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建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。

毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。

外文文献翻译(英文+中文对照)

外文文献翻译例如例如：：下面是一个样板下面是一个样板，，如需要更多的机械相关专业的外文文献可以联系QQ: 763077177 (非诚勿扰) Coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. ThompsonAvailable online 12 June 2009. Abstract ：Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown diamond films have found applications as a hard coating for cutting tools. Even though the use of conventional diamond coatings seems to be accepted in the cutting tool industry, selections of proper coating thickness for different machining operations have not been often studied. Coating thickness affects the characteristics of diamond coated cutting tools in different perspectives that may mutually impact the tool performance in machining in a complex way.In this study, coating thickness effects on the deposition residual stresses, particularly around a cutting edge, and on coating failure modes were numerically investigated. On the other hand, coating thickness effects on tool surface smoothness and cutting edge radii were experimentally investigated. In addition, machining Al matrix composites using diamond coated tools with varied coating thicknesses was conducted to evaluate the effects on cutting forces, part surface finish and tool wear.The results are summarized as follows. Increasing coating thickness will increase the residual stresses at the coating–substrate interface. On the other hand, increasing coating thickness will generally increase the resistance of coating cracking and delamination. Thicker coatings will result in larger edge radii; however, the extent of the effect on cutting forces also depends upon the machining condition. For the thickness range tested, the life of diamond coated tools increases with the coating thickness because of delay of delaminations. Keywords: Coating thickness; Diamond coating; Finite element; Machining; Tool wear1. IntroductionDiamond coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies have been increasingly explored for cutting tool applications. Diamond coated tools have great potential in various machining applications and an advantage in fabrications of cutting tools with complex geometry such as drills. Increased usages of lightweight high-strength components have also resulted in significant interests in diamond coating tools. Hot-filament CVD is one of common processes of diamond coatings and diamond films as thick as 50 µm have been deposited on various materials including cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) . There have also been different CVD technologies, e.g., microwave plasma assisted CVD , developed to enhance the deposition process as well as the film quality too. However, despite the superior tribological and mechanical properties, the practical applications of diamond coated tools are still limited.Coating thickness is one of the most important attributes to the coating system performance. Coating thickness effects on tribological performance have been widely studied. In general, thicker coatings exhibited better scratch/wear resistance performance than thinner ones due to their better load-carrying capacity. However, there are also reports that claim otherwise and . For example, Dorner et al. discovered, that the thickness of diamond-like-coating (DLC), in a range of 0.7–3.5 µm, does not influence the wear resistance of the DLC–Ti6Al4V . For cutting tool applications, however, coating thickness may have a more complicated role since its effects may be augmented around the cutting edge. Coating thickness effects on diamond coated tools are not frequently reported. Kanda et al. conducted cutting tests using diamond-coated tooling . The author claimed that the increased film thickness is generally favorable to tool life. However, thicker films will result in the decrease in the transverse rupture strength that greatly impacts the performance in high speed or interrupted machining. In addition, higher cutting forces were observed for the tools with increased diamond coating thickness due to the increased cutting edge radius. Quadrini et al. studied diamond coated small mills for dental applications . The authors tested different coating thickness and noted that thick coatings induce high cutting forces due to increased coating surface roughness and enlarged edge rounding. Such effects may contribute to the tool failure in milling ceramic materials. The authors further indicated tools with thin coatings results in optimal cutting of polymer matrix composite . Further, Torres et al. studied diamondcoated micro-endmills with two levels of coating thickness . The authors also indicated that the thinner coating can further reduce cutting forces which are attributed to the decrease in the frictional force and adhesion.Coating thickness effects of different coating-material tools have also been studied. For single layer systems, an optimal coating thickness may exist for machining performance. For example, Tuffy et al. reported that an optimal coating thickness of TiN by PVD technology exists for specific machining conditions . Based on testing results, for a range from 1.75 to 7.5 µm TiN coating, thickness of 3.5 µm exhibit the best turning performance. In a separate study, Malik et al. also suggested that there is an optimal thickness of TiN coating on HSS cutting tools when machining free cutting steels . However, for multilayer coating systems, no such an optimum coating thickness exists for machining performance .The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate coating thickness effects of diamond coated tools on machining performance — tool wear and cutting forces. Diamond coated tools were fabricated, by microwave plasma assisted CVD, with different coating thicknesses. The diamond coated tools were examined in morphology and edge radii by white-light interferometry. The diamond coated tools were then evaluated by machining aluminum matrix composite in dry. In addition, deposition thermal residual stresses and critical load for coating failures that affect the performance of diamond coated tools were analytically examined.2. Experimental investigationThe substrates used for diamond coating experiments, square-shaped inserts (SPG422), were fine-grain WC with 6 wt.% cobalt. The edge radius and surface textures of cutting inserts prior to coating was measured by a white-light interferometer, NT1100 from Veeco Metrology.Prior to the deposition, chemical etching treatment was conducted on inserts to remove the surface cobalt and roughen substrate surface. Moreover, all tool inserts were ultrasonically vibrated in diamond/water slurry to increase the nucleation density. For the coating process, diamond films were deposited using a high-power microwave plasma-assisted CVD process.A gas mixture of methane in hydrogen, 750–1000 sccm with 4.4–7.3% of methane/hydrogen ratio, was used as the feedstock gas. Nitrogen gas, 2.75–5.5 sccm, was inserted to obtain nanostructures by preventing columnar growth. The pressure was about 30–55 Torr and the substrate temperature was about 685–830 °C. A forward power of 4.5–5.0 kW with a low deposition rate obtained a thin coating; a greater forward power of 8.0–8.5 kW with a highdeposition rate obtained thick coatings, two thicknesses by varying deposition time. The coated inserts were further inspected by the interferometer.A computer numerical control lathe, Hardinge Cobra 42, was used to perform machining experiments, outer diameter turning, to evaluate the tool wear of diamond coated tools. With the tool holder used, the diamond coated cutting inserts formed a 0° rake angle, 11° relief angle, and 75° lead angle. The workpieces were round bars made of A359/SiC-20p composite. The machining conditions used were 4 m/s cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed, 1 mm depth of cut and no coolant was applied. The selection of machining parameters was based upon previous experiences. For each coating thickness, two tests were repeated. During machining testing, the cutting inserts were periodically inspected by optical microscopy to measure the flank wear-land size. Worn tools after testing were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cutting forces were monitored during machining using a Kistler dynamometer.5. ConclusionsIn this study, the coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools were studied from different perspectives. Deposition residual stresses in the tool due to thermal mismatch were investigated by FE simulations and coating thickness effects on the interface stresses were quantified. In addition, indentation simulations of a diamond coated WC substrate with the interface modeled by the cohesive zone were applied to analyze the coating system failures. Moreover, diamond coated tools with different thicknesses were fabricated and experimentally investigated on surface morphology, edge rounding, as well as tool wear and cutting forces in machining. The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Increase of coating thickness significantly increases the interface residual stresses, though little change in bulk surface stresses.(2) For thick coatings, the critical load for coating failure decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, such a trend is opposite for thin coatings, for which radial cracking is the coating failure mode. Moreover, thicker coatings have greater delamination resistance.(3) In addition, increasing the coating thickness will increase the edge radius. However, for the coating thickness range studied, 4–29 µm, and with the large feed used, cutting forces were affected only marginally.(4) Despite of greater interface residual stresses, increasing the diamond coating thickness, for the range studied, seem to increase tool life by delay of coating delaminations.AcknowledgementsThis research is supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No.: CMMI 0728228. P. Lu provided assistance in some analyses.金刚石涂层刀具的涂层厚度的影响作者：F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson发表日期：2009摘要：化学气相沉积法（CVD），金刚石薄膜的发现，作为涂层刀具的应用。

中英文文献以及翻译(化工类)

Foreign material：Chemical Industry1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals whichthe general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.2. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.3. The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our livesmore comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.It may seem strange in textbook this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” However trying to answer this question will provide(ⅰ) an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activities, (ⅱ) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (ⅲ) how great is society’s need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industry’s co ntribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.(1)Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals, i.e., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(2)Health. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. ß–blockers to lower blood pressure.(3)Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” th em to the fiber has resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this canreadily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.(4)Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials f or reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.Like wise the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materials—dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.—now exceeding 40%.So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industry’s contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a country’s development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry4. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical IndustriesOne of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examplesinclude synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.The chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.化学工业1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

中小企业盈利能力分析外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：Skills that improve profitability: The relationship between project management, IT skills, and small to medium enterprise profitability（提高盈利能力的技能: 项目管理、IT 技能和中小型企业盈利能力之间的关系）国外作者：Julien Pollack，Daniel Adler文献出处：《International Journal of Project Management》,2016,34 (5):831-838字数统计：英2683单词，15092字符；中文4479汉字外文文献：Skills that improve profitability:The relationship between project management, IT skills, and small to medium enterprise profitability Abstract It is commonly assumed that using project management and IT skills are good for business performance. This research explored this assumption by testing whether the use of project management and IT skills have a positive affect on business' total sales and profitability. The research data was drawn from two longitudinal Government surveys of small to medium enterprises in Australia. Models were created to describe the relationship between project management, IT skills, profitability and total sales using multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression. The results show that when controlling for the influence of other business skills, project management and IT skills have a significant positive influence on sales and profitability.Keywords:Project management; Information technology; Small to medium enterprise; Profitability; Sales; Business skills1.IntroductionIt is a basic and fundamental assumption that developing business skills in your employees improves the profitability of your business. Although it may be difficult to test each step in the long and diffuse causal chain from an improved employee skill set to a better bottom line, the link between developing employee capability and improved company performance is typically taken as so obvious that it is rarely questioned. This assumption is held for skills such as the ability to manage projects, where it is taken for granted that using project management to reach strategic and operational objectives improves performance. Similarly, we tend to assume that increased information technology (IT) staff capability helps businesses not only survive, but excel in our currently changing technological climate. Were these assumptions false, there would be little justification to support the significant investments that organisations and individuals make on personnel development in these disciplines.Many researchers have commented that project management improves the likelihood of an organisation being successful. The benefits of project management to organisations have been expressed as an improvement in productivity (McHugh and Hogan, 2011; Cleland, 1984), effectiveness (Shenhar et al., 2001), efficiency (Stimpson, 2008), and performance (Abbasi and Al-Mharmah, 2000), while the benefits of IT investment are commonly cited as providing strategic value (Carr, 2003), improved productivity (Hwang et al., 2015), and improved levels of organisational internal entrepreneurship (Benitez-Amando et al., 2010). This body of research appears to provide strong justification for sustaining the assumption that project management and IT skills support financial performance.However, this assumption remains largely unexamined. In the project management literature, the debate more commonly focuses on developing idealised, or contingent, models of project management, ways of implementing these, and the examination of criteria that contribute to the success and failure of projects. In this regard, the IT literature is not that different, with an added emphasis on the impacts and opportunities associated with specific technological developments. In 2012,Hällgren (2012)called for an increased emphasis on research that explores the basic assumptions that underpin project management research and practice, and this research responds to that call by questioning whether the use of project management and IT as core business skills have an impact on businesses' financial performance, focusing on the roles these skills play in Australian small to medium enterprises (SMEs).2.Literature reviewThere is a large body of research that examines the ways in which project management can be improved, developed and refined, so that organisational objectives are delivered more effectively (e.g. Hagen and Park, 2013; Kloppenborg et al., 2014). For instance, there have been a variety of studies that have linked personality types to project success (Creasy and Anantatmula, 2013; Cohen et al., 2013), or factors that impact productivity on projects (Ng et al., 2004). Other research has focused on process related issues, such as the link between project management process maturity and project success (Mir and Pinnington, 2014), or links between the maturity of the portfolio management system in an organisation and project success (Reyck et al., 2005). One consistent emphasis in these studies is that they focus on project success rather than organisational performance. The relationship between project and business success is usually left to implication only.It is more common for research to examine the relationship between IT and organisational performance. However, this “… literature has traditionally shown contradictory results regarding the impact of the IT artefact on firm performance” (Benitez-Amando et al., 2010, p. 551). Taking e-commerce as an example, Hau et al. (2015) found that e-commerce affected the gross operating profit for some categories of hotel, while a cross-sector study by Hwang et al. (2015) found no link between e-commerce and business performance. Other studies have taken an indirect approach, often based on the assumption that IT is an enabler of business functions but not necessarily one that directly impacts upon performance. For example, IT capability has been found to indirectly affect business performance through customer orientation(Nakata et al., 2008). Investment in IT has also been found to positively affect a company's internal entrepreneurship culture, which then indirectly affects company performance (Benitez-Amando et al., 2010), and to enable a proactive environmental strategy, which can in turn mediate the effect of IT on business performance (Benitez-Amando and Walczuch, 2012).In addition to a lack of research that tests the assumption that there is a link between project management skills or IT skills, and financial performance, there is a tendency in the project management literature to focus on mega-projects (e.g. Flyvbjerg, 2014; Eweje et al., 2012; Winch, 2013; Brady and Davies, 2014). In contrast to this prevailing trend, the research presented in this paper focuses on the impact of business skills on small to medium enterprise (SME) performance. The tendency to focus on larger projects is understandable, given how entertaining it is to read of their spectacular failures and successes, and the air of glamour associated with the large sums invested in mega-projects. However, the importance of SMEs to the social and economic health of countries has long been recognised (Beck et al., 2005; Schiffer and Weder, 2001; Ayyagari et al., 2007). It is acknowledged that SMEs may, and do, contribute to larger projects, but SMEs more commonly work on smaller projects. SMEs account for 40–70% of the value added by the business sector, and 70–90% of all enterprises in OECD countries are SMEs (OECD, 2013a, 2013b). This is consistent with data from Australia; the context in which this research is set. In Australia, there were over one million SMEs operating in 2012, representing over 90% of the business sector (ABS, 2012a,b) making SME profitability critical to the broader economy. In these SMEs, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) found IT professional skills in use in one in six SMEs, and project management used by one in eight SMEs (ABS, 2013a).Project management research has often been submerged in the general management research into human resources, sales and marketing (Hudson et al., 2001; Turner et al., 2009; Turner et al., 2010). However, given that project management is a vital skill for SMEs (Turner et al., 2012), the critical role that project management plays in small business success (Sádaba et al.,2014), and the frequency with which ITprofessional skills and project management skills are used in SMEs, there is surprisingly little research which examines how these skills are used by SMEs, and how they affect business profitability.3.MethodologyData for this research was sourced from the ABS Business Longitudinal Database (BLD). The BLD includes data relevant to understanding the performance of Australian businesses. It is compiled from a number of sources, including Australian Government tax records and questionnaire responses. The ABS uses a data quality framework based on the Statistics Canada Quality Assurance Framework (Statistics Canada, 2002) and the European Statistics Code of Practice (Eurostat, 2011). In the case of the survey data used in this research, a quality declaration was issued indicating a response rate of over 95%, and a relative sampling error of less than 10%.In the 2004–2005 financial year, the ABS selected a panel of SMEs based on them being representative of their industry or population group. Business details were sourced from the Australian Business Register (ABR), a database that contains the names and addresses of all businesses that have a registered Australian Business Number (ABN) with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Panel members were asked to respond to a survey for five consecutive years. The surveys were addressed to the owner/manager of the business, as listed in the ABR, asking them to complete and return the survey. Panel size was determined based on the expected dropout rate, and designed to ensure that a sufficiently large number of businesses remained in each industry sector and size classification for statistical analysis at the end of the five year period. New members were not introduced to the panel after the first year.This research makes reference to two panels. Panel 1 includes data from the 2004–2005 financial year to 2009–2010, and Panel 2 includes data from the 2006–2007 to the 2010–2011 financial year. The BLD uses a variety of selection criteria for panel inclusion, including the requirements that businesses have less than 200 employees, that the business has a simple structure, and has only a single ABN (ABS,2013b). The Oslo Manual survey development guidelines for measuring business innovation (OECD/Eurostat, 2005) were referenced in the development of the survey, and the BLD integrates with limited data from the ATO. These panels are of interest because they included questions regarding the core business skills that respondents used in conducting their business (ABS, 2012a,b).4. Data analysisThe data analysis presented in this paper focuses on three questions:(1)During the previous year, were any of the following types of skills used by the business in undertaking its core activities: engineering (ENG); scientific and research (SCI); IT professionals (ITP); IT support technicians (ITS); trades (TRA); transport; plant and machinery operation (MAC); marketing (MAR); project management (PM); business management (BUS); and financial (FIN).(2)Total sales, as reported in Australian Tax Office Business Activity Statements.(3)Compared with the previous year, did profitability decrease, stay the same, or increase?5.DiscussionIt was found that project management skills, IT professional and support skills, financial skills and business management skills had a significant positive relationship with the SME's total reported sales in both panels. Of the business skills tested in the BLD, project management skills were shown to have the strongest positive correlation to total sales. The results for transport, plant and machinery operation skills were inconclusive, as they only significantly affected sales results in one panel. Marketing and trades skills were not found to have a significant influence on sales results, the former of which is particularly noteworthy given its general disciplinary focus. It is also interesting to note that while scientific and research skills did show an influence on total sales in both panels, it was a negative. A possible explanation for this result can be attributed to the high-risks often associated with research and development. An alternative explanation is that research and development return on investment mayonly become apparent over a longer time scale than this survey has captured. Profitable research and development may be more viable in larger organisations than those that participated in the BLD, as larger organisations are more likely to be able to support the overheads associated with specialist scientific equipment, and have the contingency to survive the inevitable costs of failure associated with discovery.The intention of this research is to explore whether a reliable relationship exists between a selection of skills that SMEs sometimes use in undertaking their core business, their profitability, and their sales figures. It is important to note that the research purpose has not been to develop predictive models that include all factors influencing the dependent variable. This distinction is important, and the authors acknowledge that many variables influencing SME profitability and sales have not been considered in this research. The skills that individuals bring to a business will certainly affect how profitable it is, and it is arguable that the skills of any one individual will be proportionally more influential in an SME than a large corporation, but business skills by no means exclusively determine business profitability and sales. This research makes no comment about other factors that may be relevant, such as the maturity of the business, the competitive environment, government policies, the prevailing business climate, or organisational culture.Three other limitations to this research should also be observed. firstly, the responses to the question about changing profitability will have been affected by the ability of respondents to accurately perceive this change. However, this possible source of error will at least have partly been ameliorated by the creation of the second set of models that described changes in sales figures. Second, the panels also exclusively focus on businesses with less than 200 employees in Australia. This should be considered when extending these research findings to businesses in other countries, or to larger organisations. Third, it is expected that there will have been a variation in how the respondents understood what it is to use these business skills, as the survey instrument did not provide definitions. One respondent may have considered that creating a simple time line on a spread sheet counts as using project management, while another may have thought project management to be practicedonly by those with a higher degree. Similar variation may have occurred in how respondents interpreted IT skills, what it means for these skills to have been used ‘by the business’, and variation in the degree to which these skills played a role in the businesses. However, it is likely that there has been some convergence towards a common understanding of these business skills given the sample size. Other areas for future research could involve exploration of the boundary between when different business skills are considered to be used in a SME's core business, how this may vary in larger organisations, and factors that affect how changes in profitability are perceived.6.ConclusionIn response to Hällgren's (2012) call for an increased emphasis on research that explores the basic assumptions that underpin project management research and practice, this paper has explored whether project management and IT skills improve business results. The research was conducted using two longitudinal databases, and it was found that the surveyed businesses that used project management more commonly reported an increase in profitability, and less commonly reported a decrease in profitability. At least 10% more of the population that used project management reported increasing profitability, and 5% less of the population reported a decrease in profitability, compared to those who did not use project management. Furthermore, businesses that used project management reported sales figures that were on average three times higher than those that did not.The hypotheses that project management and IT professional skills have a significant positive relationship with SME profitability were tested using binomial logistic regression. When controlling for the influence of other comparable business skills, project management and IT professional skills were found to have a significant positive influence on the likelihood of a SME reporting an increase in profitability. The hypotheses that project management and IT professional skills have a significant impact on SME total sales were tested using multiple linear regression. When controlling for the influence of other business skills, it was found that projectmanagement and IT professional skills have a significant positive relationship with total sales.The results presented in this paper indicate that using project management and IT professional skills to undertake core business activities make a significant contribution to improving the financial performance of small to medium enterprises.Companies often have to make difficult decisions about investment in resources. This is particularly significant for small to medium enterprises, where both human and financial resources may be scarce. Strategic decisions about investment in personnel and their development can have a significant impact on company performance. When considering which skills it is worthwhile developing as organisational capabilities, this research has shown that investment in project management and IT professional skills may have the greatest impact on an organisation's performance.中文译文：提高盈利能力的技能：项目管理、IT技能和中小型企业盈利能力之间的关系摘要通常假设，使用项目管理和IT技能对业务绩效有好处。

16年英语2t3译文

16年英语2t3译文英文回答：The article discusses the impact of technology on human relationships. It argues that while technology canfacilitate communication and bring people closer together, it can also have negative effects on relationships. For example, excessive use of social media can lead toisolation and loneliness, and the constant availability of communication devices can lead to a sense of pressure to be always "on" and connected.The author suggests that it is important to strike a balance between using technology to enhance our relationships and using it in moderation to avoid its negative effects. They recommend setting boundaries around technology use, such as limiting time spent on social media or turning off devices at certain times of the day. They also suggest using technology to connect with people in meaningful ways, such as video calling friends and familymembers who live far away or using online platforms to find new hobbies and interests.Overall, the article provides a nuanced and balanced perspective on the impact of technology on human relationships. It acknowledges both the benefits and risks of technology use, and suggests ways to use it wisely to enhance our relationships rather than detract from them.中文回答：这篇文章讨论了技术对人际关系的影响。

外文文献翻译-工商管理企业管理创新

外文翻译Analysis of enterprise management innovation measures FORM:Elliott Renwick.Analysis of enterprise management innovation measures[J].Journal of Enterprise Reform and Management,2016(08):180-182. Abstract：The effective management of the scientific enterprise is an important factor in the development of enterprises and innovation. Now with the continuous improvement and development of the international market economy, China's enterprises in the development of continuous innovation and change. How to improve the ability of management innovation, how to promote the development of enterprises is an important issue in the development of enterprises at present. This article from the aspects of how to carry out the innovation of enterprise management is analyzed, to provide a scientific theoretical basis for enterprise management, make a contribution to the innovation of enterprise management.Keyword：enterprise management; innovation; measures;浅析企业管理创新的措施来源：Elliott Renwick.浅析企业管理创新的措施[J].企业改革与管理杂志，2016(08):180-182.摘要：企业科学有效的管理是企业发展和创新的重要因素。

企业服务营销策略外文文献翻译最新2016年

企业服务营销策略外文文献翻译最新2016年XXX market。

simply offering high-quality products is not XXX customer service and create a strong brand image in order to XXX marketing strategies。

including customer nship management。

service n。

and service recovery。

and provides examples of XXX.摘要本文探讨了企业开发有效的服务营销策略的重要性。

作者认为，在当今竞争激烈的市场中，仅仅提供高质量的产品是不足以的。

企业必须还提供优秀的客户服务，并创建强大的品牌形象，以吸引和留住客户。

本文研究了各种服务营销策略，包括客户关系管理、服务创新和服务恢复，并提供了成功实施的示例。

作者得出结论，优先考虑服务营销的企业将更好地为长期成功做好准备。

nXXX market。

XXX simply providing high-quality productsis no XXX success。

In order to stand out from the n。

XXX astrong brand image。

This requires the development of effective service marketing XXX.介绍在当今全球化和高度竞争的市场中，企业面临前所未有的挑战。

仅仅提供高质量的产品的传统方法已经不足以保证成功。

为了在竞争中脱颖而出，企业还必须专注于提供优秀的客户服务和创建强大的品牌形象。

这需要开发有效的服务营销策略，帮助企业区别于竞争对手，吸引和留住客户。

XXXXXX new field that has emerged in response to the growing importance of services in the global XXX marketing。

SOR-2016-194

Current to August 15, 2016À jour au 15 août 2016Published by the Minister of Justice at the following address:http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca Publié par le ministre de la Justice à l’adresse suivante :http://lois-laws.justice.gc.caCANADACONSOLIDATION Textile FlammabilityRegulations CODIFICATIONRèglement sur l’inflammabilitédes produits textilesSOR/2016-194DORS/2016-194OFFICIAL STATUS OF CONSOLIDATIONSCARACTÈRE OFFICIEL DES CODIFICATIONSSubsections 31(1) and (3) of the Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act , in force on June 1, 2009, provide as follows:Les paragraphes 31(1) et (3) de la Loi sur la révision et la codification des textes législatifs , en vigueur le 1er juin 2009, prévoient ce qui suit :Published consolidation is evidenceCodifications comme élément de preuve31 (1) Every copy of a consolidated statute or consolidated regulation published by the Minister under this Act in either print or electronic form is evidence of that statute or regula-tion and of its contents and every copy purporting to be pub-lished by the Minister is deemed to be so published, unless the contrary is shown.31 (1) Tout exemplaire d'une loi codifiée ou d'un règlement codifié, publié par le ministre en vertu de la présente loi sur support papier ou sur support électronique, fait foi de cette loi ou de ce règlement et de son contenu. Tout exemplaire donné comme publié par le ministre est réputé avoir été ainsi publié, sauf preuve contraire....[...]Inconsistencies in regulations Incompatibilité — règlements(3) In the event of an inconsistency between a consolidated regulation published by the Minister under this Act and the original regulation or a subsequent amendment as registered by the Clerk of the Privy Council under the Statutory Instru-ments Act , the original regulation or amendment prevails to the extent of the inconsistency.(3) Les dispositions du règlement d'origine avec ses modifica-tions subséquentes enregistrées par le greffier du Conseil pri-vé en vertu de la Loi sur les textes réglementaires l'emportent sur les dispositions incompatibles du règlement codifié publiépar le ministre en vertu de la présente loi.NOTENOTEThis consolidation is current to August 15, 2016. Any amendments that were not in force as of August 15, 2016are set out at the end of this document under the heading “Amendments Not in Force”.Cette codification est à jour au 15 août 2016. Toutes mod‐ifications qui n'étaient pas en vigueur au 15 août 2016 sont énoncées à la fin de ce document sous le titre « Modifications non en vigueur ».TABLE OF PROVISIONS TABLE ANALYTIQUETextile Flammability Regulations Règlement sur l’inflammabilité des produits textilesInterpretation Définitions1Definitions1DéfinitionsGeneral Disposition générale2Non-application2Non-applicationSpecifications Caractéristiques techniques3Products without raised fibre surface3Produits à surface non composée de fibres grattées4Bedding4Articles de literie5Applicable standard5Norme applicableRepeal AbrogationComing into Force Entrée en vigueur7Registration7EnregistrementRegistration EnregistrementSOR/2016-194 June 22, 2016DORS/2016-194 Le 22 juin 2016CANADA CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT LOI CANADIENNE SUR LA SÉCURITÉ DESPRODUITS DE CONSOMMATIONTextile Flammability Regulations Règlement sur l’inflammabilité des produits textiles P.C. 2016-621June 21, 2016 C.P. 2016-621Le 21 juin 2016His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Health, pur-suant to section 37 of the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act a, makes the annexed Textile Flammability Regulations.Sur recommandation de la ministre de la Santé et en vertu de l’article 37 de la Loi canadienne sur la sécuri-té des produits de consommation a, Son Excellence le Gouverneur général en conseil prend le Règlement sur l’inflammabilité des produits textiles, ci-après.a S.C. 2010, c. 21a L.C. 2010, ch. 21Textile Flammability Regulations Règlement sur l’inflammabilité des produitstextilesInterpretation DéfinitionsDefinitions Définitions1The following definitions apply in these Regulations. bedding means bedding that is composed of textile fi-bres. (article de literie)textile products means products that are composed of textile fibres, other than bedding. (produit textile)1Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent au présent rè-glement.article de literie Article de literie composé de fibres tex-tiles. (bedding)produit textile Produit composé de fibres textiles, à l’ex-ception d’un article de literie. (textile products)General Disposition générale Non-application Non-application2These Regulations do not apply to the following prod-ucts:(a)children’s sleepwear in sizes up to and including14X;(b)dolls, plush toys and soft toys;(c)cribs, cradles and bassinets;(d)playpens;(e)expansion gates and expandable enclosures forchildren;(f)textile floor coverings;(g)tents; and(h)mattresses.2Le présent règlement ne s’applique pas aux produits suivants :a)vêtements de nuit pour enfants de tailles allant jus-qu’à 14X inclusivement;b)poupées, jouets en peluche et jouets mous;c)lits d’enfant, berceaux et moïses;d)parcs pour enfants;e)barrières extensibles et enceintes extensibles pourenfants;f)revêtements de sol textiles;g)tentes;h)matelas.Specifications Caractéristiques techniques Products without raised fibre surface Produits à surface non composée de fibres grattées3(1)The flame spread time for textile products without a raised fibre surface must be greater than 3.5 seconds.3(1)Le temps de propagation de la flamme pour tout produit textile dont la surface n’est pas composée de fibres grattées est supérieur à trois secondes et demie.Textile Flammability Regulations Règlement sur l’inflammabilité des produits textilesSpecifications Caractéristiques techniquesSections 3-7Articles 3-7Products with raised fibre surface Produits à surface composée de fibres grattées(2)The flame spread time for textile products with a raised fibre surface that exhibits ignition or fusion of its base fibres must be greater than 4 seconds.(2)Le temps de propagation de la flamme pour tout pro-duit textile dont la surface est composée de fibres grat-tées et dont la fusion ou l’inflammation des fibres de fond est apparente est supérieur à quatre secondes.Bedding Articles de literie4The flame spread time for bedding without a raised fi-bre surface, or bedding with a raised fibre surface that exhibits ignition or fusion of its base fibres, must be greater than 7 seconds.4Le temps de propagation de la flamme pour tout ar-ticle de literie dont la surface n’est pas composée de fibres grattées et pour celui dont la surface est composée de fibres grattées et dont la fusion ou l’inflammation des fibres de fond est apparente est supérieur à sept se-condes.Applicable standard Norme applicable5The flame spread time must be determined according to the Canadian General Standards Board standard CAN/ CGSB-4.2 No. 27.5, entitled Textile Test Methods: Flame Resistance — 45° Angle Test — One-Second Flame Im-pingement, as amended from time to time.5Pour déterminer le temps de propagation de la flamme, il faut appliquer la norme CAN/CGSB-4.2 n o27.5 de l’Office des normes générales du Canada, intitulée Mé-thodes pour épreuves textiles : Essai de résistance à l’in-flammation sous un angle de 45° – Application de la flamme pendant une seconde, avec ses modifications successives.Repeal Abrogation6[Repeal]6[Abrogation] Coming into Force Entrée en vigueur Registration Enregistrement7These Regulations come into force on the day on which they are registered.7Le présent règlement entre en vigueur à la date de son enregistrement.。

毕业论文外文翻译报告范文

毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。

一带一路研究外文文献翻译最新

一带一路研究外文文献翻译最新XXX Influence of One Belt And One Road on JapanBy Yamazaki MAbstract:XXX 2013.China presented the "XXX" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" initiatives。

which gained the n of the nal community。

The objective of these XXX "area," XXX the route。

XXX among different ns。

promote world peace and development。

and benefit people all over the world。

The "area" XXX along the route。

The XXX is to build political mutual trust。

economic n。

and cultural n。

as well as a community of shared interests。

fate。

XXX.The One Belt And One Road XXX。

Japan's economic development is closely related to China's economic development。

The One Belt And One Road initiatives XXX along the route。

which will create new XXX。

Japan's energy security is also closely related to China's energy security。

外文翻译范例1

气体和液体管道的统计泄漏检测Dr Xue Jun ZhangSpecialist Engineer, Shell UK Ltd, Stanlow , UK专业工程师英国壳牌有限公司英国班级：测控0303 姓名：苟武侯学号：200342081摘要：阿姆斯特丹的壳牌研究中心和Stanlow Manufacturing Complex on Merseyside开发了一种新的管道泄漏检测系统。

许多气体和液体管道已经开始应用该系统。

本文详述了该检测系统在两条液丙烯管道、两条低压乙烯管道和一条含硫气体管道中的实际运行经验。

这些应用表明该系统可轻松地适用于变化的运行需要。

同样，该系统便与维护并且相对于常规的基于软件的系统所需的计算量要少的多。

引言尽管已有很多的检测系统可用于管道泄漏的检测和定位，但在工业应用中却很少得到实际的应用。

对于管道运行企业，检测管道的完整性更为普遍的是采用质量守恒定律，这个定律基于管道两端进出口流量的检测。

这种方法简单并且通常无需花费资金在软件的安装和维护上。

但是当管道的运行状况频繁变化时，它就不能有效的工作。

考虑到流体力学，实时管道模型被开发用于泄漏检测和判断。

基于模型的系统需要大量的模型数据和计算，并且通常安装和维护这些系统的费用很昂贵。

近来，壳牌公司开发了一种高效的泄漏检测系统，它不需要复杂的管道模型，这个系统对泄漏的统计概率进行计算，计算机与管道进、出口处测得的流速和压力。

在最佳的检测时间，序贯概率比测试方法被使用。

当确定检测到一个泄漏后，将使用流量、压力测量值和统计平均值对泄漏将进行评估，最小二乘法用于泄漏的定位。

1990年10月以来，该系统在几个运行的管道中得到了成功实施，包括：两条长37公里、直径4英寸的液丙烯管道；两条长41公里、直径6/8英寸的低压乙烯（气体）系统网络；和一条长73公里、直径18英寸的含硫气体管道。

在以上管道中，进行了大量的野外测试，达到了可靠的工作性能。

空港物流外文翻译最新译文字数3300多字

文献信息, TR Leinbach. The research of international airport and airport logistics park development economic [J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2016, 9(2): 113-121.原文The research of international airport and airport logistics park development economicTR LeinbachAbstractAs "the third profits source" of the logistics industry, has been more and more get people's attention and concern, and its important branches of airport logistics is more because of its safety, quick, convenient and high quality service by the favour of people. The development of the airport logistics park, in addition to the need of business process improvement, the improvement of the management system, is more driven by information technology. In this paper, the business process of airport logistics park and logistics plate member enterprise information system carried on the thorough analysis and research, put forward the construction of airport physical park plan to implement the information system of public information platform of connectivity, effectively solve the logistics park long-standing repeated data entry and information island phenomenon, finally realizes the operations, processes, the integration of information and services.Keywords: Airport logistics; Bonded warehouse. Airport economic1 IntroductionIn the process of economic globalization, especially after entering the 90 s, the global air cargo demand presents the acceleration growth trend, become the driving force of the global logistics industry development, and promote the sustained growth of the economy in the world. The development of information technology in the aviation logistics industry plays an important role in the process. Air cargo process it efficiently support the logistics, information flow and cash flow, is an essential part of airport logistics industry development important factors. The application of information technology can improve the opacity and air cargo process information asymmetry, and solve the process complexity, inefficiency of operation.2 The research status2.1 The concept of airport logistics and airport Logistics ParkAirport logistics based on modern logistics, relying on the airport, to the airport as the center of a modern logistics mode, to aviation and airport ground supporting facilities for the logistics as the core, by means of transportation services, many airlines, air freight forwarding, integrated logistics enterprise to provide public logistics facilities, logistics, information service and comprehensive logistics services. This particularity, had decided the airport logistics is different from the general sense on the function of logistics, and must consider the airport logistics in industrial chain and the core business and the difference between traditional logistics. According to the current classification of Air transport of goods (Air Cargo), can be divided into ordinary sense of the Cargo (Air Freight) transportation, Mail (Air Mail) transport and Express, Air Express transportation. And the extension of airport logistics industry chain will be made by pure cargo transportation to logistics value-added (spin-off, packaging, processing), to form the agglomeration effect of international trade, international exhibition, and other functions.Logistics Park is two or more logistics enterprises focus on the space layout of places, is to have a certain scale and the comprehensive service functions of logistics rally point. And airport Logistics Park based on aviation aircraft and airport ground supporting facilities for the logistics as the core, to transport services as a means, for many airlines, air freight forwarding, integrated logistics enterprise to provide public logistics facilities, logistics, information services and comprehensive logistics services. Airport Logistics Park on the function mainly includes three big functions platform: logistics functions of the core platform, logistics value-added platform, aviation logistics service support platform.2.2 Singapore airport logistics information systemSingapore airport logistics involved most advanced internal information system, in order to strengthen the connection between the parties, is dominated by the government in 1989 established the Trade Net trade system, and by government and private joint venture operations.TradeNet provide electronic customs declaration services and online trade, and for the low degree of informatization of small andmedium-sized enterprises to provide electronic data entry services, can make 90% of the goods in 3 minutes to complete the relevant formalities, and customs release number in the form of a bar code can be printed, improve the efficiency of cargo release. At the same time, it not only support is directly related to the freight business, also connected to the banking system with electronic tax service.2.3 The European and American airport logistics information status quoDue to start earlier, long development time, the European and American area of airport logistics information basically in the top in the world. In these areas, airport logistics participants in the supply chain has been basically achieved the internal information, and the federal express (FedEx), TNT (TNT) throughout the supply chain, such as express delivery company has established an integrated system. At the same time Europe and the United Nations and regions have established their respective corresponding Information platform, such as America's Freight FIRST real-time Information System (Freight Information Real - time System of Transport), British Destin8 service platform (based on the original building FCPS), Germany Decoys service platform, the Dutch W @ vet port service platform, etc., are in the different degree to promote the rapid development of the aviation logistics industry.3 The airport logistics value chain based on time competitionAirport logistics is given priority to with air transport and multimodal transport, mainly for the production cycle is short, to logistics timeliness demanding enterprise, to provide procurement, production, sales and after-sales maintenance link across regions between raw materials, intermediate products and finished goods, transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, information processing, and other functions of integrated logistics service, make the goods flow from supply to demand. Since 1970, the airport logistics is developing rapidly, the international airport logistics is growing at double every 10 years. Into the 1990 s, the international airport logistics growth speed is almost twice as many passenger traffic growth. Air cargo in 2000 accounted for 2% of global trade transportation total weight, but 40% of the gross. It is predicted that the world airport through put over the next 20 years will be growing at an average annualrate of 6.4%.3.1 Based on time competition of industry value chain analysisValue chain is by Michael Porter, Michael e. Porter) in his book competitive advantage. Its essence is: a series of can satisfy the customer needs through information flow, logistics and cash flow associated with the chain of value creation activities. Object is the enterprise internal value chain theory research a series of activities to create value, is the enterprise internal value chain. As the enterprise management specialization, the further development of intra-industry division of labor unceasingly, the activities of different enterprises in the value of each link has formed a unique advantage, and even to some link formed a monopoly. Industry internal different types of value creation activities gradually dominated by an enterprise for separation of multiple enterprise activities, the value chain link is broken down, the value of different link exists in different enterprises respectively, forming together create value of the upstream and downstream relationship, which has formed the industry value chain. Most value chain from r&d, design, manufacturing, warehousing, transportation, sales and service into a series of industrial activities in a certain order value-added network chain structure.At the same time, customer demand for products in addition to the diversification, personalization, also increasingly to agility and timely request, supply chain management under pressure to continuously shorten delivery time. Trend of buyer's market has become increasingly obvious, the customer has become the potential energy in the whole supply chain network, in this new "customer the highest potential energy" and economic environment, due to the gradually to the time factor on customer focus, time to become the new profit after cost, quality and service. Global manufacturing technology development, the high and new technology enterprise of raw materials to production line of increasingly strict time, demand for zero inventory is higher and higher, faster and faster speed for the promotion of new product requirements. Industry value chain through intra-industry division of labor and industry within the synergistic effect between each link, reduce the total cost of all aspects of the competition will focus on time constraints on the whole industry valuechain, improve the efficiency of the whole of the industrial activities, the time to ask compression industrial chain link of different activities and activity link between the flow of time.3.2 Airport logistics optimal goods analysisAirport logistics for its flexibility, high efficiency for the industry to bring high value-added logistics services, however high the cost of air transport than other modes of transportation, and limits on the goods. So when the industry of raw materials, components and finished goods with good air transportable, airport logistics to better service in the industry, increase the industry's value chain. At present, the products suitable for the aviation logistics, mainly is the arrival of the period, large impact on the business, high added value of science and technology, deep processing and timely production of products and fresh food. According to the size of the market and the market growth speed airport logistics optimal divided into goods and services. Communication products, machinery parts, auto parts market scale is larger, and market growth speed, so the communications industry, machinery and auto parts industry is an important customer of airport logistics industry. Electronic parts, precision machinery, business documents, medicines, belong to the size of the market and goods market growth speed is moderate, therefore electronics, precision machinery manufacturing, business, medicine industry is major customers in the development of airport logistics industry. The computer software, seafood, fresh products are smaller market growth inferior goods, so the seafood business, software industry is the aviation logistics industry can develop customers.3.3 Airport logistics value analysisBased on time competition of the industrial chain to airport logistics demand growth, puts forward higher requirements to the logistics service level. Airport logistics can no longer be confined to simple warehousing and transportation function, but to provide integrated logistics tracking and logistics information integrated logistics service. Airport logistics service by the shipper, the logistics outsourcing business, express company, airport cargo terminal, airlines, agents and the main body composition such as consignee, each main body assumes the role of different, throughthe supply - demand relationship formed logistics service chain, service value and pass on the service chain. Timeliness and integrated operation is airport logistics value-added, high-profit, ascending key industry value chain based on time competition. And fast and efficient airport logistics services, logistics industry within reasonable specialization and cooperation as the foundation, through the network, information to improve operational efficiency, to provide services for high-tech products and international trade, services to create value, improve the industry value chain.3.4 Airport economic formation and developmentAlong with the development of the airport logistics, many enterprises to shorten international airport with preference and airport physical distance, choose gathered around in the airport layout, promote the formation and development of airport economy. Airport economy, by means of air transport to point to the industry in the development of economic form has a self-reinforcing mechanism of cluster effect, from the surrounding industrial adjustment and the convergence of these industries in the airport around the economic development of corridor, opening and all kinds of manufacturing industry cluster related to the air transport industry cluster, then forms to point to the industry as the leading international airport, a variety of industrial organic relation's unique economic development mode. Airport economic zone, it is because of the huge effect of air transport, airport adjacent area and the airport along the corridor in production, technology, capital, and trade and population aggregation, thus forming the multi-functional economic region译文空港物流园区发展和临空经济研究TR Leinbach摘要作为“第三利润源”的物流业，已经越来越受到人们的重视和关注，而它的重要分支——空港物流更因其安全、快捷、方便和优质的服务受到了人们的青睐。

物流外文文献翻译(DOC)

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support，in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics，"Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow，real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third—party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part。

2016年考研英语(一)翻译原文

2016年考研英语（一）翻译原文The Colonial Period"Heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation."John Smith, founder of the colony of Virginia, 1607The MayflowerWithin the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration -one of the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. 46This movement, impelled by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47 Today, the United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these distinctly European cultural traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48But, inevitably, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49 The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on meager rations. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes tempests blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought interminable delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one chronicler, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." The colonists' first glimpse of the new landwas a vista of dense woods.50 The virgin forest with its profusion and variety of trees was a veritable treasure-house which extended over 1,300 miles from Maine in the north to Georgia in the south.Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.考研成功难又不难，一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。

translation aesthetics

3.What is translation all about
• The British translation theorist A.F.Tytler came up with the three principles of translation:
1. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.
• So according to this, I think translation aesthetics should focus on the following aspects.
• Explore the beauty of language
Liu Miqing sees this as a basic mission of translation aesthetics.This is the most important principle in translation aesthetics,for no matter what kind of work,especially literary work,need exact expression and elegant style. Sigh no more,ladies,sigh no more, Men were deceivers ever; One foot in sea,and one on shore, To one thing constant never. (Shakespeare,Much Ado About Nothing)

词义的主要分类-常州大学周有光语言文化学院

学号：（宋体五号粗体）常州大学毕业设计（论文）外文翻译（2016届）外文题目Times New Roman, 四号译文题目（宋体四号粗体）外文出处Channell, J. Vague Language [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2000: 23-27.学生（宋体四号粗体）学院外国语学院专业班级（宋体四号粗体）校内指导教师彭晶晶/朱铭专业技术职务助教/副教授校外指导老师专业技术职务二〇一五年十二月词义的主要分类词义是由多种相互联系又相互依存的成分组成的。

通常，这些成分被描述成不同类型的意义，语法意义和词语意义是两种主要类型。

一．语法意义语法意义包括词语分类和词形变化。

1.词语分类字典列举一个词的功能时，其定义就至少包含两样东西：词汇意义以及传统意义上我们所说的“词性” （现代语言学家称之为词语分类）。

例：“modern” 这个词会被定义为一个形容词，modernize 为动词，modernization 则为名词。

词语分类很重要，因为在句中用词的时候，我们必须考虑两个因素：一个是具体词义，另一个是它在句中出现的位置，后者是由该词语所属的词语类别所决定的。

如同在第一章节中讨论的词的内容和功能，实义词主要表现在词语意义上，功能词表现在语法意义上，然而二者都有语法意义。

而语义是由词的功能决定的，但也不是语义缺失。

这两种意义可以通过打油诗证实。

这些诗的句子并不是将词语随机拼凑在一起，而是根据句法，用语法指示词（如功能词结合在一起，除非实义词是随意创造的，只包含语法意义而不具备实际意义。

刘易斯·卡洛尔1871年在他的书《爱丽丝仙境历险记》中涉及到的“Jabberwocky”这个词，并没有实际意义，甚至在英语词汇中并不存在。

尽管所有句子听起来都像是英文句子。

2. 词形变化范式词在实际的演讲中以不同的形式出现，例：cat与cats, mouse与mice; to walk, walks 和walked, to write, writes, wrote, 以及written 等等。