How to write a review.如何些综述文章,英文版
文献综述如何写(英文)
How to Write a Good Literature Review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:▪Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?▪Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored▪Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic▪Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:▪An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review▪Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ▪Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others▪Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:▪Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?▪Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?▪Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?▪Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:▪Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review▪Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration▪Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research▪Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies▪Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort▪Point the way forward for further research▪Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureHere are some of the questions your literature review should answer:1.What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?2.What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?3.What are the existing theories?4.Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge andunderstanding?5.What views need to be (further) tested?6.What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?7.Why study (further) the research problem?8.What contribution can the present study be expected to make?9. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?Remember the purpose: it should answer the questions we looked at above. Look at how published writers review the literature. You'll see that you should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done. You aim should be to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.Read with a purpose:you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading, but should become easier the more you read in your area.Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y's theory more convincing than Researcher X's? DidResearcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.A lot of people like to organize their work chronologically (using time as their organizing system). Unless developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem, using a chronological system will not be an effective way to organize your work. Some people choose to organize their work alphabetically by author name: this system will not allow you to show the relationships between the work of different researchers, and your work, and should be avoided!When you read for your literature review, you are actually doing two things at the same time (which makes things more difficult for you!):1. you are trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a question,continuing previous research, counter-claiming;2. you are trying to read every source relevant to your research problem.Naturally, until you have defined your problem, you will find that there are hundreds of sources that seem relevant. However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your research area. This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.TRAPSSome traps to avoid:Trying to read everything! As you might already have discovered, if you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the published work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work.Reading but not writing! It's easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ourselves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort, doesn't it? However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work you've read, so don't put writing off until you've "finished" reading - after all, you will probably still be doing some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, don't think of what you first write as being the final ornear-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about the context of your research problem.Not keeping bibliographic information!The moment will come when you have to write your references page . . . and then you realize you have forgotten to keep the information you need, and that you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution is to spend a lot of time in the library tracking down all those sources that you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. If you're lucky, maybe you can actually do this before your defence - more likely, you will unable to find all your sources, a big headache for you and your committee. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes. Always put references into your writing. Notice how on this course we have referenced the works that we have referred to - you should do the same.LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLEHere is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem. This example is taken from an introduction because most thesis literature reviews tend to be too long for us to easily look at. Although your literature review will probably be much longer than the one below, it is useful to look at the principles the writers have used.On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the NinthICPRAutomated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced intothe industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate thatthis trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in thearea of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment andinterleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3]and Elsayed and Stern [4] compared algorithms for handling orders inAR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al.[11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of itsthroughput by simulation and optimization techniques.Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit(pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousingsystems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] andGrasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The last tworeferences incorporate the size of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of theoptimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage space. In areport on a specific case, Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the'best-size' container can result in considerable savings. A simulation modelcombining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in anAS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general results,reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to thosereported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]. Nevertheless, container size was foundto affect strongly overall warehousing costs.In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating theoptimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on seriesof generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for awide range of real life situations. The underlying assumptions of the modelare presented in the following section.Notice how the writers have:grouped similar information: "Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject."shown the relationship between the work of different researchers, showingsimilarities/differences: "The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]."indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] . . . "moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.。
HowtoWriteaBookReview
HowtoWriteaBookReviewHow to Write a Book ReviewThere are two approaches to write book review.: the descriptive and the critical. A descriptive review is one in which the writer, without over-enthusiasm or exaggeration, gives the essential information about a book. This is done by description and exposition, by stating the perceived aims and purposes of the author, and by quoting striking passages from the text. A critical review is one in which the writer describes and evaluates the book, in terms of accepted literary and historical standards, and supports this evaluation with evidence from thetext. The following pointers are meant to be suggestions for writing a critical review.Basic RequirementsSimply stated, the reviewer must know two things in order to write a critical review:the work being reviewed andthe requirements of the genre类型to which the work belongs (novel, short story, biography, poetry, etc.).1.Knowledge of the work demandsnot only an attempt to understand what the author's purpose is and how the component parts of the work contribute to that purpose, but also some knowledge of theauthor--his/her nationality, time period, other works etc.2.Knowledge of the genre meansunderstanding the art form and how it functions. Without such understanding, the reviewer has no historical or literary standard upon which to base his/her evaluation.Minimum Essentials of a Book Review1.Description, not a summary, ofthe book. Sufficient description should be given so that the reader, as he reads the review, will have some understanding of the author's thoughts. This account of the contents of a book can often be woven编排 into the critical remarks.2.Something about, not a biography of the author. Biographical information should be relevant to the subject of the review and enhance the reader's understanding of the work under discussion.3.An appraisal, preferably indirect, through description and exposition and based on the aims and purposes of the author. While a critical review is a statement of opinion, it must be a considered judgement including:o a statement of the reviewer'sunderstanding of the author'spurposeo how well the reviewer feelsthe author's purpose has beenachievedo evidence to support thereviewer's judgement of theauthor' achievement. Preliminary 最初Mechanical Steps1.Read the book with care.2.Note effective passages forquoting.3.Note your impressions as youread.4.Allow yourself time toassimilate消化、吸收what you have read so that the book can be seen in perspective.5.Keep in mind the need forachieving a single impression which must be made clear to the reader.The Review OutlineThe review outline enables you to get an over-all grasp of the organization of the review, to determine what central point your review is going to make, to eliminate除去 inessentials or irrelevancies, and to fill in gaps or omissions省略、删除、遗漏.By examining the notes you have made and eliminating those which have no relationship to your central thesis, and by organizing them into groups, several aspects of the book will emerge: e.g., theme, character, structure, etc. After ordering your topics--determining in what sequence they will be discussed--write down all the major headings of theoutline and then fill in the subdivisions. Keep in mind that allparts of the outline should support your thesis or central point.The DraftThe opening paragraph, like the concluding one, is in a position of emphasis and usually sets the tone of the paper. Among the various possible introductions are:a statement of the thesisa statement of the author's purposea statement about the topicality of the work or its significancea comparison of the work to others by the same author or within the same genrea statement about the authorThe main body of the review shouldlogically develop your thesis 论题as organized by your outline. Changes in the outline may need to be made and transitional paragraphs introduced, but the aim should be toward logical development of the central point. Quoted material should be put in quotation marks, or indented,空格，缩进 and properly footnoted.The concluding paragraph may sum up or restate your thesis or may make the final judgement regarding the book. No new information or ideas should be introduced in the conclusion.Steps in Revising the Draft1.Allow some time to elapse经过、流逝, at least a day, beforestarting your revision.2.Correct all mistakes ingrammar and punctuation as you find them.3.Read your paper through againlooking for unity, organization and logical development.4.If necessary, do not hesitateto make major revisions in your draft.5.Verify quotations for accuracyand check the format and content of references.Some Considerations When Reviewing:| Fiction| Biography| History| Poetry |Fiction(above all, do not give away thestory)Character⼈物1.From what sources arethe characters drawn?2.What is the author'sattitude toward hischaracters?3.Are the characters flator three dimensional?4.Does characterdevelopment occur?5.Is character delineation描画、描绘direct orindirect?Theme1.What is/are the majortheme(s)?2.How are they revealedand developed?3.Is the theme traditionaland familiar, or new and original?4.Is the theme didactic说教的、教诲的, psychological, social, entertaining, escapist逃避现实者, etc. in purpose or intent?Plot情节、结构1.How are the variouselements of plot (eg, introduction, suspense悬念, climax⾼潮, conclusion) handled?2.What is the relationshipof plot to character delineation描画、描写?3.To what extent, and how,is accident employed as a complicating复杂and/or resolving force?4.What are the elements ofmystery and suspense⽞疑?5.What other devices ofplot complication and resolution are employed?6.Is there a sub-plot andhow is it related to the main plot?7.Is the plot primary orsecondary to some of the other essential elements of the story (character, setting, style, etc.)? Style⽂体、风格1.What are the"intellectual qualities" of the writing (e.g., simplicity, clarity清晰)?2.What are the "emotionalqualities" of the writing(e.g., humour, wit风趣的,satire讽刺的)?3.What are the "aesthetic美学的、审美的qualities"of the writing (e.g., harmony, rhythm)?4.What stylistic devicesare employed (e.g., symbolism, motifs主题、题旨, parody戏仿, allegory寓⾔、讽喻)?5.How effective isdialogue?Setting背景1.What is the setting anddoes it play a significantrole in the work?2.Is a sense of atmosphereevoked, and how?3.What scenic场景 effectsare used and how importantand effective are they?4.Does the settinginfluence or impinge撞击、冲击on the charactersand/or plot?Some Considerations When Reviewing Biography1.Does the book give a "full-length" picture of the subject?2.What phases of the subject'slife receive greatest treatment and is this treatment justified?3.What is the point of view of the author?4.How is the subject matter organized: chronologically按年代先后的, retrospectively回溯的, etc.?5.Is the treatment superficial 肤浅的or does the author show extensive study into the subject's life?6.What source materials were used in the preparation of the biography?7.Is the work documented有⽂件证明的?8.Does the author attempt to get at the subject's hidden motives?9.What important new facts about the subject's life are revealed in the book?10.What is the relationship ofthe subject's career tocontemporary history?11.How does the biography comparewith others about the sameperson?12.How does it compare with otherworks by the same author?Some Considerations When Reviewing History1.With what particular perioddoes the book deal?2.How thorough is the treatment?3.What were the sources used?4.Is the account given in broadoutline or in detail?5.Is the style that ofreportorial writing, or is therean effort at interpretivewriting?6.What is the point of view or thesis of the author?7.Is the treatment superficial or profound?8.For what group is the book intended (textbook, popular, scholarly, etc.)?9.What part does biographical writing play in the book?10.Is social history or political history emphasized?11.Are dates used extensively, and if so, are they used intelligently?12.Is the book a revision修订本? How does it compare with earlier editions?13.Are maps, illustrations, charts, etc. used and how arethese to be evaluated?Some Considerations When Reviewing Poetry1.Is this a work of power,originality, individuality?2.What kind of poetry is underreview (epic, lyrical抒情的, elegaic挽歌、哀歌, etc.)?3.What poetical devices havebeen used (rhyme押韵, rhythm节奏, figures of speech, imagery⽐喻, etc.), and to what effect? 4.What is the central concern ofthe poem and is it effectively expressed?Sources of Book ReviewsMany indexes, such as ABI Inform and Historical Abstracts includecitations to book reviews. Reviews can also be found at book-related online sites, such as /doc/1c1d1d5f0b4c2e3f57276369.html .and so on.Step 1: Read a BookNextReviewHere's a review the authur wrote about one of his favorite books,To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Read his review, and try using itas a model as you begin thinking about your own book review.To Kill a Mockingbirdby Harper LeeReview by Rodman Philbrick。
ai写文献综述英文版
ai写文献综述英文版Writing a literature review in English involves several steps and considerations. Here is a comprehensive guide on how to write a literature review:1. Understand the Purpose: The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview and critical evaluation of existing research on a specific topic. It helps identify the current state of knowledge, gaps in research, and potential areas for further investigation.2. Select a Topic: Choose a specific research topicthat is relevant and interesting. It should have enough existing literature to review.3. Conduct a Literature Search: Use academic databases, search engines, and other relevant sources to gather scholarly articles, books, and other publications related to your topic. Ensure that your sources are recent and reputable.4. Organize Your Sources: Create a system to manage and organize your sources. This can be done using reference management software like EndNote or Mendeley. Keep track of the bibliographic information, including authors,publication dates, titles, and page numbers.5. Read and Evaluate: Read each source carefully and critically evaluate its relevance, credibility, and methodology. Take notes on key findings, arguments, and any gaps in the research.6. Identify Themes and Patterns: Look for common themes, ideas, and patterns across the literature. Group similar sources together based on their main arguments or findings.7. Develop an Outline: Create an outline for your literature review. It should include an introduction, main body paragraphs organized by themes, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide background information andstate the purpose of the review. The main body paragraphs should discuss the findings from each theme or subtopic.The conclusion should summarize the main points andhighlight any gaps or areas for future research.8. Write the Review: Start by writing an engaging introduction that provides context and states theobjectives of the review. In the main body paragraphs, present a synthesis of the literature, discussing the main findings, theories, and methodologies. Be sure tocritically analyze and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source. Use smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain a logical flow. In the conclusion, summarize the key points and provide suggestions for future research.9. Revise and Edit: Review your draft for clarity, coherence, and logical structure. Ensure that your arguments are well-supported by evidence. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Seek feedback from peersor professors to improve the quality of your review.10. Cite and Reference: Use the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago) to cite your sourceswithin the text and create a reference list or bibliography at the end of your review. Make sure to follow the specific formatting guidelines of the chosen citation style.In conclusion, writing a literature review in English requires careful planning, thorough research, critical analysis, and effective writing skills. By following these steps, you can create a comprehensive and well-structured literature review. Remember to acknowledge thecontributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism by properly citing all sources used in your review.。
英文文献综述的范文
英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
How to write a literature Review
小结： 小结：
如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗 “树木”，那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上 分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说，应该先确
定这颗“树”，再确定“树枝”，最后才是 “开枝散叶”（也就是我们的论文）。
4.文献检索 文献检索
检索文献的途径 （1）图书馆数据库。 中文数据库： 中文数据库： 中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万 方*等。最常用的是中国期刊网，清华学术期 刊网期刊总体质量较高，但追溯时间不太长。 后两者鱼龙混杂，但有时可以找到较早一些的 文献。
5、文献管理
下载电子版文献时，把文章题目粘贴为文件名。 不同主题存入不同文件夹。文件夹的题目要简短 看过的文献归入子文件夹，最起码要把有用的和没用 的分开 重要文献根据重要程度在文件名前加001，002，003 编号，然后按名称排列图标，最重要文献就排在最前 了 复印或打印的文献，分类装订和保存。
（4）在阅读外文文献时，强烈建议先看中文文 献。先掌握本领域中的一些关键术语、体系脉 络，在去阅读外文文献会有事半功倍的效果。 （5）文献阅读中一项被忽视的工作：“笔记”。 虽然边阅读文献边记笔记直觉上看来有些浪 费时间，然而若从长期的角度思考，这项工作 实际上可以大大提高我们的工作效率。
作笔记时有几点建议供大家参考： 作笔记时有几点建议供大家参考：
It is NOT just a summary of a series of research papers You must evaluate the research papers and show the relationships between different work
1.前言(Introducion)
What did you learn? Re-state your new knowledge
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英文综述如何写
英⽂综述如何写近⽇收到邮件，我的⼀篇英⽂综述终于被接收。
从写作到发表，历时约⼀年半，IF ⼤概 3 点多。
虽然影响因⼦不⾼，但是于我⽽⾔，这篇⽂章意义⾮凡，因为这篇综述从选题、构思、写作到选刊、投稿、修回都由我⼀⼈独挑⼤梁，特别有成就感。
作为⼀枚算是独⽴发过英⽂综述的⼩司机，我感触良多，在此将英⽂综述的写作及投稿策略与⼤家分享⼀下，希望各位有志于写作英⽂综述的同学少⾛⼀些弯路。
◆◆◆◆◆⾸先我们说说对英⽂综述来说很重要的⼀点——时机，其中包括时间和机遇，这也是很多同学不愿意主动写英⽂综述的原因。
从读硕⼠起，⾝边的师兄师姐就跟我说，中⽂综述随便写，英⽂综述不要尝试，那都是⼤⽜写的，⾼屋建瓴，咱们这⽔平还是算了，写了也难中，浪费时间云云。
现在想来，师兄师姐的话不⽆道理，但还是可以根据⾃⾝的情况安排时间，说不定中了呢。
说到时机问题，机遇先⾏。
假如你的导师是⾏业⼤⽜或者在某个领域很优秀，他⾮常有可能收到 SCI 杂志的邀稿去写关于他领域的综述。
据我所知，在国内，这种⼯作很多是研究⽣完成的。
如果你的导师对你说：⼩ X 同学，要不要锻炼⼀下⾃⼰，写个某某⽅向的综述？个⼈觉得，但凡有时间，都应该去做。
因为邀稿嘛，基本百分百能发表，虽然过程可能⼏易其稿，但也算是天上掉下来⼀篇 SCI，何况⽼师⼀般也不会让毕业季的学⽣去⼲这个。
⼏年前我的导师接到邀稿，杂志的影响因⼦接近 10，博⼠师姐就去写了这篇⽂章，真是好⽣羡慕。
再说时间问题。
我强烈推荐硕博连读的学⽣（5 年制博⼠）进⾏英⽂综述写作。
因为培养时间长，在学期间综述发表的可能性很⼤，最好在接触课题后 1 年内即进⾏写作。
此时已经有⼀定课题相关领域⽂献阅读的积累，⼜不着急忙于毕业跟求职。
对 3 年制的硕⼠和博⼠⽽⾔，我觉得在⼀年级下学期就可以着⼿了。
因为不少同学在上学期上课期间就已经把课题⽂献读了个遍，我⾃⼰（3 年制博⼠）是在 15 年 7 ⽉成稿并开始投稿，直到 16 年 12 ⽉才正式接收，所以如果没有充⾜的时间及⾜够的⽂献储备，还是不要轻易尝试。
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样写一个英语总结
The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side…, but it may also….
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children_i_n_st_e_a_d__o_f _ scolding them.
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样 写一个英语总结
(6) Change the order of the words. 词序改变法
通常抓住首段和尾段 抓住首段或各段首句
HOWTOWRITEASUMe the styles of 3 given passages and find out the key sentences or key words of each passage.
with a_n__o_ld__m__a_n_who t_a_u_g_h_t_h__im__a__le_s_s_o_n_. (2) 词序变化法
Patience was the secret of success.
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样 写一个英语总结
The writer had a fishing experience with
还有句子结构的，最多得3分；
5. 结构、用词、词性变化比较好的得4至5
分。
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样 写一个英语总结
Task 3：
Rewrite the sentences according to the skills.
How to write a literature review
How to write a literature review? (文献综述四步走)2009-11-23 21:09Step 1: Read a lot.第一步：大量的读。
Sounds simplistic, but the fact is that you do have to read a lot, and read with care and purpose. There are things that you can do within the process to make your life easier, and the purpose of this short document is to point some of them out. Hopefully, this will help. However, there is no substitute for good, thorough, and hard work.这个听起来简单，但事实上，你需要细心并带有目的的读大量的文献。
有些事情按一定的步骤进行可以让生活更简单，这个短文的目的是指出其中的几点。
希望会对大家有所帮助。
然而，这不能代替好的，全面的努力工作。
When you start your reading, start broadly. If you have an area you are interested in, such as computers in education, multi-media, distance education, web-based instruction, or some other specific concentration, start your reading in those areas. Course assigned reading will help, but you will have to branch outwards and inwards. Don’t be afraid to follow an area that seems not to be related to your area. You are trying to define your interests. Allow yourself the freedom to do that. Here are some tips on how you might branch out, and/or focus in:当你开始阅读的时候，要广泛的读。
如何写好英文综述
转来以下文章和大家分享，希望对广大科研工作者，特别是刚开始写英文文章的硕士或博士生有所帮助，大家都要在科研岗位上努力奋斗哦！Fighting文献综述（Literautre Review ）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。
文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review 栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review 等。
根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review) 、成就性综述(result review) 和争鸣性综述(contentious review) 。
按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review) 和前瞻性综述(prospective review) 。
根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review) 和评论性综述(critical review) 。
文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。
一篇结构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author) 、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words) 、引言(introduction) 、述评(review) 、结论(conclusion) 和参考文献(references) 。
与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。
Writing-a-literature-review怎样写文献综述英文版PPT课件
.Leabharlann 4Focus on the literature (1)
• Many more sentences contain words that relate to research, studies, scholarly writing:
• To support your argument
.
2
Examples of literature reviews
1. Introduction of Clatworthy and Jones (2003)
2. Literature review section in Clatworthy and Jones (2003)
do? • What is useful about these studies? • Can you identify any limitations or shortcomings
of the studies? (e.g. scope, sample) • Any problems with procedure, method, data,
• To acknowledge the work of others
• To justify your choice of research topic
• To identify a gap in the research so that you do not duplicate the work of others
Note C and J’s focus: • “The theory and practice of impression
how to write a review 如何写英语点评评论
– 话短一点，多说几句，再把这几句话的主次先后关系讲清楚。
1. Today, I want to share a very comfortable hotel with you. 2. If you walk into the room, you will see... 3. We ordered the hotel... 4. If you like the hotel, you can find it in the hotel. 5. A hotel is intruduced to us by a friend. 6. My father and I found the hotel on the Internet. When we saw the information about it, we decided to live in it immediately.
• Heping Hotel is the best hotel I have ever lived in. I booked a double room on a week before I went to Beijing. It cost me 300 yuan per night. The girl called Lily at the front desk is very polite and kind to me. She also led into my room personally. The room surprised me a lot because it has a big window which enables me to have a great view over the city. The soft and big bed impressed me most. Lying on it is just like floating in a cloud. One thing which needs to be improved is the fridge in the hotel. It makes strange sound and it’s so weird at night that I have turn it off myself. Except that, everything was perfect. So I really enjoy my stay there.
英文文献综述写作技巧和方法
英文文献综述写作技巧和方法IntroductionWhen it comes to academic writing, a comprehensive literature review is a crucial component that requires one's attention. It serves as an important platform for offering a summary of previous research studies, synthesizing key findings, and providing insights into the debates in a particular field. In this article, we will discuss the skills and methods essential to conducting an effective English literature review.Selecting a topicChoosing a suitable and focused topic is paramount in writing an English literature review. The topic should be clear, narrow, and specific enough to provide guidance when searching for relevant sources. When selecting a topic, it's advisable to choose one that you are passionate about. You should be able to articulate your ideas clearly and effectively and present an argument or perspective that highlights the need to conduct a literature review.Conducting a Literature SearchUpon selecting a topic for your literature review, conducting a comprehensive search is essential. You may begin by using academic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline, JSTOR, and others. These databases offer a wide range of academic sources, including journal articles, book chapters, conference proceedings, and other relevant literature.When searching, it is essential to use relevant keywords and Boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT to narrow down the search results. You may also consider refining your search to a specific time frame, which can help to identify research gaps and offer insights into the direction of future studies.Reading and Evaluating SourcesReading and evaluating sources is a crucial aspect of English literature review writing. Once you've conducted your search, it's vital to compile a list of sources that meet the criteria set out in your literature review. While reviewing the material, focus on the questions that guide your research and critically evaluate the sources for their relevance, methodological quality, and any biases.After reading the sources, it's essential to synthesize the findings in a coherent and organized manner. It is here where you classify the major themes that emerge from the literature review and provide a detailed analysis of each theme.Writing the Literature ReviewAfter conducting the literature review and synthesizing the findings, the next crucial step is to start writing. It's essential to structure your review so that it is coherent, easy to read, and meets the suggested word count. The following is the standard structure of an English literature review:Introduction: This section presents the background of the study, including the research questions or objectives.Body: The body section provides an in-depth analysis of the literature review, highlighting the themes and synthesis of the findings. It is essential to organize this section by themes rather than by source.Conclusion: This section sums up the literature review's key findings, offering insights into future research directions, and highlighting the significance of the review.Citation and FormattingCitations and formatting are also important components of English literature review writing. It's essential to adhere to the formatting guidelines set out in your institution, including the writing style, font, and spacing. Similarly, citation style should be consistent throughout the literature review, with proper reference to the sources used.ConclusionWriting an English literature review can be a challenging task, but employing the right skills and methods can make it easy. It is essential first to choose a suitable topic, conduct a comprehensive literature search, evaluate the sources, and synthesize the findings. Additionally, writing a structured and clear literature review is essential, adhering to the formatting and citation guidelines set out by your institution. By following these tips, you can write an effective literature review that demonstrates your understanding of current research and contributes to the existing knowledge.。
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）How to write a literature review怎样写文献综述What is a literature review?文献综述是什么？The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.文献综述的目的是告诉读者（或导师），你已阅读并较好理解了一些公开发表的文献，这些文献与你所在领域的某个主题或问题有关。
这些文献可以是任何形式的，包括在线资源。
文献综述可能是单独的任务，也可能是报告、学位论文的引言部分。
对于后一种情况（论文引言），文献综述的进行由研究目标或你论证的问题或论文指导，并为进一步的工作提供框架。
How to write a review.如何些综述文章,英文版
Helpful comments…
Don’t say: • “The description is unclear.” Rather: • “The terms “gizmo” and “babble” are not defined anywhere…” • The term “globber” is used before it is defined…”
•
Conference Reviewing
Author has spent many hours to write the paper Reviewer is the only person actually reading it Usually, only the final score (accept/reject) is considered! Reviewing is a big responsibility
Importance of comments
Producing helpful comments is important: • Ensuring that you understood things right • Learning more about the field • Giving authors a fair treatment • Rewarding authors for hard work producing a paper
•
Journal reviewing
Journals allow for iterations • Same filters as for conferences, but important to help author improve the paper • Can expect significant rewrites/additional work • Most journal submissions are eventually published somewhere
如何写总结（Howtowriteasummary）_高考英语作文
如何写总结(How to write a summary)1、the author tells us the importance of self-learning for children. not only should the teacher help the students to correct their mistakes, but also they should depend themselves to correct their own mistakes.2、this passage discusses the importance of self-learning for children. students should have the chance to correct their own mistakes, learn-by-doing and learn from each other, not just the teacher.3、the article gives the view that teachers should let students correct their mistakes by themselves. students are able to correct their own mistakes and teachers’ frequent correction will make children unable to judge their own work.4、some people think stud ents’ mistakes should be corrected by themselves and it is wrong for the teachers to do it for them too often in school. it will make the children dependent on the teachers.the author (the passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people.reviews the most important points of the text. it should be brief (short). furthermore, the summary should be written as much as possible in your own words. it contains only the main ideas and what the author talks about the topic but not include much explanation or examples.。
HowtoWriteaMovieReview（教你怎么写英文影评）
HowtoWriteaMovieReview（教你怎么写英文影评）How to Write a Movie ReviewWriting a movie review is a great way of expressing your opinion of a movie. The purpose of most movie reviews is to help the reader in determining whether they want to watch, rent or buy the movie. The review should give enough details about the movie that the reader can make an informed decision, without giving anyway any essentials such as the plot or any surprises. Below are our guidelines and tips for writing a good movie review.Submit your movie review1. Watch the movieThe first step in writing the review is to watch the movie. Watch the movie in a relaxed environment you are familiar with. You do not want to be distracted by an unfamiliar room. Watching the movie a second time will help you absorb a lot more detail about the movie. Most movie reviewers take notes as they watch the movie review.2. Give your opinionMost movie reviewers will give their opinion of the movie. This is important as the reviewer can express the elements of the movie they enjoyed or disliked.However, as in all good journalism, the reviewer should also give impartial details, and allow the reader to make their own mind over an issue the reader liked or disliked. Opinions should be explained to allow the reader to determine whether they would agree with your opinion .Many regular movie reviewers will develop a following. If one can find a reviewer who shares a similar taste in films, one can confidently follow the reviewers recommendations.3. Who is your audience?You need to consider who your likely readers are. Writing a movie review for children requires a different approach than if writing for a movie club. Ensure you report on the factors that matter to your likely audience.4. Give an outlineGive the outline of the movie, but dont give away essential details such as the end or any surprises. If there is a big surprise you want to entice readers by telling them something special happens, just dont say what.5. Actors (演员)If the movie contains actors, as most do, detail who is starring in the movie and how well you think they acted.6. StructureDid the movie follow a regular predictable story line, or did it get you thinking like a Quentin Tarantino movie?7.Cinematography and lighting (电影艺术和灯光效果)Give details about how well the movie was shot and directed. Was the lighting good in the moody scenes?8. MusicDid the movie have its own score like Koyaanisqatsi （失衡生活）or ET, or did it feature songs from popular artists?9. Read, read and readRead and check your review thoroughly. It can be embarrassing to find errors in your work after it has been published. This is especially important for reviews that will be published on the Internet, as search engines are always looking for the correct spellings of key words.Submit your movie review英文电影影评范文侏罗纪公园3英文影评Jurassic Park III(2001"Jurassic Park III" is neither as dreadful as it might be, nor as perfectly wrought as it could be. For one thing, it moves along as jauntily as one of those horrific raptors scooting along the plain; the movie wraps itself up so quickly, and after such a relatively low-key climax, that you can barely believe its over. It runs about 90 minutes, and thats sweet relief. You can get your fix of dino effects (most of which are starting to look pretty familiar anyway, after the original "Jurassic Park" and "The Lost World: Jurassic Park"), with a few good jokes and interesting performances thrown in, and be on your way.One of the best things about "Jurassic Park III" is that it brings back Sam Neill, who starred in the original, and hes a distinctly human and humane presence. As the movie opens, we see Neills adventuresome paleontologist, Dr. Alan Grant, playing with the toddler of his former collaborator Dr. Ellie Satler (Laura Dern, in a nicely played cameo), who has settled down with an earnest, unexciting husband and is quietly raising their two kids. Neill plays the scenebeautifully: Hes half puzzled by the idea that anybody would want to settle down to a life like this, and half wistfully jealous that its just not for him.He has no desire to see any more live dinosaurs up close and personal. Nonetheless, he and his young assistant Billy (Alessandro Nivola) are reluctantly roped into an adventure expedition to Isla Sorna (the "Site II" from "The Lost World," where the prehistoric horrors were bred in a flagrant expression of human arrogance), by Amanda and Paul Kirby (Téa Leoni and William H. Macy), a rich couple hankering for danger.Of course, they have another motive. But the bare-bones plot,from a script written by Peter Buchman, Alexander Payne (writer and director of "Election" and "Citizen Ruth") and Jim Taylor (who co-wrote those pictures with Payne), is probably the last reason anybody would go to see it. What most of us want are dinosaurs, and there are just the right number of those here, from a flock of fierce pterodactyl-like pteranodons with mischievously knowing eyes, to the dreaded raptors (who always look to me as if they should be dangling old-lady pocketbooks from their disproportionately smallish, curled-over front claws). Although its probably still too intense for very small children, "Jurassic Park III" features a blessed minimum of torso chewing. The worst part is watching one of the raptors use a giant toenail to puncture the spine of a minor character played by Michael Jeter -- hes too fine an actor to meet such a ignominious end. Another saving grace of "Jurassic Park III" is that it captures some of the wonder from the first picture. Director Joe Johnston ("Honey, I Shrunk the Kids,""Jumanji") is much morelow-key than his predecessor Steven Spielberg, who directed the first two pictures in the series. Thankfully, hes out to set us rambling and bumping on a scary-funny amusement park ride; he doesnt hammer on the whiskery old theme of man-playing-God, nor does he seem to take much pleasure in the requisite bloody chomping, even though he of course has to include some of it. And he offers us one extraordinary panorama that looks as if it had been lifted straight out of those softly colored educational picture books of the 50s and 60s, a group of peaceful vegetarian apatosauruses against a purply pink Maxfield Parrish sky on the banks of a canal, chomping placidly on the plants they so love to eat. Dr. Grant and his group view the scene as they pass by it on a barge, and Neill plays the moment perfectly, like a mandeep in love. Its as if a sight like this could make up for any number of dreadful dinosaur encounters.The other actors here are just as game. As Eric, a kid whos been stranded on the island, Trevor Morgan shows the kind of appealing resourcefulness thats always fun for kids to watch. Macy is more than serviceable in a throwaway role: He manages to give his cowardly-lion character a great deal of charm and comic texture. Leoni does the best she can with hercharacter, but theres not much to work with: She doesnt get a chance to use her best gift, a flair for snappy, screwball-comedy timing that sparkled in her short-lived TV show "The Naked Truth."Even so, Payne, Buchman and Taylor give us plenty of little things to laugh at along the way: Dr. Grant and Eric have a pleasingly tossed-off exchange as Grant incredulously holds up a bottle of T. Rex pee that Eric has collected. "How did you get this?" he demands. "You dont wanna know," Eric deadpans ruefully. There are a few moments in the picture that are streaked with a sense of terror, scenes where you think the absolute worst is going to happen. But it never quite does. Theres a surprisingly delicate touch at work in "Jurassic Park III," and the movie is marbled through with strands of acerbic wit. You might think that a filmmakers going to that much trouble in a "Jurassic Park" picture is like casting pearls before swine. What chance do pearls have under the feet of prehistoric giants? Miraculously, they survive the trampling intact, and theyre what you remember long after the last mighty footstep resonates.。
怎样写英文论文review（我的笔记）
How to peer review?General ideas1.Don’t share the manuscript or to discuss it in detail with others. The reviewershould maintain confidentiality.（对所评阅的文章必须保密）2.To provide an honest, critical assessment of the work.To analyze the strengths and weaknesses, provide suggestions for improvement, and clearly state what must be done to raise the level of enthusiasm for the work.（对文章的优缺点做出评论，并明确指出应该怎么修改才能提升现有的文章质量）3.The reviewer should write reviews in a collegial, constructive manner. A carefullyworded review with appropriate suggestions for revision can be very helpful.（以建设性的、学术性的口吻对文章进行评价，并给出建设性的修改再投递的意见）4.Support your criticisms or praise with concrete reasons that are well laid out andlogical.（给出的评价应该附加有支撑观点的具体原因）5.评阅步骤：(1)Read the manuscript carefully from beginning to end before considering thereview. Get a complete sense of the scope and novelty.(2)Move to analyzing the paper in detail, providing a summary statement of yourfindings and detailed comments.(3)Use clear reasoning to justify each criticism and highlight good points andweaker points.(4)If there are positive aspects of a poor paper, try to find some way ofencouraging the author while still being clear on the reasons for rejection.（如果被拒绝的文章中有部分闪光点，可以鼓励作者。
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Conference Organization
Medium-size confed • 6 weeks between submission and decision • PC chair cannot read all the 150 papers • Will not read 3*150 reviews either!
How to write a review
Boi Faltings Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
Outline
Importance of Reviewing • Conference Reviewing • Journal & Proposal Reviewing • Improving the System
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Example review (2)
Relevance: GOOD Originality: WEAK Significance of the work: BAD Technical soundness: WEAK References: GOOD Presentation: WEAK • [X] strong reject (unreadable, nothing new,..) • “The paper as a whole is written sloppily and its technical content makes almost no sense.”
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Conference Reviewing
Author has spent many hours to write the paper Reviewer is the only person actually reading it Usually, only the final score (accept/reject) is considered! Reviewing is a big responsibility
Reviewer discussions
The most fun part of conference reviewing • You can learn a lot from others However: • 90% of discussions end up on the negative side • Reviews are rarely updated => author doesn’t learn about the result
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Peer-reviewing
Few people can judge: • correctness • novelty • significance of research results. Peer review is the only evaluation mechanism
Interests
Seeing through the hype
Many authors are good salespeople: • hiding assumptions • using unrealistic examples • comparing with old or wrong versions of existing work • providing incorrect summaries of experimental results This is where we need your intelligence!
Helpful comments…
Rather than: • “This problem has been solved by many people years ago.” Say: • “This problem has been solved by A. Smith (AI Journal, 1992), with improvements by C. Miller (ECAI, 1999).”
Types of Reviews
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Conferences:
• one-shot • accept/reject • few modifications
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Journals:
• iteration • significant rewrites to improve quality
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Research proposals:
Peers often compete, but… “The tide raises all boats” If peers produce good results ¾ field becomes more important ¾ own results become more useful ¾ everybody wins
Importance of comments
Worst scenario for author: paper rejected, but not clear why • Comments must justify the recommendation:
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• Why reject/accept the paper • How could the author improve it? • Listing typos helpful, but secondary
Importance of comments
Producing helpful comments is important: • Ensuring that you understood things right • Learning more about the field • Giving authors a fair treatment • Rewarding authors for hard work producing a paper
How to deal with the load
Typical review load: 10 papers Reading and understanding 10 papers takes 10 hours of quality time Most reviewers don’t have this time Solution: apply filtering, don’t waste time on papers that are not acceptable anyway
How to evaluate? (2)
Matters of degree: • Is the work novel? Are these just someone else’s ideas in a different notation? • Is the problem important? • Is the work significant and difficult to obtain? Useful for ranking (weak/strong accept)
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Why such disagreement?
The explanation…
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Reviewer 2 believes: “…In fact, a constraint satisfaction problem is essentially the same thing as a conjunctive query without projection…” => if this were true, indeed the paper would make no sense Lesson: If you think the authors are unbelievably stupid, you have probably misunderstood something very fundamental.
Helpful comments…
Instead of: • “I don’t think this solution works.” Say: • “On the following example, the method produces the wrong result: …” • “The proof of Theorem 3 is wrong, and here is a counterexample…”
Paper checklist
Every paper must state: • the problem addressed • the solution or insight proposed • an example that shows how it works • an evaluation, ideally a comparison with existing techniques ⇒ Easy to check Many papers fail this test!
Helpful comments…
Don’t say: • “The description is unclear.” Rather: • “The terms “gizmo” and “babble” are not defined anywhere…” • The term “globber” is used before it is defined…”
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Proposal reviewing
The person who wrote the proposal is competing with physicists/biologists/etc., not you! => Try to be as positive as possible • Funding will definitely differ from proposal: => constructive comments essential