable COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib remains available for short-term use in treating postoperative pain. All NSAIDs should be used with care in patients with cardiovascular disease.** These adjuvants are not recommended for routine use in acute pain management because of their adverse side effects. Their use should be restricted to specialists in managing pain problems.62Gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for pain management but at the time of writing there is little published data to recommend the use of these drugs for acute pain management.1The example doses given are indicative and do not take account of individual patient variation.196.a.ii. Opioids 1Severeintensity painFor example:ThoracotomyUpper abdominal surgery Aortic surgery Knee replacementModerateintensity painFor example:Hip replacement Hysterectomy Jaw surgeryMildintensity painFor example:Inguinal hernia VaricesLaparoscopy(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and(iii) Regional block analgesiaAdd weak opioid or rescue analgesia with small increments of intravenous strong opioid if necessary(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration withlocal anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and (iii) Peripheral nerve block(single shot or continuous infusion) or opioid injection (IV PCA)(i) Paracetamol and woundinfiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unlesscontraindicated) and (iii) Epidural local analgesia ormajor peripheral nerve or plexus block or opioid injection (IV PCA)1 The examples given here represent levels of pain commonly experienced and are subject to individual variation and contra-indications may apply.Figure 4Treatment options in relation to magnitude of postoperative pain expected following different types of surgery 1Table 3Morphine and weak opioidsMorphine Administration(i) Intravenous.(ii) Subcutaneous by continuous infusion or intermittent boluses via indwelling cannula.(iii) Intramuscular (not recommended due to incidence of pain. 5-10 mg 3-4 hourly).Dosage:IV PCABolus: 1-2 mg, lockout: 5-15 min (usually 7-8 min),no background infusion.Subcutaneous0.1-0.15 mg/kg 4-6 hourly, adapted in relation to pain score, sedation and respiratory rate.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsSide effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation and apnoea.No other opioid or sedative drug should be administered.18continued overleaf1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2120 6.a.iii. Non-opioids 1Table 5Combination of codeine + paracetamolAdministration Oral.DosageParacetamol 500 mg + codeine 30 mg. 4 x 1 g paracetamol/day.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.NV = nausea and vomitingTramadol Administration(i) Intravenous: inject slowly (risk of high incidence of NV).(ii) Intramuscular.(iii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Dosage 50-100 mg 6 hourly.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsTramadol reduces serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and is a weak opioid agonist.In analgesic efficiency, 100 mg tramadol is equivalent to 5-15 mg morphine.Sedative drugs can have an additive effect.Table 4ParacetamolAdministration(i) Intravenous: Start 30 min before the end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Duration: as long as required.Dosage4 x 1 g paracetamol/day (2 g propacetamol/day).Dose to be reduced (e.g. 3 x 1 g/day) in case of hepatic insufficiency.Monitoring Pain scores.CommentsShould be combined with NSAID and/or opioids or loco-regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are generally examples and each patient should be assessed individually before prescribing.Table 3 (continued)Codeine Administration OralDosage3 mg/kg/day combined with paracetamol.A minimum of 30 mg codeine/tablet is required.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.6.a.iv. AdjuvantsIn addition to systemic administration of NSAIDs or paracetamol, weak opioids and non-opioid analgesic drugs may be administered "on request" for moderate or severe pain. These include ketamine and clonidine. Clonidine can be administered orally, intravenously orperineurally in combination with local anaesthetics. However, the side effects could be significant. The most important ones are hypotension and sedation. Ketamine can be administered via oral, intramuscular or intravenous routes. It has also significant side effects.6.a.v. Regional analgesiaContinuous Central Neuraxis Blockade (CCNB)CCNB is one of the most effective forms of postoperative analgesia, but it is also one of the most invasive. However, CCNB remains the first choice for a number of indications, such as abdominal, thoracic, and major orthopaedic surgery, where adequate pain relief cannot be achieved with other analgesia techniques NB can be achieved via two routes:G Continuous epidural analgesia - the recommended first choice GContinuous spinal analgesia - should be limited to selected cases only, as there is less experience with this techniquePostoperative epidural analgesia is usually accomplished with acombination of a long-acting local anaesthetic and an opioid, in dilute concentrations. Long-acting local anaesthetics are preferred because they are associated with less tachyphylaxis. Maintenance techniques in epidural analgesia include:GContinuous Infusion (CI): An easy technique that requires littleintervention. The cumulative dose of local anaesthetic is likely to be higher and side effects are more likely than with the other two techniques.2322Table 6NSAIDs 1Administration(i) Intravenous: administration should start at least 30-60 min before end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration should start as soon as possible.Duration: 3-5 days.Dosage examples(i) Conventional NSAIDs include:ketorolac: 3 x 30-40 mg/day (only IV form)diclofenac: 2 x 75 mg/day ketoprofen: 4 x 50 mg/day (ii) Selective NSAIDs include:meloxicam 15 mg once dailyCOX-2 inhibitors are now licensed for postoperative pain management. They are as efficient as ketorolac but reduce GI side effects. Examples include: parecoxib: 40 mg followed by 1-2 x 40 mg/day (IV form) or celecoxib: 200 mg/day. However, there is some debate due to cardiovascular risks in patients witharteriosclerosis. *See note below Table 2, page 17MonitoringPain scores.Renal function in patients with renal or cardiac disease, elderly patients, or patients with episodes of severe hypotension. Gastrointestinal side effects. Non-selective NSAIDs would be combined with proton inhibitors (i.e. omeprasol) in patients at risk of gastrointestinal side effects.CommentsCan be added to the pre-medication.Can be used in association with paracetamol and/or opioids or local regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2524Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blockade (CPNB)Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are being increasingly used since they may provide more selective but still excellent postoperative analgesia with reduced need for opioids over an extended period.Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) avoid the side effects associated with central neuraxial blockade, such as hypotension and wide motorblockade with reduced mobility and proprioception, and complications such as epidural haematoma, epidural abscess and paraparesis.After major orthopaedic lower limb surgery, clinical studies showperipheral nerve blocks are as effective as epidural and that both are better than IV opioids. Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous peripheral analgesia are shown in Table 8.Table 8Examples of local anaesthetics and doses in continuous peripheral nerve analgesiaG Intermittent Top-up: Results in benefits due to frequent patient/staff contact but can produce a high staff workload and patients may have to wait for treatment.GPatient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA): This technique produces high patient satisfaction and reduced dose requirements compared with CI. However, sophisticated pumps are required and accurate catheter position is important for optimal efficacy.Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous epidural analgesia are shown in Table 7.Table 7Examples of local anaesthetics and opioids and doses in epidural analgesia 1LocalRopivacaineSufentanil 0.5-1 µg/ml anaesthetics/opioids0.2% (2 mg/ml) or orFentanyl 2-4 µg/mlLevobupivacaine or Bupivacaine0.1-0.2% (1-2 mg/ml)Dosage for continuous 6-12 ml/hinfusion (thoracic or lumbar level)Dosage for patient Background: 4-6 ml/h controlled infusion Bolus dose: 2 ml (2-4 ml)(lumbar or thoracic)2Minimum lockout interval 10 min (10-30 min)Recommended maximum hourly dose (bolus + background): 12 ml1 The tip of the catheter should be placed as close as possible to the surgical dermatomes: T6-T10 for majorintra-abdominal surgery, and L2-L4 for lower limb surgery.2 There are many possible variations in local anaesthetic/opioid concentration yielding good results, the examples givenhere should be taken as a guideline; higher concentrations than the ones mentioned here are sometimes required but cannot be recommended as a routine for postoperative pain relief.Site of catheterLocal anaesthetics and dosage*Ropivacaine 0.2%Bupivacaine 0.1-0.125%Levobupivacaine 0.1-0.2%Interscalene5-9 ml/h Infraclavicular 5-9 ml/h Axillary 5-10 ml/h Femoral 7-10 ml/h Popliteal3-7 ml/h*Sometimes, higher concentrations are required in individual patients. As a standard, starting with a low concentration/dose is recommended to avoid sensory loss or motor block.2726Patient Controlled Regional Analgesia (PCRA) can be used to maintain peripheral nerve block. A low basal infusion rate (e.g. 3-5 ml/h)associated with small PCA boluses (e.g. 2.5-5 ml - lockout: 30-60 min) is the preferred technique.Infiltration blocksPain relief may be achieved by infiltration of the wound with localanaesthetic. The technique is easy to perform by the surgeon at the time of surgery. The efficacy and duration of analgesia depend on the length of the wound and the type of local anaesthetic used (Table 9).The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques of regional analgesia are shown in Table 10.Table 9Local anaesthetic infiltrationLocal anaestheticVolumeAdditivesIntraarticular instillation Knee arthroscopy0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Morphine 1-2 mg 0.5% Bupivacaine20 ml Morphine 1-2 mgShoulder arthroscopy 0.75% Ropivacaine10-20 mlIntraperitoneal instillation Gynaecological 0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Cholecystectomy 0.25% Ropivacaine40-60 mlWound infiltration Inguinal hernia0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlTable 10Advantages of different techniques of regional analgesiaAdvantagesDisadvantagesContinuous Very effective.Motor block and urinary Epiduralretention may develop Analgesia (CEA)Much experience.or persist depending on the concentrations used.Differential block withDrugs used must have motor sparing is possible.low risk of systemic toxicity and produce as little motor Excellent postoperative block as possible.pain control over an extended period.Requires regular clinical monitoring on surgical Useful for rehabilitation wards or ICU.and physiotherapy.There are no universal Reduces the quantity of guidelines for monitoring.opioid analgesics needed.May mask a haematoma or abscess resulting in damage to spinal nerves.continued overleafThyroid surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 10-20 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*10-20 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 20 mlPerianal surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlcontinued opposite* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.Please consult the manufacturer’s full prescribing information before use.。
小鼠淋巴结位置
Research paperAnatomy and nomenclature of murine lymph nodes:Descriptive study and nomenclatory standardization in BALB/cAnNCrl miceWim Van den Broeck a,⁎,Annie Derore b,c ,Paul Simoens aaDepartment of Morphology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ghent University,Salisburylaan 133,B-9820Merelbeke,BelgiumbInnogenetics NV ,Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7,B-9052Ghent,BelgiumcFlanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB),Technologiepark 927,B-9052Ghent,BelgiumReceived 21November 2005;received in revised form 10January 2006;accepted 26January 2006Available online 6March 2006AbstractMurine lymph nodes are intensively studied but often assigned incorrectly in scientific papers.In BALB/cAnNCrl mice,we characterized a total of 22different lymph nodes.Peripheral nodes were situated in the head and neck region (mandibular,accessory mandibular,superficial parotid,cranial deep cervical nodes),and at the forelimb (proper axillary,accessory axillary nodes)and hindlimb (subiliac,sciatic,popliteal nodes).Intrathoracic lymph nodes included the cranial mediastinal,tracheobronchal and caudal mediastinal nodes.Abdominal lymph nodes were associated with the gastrointestinal tract (gastric,pancreaticoduodenal,jejunal,colic,caudal mesenteric nodes)or were located along the major intra-abdominal blood vessels (renal,lumbar aortic,lateral iliac,medial iliac and external iliac nodes).Comparative and nomenclative aspects of murine lymph nodes are discussed.The position of the lymph nodes of BALB/cAnNCrl mice is summarized and illustrated in an anatomical chart containing proposals for both an official nomenclature according to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria and English terms.©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Mouse;Lymph node;Nomenclature1.IntroductionRodents,and mice in particular,have long been used as laboratory animals in various scientific experiments.The possibility to produce different murine strains and a variety of knock-out mice,the high reproductive rate of these animals,and the ease of their handling have made them the preferential laboratory animal.In immunolog-ical sciences,murine lymph nodes (lnn.)are often used to isolate lymphocytes in order to study fundamentalaspects of immunology and immunopathology.The methodology to recognize and dissect these lymph nodes requires at least a basic anatomical knowledge.In numerous studies,however,inaccurate,misleading or even enigmatic terms such as genital nodes (Cain and Rank,1995)or tonsillar nodes (Deaglio et al.,1996)have sometimes been assigned to murine lymph nodes.The ambiguity of murine lymph node (ln.)nomenclature is illustrated by the lymph node at the ear base of mice which has been variably designated by various terms such as parotid ln.(Cuq,1966;Grassé,1972;Popesko et al.,1992),lateral mandibular ln.(Cuq,1966),and facial ln.(Wolvers et al.,1999),while numerous recent studies refer to an allegedly auricular ln.(Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Sailstad et al.,1995)or pre-Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19/locate/jim⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+3292747716;fax:+3292647790.E-mail address:wim.vandenbroeck@UGent.be (W.Van den Broeck).0022-1759/$-see front matter ©2006Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.022auricular ln.(Hendrickx et al.,1992)in this region.Given this confusion,it becomes very difficult to reproduce the experimental reports or compare different scientific results.Nevertheless,the localization of the different lymph nodes with their respective names in mice has been thoroughly described in a number of anatomical publications (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964),but these papers are seldom referred to.A sample bibliographic (Medline)search from 1989to 1999demonstrated that of 293randomly chosen papers in which the words “mouse lymph node(s)”are used,89citations (i.e.30%)used only vague terms such as “lymph node ”,“peripheral lymph node ”,“draining lymph node ”,“local lymph node ”,or “regional lymph node ”instead of the precise anatomical names.In the remaining 204publications,at least 42different specific names were given to the lymph nodes that were studied.Only 1article,however,contained some figures illustrating the anatomical position and identification of the lymph nodes in question (Wolvers et al.,1999).In contrast,in the remaining 203studies the exact scientific identification of the node was lacking:59of these investigations referred to previous publica-tions in which the nomenclature used was not based on asufficiently scientific anatomical support,while in the remaining 144articles no anatomical reference was given at all.In an attempt to rectify this situation,we first characterized the lymph nodes in BALB/cAnNCrl mice and then summarized our findings in an anatomical chart.2.Materials and methods 2.1.AnimalsSeventy female BALB/cAnNCrl mice (Iffa Credo N.V .,Brussels,Belgium)aged 8to 32weeks were housed in groups of 3to 6animals in conventional type II cages containing nesting material as environmental enrich-ment (Brain et al.,1994)along with water and food supply ad libitum.At the end of the experiments,all animals were euthanized by intraperitoneal (IP)injec-tion of 30μl T61(Hoechst Roussel Vet,Brussels,Belgium).All experimental studies described in this paper were approved by the Institutional Animal Welfare Committee of Innogenetics (September 15,1999).Table 1Protocols used for demonstrating murine lymph nodes Protocol Route of administrationSedation/anaesthesia Product Quantity (μl)Incubation (days)Number of animals I Intravenous (lateral caudal vein)–Ink+RAS a 200b 103II Subcutaneous,mental region –Ink+CFA c 60b 286III Subcutaneous,mental region –Ink+RAS 10b 214IV Subcutaneous,frontal region –Ink+CFA 60b 286V Subcutaneous,auricular base–Ink+RAS 10b 216VI Subcutaneous,palmar metacarpal region –Ink+CFA 40b 183426VII Subcutaneous,plantar metatarsal region –Ink+CFA 40b 183426VIII Intranasal instillation Sedation Ink+RAS 2×30b,d 10e 317e 3IX Intraperitoneal –Ink+tR f2000g 143X PeroralSedation Ink+RAS or CFA 500b 216XI Intrahepatic h Anaesthesia Ink+RAS 30b 216XIIIntralienal iAnaesthesiaInk+RAS50b216a RAS:Ribi Adjuvant System®,RIBI Immuno Chem Research,Inc.,Hamilton,USA.bEqual quantities ink/RAS or CFA.cCFA:Complete Freunds Adjuvant®,Difco Laboratories,Detroit,Michigan,USA.dTwo administrations of 30μl with 21-day interval.eDays after the last administration.ftR:Thioglycollate+Resazurin®,Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur,Marnes-la-Coquette,France.g50μl ink+1950μl Thioglycollate +Resazurin®.hAfter anaesthesia,the abdominal wall was incised 5mm caudal to the xiphoid process under surgical conditions;after the injection of the solution into the left and right hepatic lobes,the abdominal incision was closed.iAfter anaesthesia,the left abdominal wall was incised under surgical conditions;after the injection of the solution into the spleen,the abdominal incision was closed.13W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19Table 2List of lymph nodes observed in the present study of BALB/cAnNCrl mice #English name Official name Protocol Occurrencea Topography2Accessory mandibular ln.Ln.mandibularis accessorius I,II,IV ,V Constant (21/21)Dorsolateral to the mandibular lymph nodeSuperficial parotid ln.Ln.parotideus superficialisI,II,IV ,VConstant (21/21)Ventral to the external acoustic pore,caudal to the extraorbital lacrimal gland,cranioventral to the parotid salivary gland,dorsal to the junction between the superficial temporal vein (v.)and the maxillary v.4Cranial deep cervical ln.Ln.cervicalisprofundus cranialis I,II,IV ,VIConstant (24/24)Medial to the external jugular vein and sternocephalic muscle (m.),lateral to sternohyoid m.,caudal to digastric m.,dorsal to the trachea5Proper axillary ln.Ln.axillaris propriusI,VIConstant (12/12)Medial to the shoulder,dorsolateral to ascending pectoral m.,at the junction between the lateral thoracic vein and the axillary vein6Accessory axillary ln.Ln.axillaris accessorius I,VI Constant (12/12)Caudal to triceps brachii m.,lateral to cutaneous trunci m.,in subcutaneous adipose tissue7Subiliac ln.Ln.subiliacusI,VIIConstant (12/12)In the fold of the flank (plica lateralis)cranial to thigh musculature,near the deep circumflex iliac artery (a.)and v.8Sciatic ln.Ln.ischiadicus I,VIIConstant (12/12)Medial to gluteus superficialis m.,caudal to gluteus medius m.and sciatic nerve9Popliteal ln.Ln.popliteus I,VII Constant(12/12)In the popliteal fossa between biceps femoris m.and semitendinosus m.10Cranial mediastinal lnn.Lnn.mediastinales craniales I Constant(3/3)Bilaterally 2lymph nodes located lateral to the thoracic thymus and along the internal thoracic a.and v.11Tracheobronchal ln.Ln.tracheobronchalis VIII Constant(6/6)Single (unpaired)lymph node at the tracheal bifurcation 12Caudal mediastinal ln.Ln.mediastinalis caudalis I Constant(3/3)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the caudal mediastinum,ventral to the esophagus,along the ventral vagal trunk 13Gastric ln.Ln.gastricus I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the lesser omentum at the minor curvature of the stomach14Pancreaticoduodenal ln.Ln.pancreaticoduodenalis I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the mesoduodenum,dorsal to the portal vein,surrounded by pancreatic tissue 15Jejunal lnn.Lnn.jejunales I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Large cluster of lymph nodes in the mesojejunum along the cranial mesenteric a.16Colic ln.Ln.colicus I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)In the mesocolon at the transition between ascending colon and transverse colon17Caudal mesenteric ln.Ln.mesentericus caudalis I,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(24/24)Single (unpaired)lymph node in the caudal mesentery at the origin of the caudal mesenteric a.18Renal ln.Ln.renalis I,VII,IX,X,XI,XII Constant(33/33)Dorsal to the ipsilateral kidney nearby the renal blood vessels,caudal to the adrenal gland19Lumbar aortic ln.Ln.lumbalis aorticus VII bInconstant(4/6bilateral,2/6only left)Lateral to (and adjacent with)the abdominal aorta,halfway between the origin of the renal and common iliac arteries20Lateral iliac ln.Ln.iliacus lateralis I Inconstant(2/3only right,1/3absent)In adipose tissue caudolateral to the kidney along the deep circumflex iliac a.21Medial iliac ln.Ln.iliacus medialis I,VII,IX,X Constant(21/21)Major bilateral lymph node at the terminal segment of the abdominal aorta and the origin of the common iliac a.22External iliac ln.Ln.iliacus externus I Constant(3/3)Small lymph node along the initial (intra-abdominal)segment of the external iliac a.,before the latter enters the femoral canalEnglish and official Latin names of each node are given together with their frequency and a short description of their topography.aF :number of animals in which lymph nodes were found,E :number of animals in which these particular lymph nodes were examined.bProtocol VII with 42incubation days.14W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–192.2.Stimulation of lymph nodesAs murine lymph nodes are hardly distinguishable from the surrounding fat and connective tissue(Cuq, 1966),they were stimulated and colored in vivo by an injection of Indian ink in combination with an adjuvant prior to euthanasia and subsequent dissection of the animals.Intravenous injections were performed in three mice to obtain a general overview(protocol I),whereas different additional stimulation protocols were used to demonstrate the presence of particular nodes in various body regions(protocols II–XII).In some protocols,a previous sedation of the mice by intramuscular injection of1μl/g body weight of a solution of200μl ketamine (Ketalar,Parke Davis,Dublin,Ireland)and30μl xylazine(Rompun2%,Bayer,Brussels,Belgium)was required.In a few cases,anaesthesia was induced by injecting the mice intraperitoneally with220μl of a solution containing200μl ketamine,100μl xylazine and 700μl physiological salt solution.The different protocol details are listed in Table1.The specific protocols that have been used to identify the particular nodes are listed in Table2.2.3.Histological examinationThe lymphoid architecture of the in vivo colored structures was verified by histological examination. Dissected lymph nodes were fixed in3.5%phosphate-buffered formaldehyde immediately after necropsy. Paraffin sections were made and stained with eosin–haematoxylin.3.ResultsBased on their topography,the murine lymph nodes were divided into peripheral(head and neck region, forelimb,hindlimb),intrathoracic,and intra-abdominal lymph nodes.A precise nomenclature based on the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria(2005),equivalent English terms,and the topography of the lymph nodes are described in Table2.The anatomical position ofthe Fig.1.Peripheral lymph nodes in the mouse.(1a)Ventro-lateral view of the head and throat region with sublingual(a),mandibular(b)and parotid (c)salivary gland and the extraorbital lacrimal gland(d),(1b)ventral view of the axillary region,(1c)lateral view of the thorax and forelimb,(1d) dorsal view of the sacral region with the sciatic nerve(a),and(1e)ventral view of the spread hindlimbs;numbers(1–9)according to the description in Table2.15 W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods312(2006)12–19exposed lymph nodes is illustrated in 14photographs (Figs.1–3)and 2drawings (Fig.4).Nine peripheral lymph nodes are constant and bilaterally present,namely the mandibular,accessory mandibular,superficial parotid,and cranial deep cervical ln.in the head and neck regions,the axillary and accessory axillary ln.in the forelimb,and the subiliac,sciatic and popliteal ln.in the hindlimb region.Intrathoracic nodes are few in number and consist of the cranial mediastinal lnn.,tracheobronchal ln.and the caudal mediastinal ln.Intra-abdominal lymph nodes are either associated with the gastroin-testinal tract or lie along the major abdominal arteries.The former group consists of the gastric and pancrea-ticoduodenal ln.,the jejunal lnn.and colic ln.which together represent the cranial mesenteric lnn.,and the caudal mesenteric ln.The other intra-abdominal lymph nodes include the bilateral renal,medial iliac and external iliac ln.,as well as the inconstant lumbar aortic and lateral iliac ln.The latter lymph node was observed in 2out of 3mice that were stimulated by intravenous injection.Other lymph nodes such as the facial (Wolvers et al.,1999),auricular or pre-auricular (Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Hendrickx et al.,1992;Sailstad et al.,1995),superficial cervical (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),caudal deep cervical (Barone et al.,1950),pulmonary (Teitelbaum et al.,1999),hepatic and lienal (Barone et al.,1950),(ileo)cecal (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),sacral (Popesko et al.,1992),and femoral (Björkdahl et al.,1999;Mishell et al.,1980)lymph nodes were not observed in any of the BALB/cAnNCrl mice that were examined in the present study.Furthermore,there was no evidence of the presence of a submental lymph node (Cook,1983;Jacoby and Fox,1984),but a number of subcutaneous submental lymph nodules were demonstrated just caudal to the inter-mandibular synchondrosis by histological examination.4.DiscussionWe sought to definitely localize lymph nodes in mice and to provide an up-to-date anatomical determination chart to identify the different nodes.Most oftheseFig.2.Intrathoracic and intra-abdominal lymph nodes in the mouse.(2a)Ventral view of the thoracic cavity with the right lung (a)and thymus (b),both turned over to the left side,(2b)ventral view of the thoracic cavity with oesophagus (a),heart (b)and thymus (c),(2c)ventral view of the abdominal cavity with stomach (a),liver (b)and spleen (c),(2d)exposed mesentery,and (2e)ventral view of the abdominal cavity with the left uterine horn (a)and the caudal mesenteric artery (b);numbers (10–17)according to the description in Table 2.16W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19lymph nodes have already been described in anatomical papers (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964),but bibliometric analysis indicates that contemporary investigators are often not familiar with these publications.As a consequence,the nomenclature of murine lymph nodes used in recent literature lacks uniformity and is sometimes inadequate or even incorrect.By using different conventional in vivo staining techniques,22lymph nodes could be demonstrated in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.They were named by analogy to the terms listed in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005).This terminology is based on precise nomen-clatory principles leading to short and simple terms with instructive and descriptive value.Several lymph nodes that were observed in BALB/cAnNCrl mice could be identified because of their comparative and topographic similarities with analogous lymph nodes in domestic carnivores,pigs,and herbivores,and they were named accordingly.However mice lack several lymph nodes that are present in other mammals,such as the deep parotid or proper lumbar lymph nodes.Despite the absence of these complementary structures in mice,the terms superficial parotid and lumbar aortic lymph nodes were retained because the pertaining adjectives have useful descriptive value.This was also the case for the term cranial deep cervical lymph node,although the superficial cervical and caudal deep cervical lymph nodes were not observed in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.No additional topographic adjective was used for the single tracheobronchal lymph node because a precise homol-ogy with either the right,left,or middle tracheobronchal lymph node of domestic animals could not be ascertained in the present study or by data from the literature (Cuq,1966;Kawashima et al.,1964).A number of lymph nodes that has been described in murine species by other authors were not found in the present study.The facial lymph node as mentioned by Wolvers et al.(1999),and the auricular (Anjuère et al.,1999;Dearman et al.,1996;Sailstad et al.,1995)and pre-auricular lymph node (Hendrickx et al.,1992)probably correspond with the superficial parotid ln.described in our study.The submental ln.,illustrated as bilateral lymph nodes in two papers (Cook,1983;Jacoby and Fox,1984),were not observed as nodes as such,but subcutaneous median lymph noduleswereFig.3.Intra-abdominal lymph nodes in the mouse (ventral view).(3a,3b,3c,3d)Ventral views of the abdominal cavity with the right kidney (a)(turned over to the left side in 3a),the right adrenal gland (b),the descending colon (c)(displaced in 3c)and the deep circumflex iliac artery (d);numbers (7,17–22)according to the description in Table 2.17W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19present just caudal to the intermandibular synchondro-sis.Furthermore,there was no evidence of the caudal deep cervical ln.which has been described ventral to the trachea and dorsal to the sternum at the level of the first two ribs (Barone et al.,1950).Similarly,the existence of the superficial cervical ln.which has inconstantly be seen medial to the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and cranial to the supraspinatus muscle (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),and the presence of the femoral ln.which has been described in the inguinal region (Björkdahl et al.,1999;Mishell et al.,1980)could not be demonstrated.An intrathoracic pulmonary lymph node (Teitelbaum et al.,1999)was also absent in all mice examined in the present study.The (ileo)cecal lnn.,described in the ileocecal mesentery as accessory nodes (Barone et al.,1950;Cuq,1966),were not observed inour study,whereas the sacral ln.which has been illustrated by Popesko et al.(1992)most likely refers to the caudal mesenteric ln.as defined by Kawashima et al.(1964).Despite the minute dissections and the use of specific intrahepatic and intralienal stimulation techni-ques,our study failed to demonstrate the existence of hepatic and lienal lymph nodes in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.The presence of these nodes in mice has been discussed by Barone et al.(1950).According to these authors,murine lienal nodes are absent,which corre-sponds with the present findings in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.On the other hand,they observed a (retro)hepatic or portal lymph node which could hardly be discerned from the lymph nodes adjacent to the stomach and the pancreas.This lymph node corresponds most likely with the pancreaticoduodenal lymph node described in the present study.A novel finding in our study was the presence of a small and inconstant lateral iliac lymph node in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.The presence and lymphoid nature of the latter lymph node were verified by histological examination.It is not unlikely that this structure,along with other lymph nodes,might also be demonstrated in other murine species and breeds.To date,no precise nor conclusive data are available concerning the presence of hemal lymph nodes in mice.The exact function of these nodes,which are very obvious in some domestic animal species such as oxen and sheep,has still to be elucidated,but probably they perform a spleen-like function,as suggested by their morphology (Bassan et al.,1999).In the present study,the presence of hemal lymph nodes could not be demonstrated neither by macroscopic nor by micro-scopic examination in any of the stimulated or unstimulated regions in BALB/cAnNCrl mice.In summary,we recommend that scientific papers on laboratory animals,and on mice in particular,should carefully observe universally accepted rules of nomen-clature for the identification of all lymphatic organs that are described and investigated.ReferencesAnjuère,F.,Martin,P.,Ferrero,I.,López Fraga,M.,Martinez delHoyo,G.,Wright,N.,Ardavin,C.,1999.Definition of dendritic cell subpopulations present in the spleen,Peyer's patches,lymph nodes and skin of the mouse.Blood 93,590.Barone,R.,Bertrand,M.,Desenclos,R.,1950.Recherches anatomi-ques sur les ganglions lymphatiques des petits rongeurs de laboratoire.Rev.Méd.Vét.101,423.Bassan,N.,Vasquez,F.,Vinuesa,M.,Cerrutti,P.,Bernardi,S.,1999.Morphological alterations in hemal nodes in splenectomized cattle.Arq.Bras.Med.Vet.Zootec.51,445.Björkdahl,O.,Akerblad,P.,Gjörloff-Wingren,A.,Leanderson,T.,Dohlsten,M.,1999.Lymphoid hyperplasia in transgenicmiceFig.4.Schematic drawing of the localization of the lymph nodes in the mouse.(4a)Ventral and (4b)lateral view;numbers (1–22)according to the description in Table 2;superficial or exposed lymph nodes are in black,the deeply located lymph nodes are dotted.18W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods 312(2006)12–19over-expressing a secreted form of the human interleukin-1βgene product.Immunology96,128.Brain,P.F.,Büttner, D.,Costa,P.,Gregory,J.A.,Heine,W.O.P., Koolhaas,J.,Militzer,K.,Ödberg, F.O.,Scharmann,W., Stauffacher,M.,1994.Rodents.In:O'Donoghue,P.N.(Ed.),The Accommodation of Laboratory Animals in Accordance with Animal Welfare Requirements.Proceedings of an International Workshop held at the Bundesgesundheitsamt.Bonn,Germany, p.1.Cain,T.K.,Rank,R.G.,1995.Local Th1-like responses are induced by intravaginal infection of mice with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamidia trachomatis.Infect.Immun.63,1784.Cook,M.J.,1983.Anatomy.In:Foster,H.L.,Small,J.D.,Fox,J.G.(Eds.),The Mouse in Biomedical Research:V olume III.Normative Biology,Immunology,and Husbandry.Academic Press Inc.,New York,p.111.Cuq,P.,1966.Le système lymphatique de la Souris.Recl.Méd.Vét.142,1211.Deaglio,S.,Dianzani,U.,Horenstein,A.L.,Fernandez,J.E.,Van Kooten,C.,Bragardo,M.,Funaro,A.,Garbarino,G.,Di Virgilio,F.,Banchereau,J.,Malavasi,F.,1996.Human CD38ligand.A120kDa protein predominantly expressed on endothelial cells.J.Immunol.156,727.Dearman,R.J.,Basketter,D.A.,Kimber,I.,1996.Characterization of chemical allergens as a function of divergent cytokine secretion profiles induced in mice.Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.138,308. Grassé,P.P.,1972.In:Grassé,P.P.(Ed.),Traitéde Zoölogie.Tome XVI,Fascicule IV.Masson,Paris,p.848.Hendrickx,R.L.,Tumpey,T.M.,Finnegan,A.,1992.IFN-γand IL-2 are protective in the skin but pathologic in the corneas of HSV-1-infected mice.J.Immunol.149,3023.Jacoby,R.O.,Fox,J.G.,1984.Biology and diseases of mice.In:Fox,J.G.,Cohen,B.J.,Loew,F.M.(Eds.),Laboratory Animal Medicine.Academic Press Inc,New York,p.140.Kawashima,Y.,Sugimura,M.,Hwang,Y.,Kudo,N.,1964.The lymph system in mice.Jpn.J.Vet.Res.12,69.Mishell,B.B.,Shiigi,S.M.,Henry,C.,Chan,E.L.,North,J.,Gallily, R.,Slomich,M.,Miller,K.,Marbrook,J.,Parks,D.,Good,A.H., 1980.Preparation of mouse cell suspensions.In:Meshell,B.B., Shiig,S.M.(Eds.),Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology.W.F.Freeman and Company,San Francisco,p.13.Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria(NA V),2005.In:Waibl,H.,Gasse,H.,Constantinescu,G.,Hashimoto,Y.,Simoens,P.(Eds.),World Association of Veterinary Anatomists,5th edition, pp.120–122(Hannover,Columbia,Sapporo,Ghent),http://www./.Popesko,P.,Rajtová,V.,Horák,J.,1992.In:Popesko,P.(Ed.),A Colour Atlas of the Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals.Rat, Mouse,Golden Hamster,vol.2.Wolfe Publishing Ltd,London, p.105.Sailstad,D.M.,Krishnan,S.D.,Tepper,J.S.,Doerfler,D.L.,Selgrade, M.K.,1995.Dietary vitamin A enhances sensitivity of the local lymph node assay.Toxicology96,157.Teitelbaum,R.,Schubert,W.,Gunther,L.,Kress,Y.,Macaluso,F., Pollard,J.W.,McMurray,D.N.,Bloom,B.R.,1999.The M cell asa portal of entry to the lung for the bacterial pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis.Immunity10,641.Wolvers,D.A.W.,Coenen-de Roo,C.J.J.,Mebius,R.E.,Van der Cammen,M.J.F.,Tirion,F.,Miltenburg,A.M.M.,Kraal,G.,1999.Intranasally induced immunological tolerance is determined by characteristics of the draining lymph nodes:studies with OV A and human cartilage gp-39.J.Immunol.162,1994.19W.Van den Broeck et al./Journal of Immunological Methods312(2006)12–19。
联合国教科文组织之世界遗产简介
聯合國教科文組織之世界遺產簡介聯合國教科文組織於1972年通過《保護世界文化和自然遺產公約》，協議開列了《世界遺產名錄》，並設立了相應的“世界遺產基金”和“世界遺產委員會”。
主要任務是：鑒定和保護具有突出價值的世界自然和文化遺產，藉國際力量來保護人類共同的珍貴遺產，以促進世界各國和人民對於保護這些具有重要價值的遺產進行充分和有成效的合作，通過加入協議，各成員國將承擔保護他們國內遺產的義務，並使之成為世界遺產的組成部份。
中國於1985 年加入世界遺產公約，至2002年底止，共有28個項目被聯合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產名錄》。
（一）聯合國教科文組織對於世界遺產的使命：‧鼓勵各國簽署《保護世界文化和自然遺產公約》並確認其自然和文化遺產獲得保護。
‧鼓勵各成員國提名和推薦本國遺產以列入《世界遺產名錄》。
‧鼓勵各成員國建立世界遺產地保護狀況的匯報體制。
‧提供技術援助和專家培訓，協助維持世界遺產地的安全。
‧向瀕危的世界遺產地提供緊急援助。
‧支持各成員國推廣對認識保護世界遺產的活動。
‧鼓勵當地民眾參與保護其自然或文化遺產‧對自然和文化遺產保護的國際間協作。
（二）文化遺產的定義：文化遺產是指具有歷史、美學、考古學、科學、民族學或人類學價值的紀念地、建築群和遺址。
文化遺產的三種類別：１.文物：從歷史、藝術或科學角度，具有突出普遍價值的建築物、碑雕和繪畫，具有考古性質成份或結構的銘文、洞窟或聯合體。
２.建築群：從歷史、藝術或科學角度，在建築式樣、分佈或與環境景色結合方面具有突出普遍價值的單體或相連接的建築群。
３.遺址：從歷史、審美、人種學或人類學角度，具有突出普遍價值的人類工程或自然與人的共同傑作及考古遺址等。
申報《世界遺產名錄》文化遺產項目的條件：１.代表一種獨特的藝術成就和創造性的天才傑作。
２.能在一定時期或某一文化區域，對建築藝術、紀念物藝術、城鎮規劃或景觀設計方面的發展產生過大影響。
３.能為一種消逝的文明或文化傳統提供獨特或特殊的見證。
ON_CHINESE_MEDIA
14CHINA TODAY28th Francophonie Festival Unveiled with Olympic Champion as AmbassadorTo usher in excitement for the upcoming 2024 Paris Olym-pic and Paralympic Games, the 28th edition of the Francophonie Festival is designed around the theme of sports.The festival's press conference was held at the French Cultural Center in Beijing on Febuary 29, with representatives from the embassies of Gabon, Can-ada, France, Guinea, Morocco, Switzerland, Tunisia, the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo, the Quebec office in Beijing, and the Wallonia-Brussels delegation in China in attendance.Chinese fencer and Tokyo Olympic Games gold medalist Sun Yiwen was invited to serve as the ambassador for this year's Francophonie Festival. French, being not only one of the official languages of the Olympic and Paralympic Games but also the refereeing language of fencing, has played a significant role in Sun's career. For her, learn-ing French was not just aboutcompeting, it was also about deepening her understanding of the sport and immersing herself in the allure of Francophone culture.With less than five months to go before setting off on her third Olympic journey, Sunhopes the Francophonie Festival will be an opportunity for the public to discover the charm of the French language.The population of French speakers in the world spans across five continents, with the number exceeding 320 million people and expected to surpass 750 million by 2050. The diverse Francophone world has always been an integral part of the modern Olympics, and this fes-tival aims to reaffirm that fact. Coordinated by the French Cul-tural Center and in collabora-tion with various Francophone countries' embassies anddelegations in China, this year's festival promises a rich array of events that reflect the theme of unity.Over 20 exciting activi-ties, covering French boxing, French-language films, and a national French competition, will take place across sev-eral cities in China. Whether you're a Francophone curious about the language, a learner, a speaker, or simply a lover of French culture, there will be something of interest for every-one.15April 2024Zhengzhou Debuted at 2024 Philadelphia Flower ShowCentral China's Zhengzhou City on March 2 made itsdebut at the 2024 Philadelphia Flower Show which ran from March 2 to 10.Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan Province, presented a floral exhibition that show-cased the charm of its culture to visitors.The exhibition took in-spiration from Zhengzhou's famous Songshan Moun-tain, known for its stunning natural and cultural heri-tages. Visitors could enjoy the beauty of Songshan Mountain and Zhengzhou's city flower, the Chinese rose, said a press release by the Zhengzhou del-egation.Visitors could also experi-ence local traditional culture such as papercutting, dough sculpturing, and Henan Opera, all embodying the cultural richness of this city which has a history of over 3,000 years.The delegation hosted acultural and tourism promotion event on the morning of March 2 at the gala, where Chen Hong-min, vice mayor of Zhengzhou, invited more Americans to visit his city.Malta Issued Its First Chinese Zodiac StampA ceremony for the releasing of a special zodiac stamp for the Chinese Year of the Dragon was held in Malta on March 6.This is the first time Malta has issued a Chinese zodiac stamp since the establishment of its diplomatic relations with China in 1972.In traditional Chineseculture, the Chinese dragon represents strength, courage, and wisdom, and the year of the dragon is a symbol of luck and prosperity, said Peng Yijun, counselor of the Chinese embassy in Malta, during the ceremony.He added that the issuanceof the stamp will enable more Maltese people to understand the traditional Chinese culture and enhance mutual understanding between the two peoples.The zodiac stamp features a dragon soaring amidst auspicious clouds, with a face value of three euros.Joseph Said, chairman of Malta Post, expressed his deep interest in Chinese culture. Being a philatelist himself, the issuance of the dragon zodiac stamp is his tribute to philat-elists in Malta and he aims to sustain the profound friendship between the two countries, he said.According to Said, Malta Post plans to issue Chinese zodiac stamps continuously in accor-dance with the sequence of the Chinese zodiac.。
比利时变化真大英语作文
比利时变化真大英语作文Title: The Remarkable Transformation of Belgium。
Belgium, a small yet culturally rich country in Western Europe, has undergone remarkable changes over the years. From its historical significance to its modern-day innovations, Belgium's evolution is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its people.Firstly, Belgium has experienced significant shifts in its political landscape. Historically, Belgium faced periods of political turmoil, including the struggle for independence from the Netherlands in the 19th century. However, the country has since established itself as a stable parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The adoption of federalism has allowed for greater autonomy among its regions, namely Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels-Capital. This decentralization of power has contributed to the country's ability to address regional disparities and promote cultural diversity.Secondly, Belgium has witnessed remarkable economic growth and diversification. Traditionally known for its thriving manufacturing sector, particularly in industries such as steel production and textiles, Belgium has adaptedto global economic trends by investing in knowledge-based industries. The emergence of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and information technology has propelled Belgium into a leading role in innovation and research. Moreover,Belgium's strategic location at the heart of Europe has made it a hub for international trade and investment,further boosting its economic development.Furthermore, Belgium has made significant strides in promoting social inclusion and multiculturalism. As a country with multiple official languages and a diverse population, Belgium has implemented policies to foster tolerance and respect for cultural differences. Initiatives such as bilingual education and integration programs for immigrants have helped create a more cohesive society. Additionally, Belgium has been proactive in addressingsocial issues such as poverty and inequality through socialwelfare programs and progressive taxation policies.In terms of infrastructure and urban development, Belgium has undergone extensive modernization projects. The expansion of transportation networks, including high-speed rail links and modernized highways, has improved connectivity both domestically and internationally. Urban renewal projects have revitalized city centers and promoted sustainable development practices. Notably, Brussels, as the capital of the European Union, has become a symbol of cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism, attracting people from all over the world.Culturally, Belgium continues to celebrate its rich heritage while embracing contemporary influences. The country's art scene, encompassing traditional Flemish paintings to avant-garde exhibitions, reflects its artistic diversity. Belgian cuisine, renowned for its chocolates, waffles, and beers, has gained international acclaim and remains an integral part of the Belgian identity. Moreover, Belgium's vibrant music festivals and cultural events draw visitors from far and wide, contributing to its reputationas a cultural hub in Europe.In conclusion, the transformation of Belgium from a nation marked by historical conflicts to a modern, progressive society is truly remarkable. Through political stability, economic diversification, social inclusivity, and cultural vibrancy, Belgium has positioned itself as a dynamic and resilient country on the global stage. As Belgium continues to evolve, its ability to adapt to changing circumstances while preserving its unique identity will undoubtedly shape its future trajectory.。
小学英语课件 Belgium
Billiards
� Belgium also makes the best billiard balls in the world. A company, named Aramith, makes 80% of the billiard balls used by professional pool players today
� The saxophone was invented by Antwan Joseph.
Huh?
� One of the most famous places in Belgium is the Manneken Piss Statue. It is a statue of a small boy urinating. They put different costumes on him during the year. People from all over the world come to see this unusual sight.
� Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance.
The Map
Languages
� Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who are officially recognized.
比利时英语作文
比利时英语作文Here is an English essay with more than 1,000 words, as requested, without a title and without any extra punctuation marks in the body of the text.Belgium is a small country in Western Europe that is often overlooked by travelers, but it is a fascinating destination with a rich history, diverse culture, and unique blend of French and Flemish influences. As one of the founding members of the European Union, Belgium has played a significant role in shaping the political and economic landscape of Europe. However, the country's true charm lies in its vibrant cities, stunning architecture, world-renowned cuisine, and friendly people.One of the most captivating aspects of Belgium is its linguistic diversity. The country is officially divided into three regions: Flanders in the north, Wallonia in the south, and the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region. While Dutch is the predominant language in Flanders and French is the primary language in Wallonia, the Brussels-Capital Region is home to both languages, as well as a significant English-speaking population.This linguistic diversity is reflected in the country's cultural landscape. Visitors to Belgium can experience the distinct flavors of Flemish and Walloon cultures, each with its own traditions, arts, and culinary specialties. From the medieval streets of Bruges to the vibrant nightlife of Antwerp, the country offers a wealth of cultural experiences that cater to a wide range of interests.One of the most iconic aspects of Belgian culture is its cuisine. The country is renowned for its delectable chocolates, decadent waffles, and world-famous beers. The Belgian culinary tradition is deeply rooted in the country's rich agricultural heritage, with a strong emphasis on locally sourced ingredients and artisanal production methods. Whether you're indulging in a crisp, golden-brown Belgian frite or savoring a creamy, gourmet chocolate, the flavors of Belgium are sure to delight your taste buds.Beyond its culinary delights, Belgium is also home to a rich architectural heritage that spans centuries. From the Gothic cathedrals of Antwerp and Ghent to the Art Nouveau masterpieces of Brussels, the country's cities are a true feast for the eyes. The historic city centers of Bruges and Ypres, both designated as UNESCO World Heritage sites, offer a glimpse into Belgium's storied past, with their well-preserved medieval buildings and picturesque canals.One of the most remarkable aspects of Belgium's architectural heritage is the country's unique blend of French and Flemish influences. This can be seen in the ornate, gilded facades of the Grand-Place in Brussels, as well as in the intricate, lace-like designs of the Belfry of Bruges. The country's architectural diversity is a testament to its rich cultural heritage and the interplay of different artistic traditions.In addition to its cultural and culinary attractions, Belgium is also a hub of innovation and technology. The country is home to several leading research institutions and multinational corporations, making it an attractive destination for businesses and entrepreneurs. The city of Leuven, for example, is known as the "Silicon Valley of Europe" due to its thriving tech and innovation ecosystem.Despite its small size, Belgium has a remarkable impact on the global stage. The country is a founding member of the European Union and has played a crucial role in the development of European institutions and policies. Belgium is also home to the headquarters of NATO, the world's largest military alliance, as well as the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union.Beyond its political and economic significance, Belgium is also a leader in sustainability and environmental protection. The country has made significant strides in renewable energy, with a focus onwind and solar power, and has implemented progressive policies to reduce its carbon footprint and promote sustainable development.In conclusion, Belgium is a country that offers a unique and multifaceted experience for visitors. From its rich cultural heritage and diverse linguistic landscape to its world-renowned cuisine and innovative spirit, Belgium is a destination that deserves more attention and recognition on the global stage. Whether you're drawn to its historic cities, its vibrant arts and music scene, or its cutting-edge technology and sustainability initiatives, there is something for everyone in this captivating European nation.。
比利时 欧洲 行程计划 英文版
比利时欧洲行程计划英文版Travel Plan in BelgiumBelgium is a beautiful country situated in Western Europe. It is known for its medieval towns, Renaissance architecture, and numerous chocolate shops. From the bustling city of Brussels to the picturesque countryside of Wallonia, Belgium has something to offer every type of traveler. This travel plan will guide you through some of the must-visit places in Belgium.Day 1-2: BrusselsStart your Belgian adventure in the capital city of Brussels. Visit the Grand Place, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its stunning architecture and lively atmosphere. Don't miss the iconic Manneken Pis statue, a small bronze sculpture of a peeing boy that has become a symbol of the city.Explore the charming streets of the Sablon district, known for its antique shops and art galleries. Visit the Royal Palace of Brussels and take a stroll through the beautiful Parc de Bruxelles. Make sure to sample some delicious Belgian waffles and chocolate while you're in the city.Day 3-4: BrugesNext, head to the fairytale town of Bruges, often referred to as the Venice of the North. Wander through the cobbled streets and marvel at the stunning medieval architecture. Visit the iconic Belfry of Bruges and take a boat tour along the picturesque canals.Don't miss the opportunity to visit the Church of Our Lady, home to Michelangelo's famous Madonna and Child sculpture. Sample some traditional Belgian beer at a local brewery and indulge in more delicious chocolate treats.Day 5-6: GhentContinue your journey to the historic city of Ghent, known for its picturesque canals and medieval architecture. Visit the Gravensteen Castle, a well-preserved medieval fortress right in the heart of the city. Explore the vibrant street art scene in the Werregarenstraat alley and wander through the charming Patershol neighborhood.Don't miss the opportunity to visit the stunning Saint Bavo's Cathedral, home to the famous Van Eyck brothers' masterpiece, the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb. Enjoy a leisurely boat tour along the canals and sample some more delicious Belgian cuisine.Day 7-8: AntwerpFinish your Belgian adventure in the vibrant city of Antwerp, known for its thriving fashion and diamond industries. Visit the impressive Cathedral of Our Lady, a UNESCO World Heritage site famous for its stunning architecture and masterpieces by artists such as Rubens.Explore the trendy neighborhood of Het Zuid, home to numerous art galleries and boutiques. Visit the Antwerp Zoo, one of the oldest and best-preserved zoos in the world. Don't miss the opportunity to visit the Diamond District and shop for some sparkling souvenirs.This travel plan will help you make the most of your time in Belgium, exploring the best that this beautiful country has to offer. From historic cities to picturesque countryside, Belgium has something to offer every type of traveler. Enjoy your Belgian adventure!。
贝露丝：深耕敏感肌护肤领域领域,科技活性肽养肤!
贝露丝：深耕敏感肌护肤领域领域，科技活性肽养肤！或许每天都在使用“高级”护肤品，但是总有那么几天皮肤干燥爆皮，甚至涂水乳都会刺痛泛红。
油皮本命，爆痘不断，偏偏鼻翼还会有脱皮的现象，想要遮瑕却发现欲盖弥彰。
重金购置贵妇护肤、明星精华，皮肤状态依然不见起色。
这个时候你可能开始了盲目跟风购买的情况，美妆博主，网红等等，来自四面八方的美容保养大法，所谓“皮肤急救”结果让你皮肤变得更为脆弱，所以说护肤这方面，一定要选择正确的护肤品牌，贝露丝，作为全球领先的“敏感肌-生物活性肽”修护品牌，当之无愧成为敏感肌人群的首选。
深耕敏感肌护肤领域，为广大消费者解决皮肤难题贝露丝品牌始创于2012年，授权合作美容门店遍布中国大陆各省市。
品牌的初衷就是为了解决女性肌肤的“敏感”，摆脱皮肤焦虑，因此在技术方面也是领先于其他品牌。
率先提出并应用“敏感肽”修护复合物概念，利用第三代胞外肽生物合成技术，以天然珍贵成分联袂生物肽尖端科技，转为敏感肌人群定制高品质的修护方案。
“敏感肽修护复合物”从何而来？首先是经过知名生物学家Shou-Wei Ding博士反复研究论证，生物活性肽对于敏感肌的修复能力颇为可观。
接着在2020年贝露丝联合Shou-Wei Ding博士，依托全球“生物城邦”新加坡先进的第三代胞外肽生物合成技术，研发出以“七肽-6”为核心的第三代“敏感肽修护复合物”。
将多种微小分子肽的活性能量注入肌肤，有效解决“红、敏、斑、痘”等问题肌肤。
产品多样且齐全，护肤成分更安心，颇受消费者喜爱贝露丝旗下的产品都是秉着“以敏感肌的需求为先”的初衷，坚持“用生物科技带来安全美丽”的终极信仰，一切成分都是出于“温和、安全”的角度，这样就可以做到精准护肤，真正从根源修护肌肤屏障，让肌肤重获新生。
深耕敏感肌护肤领域，贝露丝在产品的研发方面也是孜孜不倦，毫不懈怠。
比如最近刚上市的几款新品，一经问世，受到粉丝的热切追捧。
首先是采用双专利焕龄俢红配方的焕龄赋活精华原液，添加积雪草等7种天然植物精粹，并且含有3%的双酵母等抗初老的成分，在安全温和的基础上科学护肤，健康养肤。
国内中国期刊的英文缩写
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COMPETITIVENESS CLUSTER POLICY Within the framework of the Marshall Plan 2.Green, priority is given to the 6 most promising growth sectors:
1. Life sciences (Biowin)
• • • • •
•
300 public and private R&D units and over 11.000 researchers 9 university centers and more than 70 spin-offs in activity €480 million of public R&D expenditure (2006-2014) 130 fully-equipped Business Parks 6 Science Parks and 6 Competitiveness Clusters which are vectors for partnerships between research institutes and industry 2.22% of GDP engaged in Business R&D activities (2010)
THE WALLOON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Marshall Plan 2. Green (2009-2014)
• Continuation and reinforcement of the first Plan, with up-to-date priorities : New challenges and opportunities: climate change and greening of the economy, globalisation Europe 2020 Strategy Stronger synergies between regional and community (education and learning) priorities • Budget : 2,75 billion € (additional to regional « recurring » budget);
THE WALLOON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Progressive building of an integrated and shared strategy, based on synergies and networking between actors and policies :
- Accompanying structures - Development of infrastructures - Greening economy
THE WALLOON INNOVATION POLICY
The Walloon Government is the relevant regional authority responsible for regional economic development and RD&I policies. Mainly developed through Competitiveness and Business Clusters in stratቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱgic economic sectors.
THE WALLOON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY Marshall Plan 2. Green (2009-2014) • 6 priority axis: Human capital, an asset to develop (337 million €) Competitiveness Clusters and business networks : a success to amplify (388 million €) Strengthening scientific research as an engine for future development (142 millions €) A favorable framework for creating businesses and quality jobs (592 million €) Employment-Environment Alliances : a new strategy for the future (879,6 million €) Mixing-up employment and social welfare (422 million €) + 2 transversal dynamics in public action : public governance efficiency sustainable development
THE RESEARCH & INNOVATION PLATEFORM
Research and Innovation Platform
OPPORTUNITIES FOR COOPERATION :
1. WBI and MOST work together and focus on the following fields: - Biotechnologies and Life sciences - Agriculture : main projects on strategies to fight against parasites and on research of new methods to improve agricultural production. - Microelectronics 2. Bilateral agreement on cooperation in the fields of education and scientific cooperation between the China Scholarship Council and WBI. Scholarships for Masters, Phd’s or reasearchers are granted every year for chinese scholars in different fields. 3. Funding and scholarships are also available for projects focusing on the three main fields of interest! Write to us if you have a specific project or questions! 4. Of course, european funding can support cooperation with a WB partner!
• • • • • industrial and RDI policies, training and education, employment, infrastructures, integration of the ‘green’ dimension.
THE WALLOON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY Marshall Plan (2006-2009) • Objectives : Create more enterprises, more competitiveness and more attractiveness, strengthen the economic base • Targeting of actions and resources on priority sectors, holders of innovation and added value • 5 priority axis: 1. To create Competitiveness Clusters (280 million €) 2. To stimulate the creation of activities : (872 million €) 3. To reduce and remove some taxes on companies at local level (147,3 million €) 4. To promote research and innovation, in close linkage with enterprises (150 million €) 5. To improve the skills of the workforce (160 million €) • Results:11.000 enterprises beneficiaries, 27.000 direct jobs created, 115.000 people trained, 1.250 new researchers
R&D and Innovation in Wallonia-Brussels
BELGIUM, IN THE HEART OF EUROPE
3 REGIONS IN BELGIUM
WALLONIA -BRUSSELS: A COMMUNITY WITH A HIGH CAPACITY FOR R&D&I
WALLOON INNOVATION STRATEGY SINCE 2000
Walloon Strategy: Stimulate economic growth in a sustainable and inclusive way
Stimulate creation of high value Encourage the development added activities and open innovation : of existing companies and - Private R&D creation of new companies: - Innovative products and SME's - Stimulation of private and - Knowledge transfers public investments - Priority sectors - Creation of networks