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The Development of Flow-through Bio-Catalyst Microreactors from Silica Micro Structured Fibers

METHODSThe Development of Flow-through Bio-Catalyst Microreactors from Silica Micro Structured Fibers for Lipid TransformationsSabiqah Tuan Anuar •Carla Villegas •Samuel M.Mugo •Jonathan M.CurtisReceived:10August 2010/Accepted:22December 2010/Published online:13February 2011ÓAOCS 2011Abstract This study demonstrates the utility of a ﬂow-through enzyme immobilized silica microreactor for lipid transformations.A silica micro structured ﬁber (MSF)consisting of 168channels of internal diameter 4–5l m provided a large surface area for the covalent immobiliza-tion of Candida antartica lipase.The speciﬁc activity of the immobilized lipase was determined by hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl butyrate and calculated to be 0.81U/mg.The catalytic performance of the lipase microreactor was dem-onstrated by the efﬁcient ethanolysis of canola oil.The parameters affecting the performance of the MSF microre-actor,including temperature and reaction ﬂow rate,were investigated.Characterization of the lipid products exiting the microreactor was performed by non-aqueous reversed-phased liquid chromatography (NARP-LC)with evapora-tive light scattering detector (ELSD)and by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC 9GC).Under optimized conditions of 1l L/min ﬂow rate of 5mg/mLtrioleoylglycerol (TO)in ethanol and 50°C reaction tem-perature,2-monooleoylglycerol was the main product at [90%reaction yield.The regioselectivity of the Candida antartica lipase immobilized MSF microreactor in the presence of ethanol was found to be comparable to that obtained under conventional conditions.The ability of these reusable ﬂow-through microreactors to regioselectively form monoacylglycerides in high yield from triacylglyce-rides demonstrate their potential use in small-scale lipid transformations or analytical lipids proﬁling.Keywords Microreactor ÁMicro structured ﬁber ÁLipid transformation ÁImmobilized enzymeAbbreviations APTES 3-(Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane DAG Diacylglycerol DO Dioleoylglycerol EE Ethyl oleate/C18:1ethyl ester ELSD Evaporative light scattering detector FID Flame ionization detectorGC 9GC Comprehensive two-dimensional gaschromatographyHPLC High performance liquid chromatography MAG Monoacylglycerol MO Monooleoylglycerol MSF Micro structured ﬁberNARP-LC Non-aqueous reversed-phased liquidchromatographyPCF Photonic crystal ﬁbers PDMS Poly-dimethylsiloxane PMMA Poly(methyl-methacrylate)p NP p -Nitrophenol p NPB p -Nitrophenyl butyrate SEM Scanning electron microscopeS.Tuan Anuar ÁC.Villegas ÁJ.M.Curtis (&)Lipid Chemistry Group,Department of Agricultural,Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS),University of Alberta,Edmonton,AB T6G 2P5,Canada e-mail:jcurtis1@ualberta.caS.Tuan AnuarDepartment of Chemistry,Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,21030Terengganu,MalaysiaS.M.MugoDepartment of Physical Sciences (Chemistry),Grant MacEwan University,Edmonton,AB T5J 4S2,CanadaJ.M.CurtisLipid Chemistry Group and LiPRA,AFNS,University of Alberta,Edmonton,AB T6G 2P5,CanadaLipids (2011)46:545–555DOI 10.1007/s11745-010-3522-0TAG TriacylglycerolTO TrioleoylglycerolU Unit of lipase activityIntroductionRecently,microreactor technologies have gained attention for their application in clinical diagnostics,analytical and synthetic chemistry[1–3].For example,Kawaguchi et al.[4]have successfully demonstrated the use of aﬂow-system microreactor for the Moffatt–Swern oxidation of alcohols into carbonyl compounds.A microreactor inte-grates various chemical or analytical processes into a single platform made up of reaction channels in the micrometer (50–1,000l m)range.In such systems,the chemical reac-tion takes place under conditions of continuousﬂow[1]. Whether for analytical or synthetic applications,microre-actor technology offers several advantages including: reduced reaction time[2,3]due to the large surface area to volume ratio in the microchannel;enhanced control over the reaction process[3];it is less wasteful since only low volumes of reagent are used[3]and rapid optimization of reaction conditions can be achieved[2–5].The microre-actors are also ideally suited for continuousﬂow processes, a highly desired paradigm in processing.The fabrication of commercially available microreactors (mainly made from glass,quartz,silica or polymers)is however,generally achieved via expensive photolitho-graphic and wet-etching processes which are complicated and require specialized clean-room facilities[6].Therefore, there is much interest in developing cheaper and more easily accessible approaches to the fabrication of mic-roreactors for laboratory applications[1–10].Amongst the attractive platforms used,are microreactors obtained by means of imprinting on polymers including poly-dimeth-ylsiloxane(PDMS),poly(methyl-methacrylate)(PMMA) [11]or polyurethanes.However,the use of silica capillaries is possibly the easiest platform to employ as aﬂow through microreactor with potential for numerous chemical modi-ﬁcations for use in enzyme-,organo-,or metal-catalysts immobilization[8–10].There is considerable interest in the use of enzymes for lipid transformations such as in the preparation of struc-tured lipids[12]as well as in biodiesel production[13]. The interest is due to the high yields,minimal side products and mild reaction conditions that can be achieved with enzyme-catalyzed processes.A major impediment to the potential commercialization of enzyme-mediated processes is the cost of enzymes and their unstable nature.However, enzyme immobilized over the high surface area of the capillary walls will result in an efﬁcientﬂow-through microreactor which is reusable for many process cycles after which the microreactors can be regenerated with new enzyme.Micro structuredﬁbers(MSF),also commonly known as photonic crystalﬁbers(PCF),are silica capillaries that consist of a micro structured arrangement of air channels within aﬂexible acrylate polymer-coated silica tube.They are widely used as radiation optical guides and in sensor applications[14].Basically,these opticalﬁbers are made up of three layers:the core,cladding and the coating.Both the core diameter(an individual air channel,usually in the 8–40l m range)and the number of channels in the pho-tonicﬁber can vary depending on the design of theﬁber.In addition,the coating diameter—outer diameter of the ﬁber—could range from200to500l m depending on the requirements of the application[14],such as in networking or bio-sensing.Here,we propose that the presence and chemistry of silanol groups within MSFs could be exploited as a plat-form for enzyme immobilization,as has been widely reported for other silica supports[8].MSF contain an array of microchannels and hence an enormous surface is available for enzyme immobilization,and may offer an excellent platform for aﬂow-through microreactor.In order to demonstrate the performance of such a microre-actor in mediating lipid transformations,the lipase from Candida antarctica was selected,since it is one of the most widely used enzymes for catalysis in lipid transesteriﬁca-tion reactions[13,15].Overall,the objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of immobilizing enzymes onto MSF capillaries and utilizing the microre-actors in lipid transformations.This will combine the advantages of microreactor technology with the green chemistry achievable via enzyme immobilization. Materials and MethodsMaterialsMSF capillary(F-SM20,ID:4–5l m,outer diameter: 340l m,168holes)was obtained from Newport Corp. (Irvine CA,USA).Canola oil was obtained from a local grocery store(with*50%trioleoylglycerol).Sodium hydroxide powder(reagent grade,97%),sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate,3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES,99%),di-sodium hydrogen phosphate(bioUltra, Fluka,[99%),glutaraldehyde solution(BioChemika, *50%in H2O),sodium cyanoborohydride(NaCNBH3, reagent grade,95%),lipase from Candida antarctica(EC 3.1.1.3,BioChemika)potassium sodium tartrate,copper sulfate,and Folin phenol reagent all were obtained fromSigma-Aldrich Ltd(ON,Canada).Acetic acid(glacial, HPLC)was purchased from Fisher Scientiﬁc(New Jersey, USA).C18:1ethyl ester(EE)and TLC18-1-A[contains by weight25%of each of trioleoylglycerol(TO),dioleoyl-glycerol(DO),monooleoylglycerol(MO),methyl oleate (ME)]standards were purchased from Nu-Chek(Elysian, MN,USA),while1-monooleoylglycerol standard(98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(ON,Canada).All organic solvents were HPLC analytical grade from Sigma-Aldrich(ON,Canada).Water was puriﬁed by a Milli-Q system(Millipore;Bedford MA,USA).MSF ActivationThe MSF capillary(15cm)was activated byﬂushing with 1M NaOH solution for2h at aﬂow rate of10l L/min. The sodium hydroxide activated the inner surface(silanol groups)of the capillary wall.The residual alkali wasﬂu-shed by0.1M HCl for2h at aﬂow rate of10l L/min.The activated MSF was then dried under N2gas before the lipase enzyme immobilization step.Lipase Immobilization onto MSF Capillary SupportCandida antarctica lipase was immobilized by introduc-tion of amine functional groups onto the silica wall by a silanization reaction;this was followed by the formation of an imide using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional reagent;ﬁnally immobilization was achieved via a condensation reaction with the lipase.This procedure was adapted with some minor modiﬁcations from the method reported by Ma et al.[8].Brieﬂy,the activated MSF wasﬁlled with20% (v/v)APTES(5:2:3water:acetic acid:APTES)and left overnight with both capillary ends submerged in the20% APTES solution to complete the reaction.The MSF was thenﬂushed with0.1M sodium phosphate buffer(pH7), followed by reaction with glutaraldehyde solution(5% glutaraldehyde dissolved in0.1M sodium phosphate buf-fer)and left for4h in the solution.The capillary was then ﬂushed with buffer again before continuously infusing it with8mg/mL lipase from Candida antarctica in sodium phosphate buffer(0.1M,pH7with0.1%NaCNBH3)for 24h at room temperature.The sodium borohydride is used to reduce the Schiff base formation and to stabilize the binding of the enzyme to the support.The enzyme-loaded microreactor wasﬁnallyﬂushed with the0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at which point it was ready for use.Immobilized Lipase AssayThe amount of lipase immobilized on the MSF was determined using the standard Lowry protein assay[16]. This was achieved by determining the difference in protein concentration before and after passing the Candida ant-arctica lipase solution through the MSF during the immobi-lization process.The Lowry solution was prepared freshly by mixing solution A(4mg/mL NaOH and20mg/mL Na2CO3in water)and solution B(10mg/mL potassium sodium tartrate and50mg/mL CuSO4in water),prior to use.Solutions of known protein concentration(calibration solutions containing0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15,17.5,20, 25,30,and35l g protein)and lipase solutions(2l L)were made up to a total volume of200l L with deionized water. 1mL of Lowry solution was added to each protein solution then after waiting for15min,100l L Folin phenol reagent was added.After a further30min,an aliquot was sampled in a UV-Vis cuvette(10mm square cuvette)and their absorbance was measured at750nm.The concentration of the enzyme solution before and after passing through the microreactor was determined from the protein calibration curve in order to estimate the amount of enzyme immo-bilized in the microreactor.Lipase Activity AssayTo determine the lipase(esterase)activity,a 3.5mM solution of p-nitrophenyl butyrate(p NPB)was prepared in a1:1mixture of acetonitrile(ACN)and0.1mM sodium phosphate buffer).The p NPB solution was passed through a15cm MSF lipase immobilized microreactor at1l L/min for1h.The hydrolysis products were then collected,their volume measured and then diluted to2.0mL in mixture of ACN:sodium phosphate buffer(1:1).The absorbance of the resulting solution of products(absorbing molecule, p-nitrophenol)was measured at a wavelength of410nm.A calibration curve was obtained by measuring the absor-bance of p-nitrophenol(p NP)standard solutions prepared in the same solvent mixture ACN:0.1mM sodium phos-phate buffer at concentrations of0.5,1,3,5and7mM. The concentration of p NP hydrolyzed was determined and lipase enzyme activity calculated.The enzyme activity was expressed as amount of p NP formed on the microreactor under the condition used per minute,i.e.,l g p NP/min.One enzyme unit(U)was the amount of protein liberating1l g of p NP per minute.Speciﬁc Activity of Immobilized LipaseBased on the amount of protein loaded and lipase activity, a speciﬁc activity of lipase immobilized in the MSF was calculated according to Dizge et al.[17].Lipid Sample Preparation and TransformationThe reactant solution of5mg/mL canola oil was prepared in ethanol.The mixture was mixed vigorously using avortex mixer to dissolve the lipid in ethanol.The param-eters affecting the performance of the microreactor including reaction ﬂow rate and temperature were investi-gated and optimized as follows:TemperatureLipid transformation using the immobilized MSF was carried out at room temperature (24°C),30,40,50,and 60°C.A schematic illustrating the experimental conditions is shown in Fig.1.A syringe pump system (Harvard ‘11’Plus)was used to infuse reactant through the MSF mic-roreactor.The products from the reaction were collected in a small capped vials with the microreactor poked through the septum of the vial.The temperature that produced highest yield was then used to optimize the ﬂow rate for the reaction.Reaction Flow RateThe reactant solution was then pumped through the lipase-immobilized MSF microreactor held at the optimized temperature (50°C)and using various ﬂow rates (0.5,1,5and 10l L/min),each held for 3h.The products were collected into vials for analysis,as described below.In both the temperature and reaction ﬂow optimization experiments,the reaction products collected from MSF microreactor were diluted 10–25times in HPLC solvent A (methanol with 0.1%glacial acetic acid)before being analyzed.Standard calibration curves were prepared using 0.05,0.1,0.5and 1.0mg/mL of total TLC 18-A-1and 0.05,0.1,0.2,0.5,and 1.0mg/mL of EE standards.The amount of each compound in the reaction products was determined from the standard calibration curve prepared.For GC 9GC analysis,samples were diluted in dichloromethane and quantiﬁed against a calibration curvecovering the range of 0.01–1mg/mL of each lipid component.Instrumentation (a)A Harvard Model ‘11’Plus syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus,Holliston MA)was used to pass all solu-tions through the MSF both during preparation of the microreactor and for lipid transformations.(b)High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)analysis was performed using an Agilent 1200HPLC system equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD)model 1260Inﬁnity (Agilent Tech-nologies,Santa Clara CA,USA).(c)Either an Agilent Zorbax HT C18column (4.6950mm,1.8l m)(Agilent Technologies;Santa Clara CA,USA)or a Supelco Ascentis Silica column (4.69150mm,3l m)(Sigma-Aldrich;ON,Canada)were used as described below.(d)UV/Visible measurements were made using a Jenwayspectrophotometer 6320D series (Bibby Scientiﬁc,Staffordshire,UK).(e)A LECO comprehensive 2-dimensional GC 9GC/FID system (LECO;St.Joseph,MI,USA)was used (Fig.2).It consists of a dual oven GC equipped with ﬂame ionization detector and cryogenic modulator (quadjet)cooled with liquid nitrogen and split–splitless injector.All data was collected by Leco ChromaTOF-GC software v 3.34optimized for GC 9GC/FID.The columns used for GCxGC were a DB5HT gas chromatography column (30m 90.32mm 90.1l m,bonded and cross-linked 5%phenyl methylpolysiloxane,Agilent technologies;Santa Clara CA,USA)and an RXT65column (1m 90.25mm 90.1l m,crossbond 65%diphe-nyl-dimethyl polysiloxane,Restek;Bellefonte PA,USA).Fig.1Apparatus used with the fabricated MSF microreactor for small scale lipid reactionsNARP-LC/ELSDNon-aqueous reversed phased (NARP)HPLC with a C18column was used to speciate the lipid transformation prod-ucts as well as the starting materials and lipid standards.The ELSD was set to 33°C and the nitrogen gas ﬂow rate was optimized.All samples were analysed using an injection volume of 10l L and a mobile phase ﬂow rate of 1mL/min.A binary gradient of A,methanol with 0.1%glacial acetic acid;and B,isopropanol/hexane (5:4)was used.The starting condition was 0%B held for 5min then increased to 66%B in 10min,held at 66%B for 3.5min before returning to 0%B (2.5min)to equilibrate the column.GC 9GCGC 9GC was used as a second method to characterize the lipid classes produced by the MSF microreactor and to conﬁrm the LC results.An aliquot of the product mixture was dissolved in dichloromethane prior to injection into the LECO GC 9GC/FID system.The carrier gas was H 2at a ﬂow rate of 1.5mL/min,injection volume 1l L,split ratio of 15:1and He FID make-up gas was used.The inlet and detector temperatures were set to 320and 400°C,respectively.The temperature program for the ﬁrst oven was 45°C (0.5min)increased at 2°C/min until 150°C (0min)then increased again at 3°C/min until 375°C (hold 10min).The second oven tracked the ﬁrst but at a temperature 25°C higher at all times.The modulator offset was 15°C.Regiospeciﬁcity Determination Using Normal Phase-LC/ELSDNormal phase HPLC with a silica column was used for the regiospeciﬁc separation of the MSF microreactor lipidproducts,following an AOCS standard method [18].Ali-quots of the products formed under the optimized condi-tions (50°C,ﬂow rate 1l L/min)were analyzed by HPLC/ELSD along with a 1-monooleoylglycerol standard.The method used an injection volume of 10l L,mobile phase ﬂow rate of 0.5mL/min,column temperature maintained at 40°C and the ELSD operating at 90°C.The mobile phase was a binary gradient of A hexane,and B hexane/isopro-panol/ethyl acetate/10%formic acid (80:10:10:1,v/v)[18].The gradient was 2%B,linear increase to 35%B in 15min,then linearly increased to 98%in 1min,and ﬁnally held for 10min at 98%B.The column was allowed to equilibrate at the starting condition for 3min.Note that all samples and standards were prepared in hexane/isopropanol (9:1,v/v)prior analysis.Results and DiscussionLipase-Immobilized Microreactor FabricationIn this paper,we present the ﬁrst demonstration of the use of a microreactor,fabricated by immobilizing lipase from Candida antarctica onto a silica MSF support,for the ethanolysis of canola oil triacylglycerols.The MSF mor-phology is shown in the scanning electron microscope image in Fig.3.Although the MSF have been mainly developed for use in light guiding optics,they contain numerous micrometer-sized pores (4–5l m)and provide a very large surface area,which makes them ideally suited for immobilizing high amounts of catalysts.Furthermore,the fact that the MSF is made from silica makes it even more attractive for the enzyme immobilization by employingwell-knownFig.2Schematic diagram of GC 9GC/FID used for analysis of lipid transformationproductsFig.3Scanning electron microscope (SEM)image of a Lipase-Immobilized MSF (168holes)at 9300magniﬁcationsilanization chemistry.In order to ensure the maximum presence of silanol groups at the MSF surface,the use of alkali(NaOH)treatment has been shown to activate the silica wall by increasing hydrolysis of the silanol group [19].The reaction sequence of the immobilization lipase from Candida antarctica onto the silica walls of the MSF is given in Fig.4.Immobilization onto the silica support was achieved by grafting aminopropyl triethoxysilane(APTES)onto the active silanol group(Si–OH)on the MSF wall[20].The resultant pendant primary amine group provides a reactive functionality to form imines when reacted with the bifunctional reagent glutaraldehyde.This in turn results in a pendent carbonyl group from the grafted glutaraldehyde which further reacts with the amino groups of lipase forming a Schiff base,thus covalently attaching the enzyme to the MSF support[20,21].It is expected with such a strong covalent lipase attachment,the probability of enzyme leaching is low and hence the microreactor can potentially be reused multiple times.In contrast,using the simple,commonly used adsorption methods of immobili-zation,leaching is known to limit reusability[22,23]. Enzyme Activity AssayBefore employing the lipase loaded MSF microreactor it was essential to determine the success of the immobilization method.The total free protein concentration was deter-mined using the widely used Lowry protein assay[16].The amount of protein bound to the MSF microreactor support was estimated by the difference between amount of protein in the lipase solution infused through the MSF and the efﬂuent emerging from the ing this method,the amount of protein loaded on the MSF was determined to be 5.8l g/l L(Table1).It is likely that not all lipase loaded in the MSF is active due to underlying physicochemical factors associated with the immobilization.As such,it was imperative to also determine the activity of the immobilized lipase.As described in detail in the Materials and Methods section, the lipase activity of immobilized MSF microreactor was determined by the enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate(p NBP)to p-nitrophenol which is quantiﬁed ing this assay,a unit(U)of lipase activity is deﬁned as the amount of enzyme that hydrolyses(liberates)1l g of p-nitrophenol(p NP)from p NPB as substrate.Table1summarizes of lipase activity assay yield.The enzymatic activity for the immobilized MSF microreactor was determined to be4.7l g p NP/min (U)for the15cm MSF microreactor.Hence,a speciﬁc activity of0.81U/mg was found for the immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica in the MSF microreactor.Data from the manufacturer indicates that the native lipase from Candida antarctica has speciﬁc activity of 1.06U/mg Fig.4The process of lipase-immobilization onto the silica support of a MSFTable1Determination of the amount of lipase immobilized onto the MSF capillaryProtein bound a from1mL lipase(mg/mL)Proteinboundyield(%)Lipase activity b(l g p NP/min)(U)Speciﬁc activity(U/mg)for15cmMSF microreactorSpeciﬁc activity fornative enzyme(U/mg)before immobilizationFabricated immobilized MSF 5.8375.59 4.70.81 1.06 a1mL of8mg/mL lipase solution was immobilized onto the MSF capillaryb1U=amount(mg)of enzyme to liberate1l g p NP/min under the assay conditionbefore immobilization(cf.Table1).Therefore,only about 23.6%of the enzyme activity was found to have been lost using the proposed immobilization process.This result is comparable with that found in other studies,for example speciﬁc activities of0.60–0.9were found using similar methods for lipase immobilized onto styrene–divinylben-zene and styrene–divinylbenzene–polyglutaraldehyde copoly-mers for biodiesel production[17].A goal in the development of the lipase immobilized MSF microreactor was to evaluate its performance in lipid transformations.This was done by transesterifying triole-oylglycerol(molecular weight884,TO)in ethanol in the MSF microreactor.From this reaction,the major transe-steriﬁed products which were obtained were monooleoyl-glycerol(MO)and ethyl oleate(EE).Since MO and EE results from the hydrolysis of two and three ester bonds/ molecule,respectively,the theoretical conversion rates of trioleoylglycerol(TO)can be estimated from the measured lipase activity of4.7l g p NP/min(U)assuming that lipase catalysed hydrolysis of triacylglycerol(TAG)ester occurs at the same rate as the lipase catalysed hydrolysis of p NBP to give p NP.If this assumption is made,then the conver-sion rate of5mg/ml TO at1l L/min to MO and to EE would be predicted to be10and6.7l g/min(or0.0115and 0.0075mol/min),respectively.It is apparent that notwith-standing the gross assumptions made,the observed con-version rate(TO–MO)is of the same order of magnitude as the rate predicted based on the measured enzyme activity. This implies that to a rough approximation,the enzyme activity assay is quite consistent with the measured results for TO conversion(described in the next section).It should also be pointed out that canola oil rather than TO was actually used in the experiments,but this does not change the general arguments used above.Enzymatic-Catalyzed Ethanolysis Using the MSF MicroreactorThe ethanolysis of canola oil was performed using the lipase-immobilized MSF microreactor at different tem-peratures andﬂow rates,in order to determine the optimal conditions.The selected temperature range was chosen based on the optimized lipase enzyme conditions of other researchers including Irimescu et al.[12]and Ko¨se et al.[24]The former suggested optimal conditions at room temperature,while the latter indicated denaturation of enzyme at temperatures[50°C,by decreasing the reaction yield.The products obtained were then analysed by NARP-LC/ELSD and Fig.5a,b show the chromatograms obtained for both the starting material and pure standards.The conversion of TAG in canola oil was estimated by means of a calibration curve of a lipid standard consisting of TO, DO,MO and EE(Table2).The data in Table2show the relative concentrations of the reaction products obtained using aﬂow rate of 1l L/min of canola oil triacylglycerols(TAG)in ethanol solution passing through the lipase immobilized MSF microreactor,conditioned at various temperatures.From the LC/ELSD analysis it was found that whilst EE and monoacylglycerols(MAG)products were formed under all conditions,diacylglycerols(DAG)were not observed above the limit of detection,possibly due to the microscale nature of our study.The predominant formation of MO relative to DO is consistent with results of others[12].In Table2it is clear that at low temperatures,the conversion of TAG into other lipid forms was low,and a similar result was found at60°C.However,at around50°C virtually all of the TAG was consumed indicating a high efﬁciency of the immobilized lipase microreactor under these conditions.The effect of the reactionﬂow rate on the lipid con-version was then investigated with the temperatureﬁxed at50°C(cf.Fig.5c–e).As indicated in Fig.5c–e,the microreactorﬂow rates investigated included1,5and 10l L/min.The narrowﬂow rate range evaluated was due to the achievable linear force of the syringe pump utilized (Harvard‘11’Plus).The results show that the optimal ﬂow rate for the enzymatic MSF microreactor reaction is at1l L/min,where complete disappearance of the TAG starting material was evident along with the formation of MAG and EE.As theﬂow rate increased above1l L/min, a broad‘hump’is seen in the chromatogram,co-eluting with unreacted starting material(Fig.5d,e).This is likely due to removal of oligomeric glutaraldehyde material from the walls of the microreactor attributable to the high pressures(*21psi)that occur with higherﬂow rates through the small channels in the MSF reactor.However, since theﬂow rate of1l L/min(which corresponds to a residence time of28.5s in the15cm MSF)allows sufﬁ-cient contact time between the starting material and the lipase immobilized in the microreactors,these destructive conditions can be avoided.As demonstrated in Fig.5,the lipid transformation performance reduces asﬂow rate increases due to the lower contact time of the substrates with the immobilized lipase.At10l L/min the calculated MSF residence time was3s.Recently,there have been several reports describing how ethanolysis of TAG using immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica can,under certain conditions,become1,3regiospeciﬁc[12,25]. Furthermore,the reaction in excess ethanol can also pro-mote the formation of the2-MAG,compared to other products[26].For example,using an ethanol/TO molar ratio of77:1at25°C,Novozyme435beads and a reaction time of4h,Irimescu et al.[12]achieved an*88% reaction yield of which[98%of the acylglycerol content was2-monooleoylglycerol(2-MO).The actual molar ratio。

ISIBM 2011 Course Description july

Business CommunicationsRecommended Text:Essentials of Business Communications, Mary Ellen Guffey. Students will also be responsible for reading and preparing for class using business articles and reading assignments distributed during class. A good English dictionary, grammar guide and citation reference are recommended for this course. Samples will be provided on the first day of class. The three required business cases will be distributed in the course pack.Course Objectives and Description:―A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts‖ – William Strunk Jr., The Elements of Style ―Both individually and collectively, we must be productive‖ –Dr. Craig C. Pinder, Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior Course Description:International Business Communications will focus on the development and enhancement of skills in written business communication, oral business communication, and non-verbal communication. Students will learn how to develop efficient use of verbal and non-verbal skills in business situations; be able to use language to convey specific messages to intended audiences; development and use techniques for information management. Concentration is on clarity of communication objectives, building vocabulary and comprehension of complex business documents.This course aims to develop students‘ oral and written skills to communicate effectively in business contexts and academic pursuits in the area of business. Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:∙demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of effective business communications∙use a range of language functions in English in business related situations∙plan and write clear, concise, and correct business documents and papers that exhibit professional writing skills∙write professional correspondence for specific purposes∙understand and use non-verbal communication skills∙give effective multimedia oral presentations∙understand team building skills necessary for success in completing and communicating complex workCourse Format:―Business‖ is the foundation from which we will be practicing and developing different aspects of the English language. We will be using current articles from a variety of business news websites as a launching point to increase business vocabulary, improve information extracting skills, and enhance reading speed. From this foundation point we will hone oral communication skills via listening and presentation exercises. Oral skill development will be demonstrated at the end of the term with group presentations. Writing skills will be strengthened via research skill development, free writing, and business documentation production. Classroom activities will include open group discussions, team skill development and personal oral presentations. Video recordings of group presentations will be used for personal reflection of effective presentations.There will be equal focus on oral and written communications.Evaluation Elements:Students will be evaluated according to the following schedule:Generally speaking 50% of the grade will be based on oral communication skills and 50% on written communications. Vocabulary development, critical thinking, and team development skills will be measured as subcomponent of these two overarching categories.Requirements for Graded Work:Group Work:The purpose of group work is to enhance your skill in working collaboratively. When a group-based assignment forms part of your evaluation for a grade, all members of the group will receive the same grade. Any exception to this policy, such as adjustments for relative contribution, will be specified in writing prior to the grading of the assignment.Attendance:The University of Victoria Calendar s tates: ―Students are expected to attend all classes in which they are enrolled.‖ Attending class is an important part of the learning process in this course. Attendance exposes you to material not in the readings, to your classmates' insights and helps clarify material that can lead to better performance in the course.Students with unexcused absences will be penalized with a reduction of 25% of the class participation component. Two absences will result is a zero for the class participation component and three or more absences result in an‗incomplete‘ for the course.Grading Scale:All grades are reported at the University of Victoria as letter grades. Graded material in this course will be marked using percentages. The followingEntrepreneurshipBrock Smith, PhDBusiness & Economics Building, Room 232Telephone: (250) 721 6070email: smithb@uvic.caAll materials are required to be read before each session Session 1Entrepreneurship & Creativity:Topics~ what is entrepreneurship?~ ideas vs opportunities~ enhancing personal creativity~ developing & evaluating product conceptsCase~ CupCakesSession 2Evaluating Business Ideas & Plans:Topics~ Criteria for Evaluating Business Plans~ NVT Software Tool~ The Need for Standards~ NVT ApplicationCase~ CupcakesSession 3Developing Entrepreneurial Expertise:Topics~ Expert Theory~ Entrepreneurial Expertise~ Transaction Thinking~ Transaction Thinking Skill Development~ Entrepreneurial CognitionReading Materials:~ The Marketing Implications of Transaction Cognition Theory(Smith & Mitchell)Session 4Entrepreneurial MarketingTopics~ Start-Up Marketing Issues~ ENT Communication Strategy & Tactics~ Building Brand Equity~ Developing Social Capital~ Developing Trust~ Cost-Effective Communication StrategyReading Materials:~ Developing Communication Plans & Briefs (Smith)~ Marketing Your Small Business, Chapter 3 (pages 29-42) in J.C.Levinson, Guerrilla Marketing with Technology. Addison-Wesley:1997.Service ManagementSteve Tax, PhDemail: stax@uvic.caAll materials are required to be read before each session Reading Materials:i) Acorn Park Hotelii) Kiwi Experience caseiii) Regis College caseiv) Car Buying Experience casev) Starbucks memoDay 1 (Morning)What is a service?Moments of truth exercise (examining your trip to Canada)Service as experience (Starbucks)Service as theatre (you are now performers)The building blocks of service (people, processes, physicalenvironment, technology)The value of a customerRegis University caseDay 1 (Afternoon)Service Design and StrategyCreating a service culture (Zappos , Southwest Airlines)Preparing people (Disney)Designing the service experience exercise (Viking Motors) Day 2 (Morning)Service DeliveryKiwi Experience caseAdding value through service (Geek Squad)Regis University caseRecovering and learning from Service FailureDay 2 (Afternoon)Assessing the Service ExperienceDefining and measuring qualityCustomer experience exercise (the power of observation)Cross cultural differencesAcorn Park Hotel caseInternational BusinessAnthony Goerzen, PhDemail: agoerzen@uvic.caAll materials are required to be read before each session Session 1Ethical Frameworks & Personal ChoicesReading Materials (all to be distributed in class):1. Natasha‘s Choice2. Mad Cows in Alberta3. Telecommunications in China4. Playing by the Rules5. Cameco Uranium6. Vancouver Island MarmotSession 2Organizational Behavior in an International ContextReading Materials:1. Merck & Co.2. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits Session 3Cross Cultural IssuesReading Materials:1. Bafa‘ Bafa‘ materials (to be distributed in class)Session 4Global Business & SocietyReading Materials:1. Introduction—Alternatives to Economic Globalization2. Trade Openness, Sound Policies, & Prosperity。

欧专局2011-2014年专利典型案例-4

Entscheidungsregister Table of Cases Index des décisions citéesNationale Entscheidungen nach Ländern National decisions accordingto countriesDécisions nationales classéespar paysAT – Österreich AT – Austria AT –Autriche 201120112011Oberster Patent- und Markensenat vom 29.06.2011 (Op 3/11) Supreme Patent and TrademarkChamber of 29.06.2011 (Op 3/11)Chambre suprême des brevets etdes marques, 29.06.2011 (Op 3/11) 144201220122012Oberster Patent- und Markensenat vom 27.06.2012 (Op 1/12) Supreme Patent and TrademarkChamber of 27.06.2012 (Op 1/12)Chambre suprême des brevets etdes marques, 27.06.2012 (Op 1/12) 54Beschwerdekammer desösterreichischen Patentamts vom 22.11.2012 (B 1/2011) Board of Appeal of the AustrianPatent Office of 22.11.2012(B 1/2011)Division des recours de l'Officeautrichien des brevets, 22.11.2012 (B1/2011) 28201320132013Oberster Patent- und Markensenat vom 27.02.2013 (Op 3/12) Supreme Patent and TrademarkChamber of 27.02.2013 (Op 3/12)Chambre suprême des brevets etdes marques, 27.02.2013 (Op 3/12) 93Oberster Patent- und Markensenat vom 08.05.2013 (OBp 2/13) Supreme Patent and TrademarkChamber of 08.05.2013 (OBp 2/13)Chambre suprême des brevets etdes marques, 08.05.2013 (OBp 2/13)29Oberster Patent- und Markensenat vom 27.11.2013 (Op 3/13) Supreme Patent and TrademarkChamber of 27.11.2013 (Op 3/13)Chambre suprême des brevets etdes marques, 27.11.2013 (Op 3/13) 56BE – Belgien BE – Belgium BE –Belgique 201120112011Handelsgericht Mons vom03.11.2011 (A/10/792) – Valéo v. Lexmond Trading Mons Commercial Court of03.11.2011 (A/10/792) – Valéo vLexmond TradingTribunal de commerce de Mons,03.11.2011 (A/10/792) – Valéo c.Lexmond Trading30201220122012Berufungsgericht Mons vom 12.01.2012 (2011/RG/00402) – Société Malvern v. Occhio Mons Court of Appeal of 12 January2012 (2011/RG/00402) – Malvern vOcchioCour d'Appel de Mons(2011/RG/00402), 12.01.2012 –Malvern c. Occhio99Handelsgericht Lüttich vom28.06.2012 (A/11/3039) – Aerocrine v. SA Medisoft Liège Commercial Court of28.06.2012 (A/11/3039) – Aerocrinev SA MedisoftTribunal de commerce de Liège,28.06.2012 (A/11/3039) – Aerocrinec. SA Medisoft57201320132013Handelsgericht Mons vom21.02.2013 (RG A/09/663) – Occhio v. Malvern Mons Commercial Court of 21February 2013 (RG A/09/663) –Occhio v MalvernTribunal de commerce de Mons,21.02.2013 (RG A/09/663) – Occhioc. Malvern89Berufungsgericht Lüttich vom19.09.2013 (2011/RG/1503) – Saint-Gobain v. Knauf Liège Court of Appeal of 19.09.2013(2011/RG/1503) – Saint-Gobain vKnaufCour d'appel de Liège, 19.09.2013(2011/RG/1503) – Saint-Gobain c.Knauf155Bezirksgericht Antwerpen vom 20.12.13 – Sandoz v AstraZeneca Antwerp District Court of 20.12.13 –Sandoz v AstraZenecaTribunal de première instanced'Anvers, 20.12.13 – Sandoz c.AstraZeneca135DE – Deutschland DE – Germany DE–Allemagne 201120112011Bundesgerichtshof vom 24.02.2011 (X ZR 121/09) – Webseitenanzeige Federal Court of Justice of24.02.2011 (X ZR 121/09) – WebsitedisplayCour fédérale de justice, 24.02.2011(X ZR 121/09) – Affichage de pagesInternet11Bundesgerichtshof vom 21.06.2011 (X ZR 43/09) – Integrationselement Federal Court of Justice of21.06.2011 (X ZR 43/09) –Integration elementCour fédérale de justice, 21.06.2011(X ZR 43/09) – Intégrateur101Bundesgerichtshof vom 22.11.2011 (X ZR 58/10) – E-Mail via SMS Federal Court of Justice of22.11.2011 (X ZR 58/10) – E-Mail viaSMSCour fédérale de justice, 22.11.2011(X ZR 58/10) – Courrier électroniquepar SMS41201220122012Bundespatentgericht vom 27.03.2012 (4 Ni 24/10) – Kaffeemaschine Federal Patent Court of 27.03.2012(4 Ni 24/10) – Coffee machineTribunal fédéral des brevets,27.03.2012 (4 Ni 24/10) – Machine àcafé91Bundesgerichtshof vom 15.05.2012 (X ZR 98/09) – Calcipotriol-Monohydrat Federal Court of Justice of15.05.2012 (X ZR 98/09) CalcipotriolmonohydrateCour fédérale de justice, 15.05.2012(X ZR 98/09) – Calcipotriolmonohydraté149Bundesgerichtshof vom 17.07.2012 (X ZR 117/11) – Polymerschaum Federal Court of Justice of17.07.2012 (X ZR 117/11) – PolymerfoamCour fédérale de justice, 17.07.2012(X ZR 117/11) – Mousse depolymère94Bundesgerichtshof vom 14.08.2012 (X ZR 3/10) – UV-unempfindliche Druckplate Federal Court of Justice of14.08.2012 (X ZR 3/10) – Non-UV-sensitive printing plateCour fédérale de justice, 14.08.2012(X ZR 3/10) – Plaque d'impressioninsensible aux UV117Bundespatentgericht vom 13.11.2012 (3 Ni 43/10 (EP), 3 Ni 24/11 (EP), 3 Ni 25/11 (EP) verbunden) – Quetiapin Federal Patent Court of 13.11.2012,joined cases 3 Ni 43/10 (EP), 3 Ni24/11 (EP), 3 Ni 25/11 (EP) –QuetiapineTribunal fédéral des brevets,13.11.2012 (3 Ni 43/10 (EP), 3 Ni24/11 (EP), 3 Ni 25/11 (EP) corrélés)– Quétiapine136Bundesgerichtshof vom 27.11.2012 (X ZR 58/07) – NeuraleVorläuferzellen II Federal Court of Justice of27.11.2012 (X ZR 58/07) – Neuralprogenitor cells IICour fédérale de justice, 27.11.2012(X ZR 58/07) – Cellules précurseursneurales II21Bundesgerichtshof vom 12.12.2012 (X ZR 134/11) – Polymerzusammensetzung Federal Court of Justice of12.12.2012 (X ZR 134/11) – PolymercompositionCour fédérale de justice, 12.12.2012(X ZR 134/11) – Composition depolymère66Bundesgerichtshof vom 18.12.2012 (X ZR 3/12) – Routenplanung Federal Court of Justice of18.12.2012 (X ZR 3/12) – RouteplanningCour fédérale de justice, 18.12.2012(X ZR 3/12) – Calcul d'itinéraire58201320132013Bundespatentgericht vom 04.04.2013 (2 Ni 59/11 und 2 Ni 64/11) – Slide to unlock Federal Patent Court of 04.04.2013(2 Ni 59/11 and 2 Ni 64/11) – Slide tounlockTribunal fédéral des brevets,04.04.2013 (2 Ni 59/11 et 2 Ni 64/11)– Déverrouillage tactile parglissement de doigt59Bundesgerichtshof vom 09.04.2013 (X ZR 130/11) –Verschlüsselungsverfahren Federal Court of Justice of09.04.2013 (X ZR 130/11) –Scrambling methodCour fédérale de justice, 09.04.2013(X ZR 130/11) – Procédé de cryptage102Bundesgerichtshof vom 23.04.2013 (X ZR 27/12) – Fahrzeugnavigationssystem Federal Court of Justice of23.04.2013 (X ZR 27/12) – Vehiclenavigation systemCour fédérale de justice, 23.04.2013(X ZR 27/12) – Système denavigation véhiculaire61Bundesgerichtshof vom 11.09.2013 (X ZB 8/12) – Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Inhibitoren Federal Court of Justice of11.09.2013 (X ZB 8/12) – Dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitorsCour fédérale de justice, 11.09.2013(X ZB 8/12) – Inhibiteurs de ladipeptidyl-peptidase79Bundesgerichtshof vom 24.09.2013 (X ZR 40/12) – Fettsäuren Federal Court of Justice of24.09.2013 (X ZR 40/12) – FattyacidsCour fédérale de justice, 24.09.2013(X ZR 40/12) – Acides gras36Bundesgerichtshof vom 15.10.2013 (X ZR 41/11) – Bildanzeigegerät Federal Court of Justice of15.10.2013 (X ZR 41/11) – Imagedisplay deviceCour fédérale de justice, 15.10.2013(X ZR 41/11) – Dispositif devisualisation d'images31201420142014Bundesgerichtshof vom 11.02.2014 (X ZR 107/12) – Kommunikationskanal Federal Court of Justice of11.02.2014 (X ZR 107/12) –Communication channelCour fédérale de justice, 11.02.2014(X ZR 107/12) – Canal decommunication119Bundesgerichtshof vom 25.02.2014 (X ZB 5/13) – Kollagenase I Federal Court of Justice of25.02.2014 (X ZB 5/13) –Collagenase ICour fédérale de justice, 25.02.2014(X ZB 5/13) – Collagénase I37Bundesgerichtshof vom 11.03.2014 (X ZR 139/10) – Farbversorgungssystem Federal Court of Justice of11.03.2014 (X ZR 139/10) – Paintsupply systemCour fédérale de justice, 11.03.2014(X ZR 139/10) – Systèmed'alimentation en peinture43201520152015Bundesgerichtshof vom 13.01.2015 (X ZR 41/13) – Quetiapin Federal Court of Justice of13.01.2015 (X ZR 41/13) –QuetiapineCour fédérale de justice, 13.01.2015(X ZR 41/13) – Quétiapine138DK – Dänemark DK – Denmark DK–Danemark 201220122012Dänischer Gerichtshof vom 25.05.2012 – Danisco A/S (inzwischen Teil von DuPont) v. Novozymes A/S Danish High Court of 25.05.2012 –Danisco A/S (today a part of DuPont)v Novozymes A/SHaute cour du Danemark,25.05.2012 – Danisco A/S (faisantaujourd'hui partie de DuPont) c.Novozymes A/S132ES Spanien ES – Spain ES–Espagne 201120112011Oberster Gerichtshof (Zivilkammer) vom 27.04.2011 – LEK Pharma v. Warner-Lambert – Atorvastatina (274/2011)Supreme Court (Civil Chamber) of27.04.2011 – LEK Pharma v Warnre-Lambert – Atorvastatina (274/2011)Cour suprême (chambre civile),27.04.2011 – LEK Pharma c. WarnerLambert – Atorvastatina (274/2011)160Oberster Gerichtshof (Zivilkammer) vom 10.05.2011 – Laboratorios Cinfa et al. v. Eli Lilly und Company Ltd (309/2011)Supreme Court (Civil Chamber) of10.05.2012 – Laboratorios Cinfa etal. v Eli Lilly and Co Ltd(309/2011)Cour suprême (chambre civile),10.05.2011 – Laboratorios Cinfa etal. c. Eli Lilly et Company Ltd.(309/2011)178201320132013Berufungsgericht Madrid (28. Senat) vom 04.03.2013 – Actavis Group et al. v. Merck Sharp & Dohme(17/2013)Court of Appeal of Madrid (Section28) of 04.03.2013 – Actavis Group etal. v Merck Sharp & Dohme(17/2013)Cour d'appel de Madrid (28echambre), 4.03.2013 – Actavis Groupet al. c. Merck Sharp & Dohme(17/2013)159201420142014Berufungsgericht Barcelona (15. Senat) vom 24.07.2014 – Merck & Co. v. Laboratorios Alter et al. (Auto 93/2014)Court of Appeal of Barcelona(Section 15) of 24.07.2014 – Merck &Co. v Laboratorios Alter et al. (Auto93/2014)Cour d'appel de Barcelone (15echambre), 24.07.2014 – Merck & Co.c. Laboratorios Alter et al. (Auto93/2014)161FR – Frankreich FR – France FR–France 201120112011Kassationsgerichtshof vom02.11.2011 [10-30907] – Groupe Vicard SA v. Tonnellerie Ludonnaise SA Court of Cassation of 02.11.2011[10-30907] – Groupe Vicard SA vTonnellerie Ludonnaise SACour de cassation, 02.11.2011 [10-30907] – Groupe Vicard SA c.Tonnellerie Ludonnaise SA44Kassationsgerichtshof vom29.11.2011 [10-24786] – Negma v. Biogaran Court of Cassation of 29.11.2011[10-24786] – Negma v BiogaranCour de cassation, 29.11.2011 [10-24786] – Negma c. Biogaran35Kassationsgerichtshof vom 13.12.2011 [10-27413] – SAS Technip France v. SA ITP Court of Cassation of 13.12.2011[10-27413] – SAS Technip France vSA ITPCour de cassation, 13.12.2011 [10-27413] – SAS Technip France c. SAITP66201220122012Berufungsgericht Paris vom13.01.2012 (10/17727) – Sandoz v. Eli Lilly Paris Court of Appeal of 13.01.2012(10/17727) – Sandoz v Eli LillyCour d'appel de Paris, 13.01.2012(10/17727) – Sandoz c. Eli Lilly67Kassationsgerichtshof vom 31.01. 2012 [11-10924] – Go sport v. Time Sport international Court of Cassation of 31.01.2012[11-10924] – Go sport v Time SportinternationalCour de cassation, 31.01.2012 [11-10924] – Go sport c. Time Sportinternational120Bezirksgericht Paris vom 20.03.2012 (09/12706) – Teva v. Eli Lilly Paris District Court of 20.03.2012(09/12706) – Teva v Eli LillyTribunal de Grande Instance deParis, 20.03.2012 (09/12706) – Tevac. Eli Lilly73Berufungsgericht Paris vom 21.03.2012 (09/23852) – Arcelormittal v. Voestalpine Paris Court of Appeal of 21.03.2012(09/23852) – Arcelormittal vVoestalpineCour d'appel de Paris, 21.03.2012(09/23852) – Arcelormittal c.Voestalpine80Berufungsgericht Paris vom 23.03.2012 (10/22368) – VSL International v. Freyssinet International Paris Court of Appeal of 23.03.2012(10/22368) – VSL International vFreyssinet InternationalCour d'appel de Paris, 23.03.2012(10/22368) – VSL International c.Freyssinet International81Kassationsgerichtshof vom03.04.2012 [10-21084] – M. G v. R Court of Cassation of 03.04.2012[10-21084] – M. G v RCour de cassation, 03.04.2012 [10-21084] – M. G c. R162Kassationsgerichtshof vom 20.11.2012 [11-18440] – Boegli gravures v. Darsail Court of Cassation of 20.11.2012[11-18440] – Boegli gravures vDarsailCour de cassation, 20.11.2012 [11-18440] – Boegli gravures c. Darsail69201320132013Berufungsgericht Paris vom26.04.2013 (12/07634) – Core/Miral v. Axxom/Castorama/Browaeys Brame Paris Court of Appeal of 26.04.2013(12/07634) – Core/Miral vAxxom/Castorama/Browaeys BrameCour d'appel de Paris, 26.04.2013(12/07634) – Core/Miral c.Axxom/Castorama/Browaeys Brame62Berufungsgericht Paris vom07.06.2013 (10/15598) – Security of Documents (Sood) v. Europäische Zentralbank (EZB)Paris Court of Appeal of 7.06.2013(10/15598) – Security of Documents(Sood) v European Central Bank(ECB)Cour d'appel de Paris, 07.06.2013(10/15598) – Security of Documents(Sood) c. Banque CentraleEuropéenne (BCE)104Berufungsgericht Paris vom28.06.2013 (10/21790) – Herr L v. Publicis Groupe und RATP Paris Court of Appeal of 28.06.2013(10/21790) – Mr L. v Publicis Groupe& RATPCour d'appel de Paris, 28.06.2013(10/21790) – Monsieur L c. PublicisGroupe et R.A.T.P12Berufungsgericht Paris vom03.07.2013 (10/22679) – Sotira v. CPO Paris Court of Appeal of 03.07.2013(10/22679) – Sotira v CPOCour d'appel de Paris, 03.07.2013(10/22679) – Sotira c. CPO163Berufungsgericht Paris vom25.10.2013 (13/06455) – Syngenta v. Generaldirektor des INPI Paris Court of Appeal of 25.10.2013(13/06455) – Syngenta v INPIDirector GeneralCour d'appel de Paris, 25.10.2013(13/06455) – Syngenta c. Directeurgénéral de l'INPI106Berufungsgericht Paris vom20.12.2013 (12/14147) – Icotex v. Saertex Paris Court of Appeal of 20.12.2013(12/14147) – Icotex v SaertexCour d'appel de Paris, 20.12.2013(12/14147) – Icotex c. Saertex108201420142014Berufungsgericht Paris vom12.02.2014 (12/16589) – Anne D v. Sarl AD / Hermès Sellier SA Paris Court of Appeal of 12.02.2014(12/16589) – Anne D v Sarl AD /Hermès Sellier SACour d'appel de Paris, 12.02.2014(12/16589) – Anne D c. Sarl AD /Hermès Sellier SA45Bezirksgericht Paris vom 13.02.2014 (13/00455) – Virbac v. Merial Paris District Court of 13.02.2014(13/00455) – Virbac v MerialTribunal de grande instance de Paris,13.02.2014 (13/00455) – Virbac c.Merial92Berufungsgericht Paris vom12.03.2014 (12/07203) – Eli Lilly v. Teva Paris Court of Appeal of 12.03.2014(12/07203) – Eli Lilly v TevaCour d'appel de Paris, 12.03.2014(12/07203) – Eli Lilly c. Teva39Berufungsgericht Paris vom19.03.2014 (10/21042) – Artygraphiec. Cartel Paris Court of appeal of 19.03.2014(10/21042) – Artygraphie c. CartelCour d'appel de Paris, 19.03.2014(10/21042) – Artygraphie c. Cartel13Berufungsgericht Paris vom16.05.2014 (12/06678) – Knauf c. St Gobain Paris Court of Appeal of 16.05.2014(12/06678) – Knauf c. St GobainCour d'appel de Paris, 16.05.2014(12/06678) – Knauf c. St Gobain156Kassationsgerichtshof vom20.05.2014 [13-10061] – X v. Sig Sauer Court of Cassation of 20.05.2014[13-10061] – X v Sig SauerCour de cassation, 20.05.2014 [13-10061] – X c. Sig Sauer98Bezirksgericht Paris vom 3.07.2014 (10/14406) – Evinerude v. Aair Lichens Paris District Court of 3.07.2014(10/14406) – Evinerude v AairLichensTribunal de grande instance de Paris,03.07. 2014 (10/14406) – Evinerudec. Aair Lichens15GB – Vereinigtes Königreich GB – United Kingdom GB–Royaume-Uni 201120112011Oberster Gerichtshof vom01.11.2011 – Human Genome Sciences Inc v. eli Lilly & Co. [2011] UKSC 51 Supreme Court of 01.11.2011 –Human Genome Sciences Inc v eliLilly & Co. [2011] UKSC 51Cour suprême, 02.11.2011 – HumanGenome Sciences Inc c. eli Lilly &Co. [2011] UKSC 5169Patents Court vom 15.12.2011 – Sandvik Intellectual Property AB v.(1) Kennametal UK Ltd, (2) Kennametal European GmbH [2011] EWHC 3311 (Pat) Patents Court of 15.12.2011 –Sandvik Intellectual Property AB v (1)Kennametal UK Ltd, (2) KennametalEuropean GmbH [2011] EWHC 3311(Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 15.12.2011 –Sandvik Intellectual Property AB c.(1) Kennametal UK Ltd, (2)Kennametal European GmbH [2011]EWHC 3311 (Pat) 83201220122012Patents Court vom 22.03.2012 – Teva UK Ltd v. AstraZeneca AB [2012] EWHC 655 (Pat) Patents Court of 22.03.2012 – TevaUK Ltd v AstraZeneca AB [2012]EWHC 655 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 22.03.2012 –Teva UK Ltd c. AstraZeneca AB[2012] EWHC 655 (Pat) 139England and Wales Court of Appeal vom 10.05.2012 – Nokia OYJ v. IPCom GmbH & Co KG [2012] EWCA Civ 567 England and Wales Court of Appealof 10.05.2012 – Nokia OYJ v IPComGmbH & Co KG [2012] EWCA Civ567Angleterre et Pays de Galles, Courd'appel, 10.05.2012 – Nokia OYJ(Nokia Corporation) c. IPCom GmbH&Co KG [2012] EWCA Civ 567 110Patents Court vom 27.07.2012 – Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v. Contour Aerospace Ltd and others [2012] EWHC 2153 (Pat) Patents Court of 27.07.2012 – VirginAtlantic Airways Ltd v ContourAerospace Ltd and others [2012]EWHC 2153 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 27.07.2012 –Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd c. ContourAerospace Ltd and others [2012]EWHC 2153 (Pat)46,164Court of Appeal vom 05.09.2012 – Eli Lily & Co v. Human Genome Sciences (HGS) Inc [2012] EWCA Civ 1185 Court of Appeal of 05.09.2012 – EliLily & Co v Human GenomeSciences (HGS) Inc [2012] EWCACiv 1185Cour d'appel, 05.09.2012 – Eli Lily &Co c. Human Genome Sciences(HGS) Inc [2012] EWCA Civ 118586Court of Appeal vom 10.10.2012 – MedImmune Ltd v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 1234 Court of Appeal of 10.10.2012 –MedImmune Ltd v NovartisPharmaceuticals UK Ltd [2012]EWCA Civ 1234Cour d'appel, 10.10.2012 –MedImmune Ltd c. NovartisPharmaceuticals UK Ltd [2012]EWCA Civ 123448,123Court of Appeal vom 12.12.2012 – Novartis AG v. Generics (UK) Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 1623 Court of Appeal of 12.12.2012 –Novartis AG v Generics (UK) Ltd[2012] EWCA Civ 1623Cour d'appel, 12.12.2012 – NovartisAG c. Generics (UK) Ltd [2012]EWCA Civ 1623 51201320132013Patents Court vom 07.03.2013 – Samsung electronics Co Ltd v. Apple Retail UK Ltd und anr [2013] EWC 467 (Pat) Patents Court of 07.03.2013 –Samsung electronics Co Ltd v AppleRetail UK Ltd and anr [2013] EWC467 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 07.03.2013 –Samsung electronics Co Ltd c. AppleRetail UK Ltd et anr [2013] EWC 467(Pat) 124Patents Court vom 17.04.2013 – International Stem Cell Corporation v. Comptroller General of Patents [2013] EWHC 807 (Ch) Patents Court of 17.04.2013 –International Stem Cell Corporation vComptroller General of Patents[2013] EWHC 807 (Ch)Tribunal des brevets, 17.04.2013 –International Stem Cell Corporationc. Comptroller General of Patents[2013] EWHC 807 (Ch) 23Patents Court vom 22.04.2013 – Nestec S.A. v. Dualit Ltd [2013] EWHC 923 (Pat) Patents Court of 22.04.2013 –Nestec S.A. v Dualit Ltd [2013]EWHC 923 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 22.04.2013 –Nestec S.A. c. Dualit Ltd [2013]EWHC 923 (Pat) 126Court of Appeal vom 30.04.2013 – AstraZeneca AB v. Hexal [2013] EWCA Civ 454 Court of Appeal of 30.04.2013 –AstraZeneca AB v Hexal [2013]EWCA Civ 454Cour d'appel, 30.04.2013 –AstraZeneca AB c. Hexal [2013]EWCA Civ 454 141Court of Appeal vom 03.05.2013 – HTC v. Apple [2013] EWCA Civ 451 Court of Appeal of 03.05.2013 – HTCv Apple [2013] EWCA Civ 451Cour d'appel, 03.05.2013 – HTC c.Apple [2013] EWCA Civ 451 16Supreme Court vom 03.07.2013 – Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v. Zodiac Seats UK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46 Supreme Court of 03.07.2013 –Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v ZodiacSeats UK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46Cour Suprême, 03.07.2013 – VirginAtlantic Airways Ltd c. Zodiac SeatsUK Ltd [2013] UKSC 46 168Patents Court vom 10.07.2013 – HTC Corporation v. Gemalto SA und HTC Corporation v. Gemalto NV [2013] EWHC 1876 (Pat) Patents Court of 10.07.2013 – HTCCorporation v Gemalto SA and HTCCorporation v Gemalto NV [2013]EWHC 1876 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 10.07.2013 –HTC Corporation c. Gemalto SA etHTC Corporation c. Gemalto NV[2013] EWHC 1876 (Pat)122,129Court of Appeal vom 29.07.2013 – Generics [UK] Ltd t/a Mylan v. Yeda Research and Development Co Ltd and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 925 Court of Appeal of 29.07.2013 –Generics [UK] Ltd t/a Mylan v YedaResearch and Development Co Ltdand Teva Pharmaceutical IndustriesLtd [2013] EWCA Civ 925Cour d'appel, 29.07.2013 – Generics[UK] Ltd t/a Mylan c. Yeda Researchand Development Co Ltd and TevaPharmaceutical Industries Ltd [2013]EWCA Civ 925 63Patents Court vom 04.09.2013 – Lantana Ltd v. Comptroller General of Patents [2013] EWHC 2673 (Pat) Patents Court of 04.09.2013 –Lantana Ltd v Comptroller General ofPatents [2013] EWHC 2673 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 04.09.2013 –Lantana Ltd v Comptroller General ofPatents [2013] EWHC 2673 (Pat) 19Court of Appeal vom 21.11.2013 – IPCom GmbH v. HTC Co Europe Ltd [2013] EWCA Civ 1496 Court of Appeal of 21.11.2013 –IPCom GmbH v HTC Co Europe Ltd[2013] EWCA Civ 1496Cour d'appel, 21.11.2013 – IPComGmbH c. HTC Co Europe Ltd [2013]EWCA Civ 1496 170Court of Appeal vom 20.12.2013 – Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v. Zodiac Seats UK Ld (ehemals Contour Aerospace Ltd) u. a. [2013] EWCA Civ 1713 Court of Appeal of 20.12.2013 –Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v ZodiacSeats UK Ld (formerly ContourAerospace Ltd) and others [2013]EWCA Civ 1713Cour d'appel, 20.12.2013 – VirginAtlantic Airways Ltd c. Zodiac SeatsUK Ld (anciennement dénomméeContour Aerospace Ltd) et autres[2013] EWCA Civ 1713 164201420142014Court of Appeal vom 28.01.2014 – AP Racing Ltd v. Alcon Components Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 40 Court of Appeal of 28.01.2014 – APRacing Ltd v Alcon Components Ltd[2014] EWCA Civ 40Cour d'appel, 28.01.2014 – APRacing Ltd c. Alcon Components Ltd[2014] EWCA Civ 40 113Court of Appeal vom 11.03.2014 – Samsung Electronics Co Ltd v. Apple Retail UK Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 250 Court of Appeal of 11.03.2014 –Samsung Electronics Co Ltd v AppleRetail UK Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 250Cour d'appel, 11.03.2014 – SamsungElectronics Co Ltd c. Apple Retail UKLtd [2014] EWCA Civ 250 173Patents Court vom 20.06.2014 – Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v. Nintendo of Europe GmbH [2014] EWHC 1959 (Pat) Patents Court of 20.06.2014 –Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV vNintendo of Europe GmbH [2014]EWHC 1959 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 20.06.2014 –Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV c.Nintendo of Europe GmbH [2014]EWHC 1959 (Pat) 74Patents Court vom 11. und24.07.2014 – Actavis Group PTC EHF v. Pharmacia LLC [2014] EWHC 2265 (Pat) and [2014] EWHC 2611 (Pat)Patents Court of 11 and 24.07.2014– Actavis Group PTC EHF vPharmacia LLC [2014] EWHC 2265(Pat) and [2014] EWHC 2611 (Pat),respectivelyTribunal des brevets, 11 et24.07.2014 – Actavis Group PTCEHF c. Pharmacia LLCrespectivement [2014] EWHC 2265(Pat) and [2014] EWHC 2611 (Pat)175Patentgericht vom 22.07.2014 -AgaMedical Corporation v. Occlutech (UK) Ltd [2014] EWHC 2506 (Pat) Patents Court of 22.07.2014-AgaMedical Corporation v Occlutech(UK) Ltd [2014] EWHC 2506 (Pat)Tribunal des brevets, 22.07.2014 –AgaMedical Corporation c. Occlutech(UK) Ltd [2014] EWHC 2506 (Pat) 32IT – Italien IT – Italy IT–Italie 201120112011Ordentliches Gericht (Tribunale Ordinario di Torino) vom 11.02.2011 – Sandoz v. Leo Pharma – Calcipotriol-Monohydrat Turin Ordinary Court of 11.02.2011 –Sandoz v Leo Pharma – calcipotriolmonohydrateTribunal ordinaire de Turin (TribunaleOrdinario di Torino), 11.02.2011 –Sandoz c. Leo Pharma –monohydrate de calcipotriol150NL – Niederlande NL – Netherlands NL–Pays-Bas 201120112011Rechtbank 'S-Gravenhage vom 22.06.2011 – Danisco v. Novozymes Rechtbank 'S-Gravenhage of22.06.2011 – Danisco v NovozymesTribunal de grande instance de LaHaye, 22.06.2011 – Danisco c.Novozymes133Berufungsgericht Den Haag vom 27.09.2011 – Eli Lilly v. Ratiopharm The Hague Court of Appeal of27.09.2011 – Eli Lilly v RatiopharmCour d'appel de La Haye, 27.09.2011– Eli Lilly c. Ratiopharm145201220122012Oberster Gerichtshof vom 25.05.2012 – Aga v. Occlutech Supreme Court of 25.05.2012 – Agav OcclutechCour suprême, 25.05.2012 – Aga c.Occlutech146201320132013Berufungsgericht Den Haag vom 09.04.2013 – Sandoz v. Leo Pharma The Hague Regional Court of Appealof 09.04.2013 – Sandoz v LeoPharmaCour d'appel régionale de La Haye,09.04.2013 – Sandoz c. Leo Pharma151Bezirksgericht Den Haag vom08.05.2013 – Taste of Nature Holding B.V. v. Cresco Handels-B.V.The Hague District Court of08.05.2013 – Taste of NatureHolding B.V. v Cresco Handels-B.V.Tribunal de grande instance de LaHaye, 08.05.2013 – Taste of NatureHolding B.V. c. Cresco Handels-B.V.26Oberster Gerichtshof vom 07.06.2013 – Lundbeck v. Tiefenbacher/Centrafarm – Escitalopram Supreme Court of 07.06.2013 –Lundbeck v Tiefenbacher/Centrafarm– EscitalopramCour suprême, 07.06.2013 –Lundbeck c.Tiefenbacher/Centrafarm –Escitalopram53Bezirksgericht Den Haag vom19.12.2013 – Unilever N.V. v. Procter & Gamble The Hague District Court of19.12.2013 – Unilever N.V. v Procter& GambleTribunal de grande instance de LaHaye, 19.12.2013 – Unilever N.V. c.Procter & Gamble167201420142014Oberster Gerichtshof vom 04.04.2014 – Medinol v. Abbott Supreme Court of 04.04.2014 –Medinol v AbbottCour suprême, 04.04.2014 – Medinolc. Abbott96Berufungsgericht Den Haag vom 10.06.2014 – Accord v. AstraZeneca The Hague Regional Court of10.06.2014 – Accord v AstraZenecaCour d'appel régionale de La Haye,10.06.2014 – Accord c. AstraZeneca142NO – Norwegen NO – Norway NO–Norvège 201420142014Berufungsgericht Borgarting vom 06.01.2014 – STS Gruppen AS v. Stillasgruppen AS und Stillastjenester Borgarting Court of Appeal of06.01.2014 – STS Gruppen AS vStillasgruppen AS andStillastjenesterCour d'appel de Borgarting,06.01.2014 – STS Gruppen AS c.Stillasgruppen AS andStillastjenester115Berufungsgericht Borgarting vom 24.01.2014 – Krka v. AstraZeneca – Esomeprazol Borgarting Court of Appeal of24.01.2014 – Krka v Astrazeneca -EsomeprazoleCour d'appel de Borgarting,24.01.2014 – Krka c. AstraZeneca –Ésoméprazole97SE – Schweden SE – Sweden SE–Suède 201120112011Bezirksgericht Stockholm vom 04.03.2011 – Occlutech GmbH v. AGA Medical Corporation, AGA Medical Corporation v. Occlutech International AB und Tor Peters (verbundene Rechtssachen)District Court of Stockholm of04.03.2011 – Occlutech GmbH vAGA Medical Corporation, AGAMedical Corporation v OcclutechInternational AB and Tor Peters(Joint cases)Tribunal de district de Stockholm,4.03.2011 – Occlutech GmbH c. AGAMedical Corporation, AGA MedicalCorporation c. OcclutechInternational AB et Tor Peters(affaires jointes)148Bezirksgericht Stockholm vom 20.05.2011 – Leo v. Sandoz District Court of Stockholm of20.05.2011 – Leo v SandozTribunal de Stockholm, 20.05.2011 –Leo c. Sandoz153。

ANSI ISA RP12.06.01-2003 Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods-Part 1

Recommended Practice forWiring Methods forR E C O M M E N D E D P R A C T I C EANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods for Hazardous (Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic SafetyISBN: 1-55617-865-4Copyright © 2003 by ISA —The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. All rights reserved. Not for resale. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 ——3PrefaceThis preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for information purposes and is not part of ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003.This document has been prepared as part of the service of ISA⎯the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society⎯toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone (919) 549-8411; Fax (919) 549-8288; E-mail: standards@.The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISAstandards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to introduceSI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards, recommended practices, and technicalreports to the greatest extent possible. Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, published by the American Society for Testing & Materials as IEEE/ASTM SI 10-97, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations, andconversion factors.It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals andinterests in the development of ISA standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes endorsement bythe employer of that individual, of ISA, or of any of the standards, recommended practices, and technical reports that ISA develops.CAUTION — ISA ADHERES TO THE POLICY OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE WITH REGARD TO PATENTS. IF ISA IS INFORMED OF AN EXISTING PATENT THAT IS REQUIRED FOR USE OF THE DOCUMENT, IT WILL REQUIRE THE OWNER OF THE PATENT TO EITHER GRANT A ROYALTY-FREE LICENSE FOR USE OF THE PATENT BY USERS COMPLYING WITH THE DOCUMENT OR A LICENSE ON REASONABLE TERMS AND CONDITIONS THAT ARE FREE FROM UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION.EVEN IF ISA IS UNAWARE OF ANY PATENT COVERING THIS DOCUMENT, THE USER IS CAUTIONED THAT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT MAY REQUIRE USE OF TECHNIQUES, PROCESSES, OR MATERIALS COVERED BY PATENT RIGHTS. ISA TAKES NO POSITION ON THE EXISTENCE OR VALIDITY OF ANY PATENT RIGHTS THAT MAY BE INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING THE DOCUMENT. ISA IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IDENTIFYING ALL PATENTS THAT MAY REQUIRE A LICENSE BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT OR FOR INVESTIGATING THE VALIDITY OR SCOPE OF ANY PATENTS BROUGHT TO ITS ATTENTION. THE USER SHOULD CAREFULLY INVESTIGATE RELEVANT PATENTS BEFORE USING THE DOCUMENT FOR THE USER’S INTENDED APPLICATION.HOWEVER, ISA ASKS THAT ANYONE REVIEWING THIS DOCUMENT WHO IS AWARE OF ANY PATENTS THAT MAY IMPACT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT NOTIFY THE ISA STANDARDS AND PRACTICES DEPARTMENT OF THE PATENT AND ITS OWNER.ADDITIONALLY, THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY INVOLVE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, OPERATIONS OR EQUIPMENT. THE DOCUMENT CANNOT ANTICIPATE ALL POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OR ADDRESS ALL POSSIBLE SAFETY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH USE IN HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS. THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT MUST EXERCISE SOUND PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT CONCERNING ITS USE AND APPLICABILITY UNDER THE USER’SANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 — 4 —PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES. THE USER MUST ALSO CONSIDER THE APPLICABILITY OF ANY GOVERNMENTAL REGULATORY LIMITATIONS AND ESTABLISHED SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES BEFORE IMPLEMENTING THIS DOCUMENT.THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD BE AWARE THAT THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE IMPACTED BY ELECTRONIC SECURITY ISSUES. THE COMMITTEE HAS NOT YET ADDRESSED THE POTENTIAL ISSUES IN THIS VERSION.The following people served as voting members of ISA Subcommittee SP12.6:NAME COMPANY D. Bishop, Managing Director ConsultantR. Masek, Chair CSA InternationalN. Abbatiello Eastman Kodak Co.R. Allen Honeywell Inc.W. Bennett Pepperl + Fuchs Inc.K. Boegli Phoenix Contact Inc.C. Bombria ConsultantJ. Bossert Hazloc Inc.R. Cardinal Bently Nevada LLCA. Engler EGS Electrical GroupT. Feindel R. Stahl Inc.W. Fiske Intertek Testing ServicesL Goettsche ConsultantB. Larson Turck Inc.J. Miller Detector Electronics Corp.A. Mobley 3M Co.O. Murphy Brooks InstrumentsE. Olson Ellis Engineering Co.J. Oudar ExLoc Corp.A. Page MSHA Approval & Certification CenterB. Schaefer Underwriters Laboratories Inc.P. Schimmoeller CSA InternationalT. Schnaare Rosemount Inc.D. Wechsler Dow Chemical Co.C. Wellman DuPont EngineeringThe following people served as voting members of ISA Committee SP12:NAME COMPANY T. Schnaare, Chair Rosemount Inc.W. Lawrence, Vice Chair FM ApprovalsD. Bishop, Managing Director ConsultantN. Abbatiello Eastman Kodak CompanyD. Ankele Underwriters Laboratories Inc.B. Apel MSA InstrumentA. Ballard Crouse Hinds Division of Cooper IndustriesW. Bennett Pepperl + Fuchs Inc.K. Boegli Phoenix Contact Inc.R. Brodin Fisher Controls Intl. Inc.R. Buschart PC & E Inc.R. Cardinal Bently Nevada Corp.C. Casso Schlumberger Oilfield ServicesM. Coppler Ametek Inc.J. Cospolich Waldemar S. Nelson & Company Inc.ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 ——5J. Costello Henkel CorporationS. Czaniecki Intrinsic Safety Concepts Inc.T. Dubaniewicz NIOSHU. Dugar Mobil Chemical CompanyA Engler EGS Electrical GroupT. Feindel R. Stahl Inc.W. Fiske Intertek Testing ServicesG. Garcha GE Power SystemsD. Jagger 9 Darnton GardensF. Kent Honeywell Inc.J. Kuczka KillarkB. Larson Turck Inc.E. Magison ConsultantR. Masek ABB AutomationA. Mobley 3M CompanyA. Page MSHA Approval & Certification CenterJ. Propst Equilon EnterprisesP. Schimmoeller CSA InternationalD. Wechsler Dow Chemical CompanyC. Wellman DuPont EngineeringThis document was approved for publication by the ISA Standards and Practices Board on 22 October 2002.NAME COMPANYM. Zielinski, Chair Emerson Process ManagementD. Bishop David N Bishop, ConsultantD. Bouchard PapricanM. Cohen ConsultantM. Coppler Ametek, Inc.B. Dumortier Schneider ElectricW. Holland Southern CompanyE. Icayan ACES IncA. Iverson Ivy OptiksR. Jones Dow Chemical CompanyV. Maggioli Feltronics CorporationT. McAvinew ForeRunner CorporationA. McCauley, Jr. Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.G. McFarland Westinghouse Process Control Inc.R. Reimer Rockwell AutomationJ. Rennie Factory Mutual Research CorporationH. Sasajima Yamatake CorporationI. Verhappen Syncrude Canada Ltd.R. Webb POWER EngineersW. Weidman Parsons Energy & Chemicals GroupJ. Weiss KEMA ConsultingM. Widmeyer Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterC. Williams Eastman Kodak CompanyG. Wood Graeme Wood ConsultingThis page intentionally left blank.——ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-20037Table of Contents Preface (3)1 Purpose (9)2 Scope (9)3 Definitions (9)4 Article 504 and 505 of the NEC (ANSI/NFPA 70-2002) with explanation (14)5 Guidelines for combinations of apparatus under the entity concept (44)andinspection (46)6 MaintenanceAnnex A — Explanatory notes (49)Annex B — Wiring in hazardous (classified) locations (53)Annex C — Marking for the zone classification system (55)Annex D — References (57)This page intentionally left blank.ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003—9—1 Purpose1.1 This recommended practice is intended to promote the uniform installation of intrinsically safe systems for hazardous (classified) locations. Information is provided to clarify and explain the requirements of Articles 504 and 505 of the National Electrical Code ®(NEC ®) ANSI/NFPA 70. (For further information, see Annex A.)NOTE ⎯ Throughout clause 3 and 4, text that has been excerpted from the National Electrical Code ® (NEC ® ) is distinguished from the main body of text as follows:• NEC® Article 500, 504 and 505 text is shaded and indented at the left and right margins.excerptedNEC®text (such as articles on sealing) is shaded but not indented.• OtherText from the National Electrical Code ® (NEC ®) is reprinted with permission from NFPA 70-2002, the National Electrical Code ®, Copyright© 2001, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269.National Electrical Code ® and NEC ® are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, MA 02269.1.2 This recommended practice applies to the installation of intrinsically safe systems for use in hazardous (classified) locations.2 Scope2.1 This recommended practice provides guidance to those who design, install, and maintain intrinsically safe systems for hazardous (classified) locations.2.2 This recommended practice should be used in conjunction with nationally recognized codes that cover wiring practices — such as the National Electrical Code ®(NEC ®), ANSI/NFPA 70, and the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) Part I, CSA C22.1.2.3 This recommended practice is not intended to:a) include guidance for designing, testing, or repairing intrinsically safe or associated apparatus; orb) apply to the use of portable equipment, except as shown on the control drawing.3 DefinitionsFor purposes of this recommended practice, the following definitions apply:3.1 approved:acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction (for additional information, see NEC ® Article 100).3.2 associated apparatus:Associated Apparatus: Apparatus in which the circuits are not necessarily intrinsicallysafe themselves, but that affect the energy in the intrinsically safe circuits and are reliedon to maintain intrinsic safety. Associated apparatus may be either of the following:—10ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 —1. Electrical apparatus that has an alternative-type protection for use in the appropriatehazardous (classified) location, or2. Electrical apparatus not so protected that shall not be used within a hazardous(classified) location.FPN No. 1: Associated apparatus has identified intrinsically safe connections forintrinsically safe apparatus and also may have connections for nonintrinsically safeapparatus.FPN No. 2: An example of associated apparatus is an intrinsic safety barrier, which is anetwork designed to limit the energy (voltage and current) available to the protectedcircuit in the hazardous (classified) location, under specified fault conditions.3.3 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ):the organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.3.4 channel:an ungrounded conductor in a grounded intrinsically safe circuit, or a conductor and its reference in a galvanically isolated intrinsically safe circuit.3.5 controldrawing:Control Drawing: A drawing or other document provided by the manufacturer of theintrinsically safe or associated apparatus, or of the nonincendive field wiring apparatus orassociated nonincendive field wiring apparatus, that details the allowed interconnectionsbetween the intrinsically safe and associated apparatus or between the nonincendivefield wiring apparatus or associated nonincendive field wiring apparatus.3.6 corrective maintenance:any maintenance activity that is not normal in the operation of equipment and requires access to the equipment's interior. Such activities are expected to be performed by qualified personnel who are aware of the hazards involved. Such activities typically include locating causes of faulty performance, replacement of defective components (see 6.2.1), adjustment of internal controls, and the like. Corrective maintenance is referred to simply as maintenance in clause 6.3.7 different intrinsically safe circuits:Different Intrinsically Safe Circuits: Intrinsically safe circuits in which the possibleinterconnections have not been evaluated and identified as intrinsically safe.3.8 entity evaluation:a method used to determine acceptable combinations of intrinsically safe apparatus and connected associated apparatus that have not been investigated in such combination.3.8.1 Entity parameters for intrinsically safe apparatus:C i : Total equivalent internal capacitance of the apparatus that is considered as appearingacross the connection facilities of the apparatus.I i or I max : Maximum current (peak a.c. or d.c.) that can be applied to the connection facilities of theintrinsically safe apparatus circuits without invalidating intrinsic safety. The maximuminput current may be different for different terminals.L i : Total equivalent internal inductance of the apparatus that is considered as appearing across the connection facilities of the apparatus.L i/R i: The maximum value of ratio of inductance to resistance that is considered as appearing across the terminals of the intrinsically safe apparatus.P i: Maximum power in an external intrinsically safe circuit that can be applied to the connection facilities of the apparatus. The maximum input power may be different fordifferent terminals.U i or V max : Maximum voltage (peak a.c. or d.c.) that can be applied to the connection facilities of the apparatus without invalidating the type of protection. The maximum input voltage may bedifferent for different terminals.3.8.2 Entity parameters for associated apparatus:C o or C a : Maximum capacitance in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be connected to theconnection facilities of the apparatus.I o. or I sc : Maximum current (peak a.c. or d.c.) in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be taken fromthe connection facilities of the apparatus.L o or L a : Maximum inductance in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be connected to the connection facilities of the apparatus.L o/R o or L a/R a: The maximum value of ratio of inductance to resistance that may be connected to the intrinsically safe circuit of the associated apparatus.P o : Maximum electrical power in an intrinsically safe circuit that can be taken from the apparatus.U o or V oc : Maximum output voltage (peak a.c. or d.c.) in an intrinsically safe circuit that can appear under open-circuit conditions at the connection facilities of the apparatus.3.8.3 Additional entity parameters for associated apparatus with multiple channels may include the following:I t : The maximum DC or peak AC current that can be drawn from any combination ofterminals of a multiple-channel associated apparatus configuration.V t : The maximum DC or peak AC open circuit voltage that can appear across anycombination of terminals of a multiple-channel associated apparatus configuration.3.9 galvanic isolation:the transfer of electrical power or signal from one circuit to another by means that do not include a direct electrical connection (e.g., through an isolating transformer or optical coupler).3.10 hazardous (classified) location:a location in which fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or vapors, flammable liquids, combustible dust, or ignitable fibers or flyings.3.11 identified:Identified (as applied to equipment). Recognizable as suitable for the specificpurpose, function, use, environment, application, and so forth, where described in aparticular Code requirement.FPN: Some examples of ways to determine suitability of equipment for a specificpurpose, environment, or application include investigations by a qualified testinglaboratory (listing and labeling), an inspection agency, or other organizationsconcerned with product evaluation.3.12 intrinsic safety:a type of protection in which a portion of the electrical system contains only intrinsically safe equipment (apparatus, circuits, and wiring) that is incapable of causing ignition in the surrounding atmosphere. No single device or wiring is intrinsically safe by itself (except for battery-operated, self-contained apparatus such as portable pagers, transceivers, gas detectors, etc., which are specifically designed as intrinsically safe, self-contained devices), but is intrinsically safe only when employed in a properly designed intrinsically safe system. Also see "associated apparatus."3.13 intrinsic safety barrier:a network designed to limit the energy (voltage and current) available to the protected circuit in the hazardous (classified) location, under specified fault conditions (see ISA 12.01.01).3.14 intrinsic safety ground system:a grounding system that has a dedicated conductor isolated from the power system, except at one point, so that ground currents will not normally flow, and that is reliably connected to a grounding electrode in accordance with Article 250 of the NEC ®.3.15 intrinsically safe apparatus:Intrinsically Safe Apparatus: Apparatus in which all the circuits are intrinsically safe.3.16 intrinsically safe circuit:Intrinsically Safe Circuit: A circuit in which any spark or thermal effect is incapable ofcausing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air under prescribedtest conditions.FPN: Test conditions are described in ANSI/UL 913-1997 Standard for Safety,Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III,Division 1, Hazardous (Classified) Locations.3.17 intrinsically safe systems:Intrinsically Safe System: An assembly of interconnected intrinsically safe apparatus,associated apparatus, and interconnecting cables in that those parts of the system thatmay be used in hazardous (classified) locations are intrinsically safe circuits.FPN: An intrinsically safe system may include more than one intrinsically safe circuit.3.18 labeled:equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner (for additional information, see NEC ® Article 100).3.19 listed:equipment, materials or services included in a list published by an organization acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that the equipment, material or services either meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. (See NEC ® Article 100.)3.20 qualified person:one who has skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training on the hazards involved.3.21 simple apparatus:Simple Apparatus. An electrical component or combination of components of simpleconstruction with well-defined electrical parameters which does not generate more than1.5 volt, 100 milliamps and 25 milliwatts, or a passive component which does notdissipate more than 1.3 watts and which is compatible with the intrinsic safety of thecircuit in which it is used.FPN: The following apparatus are examples of simple apparatus:a) Passive components, for example switches, junction boxes, resistance temperaturedevices and simple semiconductor devices such as LEDs;b) Sources of generated energy, for example thermocouples and photocells, which do notgenerate more than 1.5 V, 100 mA and 25 mW.3.22 unclassified locationsUnclassified Location:Locations determined to be neither Class I, Division 1; Class I, Division 2; Class I,Zone 0; Class I, Zone 1; Class I, Zone 2; Class II, Division 1; Class II, Division 2;Class III, Division 1; Class III, Division 2; or any combination thereof.3.23 wiring drawing:a drawing or other document created by the user based upon the relevant control drawings. The wiring drawing is used by the installer to determine the type, color, and size of the wire used to connect each terminal of the equipment used in the intrinsically safe circuit.4 Article 504 and 505 of the NEC (ANSI/NFPA 70-2002) with explanation504.1 Scope. This article covers the installation of intrinsically safe (I.S.) apparatus,wiring, and systems for Class I, II, and III locations.504.2 Definitions.Associated Apparatus: Apparatus in which the circuits are not necessarily intrinsicallysafe themselves, but that affect the energy in the intrinsically safe circuits and are reliedon to maintain intrinsic safety. Associated apparatus may be either of the following:Intrinsic safety barriers are a common form of associated apparatus. These barriers are connected between the intrinsically safe apparatus and the control equipment. Their primary purpose is to limit the energy to the hazardous location under fault conditions. They may also provide isolation, signal conditioning, or both. There are also many types of associated apparatus that normally are not referred to as intrinsic safety barriers, but have energy-limiting circuits suitable for connection directly to intrinsically safe apparatus. An example of this type of associated apparatus is a controller that is not itself intrinsically safe, but has connections for intrinsically safe sensors.504.3 Application of Other Articles. Except as modified by this article, all applicablearticles of this Code shall apply.Although intrinsically safe circuits are inherently low-energy circuits, they may still be shock hazards because of the operating voltage.Clause 500.7 (E) provides an exception for intrinsically safe apparatus and wiring from the requirements of Articles 501 through 503 and 510 through 516. All other articles of the Code apply to intrinsically safe wiring, except as exempted by specific articles.If the rated voltage of the circuit exceeds 60 volts DC or 30 volts AC, the wiring requirements for Class 3 circuits apply. (See NEC ®Article 725.)Other articles may apply, depending on the functional application — e.g., Article 725 for cables installed in ducts, plenums, risers, and other air-handling spaces, Article 760 for fire protective signaling systems, and Article 800 for communications circuits.504.4 Equipment Approval. All intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatusshall be listed.Exception: Simple apparatus, as described on the control drawing, shall not be requiredto be listed.Electrical equipment that is listed or labeled by a nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL) normally will be accepted by the AHJ. The AHJ may also accept specialized equipment not listed or labeled by a NRTL, with appropriate technical justification. A written report of the investigation and conclusion should be kept on file, and the markings on the equipment should identify the report. For additional information see NEC 90.7.504.10 Equipment Installation.(A) Control Drawing. Intrinsically safe apparatus, associated apparatus, and otherequipment shall be installed in accordance with the control drawing(s).Exception: A simple apparatus that does not interconnect intrinsically safe circuits.FPN: The control drawing identification is marked on the apparatus.There are three basic types of control drawings:a) Intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatus are both specified by manufacturer and modelnumber. (See figure 4.1 for an example.)b) Intrinsically safe apparatus is specified by manufacturer and model number for connection toassociated apparatus specified by entity parameters. (See figures 4.2a and 4.2b for an example.) c) Associated apparatus is specified by manufacturer and model number for connection to intrinsicallysafe apparatus that is specified by entity parameters or to simple apparatus. (See figures 4.3a and4.3b for an example.)Control drawings that are combinations of the above types are also possible. For example, control drawings for intrinsically safe apparatus often specify permissible connections to specific associated apparatus and also specify entity parameters to allow additional flexibility in selecting associated apparatus. (See figure 4.3c for an example.)To ensure that a given interconnection forms an intrinsically safe system, it is necessary to obtain control drawings that specify each intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatus to be interconnected. If a control drawing of the type shown in figure 4.1 that correctly describes the interconnection is available, only that control drawing is necessary.If the intrinsic safety of the system is to be based on the comparison of entity parameters, it is necessary to obtain a control drawing for each intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatus. Care should be taken to ensure that the entity parameters used in the comparison apply to the specific set(s) of terminals to be interconnected.If the system includes only simple apparatus connected to an associated apparatus, only the associated apparatus control drawing is necessary. Multiple channels of associated apparatus should not be connected to a single simple apparatus unless specifically permitted by the control drawing.Frequently, the user creates a wiring drawing based on the control drawings provided by the manufacturers of the intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatus or other specification sheets that provide information such as terminal identification.NOTE — Figures 4.1, 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.3a, 4.3b and 4.3.c were provided by the SP12.02 subcommittee.Figure 4.1 — Example of a control drawing for an intrinsically safe systemFigure 4.2a — Example of a control drawing for an intrinsically safe apparatus with entity parameters for Division 1 and Zone 0Figure 4.2b— Example of control drawing for an intrinsically safe apparatus with entity parameters for Zone 1Figure 4.3a — Example of a control drawing for an associated apparatus with entity parameters for Division 1 and Zone 0。

2011考研英语真题来源报刊阅读100篇免费

Online booksellers face highercosts for shipping abroadTHE Postal Service is taking the “ship” out of shipping, and thousands of small online booksellers are bracing for trouble.The post office said last month that as of mid-May, it would no longer transport goods internationally via cargo ships for individual customers. These so-called surface deliveries have been the crucial method by which booksellers have sold books to foreign markets because the cost is about one-third that of air mail.Analysts said would not be affected by the change; international book shipments represent a small fraction of its business, and because, like otherhigh-volume businesses, it can qualify for discounts on foreign shipments.But many thousands of smaller used-and rare-book merchants say they will suffer, since they rely on foreign demand.“If postage costs as much, if not more, than the book, it’ll be hard to sell books,”said Rob Stuart, owner of , a seller of rare and antique books in Frenchboro, Maine.“And maybe 25 percent or more of my books sell internationally.”In announcing the changes last month, the post office said demand for international air-mail delivery was increasing at the expense of sea-borne services, which account for just 2.7 percent of foreign deliveries.“As a result, efficient international surface delivery networks have diminish ed and costs have dramatically increased,” the Postal Service said.Mr. Stuart calle d the changes “a brutal reality” that put him in a difficult position, since his entire town may feel the effects. His company has shipped enough rare and antique books to sustain mail deliveries for the 75 residents of Frenchboro, an island about eight miles off Maine’s northeast coast. Now Mr. Stuart, who is also a town selectman, said the island’s mail deliveries could be threatened, and he may also be forced to lay off a part-time worker.Yvonne Yoerger, a spokeswoman for the Postal Service, said customers aren’t yet aware of other options. She said “customized agreements”for surface mail are being developed for higher-volume shippers that will be enhanced over the next several months to address the needs of small businesses. “The Postal Service has a longstanding commitment to small businesses and is working to accommodate customers needs as the international mail changes take effect,”Ms. Yoerger said.Philip Bevis, chief executive of Arundel Books, which sells online and in its Seattle store, said he did not believe such customized agreements would extend to small booksellers like him.“I think the Postal Service dangled that to defuse any pushback,”Mr. Bevis said. “If they were really serious about this, they would’ve pushed back the cancellation of surface mail until they could incorporate these other standards.”Because small booksellers typically list their inventories with multiple Web sites, like Amazon, and , the new shipping costs will be felt, to varying degrees, up the industry’s food chain until those customized agreements are final.The falling dollarTHE dollar’s tumble this week was attended by predictable shrieks from the markets; but as it fell to a 20-month low of $1.32 against the euro, the only real surprise was that it had not slipped sooner. Indeed, there are good reasons to expect its slide to continue, dragging it below the record low of $1.36 against the euro that it hit in December 2004.The recent decline was triggered by nasty news about the American economy. New figures this week suggested that the housing market’s troubles are having a wider impact on the economy. Consumer confidence and durable-goods orders both fell more sharply than expected. In contrast, German business confidence has risen to a 15-year high. There are also mounting concerns that central banks in China and elsewhere, which have been piling up dollars assiduously for years, may start selling.Yet cyclical factors only partly explain why the dollar has been strong. At bottom, its attractiveness is based more on structural factors—or, more accurately, on an illusion about structural differences between the American and European economies.The main reason for the dollar’s strength has been the widespread belief that the American economy vastly outperformed the world’s other rich country economies in recent years. But the figures do not support the hype. Sure, America’s GDP growth has been faster than Europe’s, but that is mostly because its population has grown more quickly too. Dig deeper and the difference shrinks. Official figures of productivity growth, which should in theory be an important factor driving currency movements, exaggerate America’s lead. If the two are measured on a comparable basis, productivity growth over the past decade has been almost the same in the euro area as it has in America. Even more important, the latest figures suggest that, whereas productivity growth is now slowing in America, it is accelerating in the euro zone.So, contrary to popular perceptions, America’s economy has not significantly outperformed Europe’s in recent years. And to achieve this not-much-better-than parity, America has had to pump itself full of steroids. Since 2000 its structural budget deficit (after adjusting for the impact of the economic cycle) has widened sharply, while American households’saving rate has plunged, causing the current-account deficit to swell. Over the same period, the euro-area economies saw no fiscal stimulus and household saving barely budged.America’s growth, thus, has been driven by consumer spending. That spending, supported by dwind ling saving and increased borrowing, is clearly unsustainable; and the consequent economic and financial imbalances must inevitably unwind. As that happens, the country could face a prolonged period of slower growth.As for Europe, the old continent is hobbled by inflexible product and labour markets. But that, paradoxically, is an advantage: it means the place has a lot of scope for improvement. Some European countries are beginning to contemplate (and, to a limited extent, undertake) economic reforms. If they push ahead, their growth could actually speed up over the coming years. Once investors spot this, they are likely to conclude that the euro is a better bet than the dollar.Democrats and global warmingA RECENT sketch on “Saturday Night Live” suggested how the world would be ifAl Gore had won the presidency in 2000. “In the last six years we have been able to stop global warming,” intoned Mr Gore. “No one could have predicted the negative results of this. Glaciers tha t once were melting are now on the attack.”Nerdy environmentalism is Mr Gore’s forte. He would have ridden thathobby-horse in the 2000 campaign, according to Joe Klein in “Politics Lost”, if his political consultants had not muzzled him. Now, almost alone, he has brought his favourite issue back into the political spotlight. His film about the horrors of global warming, “An Inconvenient Truth”, opened this week in Los Angeles and New York.With it comes inevitable talk of another try at the presidency. Mr Gore consistently waves that away. But other prominent Democrats are raising their voices for the cause. This week Senator Hillary Clinton urged action on global warming in a big speech on energy policy in Washington, DC. Notably, she praised Mr Gore (now a potential rival for 2008, whatever he says) as a “committed visionary on global warming for more than two decades”. Last week, her husband Bill told graduates at the University of Texas’s public affairs school in Austin—as temperatures outside soared to 34°C—that “Climate change is more remote than terror, but a more profound threat.”Do voters care? Although a Gallup poll this spring found that 67% of respondents thought the quality of the envir onment was “getting worse” (a fairly steady rise from 54% in 2002), climate change is hardly in the class of Iraq or health care. And it is still rare for politicians to mention it on the stump. Bill Ritter, the Democratic nominee for governor in Colorado, notes that global warming is a worry for the ski industry in his state—but says his audiences care more about the quality of their water or their air. Most midwestern politicians nowadays cannot talk enough about alternative fuels, but they link them to the economy (and national security) rather than climate change, hoping for a boost for local corn or soyabean farmers.A few bad hurricanes may change that indifference. The 2006 season begins next week, and federal meteorologists predict it will be particularly nasty. Although conservative s have vigorously disputed the link between global warming and last year’s dreadful storms, another Katrina could push people over the edge. Gregg Easterbrook of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank, says that politicians also need a new tack. Instead of dwelling on gloom and doom, they should appeal to American optimism, emphasising that the problem can probably be solved after all, and cheaper and faster than anyone thinks.And what about conservatives? George Bush has recently conceded that America is “addicted to oil”, but he still argues about the causes of global warming. (“He may be the last person in America who refuses to accept the science on this,” sighs Jay Inslee, a congressman from Washington state.) John McCain, another possible presidential contender in 2008, has been out in front. He has sponsored legislation (with Joe Lieberman, a Democrat) for cap-and-trade emissions of greenhouse gases, and declared in a recent speech in Phoenix that “Climate change is real and is having a major impact on our way of life.”Seychelles: A president in paradiseBEST known as a destination for honeymooners in search of perfect white beaches and sway ing palms, the Seychelles islands rarely make any sort of headlines. Few tourists would even have noticed the presidential election on July 30th, in which James Michel, leader of the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front, was returned with 54% of the ballot. For Mr. Michel, it was the first time he had faced theislands-62,000-odd voters, having been promoted from vice-president two years ago by his predecessor, Albert René, who had ruled the islands for 27 years since taking power in a coup in 1977.To the casual eye, Seychelles seems both fortunate and well governed. The 115 islands, most of them uninhabited, cover a mere 445 square kilometers (175 square miles) of the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar, and enjoy several advantages over most of the rest of Africa. The weather is never extreme. There is no malaria. The islanders have free education and health care. Their multiracial society is pretty harmonious. With GDP at around $8,000 a head, there is almost no discernible poverty.But this standard of living has come at a cost: the IMF says its public debt is too high and may be un sustain able. Mr. Michel’s main opposition, the Seychelles National Party, which scored 46% in the elections, claims that Seychelles, per person, is the world’s most indebted country; with some $590m of external debt for just82,000 people, it is certainly one of them. A black market in foreign currency already exists as speculation persists that the government, unable to meet its obligations, may be forced to devalue. Basic consumer goods sometimes run out. If, as the IMF predicts, GDP falls by over 1% this year, Mr. Michel may find his next five years in power more testing than he had hoped.The country needs more ways of making money. In the cold war, it was easy. The Seychelles played each side off against the other, remaining a member of the Commonwealth as well as the Non-Aligned Movement and taking military aid from the Soviet Union while leas ing a satellite tracking station to the Americans. Since those stream s of revenue dried up, the main Seychellois streams of revenue have been from tourism—leasing land to foreign hoteliers—and from tuna: the government earns about $200m a year from selling tuna-fishing licenses to Spain, France and South Korea.But conflict in the Middle East has brought Seychelles an unexpected bonus: Western warships stop off in the islands, which offer rest and recreation. The soldiers and sailors scuba dive, sail and drink Seybrew, the local beer—and pay for it all in hard currency.41。

2011朝民初字第1218号

北京市朝阳区人民法院民事判决书2011朝民初字第1218号原告美光隐形眼镜（北京）有限公司，住所地北京市朝阳区广渠门外大街8号东座2703号法定代表人李元和，该公司总经理。

委托代理人柳琳，北京市中闻律师事务所律师。

被告北京阿利安眼镜有限公司，住所地北京市朝阳区农光南里1号楼1303号。

法定代表人金凤兰，该公司总经理。

委托代理人冯劲梅，北京市国度律师事务所律师。

委托代理人金英玉。

原告美光隐形眼镜（北京）有限公司（简称美光公司）与被告北京阿利安眼镜有限公司（简称阿利安公司）侵犯注册商标专用权纠纷一案，本院受理后，依法组成合议庭，公开开庭进行了审理。

美光公司的委托代理人柳琳，阿利安公司的委托代理人冯劲梅、金英玉，到庭参加了诉讼。

本案现已审理终结。

美光公司起诉称：我公司成立于2002年4月18日，于2003年10月21日注册了“ARY AN”商标，核定使用的商品为第9类隐形眼镜。

阿利安公司自2010年1月设立至今，在其隐形眼镜的包装、广告宣传上突出使用“Aryan”文字标识，并一直在销售该种商标的隐形眼镜，致使我公司营销的“ARY AN”隐形眼镜销售量急剧下降，利润损失惨重。

我公司认为阿利安公司的上述行为侵犯了我公司的商标专用权。

故我公司要求阿利安公司立即停止涉案商标侵权行为，销毁剩余库存侵权产品、所有相同和近似的商标标识。

阿利安公司答辩称：金英玉享有美光公司所主张的商标的使用权，金英玉又许可我公司使用该商标，故我公司具有使用该商标的合法授权，不构成侵权。

我公司不同意美光公司的诉讼请求。

经审理查明：2002年4月18日，美光公司成立，主要经营批发及进口隐形眼镜、隐形眼镜材料、护理液等。

经国家工商行政管理总局商标局核准，美光公司于2003年10月21日取得了3303239号“ARY AN”商标注册证，核定使用商品为第9类隐形眼镜。

注册有效期自2003年10月21日至2013年10月20日止。

美光公司经营的隐形眼镜是从韩国EOS株式会社、G&G CONTACT LENSCO.等公司进口的。

法玛西亚

法玛西亚·普强公司：Rogaine生发药组员：孙豪霞王贝贝目录一、背景 (1)二、企业目前解决的主要问题 (3)三、形势分析 (4)四、SWOT分析 (8)五、渠道分析 (10)六、解决方案 (10)七、结论 (12)一、背景（一）公司背景法玛西亚﹒普强股份有限公司是由瑞典的法玛西亚公司和美国的普强公司于1995年11月合并成立的。

这次合并使新公司成为世界第九大制药公司。

法玛西亚﹒普强公司是人类健康护理产品和相关产品的提供者，经营范围遍及全球。

该公司的管理中心位于英国伦敦，主要的研究和制造中心分散在美国、瑞典、意大利。

公司销售额的90%来自药品，诊所、生物技术或生物试剂产品占10%。

公司大约70%的销售额是在美国以外地区实现的。

该公司每年的研究开发预算为10亿美元，主要集中在开发新产品和产品线延伸。

（二）相关产品背景1996年2月9日，美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准Rogaine生发药可以无需医生处方销售。

Rogaine是当时被医学证明唯一有效的治疗男女普通遗传性脱发的生发药物，从1988年起在美国作为处方药物开始销售。

非处方的Rogaine定于1996年4月开始销售，到那时，作为处方药的Rogaine将终止销售。

普强公司请求FDA批准对非处方Rogaine 为期三年的独家销售权。

但是1996年4月5日，其申请被拒绝。

这意味着其垄断地位也将没有了，而开始与市场上其他产品进行竞争。

二、企业目前解决的主要问题独家销售权的失去和竞争产品的出现改变了竞争环境，Rogaine已经不再是唯一含2%米诺西定的头发生长产品了，因而失去了垄断地位。

这对Rogaine的销售会产生一定的影响。

原来产品预期五年内的销售额达到10亿美元的数据现在是否需要调整？应该修订为多少？所以其以前制定的营销计划必须进行修订。

企业目前解决的主要问题是如何对以前制定的营销计划进行修订。

三、形势分析3.1 行业分析1、据估计据估计，美国有4000万男性秃顶和2000万头发稀疏，消费者每年在治疗方面的花费大约13亿美元（据下表所示），产业的发展空间很大。

2011年福布斯排行榜

2011年福布斯全球富豪榜前100名名次姓名净资产(亿美元)国家所属地区上榜变化1 卡洛斯·斯利姆·埃卢/Carlos SlimHelu740墨西哥美洲升2 比尔·盖茨/BillGates560 美国美国升3 沃伦·巴菲特/WarrenBuffett500 美国美国升4 伯纳德·阿诺特/BernardArnault410 法国欧洲升5 拉里·埃里森/Larry Ellison395 美国美国升6 拉克希米·米塔尔/LakshmiMittal311 印度亚太地区升7 阿曼西奥·奥特加/AmancioOrtega310西班牙欧洲升8 埃克·巴蒂斯塔/Eike Batista300 巴西美洲升9 穆克什·安巴尼/MukeshAmbani270 印度亚太地区降10 克里斯蒂·沃尔顿/ChristyWalton265 美国美国升11 李嘉诚/Ka-shing Li260中国香港亚太地区升12 卡尔·阿尔巴切特/KarlAlbrecht255 德国欧洲升13 斯蒂芬·佩尔森/StefanPersson245 瑞典欧洲升14 弗拉基米240 俄罗欧洲升尔·利辛/VladimirLisin斯15 利利安·贝滕科特/LilianeBettencourt235 法国欧洲升16 谢尔登·埃德森/SheldonAdelson233 美国美国升17 大卫·汤姆森/DavidThomson230加拿大美洲升18 查尔斯·科赫/Charles Koch220 美国美国升18 大卫·科赫/David Koch220 美国美国升20 吉姆·沃尔顿/Jim Walton213 美国美国升21 艾丽斯·沃尔顿/AliceWalton212 美国美国升22 罗布森·沃尔顿/S. RobsonWalton210 美国美国升23 郭炳江、郭炳联兄弟/Thomas &RaymondKwok200中国香港亚太地区升24 谢尔盖·布林/Sergey Brin198 美国美国升24 拉里·佩奇/Larry Page198 美国美国升26 阿苏德王子/PrinceAlwaleed BinTalal Alsaud196沙特阿拉伯中东地区及非洲升27 伊里斯·冯特博纳/IrisFontbona192 智利美洲升28 李兆基/ShauKee Lee190中国香港亚太地区升29 阿列克谢·莫185 俄罗欧洲升尔达索夫/AlexeiMordashov斯30 杰夫·贝索斯/Jeff Bezos181 美国美国升30 迈克尔·布隆伯格/MichaelBloomberg181 美国美国升32 米歇尔·费雷罗/MicheleFerrero180意大利欧洲升32 米哈伊尔·普罗霍罗夫/MikhailProkhorov180俄罗斯欧洲升34 弗拉基米尔·波塔宁/VladimirPotanin178俄罗斯欧洲升35 阿利舍尔·乌斯马诺夫/AlisherUsmanov177俄罗斯欧洲升36 奥列格·德里帕斯卡/OlegDeripaska168俄罗斯欧洲升36 阿齐姆·普莱姆基/AzimPremji168 印度亚太地区降38 迈克尔·奥托/Michael Otto166 德国欧洲降39 雷纳托·阿克梅托夫/RinatAkhmetov160乌克兰欧洲升39 格尔曼·拉利阿·莫塔·维拉斯科/GermanLarrea MotaVelasco160墨西哥美洲升39 约翰·保尔森/John Paulson160 美国美国升42 沙希·鲁雅、拉维·鲁雅兄弟/Shashi & Ravi158 印度亚太地区升Ruia43 米哈伊尔·弗里德曼/MikhailFridman151俄罗斯欧洲升44 迈克尔·戴尔/Michael Dell146 美国美国升44 苏珊娜·克拉腾/SusanneKlatten146 德国欧洲升46 史蒂夫·鲍尔默/SteveBallmer145 美国美国持平46 乔治·索罗斯/George Soros145 美国美国升48 贝特霍尔德·阿尔布莱希特、西奥·阿尔布莱希特/Berthold &Theo Jr.Albrecht144 德国欧洲新上榜49 波奇特·罗辛/Birgit Rausing140 瑞典欧洲升50 瓦吉特·阿列克佩罗夫/VagitAlekperov139俄罗斯欧洲升51 阿里科·丹格特/AlikoDangote138尼日利亚中东地区及非洲升52 马克·扎克伯格/MarkZuckerberg135 美国美国升53 罗曼·阿布拉莫维奇/RomanAbramovich134俄罗斯欧洲升53 安妮·考克斯·钱伯斯/Anne CoxChambers134 美国美国升55 豪尔赫·保罗·雷曼133 巴西美洲升/Jorge Paulo Lemann56 萨维特里·金达尔/SavitriJindal132 印度亚太地区升57 保罗·艾伦/Paul Allen130 美国美国降57 杰拉尔德·卡文迪什·格罗夫纳/GeraldCavendishGrosvenor130 英国欧洲升57 维克多·维克塞尔伯格/ViktorVekselberg130俄罗斯欧洲升60 菲尔·耐特/PhilKnight127 美国美国升61 卡尔·伊坎/Carl Icahn125 美国美国升61 郭鹤年/RobertKuok125马来西亚亚太地区降63 穆罕默德·阿毛迪/MohammedAl Amoudi123沙特阿拉伯中东地区及非洲升64 唐纳德·布伦/Donald Bren120 美国美国持平64 罗恩·佩雷尔曼/RonPerelman120 美国美国升66 阿尔贝托·巴伊雷斯·冈萨雷斯/AlbertoBailleresGonzalez119墨西哥美洲升67 弗朗科斯·皮诺特/FrancoisPinault115 法国欧洲升68 约瑟夫·萨夫拉/JosephSafra114 巴西美洲升69 阿比盖尔·约翰逊/AbigailJohnson113 美国美国降70 维克托·拉什尼科夫/ViktorRashnikov112俄罗斯欧洲升71 莱昂纳多·戴尔·维吉奥/Leonardo DelVecchio110意大利欧洲升72 约翰·弗雷德里克森/JohnFredriksen107塞浦路斯欧洲升72 斯特芬·科万特/StefanQuandt107 德国欧洲升74 詹姆斯·西蒙斯/JamesSimons106 美国美国升75 霍斯特·鲍尔曼/HorstPaulmann105 智利美洲升75 路易斯·卡洛斯·萨米恩托/Luis CarlosSarmiento105哥伦比亚美洲升77 纳赛尔·阿尔·卡拉菲/NasserAl-Kharafi104科威特中东地区及非洲升77 埃里奥多若·马蒂家族/Eliodoro,Bernardo &Patricia Matte104 智利美洲升79 萨米·奥弗/Sammy Ofer103以色列中东地区及非洲升80 莱恩·布拉瓦特尼克/LenBlavatnik101 美国美国升81 高塔姆·阿达尼/GautamAdani100 印度亚太地区升81 埃内斯托·贝尔塔雷利/ErnestoBertarelli100 瑞士欧洲持平81 克劳斯-迈克尔·库恩/Klaus-Michael Kuhne100 德国欧洲升81 福利斯特·马尔斯/ForrestMars100 美国美国降81 杰奎琳·马尔斯/JacquelineMars100 美国美国降81 约翰·马尔斯/John Mars100 美国美国降81 汉斯·劳辛/Hans Rausing100 瑞典欧洲持平88 伊斯坎德尔·马克穆多夫/IskanderMakhmudov99俄罗斯欧洲升89 乔治·凯撒/George Kaiser98 美国美国降89 约翰娜·科万特/JohannaQuandt98 德国欧洲升89 玛丽亚-伊丽莎白·舍弗勒和乔治·舍弗勒/Maria-Elisabeth &GeorgSchaeffler98 德国欧洲重回榜92 格尔曼·汗/German Khan96俄罗斯欧洲升93 阿南达·克里斯南/AnandaKrishnan95马来西亚亚太地区升93 德米特里·雷波诺列夫/DmitryRybolovlev95俄罗斯欧洲升95 李彦宏/Robin 94 中国亚太地区升Li 大陆96 塞尔日·达索/SergeDassault93 法国欧洲升97 库尔玛·博拉/Kumar Birla92 印度亚太地区升97 皮特·凯尔纳/Petr Kellner92捷克共和国欧洲升99 列昂尼德·米赫尔松/LeonidMikhelson91俄罗斯欧洲升100 郑裕彤/Yu-tungCheng90中国香港亚太地区升2011年福布斯全球富豪榜100-200名名次姓名净资产(亿美元)国家所属地区上榜变化100 乔治娜·莱因哈特/GeorginaRinehart90 澳大利亚亚太地区升102 伊戈尔·兹乌辛/Igor Zyuzin89 俄罗斯欧洲升103 阿尼尔·安巴尼/AnilAmbani88 印度亚太地区降103 帕朗吉·密斯特里/PallonjiMistry88 爱尔兰欧洲升105 哈罗德·哈姆/Harold Hamm86 美国美国升105 李健熙/Kun-Hee Lee86 韩国亚太地区升105 安德烈·梅尔尼琴科/AndreyMelnichenko86 俄罗斯欧洲升108 胡里奥·马里奥·圣多明戈/Julio MarioSanto84 哥伦比亚美洲升Domingo108 奥古斯特·冯·芬克/August vonFinck84 德国欧洲升110 史蒂夫·乔布斯/Steve Jobs83 美国美国升110 苏尼尔·米塔尔/SunilMittal83 印度亚太地区升112 里卡多·萨利纳斯·普里戈/RicardoSalinas Pliego82 墨西哥美洲降113 孙正义/MasayoshiSon81 日本亚太地区升114 史蒂夫·科恩/Steve Cohen80 美国美国升114 梁稳根/WengenLiang80 中国大陆亚太地区升114 鲁宾家族/David &Simon Reuben80 英国欧洲升117 谢尔盖·波波夫/SergeiPopov79 俄罗斯欧洲升118 西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼/SilvioBerlusconi78 意大利欧洲降118 苏莱曼·克里莫夫/SuleimanKerimov78 俄罗斯欧洲升120 苏莱曼·拉吉哈/SulaimanAl Rajhi77沙特阿拉伯中东地区及非洲升120 弗拉基米尔·叶夫图申科夫/VladimirYevtushenkov77 俄罗斯欧洲升122 鲁珀特·默多克/RupertMurdoch76 美国美国升122 柳井正/Tadashi Yanai76 日本亚太地区持平124 亚历山大·阿布拉莫夫/AlexanderAbramov75 俄罗斯欧洲升124 菲利浦·安舒茨/PhilipAnschutz75 美国美国升124 香伦·德卡瓦略·海内肯/Charlene deCarvalho-Heineken75 荷兰欧洲升124 阿列克谢·库兹米切夫/AlexeiKuzmichev75 俄罗斯欧洲升128 理查德·金德/RichardKinder74 美国美国升128 杰克·泰勒/Jack Taylor74 美国美国升130 阿迪·戈德瑞/Adi Godrej73 印度亚太地区升130 库夏·l帕尔·辛格/Kushal PalSingh73 印度亚太地区降132 格林家族/Philip &Cristina Green72 英国欧洲升133 列昂尼德·费顿/LeonidFedun71 俄罗斯欧洲升133 爱德华·约翰逊/EdwardJohnson71 美国美国降133 盖伦·韦斯顿/Galen Weston71 加拿大美洲降136 穆罕默70 沙特阿拉中东地区降德·本·伊萨·贾比尔/Mohamed BinIssa Al Jaber伯及非洲136 乔治·阿玛尼/GiorgioArmani70 意大利欧洲升136 查尔斯·厄根/Charles Ergen70 美国美国升136 尼基·奥本海默/NickyOppenheimer70 韩国中东地区及非洲升136 埃里克·施密特/EricSchmidt70 美国美国升141 詹姆斯·古德纳特/JamesGoodnight69 美国美国持平141 哈索·普拉特纳/HassoPlattner69 德国欧洲升143 森章/AkiraMori68 日本亚太地区升143 王雪红、陈文琦夫妇/CherWang &Wenchi Chen68 中国台湾亚太地区升145 安德鲁·弗雷斯特/AndrewForrest67 澳大利亚亚太地区升145 吉姆·肯尼迪/Jim Kennedy67 美国美国升145 皮埃尔·奥米迪亚/PierreOmidyar67 美国美国升145 布莱尔·帕里-奥克登/BlairParry-Okeden67 美国美国升149 安德鲁·比尔/Andrew Beal66 美国美国升149 库尔特·恩格尔霍伦/CurtEngelhorn66 德国欧洲升149 塞缪尔·纽豪斯/SamuelNewhouse66 美国美国升152 谢国民/DhaninChearavanont65 泰国亚太地区升152 安东尼·约翰逊/AntoniaJohnson65 瑞典欧洲升154 阿尼尔·阿加瓦尔/AnilAgarwal64 印度亚太地区持平154 汉斯约格·魏斯/HansjorgWyss64 瑞士欧洲升156 刘銮雄/JosephLau63 中国香港亚太地区升156 蔡万才/Wan-tsai Tsai63 中国台湾亚太地区升158 马塞尔·赫尔曼·泰列斯/MarcelHerrmannTelles62 巴西美洲升159 伊萨克·安迪可/Isak Andic61 西班牙欧洲升159 米高·嘉道理/MichaelKadoorie61 中国香港亚太地区升159 迪利普·桑哈维/DilipShanghvi61 印度亚太地区升162 郑梦九/Mong-KooChung60 韩国亚太地区升162 雷伊·达里奥/Ray Dalio60 美国美国升162 让-克劳德·德科/Jean-ClaudeDecaux60 法国欧洲升162 英格瓦·坎普拉德/Ingvar60 瑞典欧洲降Kamprad162 里奥纳德·劳德/LeonardLauder60 美国美国升162 班尼·斯坦梅茨/BenySteinmetz60 以色列中东地区及非洲升162 韦特海默家族/Alain &GerardWertheimer60 法国欧洲降169 米奇·阿里森/Micky Arison59 美国美国升169 毒岛邦雄/KunioBusujima59 日本亚太地区升169 史蒂夫·施瓦茨曼/StephenSchwarzman59 美国美国升169 宗庆后/QinghouZong59 中国大陆亚太地区降173 艾利·布罗德/Eli Broad58 美国美国升173 拉尔夫·劳伦/Ralph Lauren58 美国美国升173 唐纳德·纽豪斯/DonaldNewhouse58 美国美国升173 吉姆·帕蒂森/Jim Pattison58 加拿大美洲升173 多萝西娅·斯特恩布鲁奇/DorotheaSteinbruch58 巴西美洲升173 施至成/HenrySy58 菲律宾亚太地区升179 郭台铭/TerryGou57 中国台湾亚太地区升179 李锂/Li Li 57 中国大陆亚太地区新上榜179 哈罗德·西蒙斯/HaroldSimmons57 美国美国升182 三木谷浩史/HiroshiMikitani56 日本亚太地区升182 希夫·纳达/Shiv Nadar56 印度亚太地区升182 纳塞夫·萨维里斯/NassefSawiris56 埃及中东地区及非洲降185 谢尔盖·加利茨基/SergeiGalitsky55 俄罗斯欧洲升185 格雷姆·哈特/Graeme Hart55 新西兰亚太地区升185 何享健/Xiangjian He55 中国大陆亚太地区升185 鲍里斯·伊万尼舍维里/BorisIvanishvili55 俄罗斯欧洲升185 卡洛斯·阿尔贝托·斯库彼拉/CarlosAlbertoSicupira55 巴西美洲升185 格纳迪·季姆琴科/GennadyTimchenko55 俄罗斯欧洲升185 吴亚军/YajunWu55 中国大陆亚太地区升192 张志熔/ZhirongZhang54 中国香港亚太地区升193 查尔斯·巴特/Charles Butt53 美国美国升193 安东尼奥·艾尔米里奥·德莫拉埃斯/AntonioErmirio deMoraes53 巴西美洲升193 尼古拉·茨维特科夫/NikolaiTsvetkov53 俄罗斯欧洲升196 约翰·默纳德/John Menard52 美国美国降196 伊拉·雷纳尔特/Ira Rennert52 美国美国降196 陈颂雄/PatrickSoon-Shiong52 美国美国升196 蔡衍明/Eng-MengTsai52 中国台湾亚太地区升200 埃默里科·阿莫林/AmericoAmorim51 葡萄牙欧洲升2011年福布斯全球富豪榜200-297名名次姓名净资产(亿美元)国家所属地区上榜变化200 莎丽·阿里森/Shari Arison51 以色列中东地区及非洲升200 巴尔格洛尼家族/Carlos andAlejandroBulgheroni51 阿根廷美洲新上榜200 大卫·格芬/David Geffen51 美国美国升200 许家印/KaYan Hui51 中国大陆亚太地区升200 查尔斯·约翰逊/CharlesJohnson51 美国美国升200 卡尔-海因茨·基普/Karl-HeinzKipp51 德国欧洲升200 吴光正/PeterWoo51 中国香港亚太地区升208 迈克尔·哈托诺/MichaelHartono50印度尼西亚亚太地区升208 黄惠忠/R.Budi Hartono50印度尼西亚亚太地区升208 李深静/ShinCheng Lee50 马来西亚亚太地区升208 马化腾/Huateng Ma50 中国大陆亚太地区升208 迪特里希·梅特舒兹/DietrichMateschitz50 奥地利欧洲升208 大卫·泰珀/David Tepper50 美国美国升208 严彬/ChaleoYoovidhya50 泰国亚太地区升208 山姆·赛尔/Sam Zell50 美国美国升208 张近东/JindongZhang50 中国大陆亚太地区升217 莱斯特·克劳恩家族/LesterCrown &family49 美国美国升217 鲁伯特·约翰逊/RupertJohnson49 美国美国升219 斯皮罗·拉特西斯/SpiroLatsis48 希腊欧洲降219 郭令灿/LengChan Quek48 马来西亚亚太地区升219 约翰·鲁伯特/JohannRupert48 韩国中东地区及非洲升219 托马斯·史密德海尼/ThomasSchmidheiny48 瑞士欧洲升223 保利娜·麦克米兰·凯纳斯/PaulineMacMillanKeinath47 美国美国升223 弗拉基米尔·金/Vladimir Kim47哈萨克斯坦亚太地区升223 克伊尔德·科47 丹麦欧洲升尔克·克里斯蒂安森/Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen223 嘉吉·麦克米伦/CargillMacMillan47 美国美国升223 惠特尼·麦克米伦/WhitneyMacMillan47 美国美国升223 弗雷德里克·梅哲/Frederik G.H.Meijer47 美国美国降223 马里恩·麦克米伦·皮克泰/MarionMacMillanPictet47 美国美国升223 查尔斯·施瓦布/CharlesSchwab47 美国美国持平223 郑鸿标/HongPiow Teh47 马来西亚亚太地区升232 海因斯-霍斯特·戴希曼/Heinz-HorstDeichmann46 德国欧洲升232 王健林/JianlinWang46 中国大陆亚太地区升232 山内溥/HiroshiYamauchi46 日本亚太地区升235 彼得·艾文/Pyotr Aven45 俄罗斯欧洲升235 奥拓·拜斯海姆/OttoBeisheim45 德国欧洲升235 保罗·迪马雷斯/PaulDesmarais45 加拿大美洲升235 埃里温·豪布/Erivan Haub45 德国欧洲持平235 布鲁斯·柯夫纳/BruceKovner45 美国美国升235 刘永行/Yongxing Liu45 中国大陆亚太地区降235 约翰·马龙/John Malone45 美国美国升235 丹尼斯·华盛顿/DennisWashington45 美国美国升235 卡尔·拉斯切克/KarlWlaschek45 奥地利欧洲升244 冯国纶/William Fung44 中国香港亚太地区升244 弗兰克·洛伊/Frank Lowy44 澳大利亚亚太地区升244 詹姆斯·帕克/James Packer44 澳大利亚亚太地区升247 阿利奥索·安德拉德·法利亚/Aloysio deAndrade Faria43 巴西美洲升247 冯国经/VictorFung43 美国美国升247 雷·李·亨特/Ray Lee Hunt43 美国美国升247 理查德·勒弗拉克及其家族/RichardLeFrak &Family43 美国美国升247 阿兰·梅里埃/AlainMerieux43 法国欧洲升247 迈克尔·施密特－鲁腾贝克和莱纳·施密特－鲁腾贝克/Michael &RainerSchmidt-Ruthenbeck43 德国欧洲升247 苏旭明/CharoenSirivadhanabhakdi43 泰国亚太地区升254 理查德·布兰森/RichardBranson42 英国欧洲升254 查尔斯·卡多根/CharlesCadogan42 英国欧洲升254 古斯塔沃·西斯内罗丝/GustavoCisneros42 委内瑞拉美洲持平254 约翰·保罗·德约里尔/JohnPaul DeJoria42 美国美国升254 理查德·迪沃斯/RichardDeVos42 美国美国降254 伯纳德·埃克莱斯顿/BernardEcclestone42 英国欧洲升254 罗撒丽亚·麦拉/RosaliaMera42 西班牙欧洲升254 丹尼斯·奥布莱恩/DenisO'Brien42 爱尔兰欧洲升254 罗伯特·罗琳/RobertRowling42 美国美国降254 董建成/CheeChen Tung42 中国香港亚太地区新上榜254 王恒/RogerWang42 美国美国升265 马尔温德·辛格和舍温德·辛格/Malvinder &ShivinderSingh41 印度亚太地区升265 雷諾德·福士41 德国欧洲降/Reinhold Wurth265 杨惠妍/Huiyan Yang41 中国大陆亚太地区升268 杰罗尼莫·阿朗戈/JeronimoArango40 墨西哥美洲持平268 罗伯特·贝斯/Robert Bass40 美国美国降268 沃尔特·海纳夫/WalterHaefner40 瑞士欧洲升268 梅迈特·艾明·卡拉梅迈特/MehmetEminKaramehmet40 土耳其中东地区及非洲升268 阿农·米尔臣/ArnonMilchan40 以色列中东地区及非洲升268 戈登·摩尔/GordonMoore40 美国美国升268 奥拉夫索恩/Olav Thon40 挪威欧洲升268 黄祖耀/ChoYaw Wee40 新加坡亚太地区升268 史蒂夫·维特海默/StefWertheimer40 以色列中东地区及非洲升268 周成建/ChengjianZhou40 中国大陆亚太地区升268 丹尼尔·齐夫/Daniel Ziff40 美国美国持平268 德科·齐夫/Dirk Ziff40 美国美国持平268 罗伯特齐夫/Robert Ziff40 美国美国持平281 弗里茨·戈登斯迈迪恩/FritsGoldschmedin39 荷兰欧洲升g281 亨利·克拉维斯/HenryKravis39 美国美国降281 迪特尔·斯纳贝尔/DieterSchnabel39 德国欧洲升281 安德列·斯科奇/AndreiSkoch39 俄罗斯欧洲升281 安德里亚斯·斯特朗格曼/AndreasStrungmann39 德国欧洲升281 托马斯·斯特朗格曼/ThomasStrungmann39 德国欧洲升281 邓耀/Yiu Tang 39 中国香港亚太地区升288 理查德·钱德勒/RichardChandler38 新西兰亚太地区升288 陈廷骅/DinHwa Chen38 中国香港亚太地区升288 斯泰因·埃里克·哈根/SteinErik Hagen38 挪威欧洲升288 迈克尔·赫茨/Michael Herz38 德国欧洲持平288 沃尔夫冈·赫茨/WolfgangHerz38 德国欧洲持平288 呂志和/CheWoo Lui38 中国香港亚太地区升288 伊丽莎白·莫恩/ElizabethMohn38 德国欧洲降288 萨姆纳·雷德斯通/SumnerRedstone38 美国美国升288 滝崎武光/TakemitsuTakizaki38 日本亚太地区升297 帕特科·乔迪耶夫/PatokhChodiev37 比利时欧洲升297 阿廉·易卜拉欣莫夫/AlijanIbragimov37哈萨克斯坦亚太地区升297 亚历山大·马赫科维奇/AlexanderMachkevich37 以色列中东地区及非洲升297 泽维尔·尼尔/Xavier Niel37 法国欧洲新上榜2011年福布斯全球富豪榜297-393名名次姓名净资产(亿美元)国家所属地区上榜变化297 乔治·罗伯茨/GeorgeRoberts37 美国美国降297 布鲁诺·施罗德/BrunoSchroder37 英国欧洲升297 弗雷迪·斯普林格/FriedeSpringer37 德国欧洲升304 瓦西里·安尼西莫夫/VasilyAnisimov36 俄罗斯欧洲升304 布伊格家族/Martin &OlivierBouygues36 法国欧洲升304 托马斯·弗里斯特/ThomasFrist36 美国美国升304 爱德华·兰珀特/EdwardLampert36 美国美国升304 拉尔斯·拉森/Lars Larsen36 丹麦欧洲新上榜304 刘德光/Kwong LowTuck36印度尼西亚亚太地区升310 里昂·布莱克/Leon Black35 美国美国升310 雷伊·杜比/Ray Dolby35 美国美国持平310 费拉瑞特·加尔切夫/FilaretGalchev35 俄罗斯欧洲升310 欧文家族/James &Arthur Irving35 加拿大美洲降310 柯克·科克里安/KirkKerkorian35 美国美国升310 威廉·科赫/William Koch35 美国美国升310 刘永好/Yonghao Liu35 中国大陆亚太地区升310 卡兰尼迪·马兰/KalanithiMaran35 印度亚太地区升310 米切尔·雷尔斯/MitchellRales35 美国美国升310 纳吉布·萨维里斯/NaguibSawiris35 埃及中东地区及非洲升310 丹尼尔·赛尔维特耶·蒙图尔/DanielServitjeMontull35 墨西哥美洲新上榜310 里奥纳德·斯特恩/LeonardStern35 美国美国降310 王永在/Yung-tsaiWang35 中国台湾亚太地区新上榜323 陈发树/FashuChen34 中国大陆亚太地区持平323 阿比利奥·多斯桑托斯·迪尼兹/Abiliodos Santos34 巴西美洲升Diniz323 罗伯特·弗里德兰/RobertFriedland34 美国美国升323 约翰·甘德尔/John Gandel34 澳大利亚亚太地区升323 安·沃尔顿·克伦克/AnnWaltonKroenke34 美国美国升323 洛伦佐·门多萨/LorenzoMendoza34 委内瑞拉美洲降323 阿克塞尔·奥伯尔维兰德/AxelOberwelland34 德国欧洲升323 亨利·罗斯·佩罗/Henry RossPerot Sr34 美国美国升323 莉泽洛特·佩尔松/LiselottPersson34 瑞典欧洲升323 哈伊姆·萨班/Haim Saban34 美国美国升323 约翰·萨尔/John Sall34 美国美国持平323 埃马努埃莱·萨普托/Emanuele(Lino) Saputo34 加拿大美洲升323 哈里·特里古波夫/HarryTriguboff34 澳大利亚亚太地区升336 约翰·阿诺德/John Arnold33 美国美国降336 弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺夫/VladimirBogdanov33 俄罗斯欧洲升336 查尔斯·杜兰/Charles Dolan33 美国美国升336 亚历山大·弗33 俄罗斯欧洲升罗洛夫/Alexander Frolov336 许荣茂/WingMau Hui33 中国香港亚太地区持平336 保罗·都铎·琼斯/Paul TudorJones33 美国美国升336 帕特里斯·莫特赛比/PatriceMotsepe33 韩国中东地区及非洲升336 丹尼尔·奥奇/Daniel Och33 美国美国持平336 维克托·平丘克/VictorPinchuk33 乌克兰欧洲升336 特雷弗·里斯-琼斯/TrevorRees-Jones33 美国美国升336 约翰·索布拉托及家族/John Sobrato& family33 美国美国升347 巴克利家族/David &FrederickBarclay32 英国欧洲升347 罗恩·伯克尔/Ron Burkle32 美国美国持平347 郑梦准/Mong-JoonChung32 韩国亚太地区升347 安娜·露西亚·德马托斯·巴拉托·维莱拉/AnaLucia deMattosBarrettoVillela32 巴西美洲新上榜347 阿尔弗雷多·艾吉迪奥·阿鲁达·维32 巴西美洲新上榜莱拉·费罗/Alfredo Egydio Arruda Villela Filho347 海蒂·霍滕/Heidi Horten32 奥地利欧洲升347 乌代·科塔克/Uday Kotak32 印度亚太地区升347 郭孔丰/KhoonHong Kuok32 新加坡亚太地区降347 乔·刘易斯/JoeLewis32 英国欧洲升347 乔治·卢卡斯/George Lucas32 美国美国升347 安德烈·莫尔查诺夫/AndreiMolchanov32 俄罗斯欧洲升347 迪米特里·潘比安斯基/DmitryPumpyansky32 俄罗斯欧洲升347 史蒂芬·雷尔斯/StevenRales32 美国美国升347 杰弗里·斯克尔/JeffreySkoll32 加拿大美洲升347 莱斯利·卫克斯奈/LeslieWexner32 美国美国升362 丹宁·阿瓦拉/DannineAvara31 美国美国新上榜362 大卫·艾兹瑞利/DavidAzrieli31 加拿大美洲升362 威廉·库克/William Cook31 美国美国降362 斯科特·邓肯/Scott Duncan31 美国美国新上榜362 米兰内·弗朗茨/Milane31 美国美国新上榜Frantz362 阿尔伯特·弗雷利/AlbertFrere31 比利时欧洲升362 罗伯特·霍尔丁/RobertHolding31 美国美国降362 彼得·凯洛格/Peter Kellogg31 美国美国升362 罗纳德·劳德/RonaldLauder31 美国美国升362 鲁冠球/Guanqiu Lu31 中国大陆亚太地区升362 斯蒂芬·罗斯/Stephen Ross31 美国美国降362 安东·希莱克尔/AntonSchlecker31 德国欧洲降362 兰达·威廉姆斯/RandaWilliams31 美国美国新上榜362 阿洛伊斯·沃本/AloysWobben31 德国欧洲降376 赛玛哈特·塞维姆·阿塞尔/SemahatSevim Arsel30 土耳其中东地区及非洲升376 安德雷·艾斯泰维斯/AndreEsteves30 巴西美洲新上榜376 布鲁斯·哈勒/Bruce Halle30 美国美国升376 糸山英太郎/EitaroItoyama30 日本亚太地区降376 米奇·贾格迪安尼/MickyJagtiani30 印度亚太地区升376 詹姆斯·简纳德/JamesJannard30 美国美国持平376 曼努埃尔·约夫/ManuelJove30 西班牙欧洲升376 林百里/BarryLam30 中国台湾亚太地区升376 特德·勒纳/TedLerner30 美国美国持平376 李水荣/Shuirong Li30 中国大陆亚太地区新上榜376 林堉璘/Yu-linLin30 中国台湾亚太地区升376 大卫·莫多克/DavidMurdock30 美国美国升376 大卫·纳玛德/DavidNahmad30 摩纳哥欧洲新上榜376 胡斯鲁·奥兹耶金/HusnuOzyegin30 土耳其中东地区及非洲持平376 泰伦斯·佩古拉/TerrencePegula30 美国美国新上榜376 安东尼奥·路易兹·塞亚布拉/AntonioLuiz Seabra30 巴西美洲升376 史蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格/StevenSpielberg30 美国美国持平393 赖利·柏克德/Riley Bechtel29 美国美国降393 斯蒂芬·柏克德/StephenBechtel29 美国美国降393 皮埃尔·贝龙/Pierre Bellon29 法国欧洲升393 萨布哈什·钱德拉/SubhashChandra29 印度亚太地区升393 奥托·哈佩尔/Otto Happel29 德国欧洲升393 芭芭拉·皮埃29 美国美国降塞克卡·约翰逊/Barbara Piasecka Johnson393 穆斯塔法·拉米·考克/MustafaRahmi Koc29 土耳其中东地区及非洲升393 弗雷德里克·隆贝格/FredrikLundberg29 瑞典欧洲升2011年福布斯全球富豪393-488名名次姓名净资产(亿美元)国家所属地区上榜变化393 塞尔吉奥·曼特伽扎/SergioMantegazza29 瑞士欧洲升393 胡安·罗伊格/Juan Roig29 西班牙欧洲新上榜393 安西·萨维里斯/OnsiSawiris29 埃及中东地区及非洲降393 斯蒂芬·斯密德亨尼/StephanSchmidheiny29 瑞士欧洲升393 迈尔可·斯科尔林/MelkerSchorling29 瑞典欧洲升393 伯纳德·谢尔曼/Bernard(Barry)Sherman29 加拿大美洲降393 多田胜美/Katsumi Tada29 日本亚太地区升393 张欣/XinZhang29 中国大陆亚太地区升409 朱林瑶/LamYiu Chu28 中国香港亚太地区升409 理查德·艾尔曼/Richard28 英国欧洲升Elman409 郭广昌/GuangchangGuo28 中国大陆亚太地区升409 南希·沃尔顿·劳丽/Nancy WaltonLaurie28 美国美国升409 林荣三/RongSan Lin28 中国台湾亚太地区升409 纳吉布·米卡提/NajibMikati28 黎巴嫩中东地区及非洲升409 塔哈·米卡提/Taha Mikati28 黎巴嫩中东地区及非洲升409 薛光林/Kwong LamSit28 中国大陆亚太地区新上榜409 琼·蒂希/JoanTisch28 美国美国升409 史蒂文·伍得瓦-赫兹/StevenUdvar-Hazy28 美国美国升409 穆拉特·乌尔卡/MuratUlker28 土耳其中东地区及非洲升420 阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·艾尔·古拉尔/AbdulAziz AlGhurair27 阿联酋中东地区及非洲降420 陈建华/Jianhua Chen27 中国大陆亚太地区新上榜420 詹姆斯·戴森/James Dyson27 英国欧洲升420 约翰·格拉夫/Johann Graf27 奥地利欧洲新上榜420 蒂莫西·赫丁顿/TimothyHeadington27 美国美国升420 安德烈·克里亚姆科27 俄罗斯欧洲新上榜/Andrei Klyamko420 弗莱德汉姆·洛/FriedhelmLoh27 德国欧洲升420 帕特里克·麦卡文/PatrickMcGovern27 美国美国降420 正美树/MasahiroMiki27 日本亚太地区升420 乔治·米切尔/GeorgeMitchell27 美国美国升420 达斯汀·莫斯科维茨/DustinMoskovitz27 美国美国新上榜420 瓦迪姆·诺文司基/VadimNovinsky27 俄罗斯欧洲新上榜420 弗里特·法伊克·萨罕克/Ferit FaikSahenk27 土耳其中东地区及非洲升420 吴笙福/MartuaSitorus27印度尼西亚亚太地区降420 萨利克·塔拉/Sarik Tara27 土耳其中东地区及非洲升420 唐纳德·特朗普/DonaldTrump27 美国美国升420 王传福/ChuanfuWang27 中国大陆亚太地区降420 奥普拉·温弗瑞/OprahWinfrey27 美国美国升420 杨忠礼/TiongLay Yeoh27 马来西亚亚太地区升420 埃迪·扎卡伊和索尔·扎卡27 英国欧洲新上榜伊/Eddie & Sol Zakay440 丁磊/WilliamDing26 中国大陆亚太地区升440 古斯塔夫·道格拉斯/GustafDouglas26 瑞典欧洲升440 马尔科姆·格雷泽/MalcolmGlazer26 美国美国升440 大卫·格林/David Green26 美国美国降440 因杜·贾殷/Indu Jain26 印度亚太地区降440 斯坦利·克朗克/StanleyKroenke26 美国美国降440 简·库奇科/JanKulczyk26 波兰欧洲升440 詹姆斯·勒普林诺/JamesLeprino26 美国美国升440 费尔南多·罗伯托·莫雷拉·萨勒斯/FernandoRobertoMoreira Salles26 巴西美洲新上榜440 若奥·莫雷拉·萨勒斯/Joao MoreiraSalles26 巴西美洲新上榜440 佩德罗·莫雷拉·萨勒斯/PedroMoreira Salles26 巴西美洲新上榜440 华尔特·莫雷拉·萨勒斯/WaltherMoreira Salles26 巴西美洲新上榜440 潘卡·帕特尔/Pankaj Patel26 印度亚太地区升440 G.M.拉奥/G. 26 印度亚太地区降440 大卫·鲁宾斯坦/DavidRubenstein26 美国美国升440 罗纳德·斯瑞克/RondaStryker26 美国美国升440 孙大卫/DavidSun26 美国美国升440 伊扎克·特苏瓦/YitzhakTshuva26 以色列中东地区及非洲升440 杜纪川/JohnTu26 美国美国升459 阿卜杜拉·阿吉/AbdullahAl Rajhi25沙特阿拉伯中东地区及非洲升459 赛莫达/SyedMokhtarAlBukhary25 马来西亚亚太地区升459 贺南迪·博霍留勃夫/HenadiyBoholyubov25 乌克兰欧洲升459 马克·库班/Mark Cuban25 美国美国升459 斯坦利·德鲁肯米勒/StanleyDruckenmiller25 美国美国降459 阿尔奇·奥尔迪斯·伊莫森/Archie AldisEmmerson25 美国美国升459 飞利浦·弗德赛/PhilippeForiel-Destezet25 法国欧洲升459 劳伦斯·格拉夫/LaurenceGraff25 英国欧洲持平459 米哈伊尔·古瑟里夫25 俄罗斯欧洲升Gutseriev459 韩昌佑/Chang-WooHan25 日本亚太地区升459 巴哈·哈里里/Bahaa Hariri25 黎巴嫩中东地区及非洲降459 威廉·希尔顿/WilliamHilton25 美国美国持平459 玛莎·英格拉姆/MarthaIngram25 美国美国升459 苏娜·基拉克/Suna Kirac25 土耳其中东地区及非洲升459 伊霍尔·克罗莫伊斯基/IhorKolomoyskyy25 乌克兰欧洲升459 盖·拉里伯特/Guy Laliberte25 加拿大美洲持平459 罗伯特·米勒/Robert Miller25 加拿大美洲持平459 亚历山大·涅西斯/AlexanderNesis25 俄罗斯欧洲升459 飞利浦·尼阿乔斯/PhilipNiarchos25 希腊欧洲升459 伊戈尔·奥伦尼科夫/IgorOlenicoff25 美国美国升459 鲁宾斯·欧米托·希尔韦拉·米罗/RubensOmettoSilveira Mello25 巴西美洲升459 克莱顿·米德尔/ClaytonRiddell25 加拿大美洲升459 菲丽兹·萨罕克/Filiz25 土耳其中东地区及非洲升。

美军后勤管理数字化研究_黄红胜

The Study on America Logistic Digital ManagementHongsheng HUANG, Chengfa ZHAIMilitary Economic Academy Xiangyang Petty Officer School, Xiangyang, China, 441118Abstract: After America firstly put forward to have a logistic revolution, USA military has constantly en-riched and improved their measures of logistic management by using their advanced information technology, the form of logistic management has gradually realized digitized, and the quality of guarantee logistic effi-ciency has increased. These advanced achievements are all worth being learned by us.Keywords: USA military; logistic management; digitization美军后勤管理数字化研究黄红胜，翟成法军事经济学院襄阳士官学校军事理论教研室，襄阳，中国，441118摘要：在美军率先提出进行一场军事后勤革命后，美军运用其先进的信息技术不断丰富和完善其后勤管理的手段、方法，后勤管理形式逐步实现数字化，后勤保障效能实现了质的飞跃。

这些先进的成果都值得我军深入研究和借鉴。

关键词：美军；后勤管理；数字化众所周知“兵马未动，粮草现行”，这里讲到的“粮草”其实在今天指的就是后勤。

Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization SlackPunit Arora*and Ravi DharwadkarABSTRACTManuscript Type:EmpiricalResearch Question:Is the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and corporate social responsibility (CSR)contingent on satisfaction with ﬁrm performance?Research Findings/Insights:Our results suggest that while effective corporate governance discourages both positive (proactive stakeholder relationship management)and negative (violation of regulations and standards)CSR,higher slack and positive attainment discrepancy lead to higher positive and lower negative CSR,respectively.More signiﬁcantly,we ﬁnd that the association between effective corporate governance and both positive and negative CSR depends on satisfaction with ﬁrm performance as indicated by the levels of slack and attainment discrepancy.Put simply,the impact of corporate governance on positive CSR is more pronounced under low slack/negative attainment discrepancy conditions,and that on negative CSR is more pronounced under high slack/positive attainment discrepancy conditions.Theoretical/Academic Implications:Our study provides robust support for the behavioral theory of the ﬁrm.Previous research has not adequately considered the role of satisfaction with ﬁrm performance in studying the impact of corporate governance on managerial decision-making.We show that the association between corporate governance and CSR dimen-sions depends on differences in decision-making latitude originating from relative ﬁrm performance compared to those of peer ﬁrms.Practitioner/Policy Implications:First,to understand how effective corporate governance can constrain positive CSR and more importantly reduce negative CSR.Second,to appreciate that the effectiveness of an organization’s governance mechanisms is contingent on slack and performance and the marginal returns from improving governance mechanisms when things are going well may be low.Keywords:Corporate Governance,Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR),Behavioral Theory of the Firm (BTOF),Attainment Discrepancy,Organizational SlackINTRODUCTIONManagement scholars have been interested in under-standing the impact of corporate governance mechanisms such as ownership and boards of directors on corporate social responsibility (CSR)ratings (Coffey &Fryxell,1991;Johnson &Greening,1999;Waddock &Graves,1997).Scholars examining ownership implications argue that institutional owners,the dominant class of owners,are myopic and concerned with quarterlyperformance targets,and therefore,reduce CSR expendi-tures,given the long-term horizons and uncertain outcomes associated with them (Coffey &Fryxell,1991).Other schol-ars argue that institutional investors cannot exit the ﬁrm very easily,therefore undertake more CSR to mitigate the risk of adverse regulatory action,higher compliance costs,consumer retaliation,and so on (Neubaum &Zahra,2006;Spicer,1978).To resolve this paradox,scholars posit that different types of institutional owners may have different interests in CSR.For example,Johnson and Greening (1999:564)argue that “some categories of institutional investors act more as traders concerned predominantly with quarterly earnings and that others act as long-term investors ...more concerned with a ﬁrms social performance because it may*Address for correspondence:Martin J.Whitman School of Management,721Univer-sity Avenue,Syracuse University,Syracuse,NY,13244,USA.Tel:(315)443-3468;E-mail:punit@136Corporate Governance:An International Review ,2011,19(2):136–152©2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00843.ximpactﬁnancial performance over time.”Nonetheless, the empirical evidence continues to be mixed(Coffey& Fryxell,1991;Coffey&Wang,1998;Graves&Waddock, 1994;Johnson&Greening,1999;Kassinis&V afeas,2002; Neubaum&Zahra,2006).Similarly,scholars examining board implicationsﬁnd that the proportion of independent directors on the board has a diametrically opposite impact on CSR depending on the studies considered(Coffey&Wang,1998;Johnson&Green-ing,1999;Kassinis&V afeas,2002;Kesner&Johnson,1990; Wang&Coffey,1992).Some scholars argue that since the selection of a greater number of independent directors signals theﬁrm’s intent to pay greater attention to its exter-nal environment and legitimacy(Pfeffer&Salancik,1978),it should be associated with increased CSR expenditures (Johnson&Greening,1999).Others argue that as directors are hired primarily to protect shareholders’interests:“an effective board may actually serve to screen and eliminate philanthropic intentions”(Coffey&Wang,1998:1598). Further,because a vast majority of these directors are hired for theirﬁnancial expertise(Fligstein,1991),it may be much easier for them to evaluate historicalﬁnancial information than to make uncertain strategic decisions such as on R&D, internal innovation,entrepreneurship,and CSR(e.g., Baysinger&Hoskisson,1990;Deutsch,2005;Lorsch& MacIver,1989).In summary,as further encapsulated in Appendix1,the relationship between various governance mechanisms and CSR is still far from clear.To resolve the ambiguity surrounding theseﬁndings,this study makes three distinctive advances.First,we theorize that one of the reasons for lack of clarity on the relationship between corporate governance and CSR could relate to the substitution effect(e.g.,Rediker&Seth,1995),which refers to the interdependence among various governance mecha-nisms.Unlike previous research that usually assesses the implications of various corporate governance mechanisms in isolation(Coffey&Wang,1998;Johnson&Greening, 1999;Kesner&Johnson,1990),we adapt the recommenda-tions of Agrawal and Knoeber(1996)and use four gover-nance variables in our model:independent director representation,concentrated institutional shareholding, managerial ownership,and strength of shareholder rights. Managerial ownership–theﬁrst level of governance–is expected to provide a direct incentive to managers to under-take value-maximizing behavior(e.g.,Amihud&Lev,1981; Davis,1991;Denis,Denis,&Sarin,1997;Gedajlovic& Shapiro,2002;Morck,Shleifer,&Vishny,1988).Indepen-dent directors,tasked with supervision of managerial decision-making on behalf of shareholders,are the second layer of governance arrangements.Concentrated institu-tional owners–the third layer–are assumed to have both the ability and the means to supervise managerial decision-making,and thus are expected to act as a secondary means of securing principals’(owners’)tighter control over their agents(managers).Lastly,the threat of takeover by other ﬁrms operates as theﬁnal check on the agents,which essen-tially implies that if theﬁrms are not well managed they would be good candidates for takeover by those who believe they can manage them better.Our choice of these governance mechanisms not only addresses substitution possibilities within the internal governance mechanisms (managerial ownership,institutional ownership concentra-tion,outsiders on boards)but also considers the potential effects of strong shareholder rights(or the lack thereof)for CSR.Second,previous research has come under increasing criticism for combining positive and negative dimensions of CSR(Chiu&Sharfman,2009;Godfrey,Merrill,&Hansen, 2009;Kacperczyk,2009;Mattingly&Berman,2006;Strike, Gao,&Bansal,2006).This literature suggests that positive CSR acts such as sustainable practices,commitment-based employment practices,corporate philanthropy and effective relations with local community are not on the same con-tinuum as avoiding negative CSR acts such as violations of regulatory guidelines on environment or equal employment opportunities,health and safety concerns,or controversial actions such as on human or employment rights.While posi-tive CSR involves proactive stakeholder relationship man-agement,negative CSR involves reactive compliance with minimum standards,and hence these should not be com-bined.In deference to these studies,we make two separate composite ratings–positive and negative CSR–and run separate regressions models for each of them.We believe this helps us in signiﬁcantly advancing the debate on the nature of the relationship between governance and CSR. Finally,previous research(e.g.,Waddock&Graves,1997) suggests that whenﬁrms perform well,they are more likely to invest in CSR.We formally incorporate this idea by using theoretical concepts based in the behavioral theory of the ﬁrm(Cyert&March,1963)and examine how the concept of attainment discrepancy–the difference between actual and aspired performance–determines levels of CSR.We suggest that when aﬁrm is perceived to be doing well,independent directors or concentrated owners may:1)not feel the need for close monitoring;and2)place greater trust in managers’judgment,giving them greater latitude in decision-making. Moreover,in such situations,managers are also likely to deal with their monitors from a position of strength.Conversely, if theﬁrm is perceived to be not doing well,managers may not have much decision-making latitude even under rela-tively weak governance conditions.We make similar argu-ments about another behavioral theory of theﬁrm(BTOF) factor,the concept of slack and how it relates to decision-making about CSR.Thus,we theorize that under identical governance conditions,managers could have vastly different decision-making latitude based on the two BTOF factors, namely,attainment discrepancy and slack.THEORY AND HYPOTHESESDEVELOPMENTCorporate Governance and CSRIn order to clarify the nature of relationship between corpo-rate governance and CSR,it is important to make a distinc-tion between positive and negative CSR so that we can separately examine the implications of corporate governance for both enabling effective decision-making(e.g.,proactive sustainability practices)and preventing poor decision-making(e.g.,violation of environmental regulations).This is important not just from an empirical perspective–previousCORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CSR137Volume19Number2March2011©2011Blackwell Publishing Ltdresearch(e.g.,Mattingly&Berman,2006)highlights that these two dimensions of CSR do not load together in factor analysis,which may be one of the reasons for inconsistent ﬁndings–but also from a theoretical viewpoint,which would suggest that effective governance should always curtail negative CSR,while determining the levels of posi-tive CSR based on a cost-beneﬁt analysis.Therefore,to the extent that good governance is associated with better moni-toring,in general,we expect it to be associated with lower negative CSR,as the failure to comply with rules and regu-lations can lead to penalties and bad publicity that effective monitors would consider avoidable.This insight is valuable as previous governance research has predominantly focused on the upsides of effective governance(i.e.,value creation, accounting proﬁts,etc.)and rarely considered the beneﬁts of preventing potential downside losses and associated costs. However,the relationship between effective governance and positive CSR is a little more complex because while positive CSR has potential beneﬁts forﬁrm performance, these beneﬁts are more long-term and uncertain in nature. Thus,mainly those who have a long-term interest in the ﬁrm may prefer them.In contrast,if these governance mechanisms focus on the short-term,then the costs of CSR will likely outweigh the beneﬁts.For example,institutional owners concerned with meeting their short-term goals and achieving their performance targets may not want manag-ers to invest in CSR due to goal conﬂicts relating to time horizons and uncertainty of outcomes(e.g.,Bushee,1998). This may result in a pressure on the managers to reduce positive CSR,which would be especially true for those institutional investors who are primarily short-term, momentum traders(Neubaum&Zahra,2006),those who prefer to remain passive(Edwards&Hubbard,2000; Pound,1992;Wahal,1996),or those who have fairly diver-siﬁed and indexed portfolios(Dharwadkar,Goranova, Brandes,&Khan,2008).Similarly,since selection of a greater number of indepen-dent directors signals aﬁrm’s intent to pay greater atten-tion to its external environment and legitimacy(Pfeffer& Salancik,1978),it could lead to higher other hand,because these directors are primarily appointed to protect share-holders’interests,independent boards may consider higher positive CSR to be not in the interest of theﬁrm.Baysinger and Hoskisson(1990)and Lorsch and MacIver(1989) support this contention by arguing that a vast majority of independent directors are hired byﬁnancial institutions for theirﬁnancial expertise,which means they likelyﬁnd it much easier to evaluate historically availableﬁnancial infor-mation rather than uncertain strategic information.They are primarily the agents of the shareholders,a majority of which areﬁnancial institutions with short-term interests. Thus,they shouldﬁnd it much easier to justify short-term gains than long-term uncertain investments.In turn, investment in R&D,internal innovation,entrepreneurship, and other functions with uncertain returns tends to display a negative relationship with greater outsider representation on boards(Baysinger,Kosnik,&Turk,1991;Deutsch,2005; Hill&Snell,1988;Hoskisson,Hitt,Johnson,&Grossman, 2002;Zahra,1996).Because CSR shares these characteris-tics,greater outsider representation may lead to lower CSR investments.While some attention has been paid to boards and owners in this domain,limited research has examined the implications of managerial ownership and shareholder rights for CSR.In both cases,the effects on negative CSR are clear.High managerial ownership and greater share-holder rights that allow for market interventions should reduce negative CSR.Similar to our earlier arguments,their effect on positive CSR would depend on the time horizons of the CEO as well as the type of owners of theﬁrm,and short-term horizons on part of managers and owners will reduce CSR.Our arguments at theﬁrm level can also be augmented using Mackey,Mackey,and Barney(2007),who propose that the relationship between CSR andﬁrm value may depend on demand for and supply of socially responsible investments, and only when its demand exceeds supply theﬁrm may beneﬁt from it.They further argue that“from a broader theoretical perspective,the entire effort to discover how socially responsible activities can increase the present value of aﬁrm’s future cashﬂows is problematic.After all,the essential point of many business and society scholars is that...theﬁrms should sometimes engage in activities that beneﬁt employees,suppliers,customers,and society at large,even if those activities reduce the present value of the cashﬂows generated by theﬁrm”(2007:818).While this value-reducing behavior may be acceptable to socially responsible investors,it may not be acceptable to other investors.As the Social Investment Forum(2010)suggests that about one in eight dollars under professional manage-ment in the United States today uses some form of socially responsible investing(SRI)(Geczy,Stambaugh,&Levin, 2003),we argue that given the current levels of SRI,the demand for SRI is likely to be lower than the supply of SRI and therefore effective governance structures will ensure that managers act in the interest of their principals.In summary,overall the relationship between effective gover-nance and negative CSR is clear-cut as the downside costs will encroach onﬁrm value.Similarly,the beneﬁts-costs tradeoffs at theﬁrm level along with the broader implica-tions of demand and supply of SRI would suggest that under the current circumstances,effective governance should also reduce positive CSR.Hypothesis1a.Effective corporate governance is negatively associated with positive CSR.Hypothesis1b.Effective corporate governance is negatively associated with negative CSR.Behavioral Theory of the Firm(BTOF)and CSR Ever since Cyert and March(1963)developed the view of organizations as coalitions of stakeholders,management scholars have been cognizant that unresolved conﬂict is an important feature of organizations and the coalitions within them.Most types of resource allocation decisions within organizations are therefore an outcome of the coalition bargaining processes,which may either depend on the primacy of certain stakeholders or be subject to negotia-tions across coalitions of stakeholders.Most resource allo-cation decisions that lead to corporate social programs can be viewed in this light,yet research has not accorded due138CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Volume19Number2March2011©2011Blackwell Publishing Ltdimportance to such processes(Barnett,2007;Scherer& Palazzo,2007).In particular,research has not considered the role of shareholder satisfaction,and how that might affect manag-ers’ability to allocate resources for CSR.This is an important issue because the beneﬁts from CSR,like beneﬁts from any other strategic action such as innovation activity,are uncer-tain and unclear.If such is the case,shareholders should be more inclined to trust their agents to make the“right”deci-sions when they are satisﬁed than when they are not.When aﬁrm has abundant discretionary resources and its actual performance exceeds aspirations,managers will have sig-niﬁcant discretionary powers,from a coalitional perspective, even under strong governance conditions.However,when the converse is true,decision-making latitude for managers will be far more constrained and possibly driven by short-term concerns for cost cutting in reaction to weak perfor-mance.Therefore,it is important to consider these two key factors from BTOF–attainment discrepancy and organiza-tional slack–that have implications not only for corporate governance(i.e.,balance of power between owners and managers)but also provide insight into whyﬁrms may engage differently in positive and negative CSR.Attainment Discrepancy and CSR.BTOF highlights the importance ofﬁrms as systems with aspirations and perfor-mance expectations(Cyert&March,1963).Theﬁrm’s rela-tive performance with respect to its past performance or industry peers has important and well-documented impli-cations for resource allocation decisions(Lant,1992).Speciﬁ-cally,ﬁrms performing below the industry average aspire to reach the industry average,andﬁrms performing above the mean for their industry aspire to improve on their past per-formance(Bromiley,1991;Fiegenbaum&Thomas,1988). Lant(1992:624)developed and labeled this concept as “attainment discrepancy,”which simply reﬂects the differ-ence between actual and aspired performance.If actual per-formance is better than aspired performance,a positive attainment discrepancy results;and if it is lower,a negative attainment discrepancy occurs.In the case of positive attainment discrepancy,sharehold-ers should repose greater trust in managers and allow them higher discretion in resource allocations.However,in the case of negative attainment discrepancy,managerial discre-tion may be limited(Bromiley,Miller,&Rau,2001)as share-holders are less trusting of managerial decision-making and more prone to pressuring them towards meeting sharehold-ers’goals.For example,if aﬁrm aspired towards a return on asset of3per cent and its actual proﬁts turn out to be5per cent,shareholders would be more willing to allow managers to invest a portion of the higher earnings on CSR than if its actual proﬁts turn out to be1per cent,in which shareholders may want to reduce CSR allocations to a bare minimum. Thus,managers probably have higher discretion in paying attention to social domains in the case of positive attainment discrepancy than in case of negative attainment discrepancy. Alternatively,poor performance on this BTOF dimension may pressure managers into cutting corners in order to improve performance,a condition likely to be associated with increased negative CSR.Hypothesis2a.Positive attainment discrepancy is positively associated with positive CSR.Hypothesis2b.Positive attainment discrepancy is negatively associated with negative CSR.Organization Slack and anization slack,an important behavioral theory construct,signiﬁes the exist-ence of a“cushion of actual or potential resources”that enables theﬁrm to adapt to internal or external necessities for strategic change(Bourgeois,1981:30).The availability of resources not only providesﬁrms with the opportunities to commit resources to social causes(e.g.,Waddock&Graves, 1997),but also makes them less resistant to stakeholders’demands.While a few recent studies have examined the role of slack on determining levels of CSR,they generally usedﬁnancial performance as a proxy for slack(e.g.,Amato&Amato, 2007;Waddock&Graves,1997).The use of this proxy is problematic because the relationship between slack and ﬁnancial performance itself is not very clear;some previous research indicates a positive relationship and others reveal a curvilinear relationship such that there must be a point beyond which slack becomes a wasted resource(e.g.,Nohria &Gulati,1996).The other problem with the use ofﬁnancial performance as a measure of slack is that unlike recent studies on the role of slack in determining various organi-zational outcomes(e.g.,George,2005),it does not really distinguish between high discretion(uncommitted liquid resources)and low discretion(absorbed costs)components of slack,which is important because the latter is hard to recover and may provide little discretion to management. Therefore,as aﬁrst step,research should use only high-discretion slack measures in studying the CSR(Arora,2008), which with the exceptions of Navarro(1988)and Seifert, Morris,and Bartkus(2004),studies have not done. Second,high discretion slack itself can be divided into two categories–available slack and potential slack,where potential slack refers toﬁrm’s capacity to quickly raise cash resources,if required.Navarro(1988)studied the impact of potential slack(measured by debt/equity ratio)only.There-fore,an improved research design should include both avail-able and potential slack.Along the lines of our previous arguments regarding attainment discrepancy,we expect higher slack to enable higher positive CSR and lower slack to induce increased negative CSR.Hypothesis3a.High discretion slack is positively associated with positive CSR.Hypothesis3b.High discretion slack is negatively associated with negative CSR.Integrating Corporate Governance,Behavioral Theory of the Firm,and CSRThe implications of governance for CSR should be contin-gent on the resource endowment situation of theﬁrm,and these are best understood with the help of a visual depiction. While Figure1shows that the relationship between gover-nance and CSR is moderated by satisfaction withﬁrm per-CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CSR139Volume19Number2March2011©2011Blackwell Publishing Ltdformance,Figure2provides more speciﬁc details on the nature of the hypothesized relationships.In Figure2,along the horizontal axis,we consider managerial decision-making latitude about CSR based on satisfaction withﬁrm performance as determined by availability of slack resources and achievement ofﬁnancial aspirations.Along the vertical axis,we consider corporate governance effectiveness as determined by levels of managerial ownership,independent director representation,concentrated institutional owner-ship,and shareholder rights.While considering the relation-ships portrayed in Figure2,it is important to keep in mind that we are talking about general trends and not speciﬁcﬁrm strategies.Someﬁrms may–and indeed do–defy these expectations,but in general,we expect these relationships to hold.We theorize that effective corporate governance and low slack and negative attainment discrepancy represent a situ-ation of least managerial discretion regarding positive CSR expenditures.Also,while low slack and negative attainment discrepancy may provide the enabling conditions for involvement in negative CSR,effective governance should curtail that tendency.Overall,we expect effective gover-nance factors to dominate behavioral theory factors in inﬂu-encing managerial discretion regarding CSR expenditures. In sharp contrast,we theorize that ineffective corporate gov-ernance in conjunction with high slack and high attainment discrepancy should enable managers to undertake a high level of positive CSR,while reducing their need to be involved in negative CSR.This quadrant reﬂects a situation of high managerial discretion with respect to CSR activities. Therefore,we expect behavioral theory factors to dominate corporate governance factors.In contrast to these two situations(wherein one factor dominates the other),ﬁrms in the top right quadrant have both strong corporate governance and high satisfac-tion withﬁrm performance.Under these circumstances, the managerial tendency to engage in positive CSR is likely to be curtailed in the face of effective governance,given our earlier arguments.Moreover,the implications for nega-tive CSR are very clear in this quadrant–both resource and governance factors in combination should reduce negative CSR.Finally,ﬁrms in the bottom left quadrant have weak governance and a weak resource situation. While the resource situation may constrain positive CSR (despite the weak governance context),the combination of ineffective governance and a weak resource situation may provide the enabling condition for very high levels of negative CSR.Hypothesis4a.Effective corporate governance is less negatively associated with positive CSR under conditions of high slack and positive attainment discrepancy.Hypothesis4b.Effective corporate governance is more nega-tively associated with negative CSR under conditions of high slack and positive attainment discrepancy.METHODSStudy SampleWe draw our sample from the S&P500and KLD Domini400 Universe.First,we collect social performance ratings for all theﬁrms,included in these two indices,during the period of 2001–2005by theﬁrm Kinder,Lyndenberg,and Domini (KLD).Second,we obtain information about institutional ownership,corporate governance,andﬁnancial perfor-mance for theseﬁrms.The information about institutional ownership comes from the CDA/Spectrum Thomson Finan-cial’s13F database;corporate governance is based on the RiskMetrics(IRCC)database;andﬁnancial performance comes from the Compustat North America database.We lead the dependent variable by a year to ensure that the independent variables predate the dependent variable.Thus, the information about the independent variables pertains to the years2000to2004.Missing data brought theﬁnal sample down to1522observations for518ﬁrms.Appendix2details theseﬁrms by type of industry.Dependent VariablesCorporate Social Responsibility.We use archival ratings of CSR as the dependent variable,obtained from theﬁrm KLD Inc.The use of KLD ratings of corporate social respon-sibility is fairly standard in the literature;the ratings con-sider allﬁrms in Standard&Poor500or KLD Domini400 Universe for the period2001–2005on82indicators in eightFIGURE1Satisfaction with Firm Performance as a Moderator in the Relationship Between Corporate Governanceand CSRCorporate Governance Corporate SocialResponsibility Managerial ownershipIndependent Directors Institutional Ownership Shareholder rights (GIM Governance index)Positive CSRNegative CSR Satisfaction with FirmPerformanceSlackAttainment DiscrepancyFIGURE2Speciﬁc Relationships Between Corporate Governance,Satisfaction with Firm Performance,and Positive andNegative CSR140CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Volume19Number2March2011©2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd。

INCOTERMS-2011

10
Incoterms® 2010
Other Resources on Incoterms®

Buy Frank’s book, a great resource -Incoterms® For Americans®

Also, coming out in early 2011 will be The Guide to Incoterms® by the ICC (very basic, pictorial guide; excellent desk reference book with lots of pictures!), authored by Jan Ramberg The ICC Wall Chart for those who need a handy cheat sheet (and see copy at end of this presentation) The latter two items are ICC publications and available from
22%
11%
1
2
3
64
Incoterms® 2010
In today’s presentation, we will address - The
International Chamber of Commerce and its role in international trade. The significance of the new shipping terms. What the new Incoterm rules are, why some were changed and what Incoterms are not. What’s the likely future impact of the new Incoterms on business practices.

Section 7 Shipping & Transportation

the broker. Visa application submission must be in-line with local government regulations. Merchandise that must be held for shipment due to missing or inaccurate documents can be held at the freight forwarder; however, it will be at vendor expense.
Questions?
If after reviewing this section, you have questions regarding: Shipping documents, container loading, transportation routing instructions, or premium
Cargo booking Document collection Document verification - data content and required documents Document forwarding Consolidation The vendor is responsible to pay the origin terminal handling charges for all types of shipments. Average cost varies by country.
Document Collection/Verification
The freight forwarders have total responsibility for shipment booking, document collection and verification for all collect shipments whether vendor-loaded or Less Than Container Load (“LCL”).

Autodesk Vault 2011 属性系统简介与概述说明书

AUTODESK® VAULT 2011PROPERTIES INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWConcepts and common administrative tasks are described in this paper. This paper is not a comprehensive description - complete details are available through Vault 2011 Help. Most of the features described are in all Vault 2011 products. However, some features are only available in the higher levels of the Vault product line.IntroductionThe property system for Vault 2011 is a single set of properties that are shared across files, items, change orders and reference designators. There are two types of properties: System and User Defined Properties (UDP.) System properties cannot be deleted but do support some configuration options like renaming and a few support mapping. Duplicate property names are not permitted for either type.UDP’s are custom created properties that support assignment to object groups, policy constraints and mapping of values with file and BOM properties. With each new vault there are numerous UDP’s supplied as part of the default configuration.Some of the highlights of the new property system:o Consistent user interface for all property managemento Property constraint overrides by categoryo Streamlined Edit Properties wizardo New vertical properties grid supports multiple files as well as Items & Change Orders o‘Lists’ support text and number data types as well as addition and removal of valueso Standardized mapping for all property sourceso Bi-directional mappingProperty DefinitionA property definition contains a name, data type, policy settings and mappings. The definition also specifies which object groups are associated with and may utilize the property. As an example, we will use the property definition Author. If Author is associated with the File and Item groups it may appear on any file or item but cannot appear with change orders and reference designators. (Reference Designators are a feature of AutoCAD Electrical). Every object (file and item) that is associated with the property definition Author will have a unique value. This may seem obvious when comparing two files as they each may have a unique value. This principle may not be as obvious when comparing objects across groups. If a file is promoted to an item, the file and item are allowed to have unique values for Author.*Change Order Link Properties remain a separate propertysystem.AdministrationCreation and AssociationTo create a property the name and data typemust be specified. The new property is notavailable for use until it has been associated toan object group. The groups are: Change Order,File, Item and Reference Designator. In thesample image below, the File object group isselected. This new property cannot be attachedto an Item, Change Order or ReferenceDesignator unless those object groups are alsoselected.All files in the categories Base or Engineering will have this property automatically attached. If this property needs to be attached to a specific file in another category it may be manually attached. Manual attachment can be done in two ways: using the Edit Properties Wizard or the Add or Remove Property located on the Actions menu.The object groups Change Order and Reference Designator do not support categories. Therefore, any property associated with one of these groups will be automatically attached to all objects in that group.SettingsThe policy values under the Property Valuescolumn (left side of the dialog) are applied toall instances of this property except where thecategory override applies. The CategoryValues allow overrides by category. Consultthe Help for further details about overrides andpolicies. In this paper, we will outline InitialValue, List Values and Enforce List Values.Initial ValueThe Initial Value is applied once when theproperty is initially associated with an object.The initial value is only applied in the absenceof a user supplied or a mapped value.The initial association occurs in three circumstances: 1) object is created (ex: adding a file or creating an item) 2) assignment to a category that automatically attaches the property 3) manual property attachment.There are two types of Initial Value: static and mapped. The static value is a fixed value and may be any value that is valid for the selected data type. An initial mapped value copies the value from a file or BOM property.Initial Values should NOT be used onproperties where all regular mappings read thevalue from a file or BOM. A blank value in themapped file or BOM field takes precedenceover the initial value. This may appear as ifthe initial value is not applied when in fact themapped value of ‘blank’ takes precedence.List ValuesProperties of type Text and Number mayprovide a list of values for user selection andsearching. The administrator may add orremove values from the list at any time.Removal of a value from the list does notremove the value from any property where thatvalue has been applied. When specifying thevalue for this property, the user may chosefrom the list of values. Enter values that arenot on the list is allowed. If this property ismapped to read a value from a file or BOM, the imported value is not required to be on the list. Enforce List ValuesWhen enabled, this option will provide a warning symbol adjacent to this property if the value is not on the list. When a value is in violation of this policy, the default configuration for lifecycle transitions will not allow a file or item to be released.MappingTo create a property mapping, the administrator must first choose which object group is to be mapped. In the image below, this is specified under the first column titled Entity . The available choices are based on the value of the Associations field. Several Content Providers are included but in most cases it is best to leave theselection on All Files (*.*). Vault willautomatically select the most appropriateContent Provider based on the file type.Next, select a file that contains the propertyor BOM field to be mapped. The image onthe left shows the file properties available formapping in the file manifold_block.ipt .The Type column shows the data type of thesource property. Mapping may be doneacross data types. However, there arespecial considerations that are detailed in thenext section. The mapping direction bydefault will chose bi-directional unless the fileor BOM property does not support the inputof values. When this occurs the mappingoption will be limited to Read only. Readonly mappings should be used sparinglybecause any UDP that contains only ‘Readonly’ mappings may not be modified in Vault.Mapping Across Data TypesThere are four property types: Text,Number, Boolean & Date . The following matrix defines valid property mappings. Whenever a mapping is created between two different property types there is the possibility of incompatibility. The onus is on the user to input valid values. If an invalid value is entered in most cases, the equivalence will flag the property as non-equivalent. The exceptions are listed below.1. Mapping Boolean with Text : The supported valid text values are: Yes/No , True/False and1/0. These values are localized. A string like ‘Autodesk’ entered in a Text property cannot be transferred to a Boolean property. This property mapping would be flagged as notequivalent.2. Mapping Text with Number or Text with Date : Works well when all clients and the serverare in the same language-locale. With mixed locales values may convert in a manner that is not intuitive and may produce an undesirable result. Therefore, mapping Text withNumber or Text with Date is only recommended when the server and all clients are working in the same locale.Create OptionThe Create option applies to write mappings; if the file property does not exist when a value is pushed to the file, the administrator may choose whether the file property is created or not. The Create option has another function that is not obvious: when enabled the equivalence calculation will consider the absence of the property definition in the file as a blank value and Supported mapping across data types Source Property (File or BOM) U DP Text Number Boolean Date Text Yes Yes (2) Yes (1) Yes (2) Number Yes (2) Yes Yes NoBoolean Yes (1) Yes Yes No Date Yes (2) No No Yescompare it against the value of the UDP in Vault. When the Create option is disabled, equivalence will be set to ‘Good’ when the mapped property definition does not exist in the file.Example: I have two departments in myorganization that both create .dwg files but theyuse different file properties to represent thesame information. The R&D department usesthe file property DwgNum. The Toolingdepartment uses the file property DrwNo. I wantto manage all drawings from both groups in asingle Vault and with one UDP ‘DrawingNumber’. The correct configuration is to createbidirectional mappings and set the Create optionto Off for both mappings. The result is that amodification of the UDP Drawing Number willwrite its value back to whichever property existsand it will not create an extra property.Mapping AutoCAD Block AttributesAutodesk® AutoCAD® block attribute mapping requires configuration on the ADMS. Select Index Block Attributes… from the Tools menu in Autodesk Data Management Server Console 2011. Enter the AutoCAD block names from which to extract attributes. After this is done, it is possible to map a UDP to an attribute using the mapping processdescribed above. Configured mappings allow thesystem to read and/or write values between the UDPand the attribute.Usage of attribute mapping is intended for singleinstances of a block or when all block instances havethe same attribute values. It is not possible for multipleblock instances to be mapped to separate UDP’s. Manycompanies have one instance of a title block in a given.dwg files. Occasionally, there are companies that use multiple instances of a title block in a single file. In these cases, the attributes often share the same values. An example is a drawing file that contains three borders of different size. Each border uses the same title block with attributes. The attributes for Customer Name, Engineer, Project Number, etc. will share the same value for all instances. Such attributes that share the same value may be mapped to a UDP. Attributes like Border Size will have a unique value for each block instance. Therefore, Border Size should not be mapped to a UDP in Vault.AutoCAD MechanicalAutodesk® AutoCAD® Mechanical software (ACM) supports three distinct sets of properties, all ofwhich may be mapped to Vault UDPs. The three ACM property sets are: file, assembly and component. See the ACM documentation for details about the intended use and differences between these properties.Vault file properties may map to ACM file properties and Vault item properties may map to ACM assembly and component properties.It should also be noted that ACM assembly and file properties having the same name, should not be mapped to the same Vault UDP.AutoCAD ElectricalAutodesk® AutoCAD® Electrical software (ACE) supports both file and BOM properties. ACE BOM properties may be mapped to Item properties. ACE utilizes properties located in .dwg’s,.wdp’s and associated databases. ACE properties are exposed to Vault in four ways:First: Ordinary DWG™ file properties and block attributes may be mapped to Vault File objects. The majority of these mappings support bi-directional mapping. Creation of these mappings is described in the Mapping section of this document.Second: WDP properties support mapping to Item properties. They also support bi-directional mapping. Creating a mapping with WDP properties requires the AutoCAD Electrical Content Source Provider. The provider isspecified in the second columnof the image at the right. Thisprovider is automatically setwhen a file of type .wdp isselected under the File Propertycolumn. If an associated .wdlfile has been created both theline number and the alternateproperty name will automaticallyappear in the list for selection.You may select the line numberor the alternate display name tocreate the mapping. All wdlproperties will appear in the listof selectable properties; it does not matter if a value is present.Third: Component BOM properties may be mapped to Item properties. This includes properties like:Catalog Number, Component Name, Component Type, Electrical Type, Equivalence Value & Manufacturer and more...To create a mapping to a component BOM property, create a new UDP and associate it to Items. Then on the Mapping tab create a new mapping, making sure the first column Entity is set to Item. Under the File Property column, browse and select any file that contains the property to which you will create the mapping. Some properties require that a value exist or the property is not available for selection in the list.Reminder: When creating new properties it is best to associate them to a category which will automatically associate them to the files and/or items where the property should appear. If this is not done, the property will have to be manually associated to the file or item.Fourth: Reference Designator properties, when mapped will appear in Vault as optional data on an Item BOM. There are eighteen Reference Designator properties available:INST, LOC, TAG, DESC1...3, RATING1 (12)These properties may be mapped to an Item BOM using the DWG content source provider.To create a mapping to a Reference Designator, create a new UDP and associate it to Reference Designator. Then on the Mapping tab create a new mapping, ensure the first column Entity is set to Reference Designator. Under the File Property column select the dwg containing the Reference Designator to which the mapping needs to be created. All Reference Designators are available for selection in the list without requiring a value.Properties(Historical)A handful of properties have duplicates having the same display name with ‘(Historical)’ appended to the end: State, Revision Scheme, Property Compliance, Lifecycle Definition, Category Name & Category Glyph. These ‘historical’ properties exist solely to retain a record of the values when a configuration change alters the value of the non-historical properties. In other words, the ‘historical’property will always contain the value as it existed when that version was created. This situation arises because these properties may have a new value due to a configuration change, even though a new version is not created.A policy change is a good example of why these historical’ properties exist. An organization may have released documents that use the property Vendor. Currently the policy on the property Vendor does not require a value. The administrator modifies the policy ‘Requires Value’ to require a value. After the automatic compliance recalculation, any existing documents (including released documents) with the Vendor property and without a value will have a new PropertyCompliance value of non-compliant. PropertyCompliance(Historical) will retain the value of compliant. MigrationThe property features of Vault 2011 are a significant enhancement. A feature overhaul of this scale poses challenges for migration. Most prominent is the calculation of property compliance. In some migration cases, the compliance calculation will require additional information beyond that which was stored in Vault 2010 or earlier versions. Performing a Re-Index will resolve the majority of these cases. It is highly recommended that a Re-Index is performed after migration. A Re-Index using the option for Latest and Released Versions Only is sufficient. In rare cases, a re-index may not restore compliance values to pre-migration values. If this occurs, manual adjustment to the property configuration may be required.File Index PropertiesFIP’s are no longer supported. The values contained by the FIP’s will remain available in UDP’s. There are multiple FIP configurations that require unique migration rules, listed here:FIP with no mapping or grouping: this ordinary FIP exists in Vault 2010 or earlier, without any mapping to a UDP and is not a member in any group. Migration will create a UDP, which will be mapped to the file property from which the FIP was created.FIP mapped to a UDP: upon migration, the UDP is carried forward and the FIP is removed from Vault. The value remains available in Vault through the UDP.Grouped FIP’s: property groups are migrated to a UDP having the same name and are mapped to the sources of all the grouped FIP’s.Bi-directional MappingsNew to Vault 2011 is the ability to create Bi-directional property mapping. In previous releases, a mapping was either Read or Write. Because of this change, a UDP that has only Read mappings may not be modified. An example is a UDP that is mapped to Read its value from the file property Creation Date. It makes no sense to write a value back to Creation Date.After migrating to Vault 2011, property mappings that were previously Read will be changed to Bi-directional. If the mapped source does not support input of a value, like the Creation Date example above, the mapping will not be changed and will remain Read. UDP’s that have multiple mappingsthrough the same Content Provider may, under specific circumstances, become non-compliant. If this occurs, it may be necessary to alter the configuration to restore compliance.An example:Vault 2010 or any previous version has a property configuration where two or more fileproperties are mapped as Read into the same UDP. This can occur when companiesmerge or when file property name standards change. For the Read mappings of theconfiguration below, equivalence is calculated on the highest priority mapping, which isEng; the mappings to the other properties are ignored.Upon migration to Vault 2011, Read mappings are converted to Bi-directional (shown below.). For the Bi-directional mappings of the configuration below, equivalence iscalculated between the UDP and each file property that exists in the file. In most cases, only one of the file properties exists in any given file, which will result in the UDP being flagged as compliant.If two properties exist in a file both will be considered for equivalence. If either file property has a value that does not match the UDP it is flagged as non-compliant.Enabling the Create option on a mapping will force equivalence calculation on that mapping even when the property definition does not exist in the file. When the property definition does not exist in the file, each mapping with the Create option set to Off is ignored for equivalence calculation.Autodesk, AutoCAD, and DWG are either registered trademarks ortrademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. All otherbrand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their respectiveholders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product offerings andspecifications at any time without notice, and is not responsible fortypographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document.© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.。

2011全球最具影响力的50位商界女性

2011全球最具影响力的50位商界女性2011 2010 姓名（中英文）所在公司与职位国家/地区年龄排名排名1 1 辛西娅·卡罗尔Cynthia Carroll 英美资源集团（AngloAmerican）首席执行官英国542 2 盖尔·凯利Gail Kelly 西太平洋银行（Westpac）执行董事及首席执行官澳大利亚553 3 马乔莉·斯卡尔迪诺MajorieScardino 培生公司（Pearson）首席执行官英国644 4 芭芭拉·库克斯Barbara Kux 西门子公司（Siemens）董事会成员德国575 10 昌达·科赫哈ChandaKochhar ICICI银行执行董事及首席执行官印度496 7 居勒·萨班哲Guler Sabanci 萨班哲控股公司（SabanciHolding）董事长兼执行董事土耳其567 11 玛丽亚·拉莫斯Maria Ramos ABSA集团首席执行官南非528 14 蔡淑君Chua SockKoong 新加坡电信（Singapore Telecommunications）首席执行官新加坡529 9 奥尼拉·巴拉Ornella Barra Alliance Boots公司药品批发部总经理英国5710 8 安尼卡·法尔肯格伦SEB公司总裁兼首席执行官瑞典49Annika Falkengren11 6 何晶Ho Ching 淡马锡公司（Temasek）执行董事及首席执行官新加坡5812 12 玛瑞娜·贝卢斯科尼MarinaBerlusconi Fininvest公司董事长意大利4513 13 南希·麦肯斯基NancyMcKinstry 威科集团（WoltersKluwer）董事长兼首席执行官荷兰5214 15 安娜·帕特里夏·博廷Ana PatriciaBotín Santander英国首席执行官英国5015 22 多米尼克·雷尼什可口可乐公司（Coca-Cola）法国56DominiqueReiniche 欧洲区总裁16 19 多米尼克·塞内基耶DominiqueSenequier 安盛公司（AXA）私人股权投资部董事长兼首席执行官法国5817 21 孙亚芳Sun Yafang 华为技术公司（Huawei Technologies）董事长中国5518 18 帕特里夏·巴尔比泽Patricia Barbizet Artemis控股公司首席执行官兼PPR集团副董事长法国5619 20 德布·亨雷塔DeborahHenretta 宝洁公司（Procter &Gamble）亚洲地区及全球专业渠道总裁新加坡5020 # 王雪红宏达电公司（HTC）中国台湾52Cher Wang 董事长21 26 安吉拉·伦特Angela Ahrendts 巴宝莉公司（Burberry）首席执行官英国5122 # 格蕾丝·列布莱恩Grace D.Lieblein 通用汽车（GM）巴西总裁及执行董事巴西5123 25 安·皮卡德Ann Pickard 皇家荷兰壳牌（RoyalDutch Shell）澳大利亚公司董事长澳大利亚5524 # 张欣Zhang Xin SOHO中国有限公司首席执行官及联合创始人中国4625 23 乌姆兰·贝巴Umran Beba 百事可乐公司（PepsiCo）亚太区总裁中国香港4626 17 杨绵绵海尔集团（Haier Group）中国70Yang Mianmian 总裁27 27 莫琳·希凯MaureenChiquet 香奈儿公司（Chanel）全球首席执行官法国4828 29 卢布娜·奥拉扬Lubna Olayan 奥拉扬金融集团（OlayanFinancing）副董事长兼首席执行官沙特阿拉伯5629 # 王凤英Fengying Wang 长城汽车（Great WallMotor）总裁中国4130 34 克拉拉·盖马尔Clara lejeuneGaymard 通用电气（GE）法国总裁兼首席执行官、通用国际城市创新项目领导人法国5131 39 弗朗索瓦·格里Françoise Gri 万宝盛华集团（Manpower）法国53南欧总裁32 32 伊莎贝拉·伊利特Isabelle Ealet 高盛公司（GoldmanSachs）商品部全球负责人英国4833 # 莎嘉·莎玛Shikha Sharma 艾克塞斯银行（AxisBank）执行董事及首席执行官印度5234 # 中川纯子JunkoNakagawa 野村控股（NomuraHoldings）执行董事及首席财务官日本4635 36 尼勒姆·达万Neelam Dhawan 惠普（HP）执行董事印度5136 37 筱原良子YoshikoShinohara 临时雇员公司（Tempstaff）董事长兼总裁日本7637 38 于淑珉海信集团（Hisense）中国60Yu Shumin 副董事长兼总裁38 # 克丽丝汀·隆德Kristin SkogenLund Telenor集团执行副总裁兼北欧业务负责人挪威4539 43 莫尼卡·里巴Monika Ribar Panalpina公司首席执行官瑞士5240 40 弗吉尼·摩根Virginie Morgon Eurazeo公司董事法国4141 * 奈纳·拉尔·基德瓦伊Naina LalKidwai 汇丰银行（HSBC）亚太区董事兼印度业务负责人印度5442 46 孙玮Wei SUNChristianson 摩根士丹利公司（MorganStanley）亚太区联席首席执行官兼中国55中国首席执行官43 45 李小琳Li Xiaolin 中国电力（China Power）国际发展公司董事长兼首席执行官中国香港5044 # 弗拉特·佩雷德Efrat Peled 埃里森投资公司（ArisonInvestments）董事长兼首席执行官以色列5245 # 萧洁云Hera Siu SAP中国区总裁中国5246 47 李晶Jing Ulrich 摩根大通公司（J.P.Morgan）董事总经理及中国区全球市场业务主席中国4447 49 尼古拉·莱宾内—卡米勒Nicola Trumpf公司董事长兼总裁德国51今年，来自中国(包括香港及台湾地区)的上榜女性增加至10位。

2011 Monopoly Pricing in the Presence of Social Learning

1
and realized sales trajectory over time. The seller’s pricing policy can tactically accelerate or decelerate learning, which, in turn, aﬀects sales at diﬀerent points in time and the product’s lifetime proﬁtability. This paper studies a monopolist’s pricing decision in a market whose quality estimates are evolving according to such a learning process. In broad terms the model assumes that consumers arrive to the market according to a Poisson process and sequentially face the decision of either purchasing a product with unknown quality, or choosing an outside option. Each consumer has a willingness-to-pay for the product that is a function of his idiosyncratic quality preference and the product’s quality. These quality preferences are assumed to be independently and identically drawn from a know distribution. If the true product quality were known to consumers, this would give rise to a demand function that the monopolist could use as a basis of her pricing decision. In our model, however, the quality is unknown, and consumers’ estimates about it evolve according to a social learning mechanism. Speciﬁcally, motivated by the way information gets revealed and shared in practice, we study the following. Consumers who purchase the product report whether they “liked” or “disliked” the product, which corresponds to whether their ex-post utility was nonnegative, or negative. Consumers do not report their quality preference, so a positive review may result from a high quality or high idiosyncratic quality preference (not necessarily both). A new consumer observes the information reported by a sample—or potentially all—of the consumers who made decisions prior to him, makes an inference about the product quality, and then makes his own purchase decision. This sequence of idiosyncratic purchase decisions aﬀects the evolution of the observable information set, and as such the dynamics of the demand process over time. Optimizing the monopolist’s pricing strategy requires detailed understanding of the learning dynamics and not just its asymptotic properties. It is typical to assume that fully rational agents update their beliefs for the unknown quality of the product through a Bayesian analysis, but the extraordinary analytical and computational onus that this imposes on each agent may be hard to justify as a model of actual choice behavior. Instead, we will postulate a “naive” and fairly intuitive learning mechanism, where consumers do not see the sequence in which the decisions and the reports that they observe were made. Rather, they observe the fraction of consumers who decided to purchase the product up to that point, and out of them the fraction of buyers that liked the product and the fraction of buyers that disliked the product. They then ﬁnd the quality estimate that would be consistent with the aggregate information that is available to them, and make their purchasing decision accordingly. To motivate this structure, consider the establishment of a new hotel or resort. It is typically hard to evaluate the quality of such premises without ﬁrst hand experience or word-of-mouth. This explains the huge impact online review websites such as Tripadvisor have had on the hospitality

PensionsataGlance2011（PPT）

Pensions at aGlance 2011John P. MartinEdward WhitehouseDirectorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs/els/social/pensions/PAGLaunch of Pensions at a Glance 2011 reportInstitute for Fiscal Studies, London, 17 March 2011What’s new?•More countries–four new OECD members–other G20 economies (Argentina, Brazil, China, India,Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, EU27) •More indicators•Five special chapters–pensionable age and life expectancy, 1950-2050–trends in retirement and in working at older ages–pension incentives to retire–helping older workers find and retain jobs–linking pensions to life expectancyAgenda: four key objectives and principles•Financial sustainability•Work incentives•Security in the face of risk and uncertainty •Benefit adequacy and coverage1 Financial sustainabilityPublic pension spending5 10 15 20 25AustraliaIreland United StatesCanada NetherlandsUnited KingdomOECD-28Spain EU-27 Sweden Germany Greece France Italy Poland Level in 2007Projected change, 2007-60Public expenditure on old-age and survivors’ benefits, per cent of GDPNote: 2050 for AustraliaDemographic (in)determinism1020 30 40 50 60 70510152025Public expenditure on pensions, per cent of GDPDependency ratio: percentage of adult population aged 65+2010R 2=0.586TurkeyMexicoKoreaAustriaFranceItalySwedenGermanyUnited Kingdom, Estonia, SwitzerlandIrelandPolandCanada, New Zealand, United States, AustraliaNetherlandsDemographic (in)determinism10203040506070510152025Public expenditure on pensions, per cent of GDPDependency ratio: percentage of adult population aged 65+2010R 2=0.586Demographic (in)determinism10203040506070510152025Public expenditure on pensions, per cent of GDPDependency ratio: percentage of adult population aged 65+2010R 2=0.586United KingdomTurkeyLuxembourgUnited StatesMexicoSloveniaSpainKoreaItalyAustraliaCanadaPolandPortugalGermanyNorwayBelgium2050R 2=0.112GreeceWork incentives2Trends in pensionable ages60616263 6465 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050MenWomenPensionable age, OECD average, yearsLow pointTodayNormal pension age: long-term rules51015202562 63 66 68 70SVK61 64 65 67 69 FRA SVNGBREST AUS DNK DEU ISL ISR USANOR Normal pensionable age, yearsNumber of OECD-34 countriesESP PRT SWE TURCHE (64F) JPN AUT BEL CAN CZR CHL (60F) FIN GRC HUN IREITA (60F) KOR LUX MEX NLD NZLPOL (60F) Trends in life expectancy at age 650 5 10 15 2025 30 19601970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Additional years of life expectancy at age 65, OECD average WomenMenLife expectancy at pensionable age1012.5 15 17.520 22.5 2519601970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Men UKMen OECDWomen OECD Women UK Additional years of life expectancy at normal pension age Pension incentives to work/retire•Change in pension wealth from working an additional year–age 60-65: main retirement window–express as proportion of individual earnings: implicit tax or subsidyPension incentives to work/retire- 30- 20- 10102030PortugalBelgium Italy Australia Canada OECD United States New ZealandUnited Kingdom IrelandSweden Japan Spain France Hungary Finland Germany Poland NetherlandsTurkey (-34), Greece (-90),Luxembourg (-76)Change in pension wealth from working an additional year,between ages 60 and 65, per cent of annual earningsPension incentives to work/retire•Change in pension wealth from working an additional year–age 60-65: main retirement window–express as proportion of individual earnings: implicit tax or subsidy•Level of pension wealth already accrued–at age 60: beginning of retirement window –express as a multiple of individual earningsRetirement incentives summaryChange in pension wealth from age 60 to 65Low Middle HighLevel of pension wealth at age 60 Low Mexico Germany, Ireland,Sweden, UK, USChile, Czech R.,Japan, Korea, Poland Middle Australia, Belgium,Canada, EstoniaDenmark, Finland,New ZealandAustria, Israel,Norway, Switzerland High Greece, Italy,Luxembourg,Portugal, Slovenia,TurkeyFrance, Hungary,SpainIceland, Netherlands,Slovak R.Security3Diversification•‘It is the part of a wise man to keep himself today for tomorrow, and not venture all his eggs in one basket’ (Miguel de Cervantes, 1605, Don Quixote)•Pay-as-you-go public pensions:–sustainable rate of return = earnings growth +employment growth•Funded pensions–rate of return in capital market directly or indirectlyaffects pension value•Think of pension package as a ‘portfolio’ of different ‘assets’Diversification•Benefits of diversification depend on correlation between returnsDiversification•Benefits of diversification depend on correlation between returns Investment portfolio Canada France Germany Italy Japan Sweden United Kingdom United States Domestic 21.2 -9.7 -8.6 -22.0 8.3 12.4 -28.2 3.5(34.4) (66.9) (76.1) (38.1) (69.2) (58.2) (15.3) (86.1)OECD-8 16.3 -26.0 -14.6 1.9 -15.2 8.8 -11.6 4.8(47.0) (24.2) (60.3) (93.4) (50.0) (69.7) (60.8) (83.3)Correlation between real earnings growth and real return on ‘balanced’* portfolio Correlation coefficient and p-value in per cent Note: ‘Balanced’ portfolio comprises 50% equities, 50% government bonds. ‘Domestic’ includes only home capital markets, OECD-8 diversifies investments betweenall countries shown.Incomes in old age255075100United StatesAustralia Canada SwitzerlandJapan NetherlandsUnited KingdomIrelandDenmark OECD New ZealandSweden Germany Hungary France Public transfersWorkCapitalSources of income of over 65s, per cent of total255075100MexicoAustralia Poland United KingdomIrelandSweden Hungary United StatesCanada SwitzerlandOECD New ZealandGermany France Italy Public benefitsPrivate benefitsRetirement-income packagesWeighted average pension entitlements, new entrants in 2008, per cent of totalPension assets255075 100 125FranceItaly Slovak RepublicGermany Norway Sweden Mexico Spain New ZealandHungary Portugal Poland Japan Denmark Ireland Canada Chile United StatesUnited Kingdom Australia Switzerland Iceland NetherlandsPrivatePension assets255075 100 125 FranceItaly Slovak RepublicGermany Norway Sweden Mexico Spain New ZealandHungary Portugal Poland Japan Denmark Ireland Canada Chile United StatesUnited Kingdom AustraliaSwitzerland Iceland Netherlands0 25 50 75 100PolandUnited KingdomFranceNorway Belgium Spain Portugal AustraliaNew ZealandCanada Ireland United StatesJapanSweden Finland Other investmentsGovernment bonds and bills PrivatePublicAdequacy and coverage4What is adequacy?•Narrow definition: absolute standard of living •Broad definition: relative standard of living•Analytical tools:–income-distribution data–simulation of pension entitlementsIncome poverty510 15 20 0 5 1015 20 253035 Old-age poverty rate,per cent Population poverty rate, per centAUSBELCAN CZEDNK FIN DEU GRCHUN IRLITAJPNLUX MEXNLDNZL NORPOLPRTSVK ESPSWECHETURGBR USAOld more likely to be poorOld less likely to be poorAUT FRAISLSafety-net benefits: level510152025303540HungaryUnited StatesJapanItaly GermanyPoland France Australia OECD United KingdomSwedenGreece Ireland NetherlandsCanada Denmark New ZealandNon-contributory Contributory minimumValue of benefit, per cent of economy-wide average earningsBasicCreditS2P minimumSafety-net benefits: recipiency102030405060 70 80GermanyJapan Hungary United StatesSwitzerland Poland United KingdomIrelandOECD Canada Spain Italy France Finland Sweden Denmark Portugal Australia Greece Safety-net benefits Contributory minimumFuture (mandatory) replacement rates25 50 75 100 125 MEX IRL JPN GBR NZL KOR USA SWE CAN DEU EST AUS FRA NOR BEL CHE CHL CZE FIN POL OECD PRT SVK ITA ISR ESP SVN DNK AUT TUR LUX NLD ISL HUNGRCNet replacement rate, per centAverage earnerFuture (mandatory) replacement rates25 50 75 100 125 MEX IRL JPN GBR NZL KOR USA SWE CAN DEU EST AUS FRA NOR BEL CHE CHL CZE FIN POL OECD PRT SVK ITA ISR ESP SVN DNK AUT TUR LUX NLD ISL HUNGRC0 2550 75 100 125 JPNDEUMEXIRLUSASWEGBRPOLSVKFRAKORFINESTPRTCHLITACHENZLNORBELESPAUSSVNOECDCANAUTCZEHUNISRLUXNLDTURGRCDNKISLNet replacement rate, per centNet replacement rate, per centAverage earnerLow earner(50% of average)Coverage of private pensions10203040506070 80PortugalFrance Italy Spain Finland Slovak RepublicIrelandBelgium New ZealandHungary United StatesCzech Republic United Kingdom CanadaPoland Germany Estonia Australia Netherlands Denmark Switzerland Sweden Quasi-mandatory Mandatory VoluntaryPercentage of working-age populationConclusions5General policy direction•Balancing objectives of benefit adequacy and financial sustainability–challenges of crisis and ageing–need to achieve both•Improving the terms of the trade off–working longer–private pensions–targetingImplications for the United Kingdom•Public scheme financially sustainable •Retirement provision well diversified (public/ private, PAYG/funding•Pension system provides strong work incentives –but continuing problem of other benefit pathways into early retirement, such as disability benefits •Adequacy of benefits and degree of private-pension saving remain a challengePensions at a Glance 2011 RETIREMENT-INCOME SYSTEMS IN OECD AND G20 COUNTRIESPublished 17 March 2011********************************************** /els/social/pensions/PAG。

芯片测试原理

© 2011 Amkor Technology, Inc.
Amkor Proprietary Business Information
11.8.29, USER ID
Test category
Military Testing — Involves performing rigorous testing over a temperature range and documenting the results. Incoming Inspection — Testing of devices by a customer to insure the quality of the devices purchased before using them in an application. Assembly Verification — Verifies that the devices survived the assembly process and that they were assembled correctly. The tests performed during assembly verification are similar to that of package testing and may be a subset of package testing. This activity is usually performed offshore. Failure Analysis — The process of analyzing device failures to determine why the device failed. Determining the cause of a failure yields information that can improve device reliability.

a14-year-oldgirl...

LETTER TO THE EDITORA14-year-old girl with Smith-McCort dysplasia misdiagnosed as seronegative juvenile idiopathic arthritisDear Editor,Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasias(SEMDs)are a heterogeneous group of disorders with differing modes of inheritance,all of which are deﬁned by the combi-nation of vertebral,epiphyseal and metaphyseal abnormalities.The speciﬁc diagnosis is based on the speciﬁcity of the skeletal manifestations or the pres-ence of characteristic extraskeletal features.1Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome(DMC)and Smith-McCort dysplasia(SMC)are rare autosomal recessive SEMDs.2SMC(OMIM:607326),which is a rare variant of DMC syndrome without evidence of mental retardation,has been shown to be allelic to DMC syndrome.3Smith-McCort dysplasia is a progressive,autosomal-recessive SEMD that may be misdiagnosed in clinical practice as juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA).4The clin-ical importance of this rare disorder may be attributed to its clinical similarity to JIA,which has a very differ-ent prognosis and treatment regimen.Typical dysplas-tic skeletal abnormalities,which occur mainly in the spine and iliac bones,and the absence of synovial inﬂammation enable the differential diagnosis of SMC from JIA.We present the case of a14-year-old girl with SMC who was misdiagnosed as having JIA.A14-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital with pain in the bilateral hip and leg that had hindered her normal walking for3months.Evaluation of the clini-cal history revealed that the pain had started from both hips and spread to the legs,and had gradually reduced her ability to walk.She reported that she could not stand or walk without support for the previ-ous2.5months.The history of the patient revealed no evidence of swelling,redness or warmth of the joints during this time period.Approximately3.5months prior to pre-sentation at our hospital with these complaints,she had consulted an orthopedic surgeon,who had rec-ommended bilateral total hip arthroplasty.In the meantime,she was admitted to our hospital and was evaluated at the Departments of Pediatrics and Rheu-matology,_Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty,Turkey.After a diagnosis of a seronegative rheumatoid arthritis,treatment was initiated with a regimen of prednisolone5mg once daily,methotrexate15mg/ week,calcium–vitamin D once daily,and folic acid once daily,twice a week in the Department of Rheu-matology.These treatments did not produce any change in her pain or walking ability.The patient is theﬁfth child in a family in which the parents are non-consanguineous.She had no history of severe disease or disability,apart from slow growth and developmental delay.Neurological examination was normal,and the patient was still receiving primary education.She had short and fusiform handﬁngers. Increased anteroposterior chest diameter and kyphos-coliosis were present,and the proximal portions of the upper and lower limbs were short.She had pain and limitation regarding range of motion in the knee and hip joints bilaterally.She also had bilateral valgus deformity of the knee and ankle joint.The right and left leg lengths were63and67cm,respectively.The patient’s serum25-hydroxyvitamin D,parathy-roid hormone,thyroxine,thyroid stimulating hor-mone,acute phase response proteins,serum protein electrophoresis,and bone,liver,and kidney proﬁles were all normal.Urine amino acids were normal and there was no excretion of mucopolysaccharides. Spinal radiography revealed platyspondyly in almost all the vertebral bodies(Fig.1),and pelvis radiogra-phy revealed lacy iliac bones and dysplasia of the ace-tabulum and femoral heads bilaterally(Fig.2).In a cervical magnetic resonance imaging,there was odon-toid hypoplasia,platyspondyly at multiple levels, irregularities of the end-plates,and characteristic double-humped appearance due to a wedge-shaped ossiﬁcation defect.The bone mineral density(BMD) of the patient was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA;Hologic QDR-4500,Bedford,International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases2012;15:e55–e57ª2011The AuthorsMA,USA).In the DEXA,the T -score and Z -score in the L2–4lumbar region were )6.1and )3.9,(0.546g/cm 2),respectively.The diagnosis of SMC was made based on consider-ation of all the clinical and radiologic ﬁndings,including the platyspondyly and lacy iliac crests.A cal-citonin-salmon nasal spray was started as an anti-osteo-porotic treatment.The rehabilitation of the patient consisted chieﬂy of range-of-motion and strengthening exercises,transfer activities and gait training.SMC is a recessive spondyloepimetaphyseal dyspla-sia caused by loss-of-function mutations in dymeclin (Dym),which is located at 18q21and encodes a pro-tein that is involved in Golgi organization and intra-cellular vesicle trafﬁc.1,5The ﬁrst manifestations are usually recognized between 1and 18months of age.The double-humped appearance of the vertebral bodies and the highly spe-ciﬁc iliac crests become evident by 3–4years of age.Orthopedic complications include possible spinal cord compression due to atlantoaxial instability,scoliosis,thoracic kyphosis,subluxation of the hips,deforma-tions of the knees and restricted joint mobility.The musculature is poorly developed.1,5–7Our patient had bilateral anteversion of the femur,coxarthrosis,genu valgum,pes planovalgus,leg length discrepancy,osteoporosis and poor musculature.The pains experienced by children can arise from multiple problems,ranging from a reaction to minor intercurrent infection that rapidly improves,to the pres-ence of severe skeletal lesions,such as malignancy.The pain can also be symptomatic of skeletal dysplasia.8A large variety of synovial and non-synovial condi-tions can mimic JIA.A careful history and physical examination combined with careful review of the lab-oratory and imaging studies should help in distin-guishing the dysplasias from JIA.8–10All laboratory results in our patient were within the respective normal ranges.Although laboratory tests were normal,the patient was misdiagnosed as sero-negative JIA,probably because of widespread involve-ment of the joints.Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV (Morquio syndrome)and various skeletal dysplasias,such as multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and spondylo-epiphyseal dyspla-sia tarda (progressive pseudo-rheumatoid arthritis),can also mimic JIA.8–10However,the absence of corneal clouding and mucopolysacchariduria and characteristic radiologic ﬁndings all differentiate SMC from mucopolysacchari-dosis type IV and other SEMDs,as was the case for our patient.Moreover,the characteristic signs of SMC,including the lace-like appearance of the iliaccrestsFigure 1Lateral lumbar spine radiography showing platy-spondyly and the characteristic double-humped conﬁgura-tion of all thevertebrae.Figure 2Pelvis radiography showing irregular surface of the iliac bones (lacy iliac crest),dysplasia of the acetabula and femoral heads.Letter to the Editorand double-humped end-plates of the vertebrae,were present in our patient.SMC is a rare and less-recognized SEMD that which be confused with JIA,both clinically and radiologi-cally.In conclusion,early recognition and diagnosis of SMC are important in helping to ameliorate the pain and disability associated with this disease and in avoiding unnecessary investigations and anti-rheu-matic interventions.Kerem GUN,1Murat ULUDAG,1Halil UNALAN,1 Neslihan MOGULKOC,1Hasan BATTAL,1 Hamza SUCUOGLU,1Fatih KANTARCI2andHalil KOYUNCU11Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and 2Radiodiagnostic Department,_Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty,_Istanbul,TurkeyCorrespondence:M.Uludag,e-mail:******************REFERENCES1Cormier-Daire V(2008)Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dys-plasia.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol22,33–44.2Bayrak IK,Nural MS,Diren HB(2005)Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome without mental retardation(Smith-McCort dysplasia).Diagn Interv Radiol11,163–5.3Aglan MS,Temtamy SA,Fateen E,Ashour AM,Eldeeb K, Hosny GA(2009)Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: clinical,genetic,and radiological study of15Egyptian patients from nine unrelated families.J Child Orthop3, 451–8.4Lachman RS(1998)International nomenclature and clas-siﬁcation of the osteochondrodysplasias(1997).Pediatr Radiol28,737–44.5Osipovich AB,Jennings JL,Lin Q,Link AJ,Ruley HE (2008)Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome:chondrodys-plasia resulting from defects in intracellular vesicle trafﬁc.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA105,16171–6.6Khalifa O,Imtiaz F,Al-Sakati N,Al-Manea K,Verloes A, Al-Owain M(2011)Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: novel splice mutation with atlanto-axial subluxation.Eur J Pediatr170,121–6.7Burns C,Powell BR,Hsia YE,Reinker K(2003)Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome:report of seven patients with the Smith-McCort variant and review of the litera-ture.J Pediatr Orthop23,88–93.8Ansell BM(2000)Rheumatic disease mimics in child-hood.Curr Opin Rheumatol12,445–7.9Wihlborg C,Babyn P,Ranson M,Laxer R(2001)Radio-logic mimics of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.Pediatr Radiol31,315–26.10Bal S,Kocyigit H,Turan Y,et al.(2009)Spondyloepiphy-seal dysplasia tarda:four cases from two families.Rheu-matol Int29,699–702.Letter to the Editor。

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