模具设计与制造外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

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模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection MoldingThe basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated.Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit);2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls.The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzleThe part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Movingplate is the member of the clamping unit, which is moved toward a stationary member. the moving section of the mold is bolted to this moving plate .This member usually includes the ejector holes and mold mounting pattern of blot holes or “T” slots .Stationary plate is the fixed member of the clamping unit on which the stationary section of the mold is bolted .This member usually includes a mold-mounting pattern of boles or “T” slots. Tie rods are member of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension member of the clamp when it is holding the mold closed. They also serve as a gutted member for the movable plate .Ejector is a provision in the clamping unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) from the mold .The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.Methods of melting and injecting the plastic differ from one machine to another and are constantly being implored .conventional machines use a cylinder and piston to do both jobs .This method simplifies machine construction but makes control of injection temperatures and pressures an inherently difficult problem .Other machines use a plasticizing extruder to melt the plastic and piston to inject it while some hare been designed to use a screw for both jobs :Nowadays, sixty percent of the machines use a reciprocating screw,35% a plunger (concentrated in the smaller machine size),and 5%a screw pot.Many of the problems connected with in ejection molding arise because the densities of polymers change so markedly with temperature and pressure. thigh temperatures, the density of a polymer is considerably cower than at room temperature, provided the pressure is the same.Therefore,if molds were filled at atmospheric pressure, “shrinkage” would make the molding deviate form the shape of the mold.To compensate for this poor effect, molds are filled at high pressure. The pressure compresses the polymer and allows more materials to flow into the mold, shrinkage is reduced and better quality moldings are produced.Cludes a mold-mounting pattern of bolt holes or “T” slots. Tie rods are members of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension members of clamp when it is holding the mold closed. Ejector is a provision in the calming unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) form the mold. The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.The function of a mold is twofold: imparting the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and cooling the injection molded part. It is basically made up of two sets of components: the cavities and cores and the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The mold ,which contains one or more cavities, consists of two basic parts :(1) a stationary molds half one the side where the plastic is injected,(2)Moving half on the closing or ejector side of the machine. The separation between the two mold halves is called the parting line. In some cases the cavity is partly in the stationary and partly in the moving section. The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the machinery capacity required. The mold components and their functions are as following:(1)Mold Base-Hold cavity (cavities) in fixed, correctposition relative to machine nozzle.(2)Guide Pins-Maintain Proper alignment of entry into moldinterior.(3)Spree Bushing (spree)-Provide means of entry into moldinterior.(4)Runners-Conroy molten plastic from spree to cavities.(5)Gates-Control flow into cavities.(6)Cavity (female) and Force (male)-Control the size,shape and surface of mold article.(7)Water Channels-Control the temperature of mold surfacesto chill plastic to rigid state.(8)Side (actuated by came, gears or hydrauliccylinders)-Form side holes, slots, undercuts and threaded sections.(9)Vent-Allow the escape of trapped air and gas.(10)Ejector Mechanism (pins, blades, stripper plate)-Ejectrigid molded article form cavity or force.(11)Ejector Return Pins-Return ejector pins to retractedposition as mold closes for next cycle.The distance between the outer cavities and the primary spree must not be so long that the molten plastic loses too much heat in the runner to fill the outer cavities properly. The cavities should be so arranged around the primary spree that each receives its full and equal share of the total pressure available, through its own runner system (or the so-called balanced runner system).The requires the shortest possible distance between cavities and primary sprue, equal runner and gate dimension, and uniform culling.注射成型注射成型的基本概念是使热塑性材料在受热时熔融，冷却时硬化，在大部分加工中，粒状材料（即塑料树脂）从料筒的一端（通常通过一个叫做“料斗”的进料装置）送进，受热并熔融（即塑化或增塑），然后当材料还是溶体时，通过一个喷嘴从料筒的另一端挤到一个相对较冷的压和封闭的模子里。

常用研磨机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

常用研磨机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译Grinding machine is a crucial n processing method that offers high machining accuracy and can process a wide range of materials。

It is suitable for almost all kinds of material processing。

and can achieve very high n and shape accuracy。

even reaching the limit。

The machining accuracy of grinding device is simple and does not require complex ___.2.Types of Grinding MachinesGrinding machines are mainly used for n grinding of workpiece planes。

cylindrical workpiece surfaces (both inside and outside)。

tapered faces inside。

spheres。

thread faces。

and other types of ___ grinding machines。

including disc-type grinding machines。

shaft-type grinding machines。

ic grinding machines。

and special grinding machines.3.Disc-type Grinding MachineThe disc-type grinding machine is a type of grinding machine that uses a grinding disc to grind the ___。

模具制造论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献英文原文：High-speed cutting processing in mold manufactureapplicationAbstractThe current mold application is widespread, also had the very big development with it related die making technology. At present, used the high-speed cutting production mold already to become the die making the general trend. In some mold Manufacturer, the high speed engine bed big area substitution electrical discharge machine, the high-speed cutting production mold already gradually became the die making the general trend. It can improve mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness, reduces even omits the manual sharpening, thus reduces production cost and the reduction manufacturing cycle. This article through to the traditional mold processing craft and the high speed mold processing craft's contrast, elaborated the high-speed cutting processing superiority. In the article also briefly introduced the high-speed cutting processing in the processing craft aspect key technologies.Keywords High-speed cutting Grinding tool Grinding tool processing Process technology1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionAlong with the advance in technology and the industry swift development, the mold already became in the industrial production to use the extremely widespread main craft to equip now. The mold takes the important craft equipment, in Industry sectors and so on consumable, electric appliance electron, automobile, airplane manufacture holds the pivotal status. The manufactured products components rough machining 75%, the precision work 50% and the plastic parts 90% will complete by the mold. At present the Chinese mold market demand has reached 50,000,000,000 Yuan scales, our country die making market potential is huge. The mold is one kind of special-purpose tool, uses in forming () each metal or the nonmetallic material needs the components the shape product, this kind of special-purpose tool general designation mold. The mold is in the industrial production the most foundation equipment, is realizes the few cuttings and the non-cutting essential tool. The mold has widely used in the industrial production each domain, like the automobile, the motorcycle, the domestic electric appliances, the instrument, the measuring appliance, the electron and so on, in them 60%~80% components need the mold to carry on the manufacture; The highly effective production in enormous quantities's, bolt, nut and gasket standard letters and so on plastic also need the mold to produce; The engineering plastics, the powder metallurgy, the rubber, the alloy compression casting, the glass formation and so on need to use the mold to take shape.1.2 High-speed cutting process technologyAs the name suggests, the high-speed cutting, first is the high speed, namely must have the high spindle speed, for instance 12000r/min, 18000r/min, 30000r/min, 40000r/min, even also had a higher rotational speed still in the experiment; On the other hand, should also have the bigger to feed quantity, like 30000mm/min, 40000mm/min, even 60000mm/min; Has is after again the rapid traverse, trades fast the knife, the main axle trade the knife, from the static state arrives its needs rotational speed rise time and so on, only then achieved the above standards to be able to call it high speed.Next is must aim at the different processing object, the different degree of hardness, thedifferent material quality, the different shape to choose the corresponding reasonable parameter, but cannot pursue constantly to be high speed and be high speed, regarding the die space processing, the shape is specially complex, but the cutting tool diameter is also small time, because cutting tool's path is not the simple translation, but is the curve, even has right angle corner time, technological parameter rational especially important, if because wants to maintain the identical feed rate carries on the orthogonal cutting, will not be able to do well will cause as a result of the engine bed moving part's huge inertia the cutting tool will make when the bend angle movement to break suddenly, but the variable motion can, becauseMovements and so on acceleration and deceleration create the thickness of cutting the instantaneous change, but causes the cutter change to enable the work piece surface to have cuts, from this causes the processing drop in quality, therefore, in view of the different processing object, needs the programmers to choose the reasonable cutting tool path, optimized cutting parameter; On the other hand, according to needs to choose the suitable cutting velocity, only then can display the high-speed cutting truly like the strong point.The high-speed cutting (HSC) is an advanced technique of manufacture which for the past ten years rapidly rises. Because the high-speed cutting technology has the cutting efficiency to be high, the processing quality high, can process the hard steel stock and the good efficiency directly, causes profession and so on aviation, mold, automobile, light industry and information production efficiencies and the manufacture quality obviously enhances, and causes the processing craft and the equipment corresponding renewal. Therefore is similar to the numerical control technology is the same, the high-speed cutting and the high speed processing have become in the 21st century a machine-building industry influence profound technological revolution. At present, adapts the HSC request high speed machining center and other high speed numerically-controlled machine tool has assumed the popularization tendency in the developed country, our country recently is also speeding up the development.The high-speed cutting processing is faces for the 21st century a high technology and new technology, it is one kind is different with the traditional processing processing way. Compares with it, the high-speed cutting processing main axle rotational speed high, cuts high for the speed, the cutting quantity is small, but in the unit time material excises the quantity to increase 3 ~ 6 times actually. It take the high efficiency, the high accuracy and the high surface quality as the basic characteristic, in profession and so on in automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacture and instrument measuring appliance has obtained the increasingly widespread application, and has obtained the significant technology economic efficiency, is the contemporary advanced manufacture technology important constituent.When with traditional way processing mold, often uses the electric spark machining, but the electrode design and makes itself is the technological process which time-consuming takes the trouble. But after uses the high-speed cutting processing, because the narrow and small region processing realization and the high grade superficial result, let the electrode the utilization ratio reduce greatly. Moreover, makes the electrode with the high speed mill also to be possible to make the production efficiency to enhance to a new scale.The major part mold may use the high-speed cutting technology to process, like the forging die, the compression casting mold, cast with the blow molding mold and so on. Hammers the cavity body shallowly, the cutting tool life is long; Compression casting mold size moderate, the productivity is high; Casts with the blow molding mold general size small, quite is economical.2 the high-speed cutting processing mold relative traditionprocesses the mold the superiority2.1 Enhances the productivityIn the high-speed cutting the main axle rotational speed and enters for the speed enhancement, may enhance material removing rate. At the same time, theThe high-speed cutting processing permission use big to feed rate, enhances 5~10 times compared to the convention machining, the unit interval/unit time material excision rate may enhance 3~6 times, the process period may reduce greatly. This may use in processing needs to excise the metal massively the components, specially has the very vital significance regarding the aviation industry.2.2 Improvement processing precishon and surface qualhtyThe high rpeed engine bed must have high performance and so on rigidity and high accuracy, at the same time because cutting force low, the work piece thermal deformation reduces, the cutting tool distorts slightly, the high-speed cutting processing precision Is very high. Depth of cut small, but enters for the speed quickly, the processing surface roughness is very small, cuts when the aluminum alloy may reach Ra0.4 ~ 0.6, when cutting steel stock may reach Ra0.2 ~ 0.4.Compares with the conventional cutting, when high-speed cutting processing the cutting force may reduce 30% at least, this may reduce the processing regarding the processing rigidity bad components to distort, causes some thin wall class fine work piece the machining into possible. Because revolves high speed time the cutting tool cuts the excitation frequency is far away from the craft system's forced oscillation, has guaranteed the good processing condition. Because the cutting force is too small, cut the hot influence to be small, causes the cutting tool, the work piece distortion to be small, maintained the size accuracy, moreover also caused the friction between the cutting tool work piece changes is small, the cutting destruction level thinned, the residual stress was small, has realized the high accuracy, the low roughness processing.2.3 The reduced cutting produces quantity of heatBecause the high-speed cutting processing is the shallow cutting, simultaneously the feed rate is very quick, the knife edge and the work piece contact length and the contact duration were short,reduced the knife edge and the work piece heat conduction, has avoided when the traditional processing met everywhere in the cutting tool and the work piece to have the big calorimetry shortcoming, guaranteed that the cutting tool worked under the temperature not high condition, lengthened cutting tool's service life. As shown in Figure 1, A is time the high-speed cutting processing heat conduction process, B is the traditional processing heat conduction process.Fig.1 high speed processing and traditional processing heat conductionThe high-speed cutting processing process is extremely rapid, 95% above cutting quantity of heat are extremely few, components not because the temperature rise will cause the warp or the inflation distortion. The high-speed cutting is suitable specially for the processing easy thermal deformation components. Is low regarding the processing melting point the metal which, easy to oxidize (for example magnesium), the high-speed cutting has certain significance.2.4 advantageoued in the processing thin wall componentsTime high-speed cutting's cutting force is small, has the high stability, but the high quality processes the thin wall components. Uses as shown in Figure 2 the lamination down milling the processing method, but high-speed cutting wall thickness 0.2mm, wall high 20mm thin wall components. This time, the knife edge and the work piece contact duration was short, has avoided the sidewall distortion.Figure.2 high-speed cutting thin wall components2.5 change the part substitutes certain crafts, like electric spark machining, abrasive machining and so onHigh strength and the high degree of hardness's processing is also a high-speed cutting major characteristic, at present, the high-speed cutting has been possible the work hardness to reach HRC60 the components, therefore, the high-speed cutting can process after the heat treatment hardens the work piece. In the tradition processes in mold's craft, before the precision work, hardens the work piece after the heat treatment to carry on the electric spark machining, may omit in the die making craft with the high-speed cutting processing substitution tradition cutting's processing method the electric spark machining, simplified the processing craft and the cost of investment.the mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness are very important, if after processing the mold cannot meet the requirements the quality precision, needs the massive handworks to rub repairs the work, the handwork rubs repairs can obtain the good surface quality, but it will affect mold's size and the shape precision. Therefore must omit as far as possible in the mold processing rubs manually repairs, improves the mold quality, reduces the production cost and the manufacturing cycle.Figure 3 is the traditional mold processing process: The semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> heat treatment hardens -> the electric spark machining -> precision work -> to rub manually repairs. Figure 4 is the high speed mold processing process: Hardened semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> precision work.Figure.3 the traditional mold processes processFigure 4 the high speed mold processes processin Figure 4, in the high speed mold machining process reduced two technological processes,probably reduces the process period 30%~50%. In the traditional processing craft's electric spark machining forms the hardened level easily in the melting processing surface layer, degree of hardness may reach 1000Hv, brings the difficulty for the following machining and the abrasive machining. The electric spark machining also easy to cause the surface layer fatigue cracking and cutting tool's breakage.2.6 Economic efficiency remarkable enhancementSynthesis above all sorts of merits, namely: The comprehensive efficiency will improve, the quality enhances, the working procedure simplifies, the engine bed investment and the cutting tool investment as well as the maintenance cost increase and so on, will use the high-speed cutting craft to cause the synthesis economic efficiency remarkable enhancement.3 high-speed cutting processing craft essential technologyThe high speed engine bed and the high speed cutter are the realization high-speed cutting premise and the basic condition, has the strict request in the high-speed cutting processing to the high speed engine bed performance and the cutting tool material choice.In order to realize the high-speed cutting processing, uses the high flexible high speed numerical control engine bed, the processing center generally, also some use special-purpose high speed mills, drilling machine. At the same time the engine bed has the high speed main axle to be systematic and the high rapid advance or progress gives the system, the high main axle rigidity characteristic, the high accuracy localization function and the high accuracy insert makes up the function, specially the circular arc high accuracy inserts makes up the function.The high-speed cutting cutting tool and ordinary processes the cutting tool the material to have is very greatly different. The main use cutting tool material has the hard alloy, the crystal combination diamond (PCD), the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCBN) and the ceramics and so on.The high-speed cutting craft technology also is carries on the high-speed cutting processing the key. The cutting method chooses is improper, can make the cutting tool to intensify the attrition, cannot achieve the high speed processing completely the goal. The practice proved, if only then the high speed engine bed and the cutting tool but do not have the good craft technology to make the instruction, the expensive high-speed cutting processing equipment cannot fully play the role. The high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology mainly includes the cutting method and the cutting parameter choice optimization.a. Cutting way choiseIn the high-speed cutting processing, should select the down milling processing as far as possible, because in down milling time, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to a big way, afterward reduces gradually. When up milling, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to be smallest, afterward the accumulation, increased the cutting tool and the work piece friction like this gradually, has the big calorimetry on the knife edge, therefore produces in the up milling quantity of heat when down milling are more than, the radial force also greatly increases. Meanwhile in the down milling, the knife edge main compression stress, but when the up milling the knife edge tension stress, the stressful condition is bad, reduced cutting tool's service life, the down milling and the up milling the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process, as shown in Figure 5.Figure.5 the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process hintb. Maintains constant metal removing rateThe high-speed cutting processing is shallowly suitable for shallowly to cut the depth, the depth of cut should not surpass 0.2/ 0.2mm (ae/Ap), this is for avoids the cutting tool the position deviation, guarantees processes the mold the geometry precision. Maintains constant metal removing rate, guaranteed adds on the work piece the cutting load is constant, by obtains following several good processing effect: (1) may maintain constant cutting load; (2) may maintain the scrap size constant; (3) has the good hot shift; (4) the cutting tool and the work piece maintain at the cold condition; (5) does not need skilled to operate for the quantity and the main axle rotational speed;(6) may lengthen the cutting tool the life; (7) can guarantee the good processing quality and so on.c.choice of the Feeds wayRegarding has opens the mouth die space the region, feeds as far as possible from material outside, by real-time analysis material cutting condition. But regarding does not have the die space enclosed area, selects the screw feed method, cuts into the local region.d. As far as possible reduced cutting tool's commutation rapidlyReduces the cutting tool as far as possible the rapidly commutation, because the zigzag pattern mainly applies in the traditional processing, mainly chooses the return route or the sole way cutting in the high-speed cutting processing. This is because in commutation time the NC engine bed must stop (urgently changing down) immediately then the again execution next step of operation. As a result of engine bed acceleration limitation, but is easy to create the time the waste, stops anxiously or whips then can destroy the surface roughness, also has the possibility because has cut but produces the broach or in the outside undercut. Chooses the sole way cutting pattern to carry on the down milling, does not sever the cutting process and the cutting tool way as far as possible, reduces the cutting tool to cut into as far as possible cuts the number of times, by obtains the relatively stable cutting process.For example, in the cutting mold corner processing, the traditional processing method is usesthe translation (G1), when the cutting tool cuts to the fillet place, the velocity of movement reduces speed, at the same time when enters for the commutation the cutting tool movement is not continuously, can have the massive friction and the quantity of heat in the intermittent process, if processes the aluminum alloy or other light metal alloys, produces the quantity of heat will damage the work piece surface quality.If uses the high-speed cutting processing the method, the use is smaller than the cutting mold corner radius cutting tool, the use high speed engine bed high accuracy circular arc inserts makes up the function (G2, G3) processes the mold corner, the high speed engine bed circular arc inserts makes up the movement is the continuous process, cannot have the cutting tool intermittent motion, thus reduced the cutting tool and the mold contact length and the time, avoids having the massive heat.e In Z direction cutting continual planeThe traditional processing die space's method uses the profile milling, this processing way increased the cutting tool to cut into, to cut the work piece the number of times, has affected the work piece surface quality, has limited the engine bed and the cutting tool formidable function display. In the high-speed cutting processing, often uses the Z direction cutting continual plane. Uses step pitch which is smaller than the convention, thus reduces each tooth cutting elimination quantity, the improvement processing surface's quality, reduced the process period.4 High-speed cutting process technology in die makingapplicationThe high-speed cutting process technology has a series of characteristics and the production benefit aspect's great potential, already becomes country competition research and so on Germany, US and Japan important areas of technology. Now, US, Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland, Italy produce the different specification's each kind of commercialization high speed engine bed already entered the market, applies in the airplane, the automobile and the die making.Along with the high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, has had the very tremendous influence to the traditional mold processing craft, changed the mold processing technical process. Because the mold profile is the very complex free surface generally, and degree of hardness is very high, uses conventional the machining method to satisfy the precision and the shape request with difficulty. The conventional processing method is after the annealing carries on the milling processing, then carries on the heat treatment, the grinding or the electric spark machining, finally the manual polish, polishing, cause the processing cycle to be very long like this. Specially the manual process period, must account for the entire processing cycle to be very big a part. HSC may achieve the accuracy requirement which the mold processes, reduced has even cancelled the manual processing, because and new cutting tool material (for example PCD, PCBN, cermet and so on) the appearance, HSC may the work hardness achieve HRC60, even degree of hardness higher work piece material, after might process hard mold, substitution electric spark machining and abrasive machining.The high speed milling processing has the highly effective high accuracy in the die making as well as may process the high hard material the merit, already obtained the widespread application in the industrially advanced country. The high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, mainly applies in the following several aspects:1) hard mold die space direct processing. After using the high-speed cutting to be possible to process the hard material the characteristic direct processing hard mold die space, improved the quality which and the efficiency the mold processes, may substitute for the electric spark machining.(2) EDM (electric spark) electrode processing. Applied the high-speed cutting technology processing electrode to raise the electric spark machining efficiency to play the very major role. The high-speed cutting electrode improved electrode's surface quality and the precision, reduced the following working process.3) fast sample workpiece manufacture. Uses the high-speed cutting processing efficiencyhigh characteristic, may use in processing the plastic and the aluminum alloy model. After the CAD design produces the 3D full-scale mockup fast, is higher than the fast prototype manufacture efficiency, the quality is good.(4) mold's fast repair. The mold often needs to repair in the use process, lengthens the service life, in the past was mainly completes depending on the electrical finishing, now uses the high speed processing to be possible to complete this work quickly, moreover might use the original NC procedure, did not need to establish.5 ConclusionThe high-speed cutting processing uses the high cutting velocity and the feed rate, the small radial direction and the axial depth of cut, the cutting force is small, the processing surface roughness is very small, cutting tool life enhancement; With the high-speed cutting processing way substitution tradition processing way processing mold, might omit the electric spark machining and rub manually repairs, raised the productivity which the mold processed, reduced the production cost, reduced the processing cycle; When research high-speed cutting processing, must unify closely with the high-speed cutting processing technology, realizes the high efficiency, the high accuracy truly and the redundant reliable goal.The high-speed cutting process technology is the advanced technique of manufacture, has the broad application prospect. Replaces EDM with the high-speed cutting processing (or majority of replaces) speeds up the mold development speed, realizes the craft update major step. The promoted application high-speed cutting process technology applies in the mold manufacturing industry, not only may enhance the machine-finishing large scale the efficiency, the quality, reduces the cost, moreover may lead a series of high technology and new technology industry the development. Therefore, current strengthens the high-speed cutting technology the basic research, establishes the high-speed cutting database, the high-speed cutting safety work standard, enhances the engine bed and tool profession development innovation ability, speeds up the high-speed cutting cutting tool system, the high-speed cutting engine bed system's research development and the industrial production, already was the urgent matter.References[1] A.C. Low, J.W. Kyle, Grinding tool technology recent development, The Mechanical Engineers Association, London, 1986. High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture[2] K.L. Johnson, High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.[3] W.DMay, E.L. Morris, D. Atack, new using of Cutting technology, Applied Physics 30 (1959) 1713–1724.[4] S.C. Hunter, Grinding tool manufacture, Applied Mechanics 28 (1961) 611–617.[5] G. Lodewijks, Dynamics of Belt Systems, Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.[6] A.N. Gent, High-speed cutting outline, Carl Hanser Verslag, 2001.中文翻译高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用摘要当前模具应用广泛，与之相关的模具制造技术也有了很大的发展。

外文翻译---一个注射模填充模拟的几何方法

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）：一个注射模填充模拟的几何方法学院: 机械自动化学院专业: 模具设计与制造学号:学生姓名:指导教师:日期: 2009.12International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 45 (2005) 115–124A geometric approach for injection mould filling simulationC.K. Au*School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50Nanyang Ave, 639798 SingaporeReceived 15 March 2004; received in revised form 7 June 2004; accepted 15 June 2004国际期刊机床与制造45 (2005) 115-124一个注射模填充模拟的几何方法C.K. Au南洋理工大学机械生产工程学院，新加坡南阳路50号，639798 标准版本2004年3月15;修订版本2004年6月7;正常版本2004年6月15号摘要本文讨论一个关于研究起源于点源的流阵面在带障碍的有界腔内流动规律几何技巧方法。

该技术是基于这样的假设塑料零件壁厚与流速成正比。

复杂注塑模具的腔内的流动是由四种基本流型，即吸收，折射，衍射和合并。

结合这四个流动模式在注塑成型法迅速产成填充样式在塑料生产发展期方案设计阶段有益的。

虽然讨论的应用背景是塑料注射成型，但这个技术在许多领域也是适用的。

与行业一样重要的大部分工作的工具和模具在过去20年来很大程度上是发展的，这就是对具体的边界条件运用现成的仿真或优化。

注塑模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。

注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。

模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。

模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。

产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。

并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。

团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。

CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。

介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。

在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。

该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。

最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。

关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。

每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。

当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。

模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。

这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。

工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。

工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。

塑料模具注射成型中英文翻译、外文翻译、外文文献翻译

外文翻译原文：Injection MoldingMany different processes are used to transform plastic granules, powders, and liquids into product. The plastic material is in moldable form, and is adaptable to various forming methods. In most cases thermosetting materials require other methods of forming. This is recognized by the fact that thermoplastics are usually heated to a soft state and then reshaped before cooling. Theromosets, on the other hand have not yet been polymerized before processing, and the chemical reaction takes place during the process, usually through heat, a catalyst, or pressure. It is important to remember this concept while studying the plastics manufacturing processes and polymers used.Injection molding is by far the most widely used process of forming thermoplastic materials. It is also one of the oldest. Currently injection molding accounts for 30% of all plastics resin consumption. Since raw material can be converted by a single procedure, injection molding is suitable for mass production of plastics articles and automated one-step production of complex geometries. In most cases, finishing is not necessary. Typical products include toys, automotive parts, household articles, and consumer electronics goods.Since injection molding has a number of interdependent variables, it is a process of considerable complexity. The success of the injection molding operation is dependent not only in the proper setup of the machine hydraulics, barrel temperature variations, and changes in material viscosity. Increasing shot-to-shot repeatability of machine variables helps produce parts with tighter tolerance, lowers the level of rejects, and increases product quality (i.e., appearance and serviceability).The principal objective of any molding operation is the manufacture of products: to a specific quality level, in the shortest time, and using repeatable and fully automaticcycle. Molders strive to reduce or eliminate rejected parts in molding production. For injection molding of high precision optical parts, or parts with a high added value such as appliance cases, the payoff of reduced rejects is high.A typical injection molding cycle or sequence consists of five phases;1. Injection or mold filling2. Packing or compression3. Holding4. Cooling5. Part ejectionPlastic granules are fed into the hopper and through an in the injection cylinder where they are carried forward by the rotating screw. The rotation of the screw forces the granules under high pressure against the heated walls of the cylinder causing them to melt. As the pressure building up, the rotating screw is forced backward until enough plastic has accumulated to make the shot. The injection ram (or screw) forces molten plastic from the barrel, through the nozzle, sprue and runner system, and finally into the mold cavities. During injection, the mold cavity is filled volumetrically. When the plastic contacts the cold mold surfaces, it solidifies (freezes) rapidly to produce the skin layer. Since the core remains in the molten state, plastic follows through the core to complete mold filling. Typically, the cavity is filled to 95%~98% during injection. Then the molding process is switched over to the packing phase.Even as the cavity is filled, the molten plastic begins to cool. Since the cooling plastic contracts or shrinks, it gives rise to defects such as sink marks, voids, and dimensional instabilities. To compensate for shrinkage, addition plastic is forced into the cavity. Once the cavity is packed, pressure applied to the melt prevents molten plastic inside the cavity from back flowing out through the gate. The pressure must be applied until the gate solidifies. The process can be divided into two steps (packing and holding) or may be encompassed in one step(holding or second stage). During packing, melt forced into the cavity by the packing pressure compensates for shrinkage. With holding, the pressure merely prevents back flow of the polymer malt.After the holding stage is completed, the cooling phase starts. During, the part is held in the mold for specified period. The duration of the cooling phase depends primarily on the material properties and the part thickness. Typically, the part temperature must cool below the material’s ejection temperature. While cooling the part, the machine plasticates melt for the next cycle.The polymer is subjected to shearing action as well as the condition of the energy from the heater bands. Once the short is made, plastication ceases. This should occur immediately before the end of the cooling phase. Then the mold opens and the part is ejected.When polymers are fabricated into useful articles they are referred to as plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Some polymers, for example, cotton and wool, occur naturally, but the great majority of commercial products are synthetic in origin. A list of the names of the better known materials would include Bakelite, Dacron, Nylon, Celanese, Orlon, and Styron.Previous to 1930 the use of synthetic polymers was not widespread. However, they should not be classified as new materials for many of them were known in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The failure to develop them during this period was due, in part, to a lack of understanding of their properties, in particular, the problem of the structure of polymers was the subject of much fruitless controversy.Two events of the twentieth century catapulted polymers into a position of worldwide importance. The first of these was the successful commercial production of the plastic now known as Bakelite. Its industrial usefulness was demonstrated in1912 and in the next succeeding years. Today Bakelite is high on the list of important synthetic products. Before 1912 materials made from cellulose were available, but their manufacture never provided the incentive for new work in the polymer field such as occurred after the advent of Bakelite. The second event was concerned with fundamental studies of the nature polymers by Staudinger in Europe and by Carohers, who worked with the Du Pont company in Delaware. A greater part of the studies were made during the 1920’s. Staudinger’s work was primarily fundamental. Carother’s achievements led to the development of our present huge plastics industry by causing an awakening of interest in polymer chemistry, an interest which is still strongly apparent today.The Nature of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is one of the most important areas of engineering science used to explain how most things work, why some things do not the way that they were intended, and why others things just cannot possibly work at all. It is a key part of the science engineers use to design automotive engines, heat pumps, rocket motors, power stations, gas turbines, air conditioners, super-conducting transmission lines, solar heating systems, etc.Thermodynamics centers about the notions of energy, the idea that energy is conserved is the first low of thermodynamics. It is starting point for the science of thermodynamics is entropy; entropy provides a means for determining if a process is possible.This idea is the basis for the second low of thermodynamics. It also provides the basis for an engineering analysis in which one calculates the maximum amount of useful that can be obtained from a given energy source, or the minimum amount of power input required to do a certain task.A clear understanding of the ideas of entropy is essential for one who needs to use thermodynamics in engineering analysis. Scientists are interested in using thermodynamics to predict and relate the properties of matter; engineers are interested in using this data, together with the basic ideas of energy conservation and entropy production, to analyze the behavior of complex technological systems.There is an example of the sort of system of interest to engineers, a large central power stations. In this particular plant the energy source is petroleum in one of several forms, or sometimes natural gas, and the plant is to convert as much of this energy as possible to electric energy and to send this energy down the transmission line.Simply expressed, the plant does this by boiling water and using the steam to turn a turbine which turns an electric generator.The simplest such power plants are able to convert only about 25 percent of the fuel energy to electric energy. But this particular plant converts approximately 40 percent;it has been ingeniously designed through careful application of the basic principles of thermodynamics to the hundreds of components in the system.The design engineers who made these calculations used data on the properties of steam developed by physical chemists who in turn used experimental measurements in concert with thermodynamics theory to develop the property data.Plants presently being studied could convert as much as 55 percent of the fuel energy to electric energy, if they indeed perform as predicted by thermodynamics analysis.The rule that the spontaneous flow of heat is always from hotter to cooler objects is a new physical idea. There is noting in the energy conservation principle or in any other law of nature that specifies for us the direction of heat flow. If energy were to flow spontaneously from a block of ice to a surrounding volume of water, this could occur in complete accord with energy conservation. But such a process never happens. This idea is the substance of the second law of thermodynamics.Clear, a refrigerator, which is a physical system used in kitchen refrigerators, freezers, and air-conditioning units must obey not only the first law (energy conservation) but the second law as well.To see why the second law is not violated by a refrigerator, we must be careful in our statement of law. The second law of thermodynamics says, in effect, that heat never flows spontaneously from a cooler to a hotter object.Or, alternatively, heat can flow from a cooler to a hotter object only as a result of work done by an external agency. We now see the distinction between an everyday spontaneous process, such as the flow of heat from the inside to the outside of a refrigerator.In the water-ice system, the exchange of energy takes place spontaneously and the flow of heat always proceeds from the water to the ice. The water gives up energy and becomes cooler while the ice receives energy and melts.In a refrigerator, on the other hand, the exchange of energy is not spontaneous. Work provided by an external agency is necessary to reverse the natural flow of heat and cool the interior at the expense of further heating the warmer surroundings.译文：塑料注射成型许多不同的加工过程习惯于把塑料颗粒、粉末和液体转化成最终产品。

模具的寿命与失效外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

翻译原文二：Die Life and Die FailureProper selection of the de material and of the die manufacturing technique determines, to a large extent, the useful life of forming des. Dies may have to be replaced for a number of reasons, such as changes n dimensions due to wear or plastic deformation, deterioration of the surface finish, breakdown of lubrication, and cracking or breakage. In hot impression die forging, the principal modes of die failure are erosion, thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue and permanent (plastic) deformation.In erosion, also commonly called die wear, material is actually removed from the die surface by pressure and sliding of the deforming material, wear resistance of the die material, die surface temperature, relative sliding speed at the die/material interface and the nature of the interface layer are the most significant factors influencing abrasive die wear. Thermal fatigue occurs on the surface of the die impression in hot forming and results in “heat checking”. Thermal fatigue results from cyclic yelling of the de surface due to contact with the hot deforming material. This contact causes the surface layers to expend, and, because of the very steep temperature gradients, the surface layers are subject to compressive stresses. At sufficiently high temperatures, these compressive stresses may cause the surface layers to deform. When the de surface cools, a stress reversal may occur and the surface layers will then be n tension. After repeated cycling in this manner, fatigue will cause formation of a crack pattern that s recognized as heat checking. Die breakage or cracking is due to mechanical fatigue and occurs in cases where the dies are overloaded and local stresses are high. The dies are subject to alternating stresses due to loading and unloading during the deformation process and this causes crack initiation and eventual failure.Die life and de failure are greatly affected by the mechanical properties of the die materials under the conditions that exist in a given deformation process.Generally, the properties that are most significant depend on the process temperature. Thus, die materials used in cold forming processes are quite different from those used in hot forming.The design and manufacture of dies and the selection of die materials are very important in the production of discrete parts by use of metal forming processes. The dies must be made by modern manufacturing methods from appropriate die materials in order to provide acceptable die life at a reasonable cost. Often the economy success of a forming process depends on die life and de costs per piece produced. For a given application, selection of the appropriate die material depends on three types of variables:(a)Variables related to the process itself, including factors such as size of the die cavity, type of machine used and deformation speed, initial stock size and temperature, die temperature to be use, lubrication, production rata and number of parts to be produced.(b)Variables related to the type of die loading, including speed of loading, i.e. impact of gradual contact time between dies and deforming metal (this contact time is especially important in hot forming), maximum load and pressure on the dies, maximum and minimum die temperatures, and number of loading cycles to which the dies will be subjected.(c)Mechanical properties of the die material, including harden ability, impact strength, hot strength(if hot forming is considered)and resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue.译文二：模具的寿命与失效正确的选择模具材料和模具的制造技术，在很大程度上决定着成形模具的使用寿命。

冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计

附件1：外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业,各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的,这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。

板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。

如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。

当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。

站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。

落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等,每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。

而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。

根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。

图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的,即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。

一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定,而板厚保持几乎不变。

板料成形的原理如图2所示。

拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。

拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。

在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化,即变薄。

图2 板料成形原理弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。

在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。

机械专业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译

英文资料High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce,produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies forthis, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is i t enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gearbeds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.5.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts tobecome the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.5.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up5.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.5.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes,。

模具设计外文翻译

外文资料翻译系别. 专业. 班级. 姓名. 学号. 指导教师.2011年4 月一、China’s mold industryDue to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.1、Research on the Structure of industrial products moldIn accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life ofthe die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant.A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2、mold Present Status of TechnologyTechnical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technologyaspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present conditionOver the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services supportthe weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.3、Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial OrganizationChina's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar. Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output. China's mold industry, decentralized management system. There are 19 major industry sectors manufacture and use of mold, there is no unified management of the department. Only by China Die & Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, cross-sectoral, inter-departmental management difficulties are many.Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. Including product factory mold shop,factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development.Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate.Price has long been China's mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry "own little economic benefit, social benefit big" phenomenon. "Dry as dry mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold" of the class of anomalies exist.二、Basic terminology1、ImpressionThe injection mould is an assenbly of parts containing within an inpression into which plastic material is injected and cooled. It is the impression which gives the moulding its form. The impression may, therefore, be defined as thatpart of the mould which imparts shape to the moulding.The impression is formed by two mould mimbers:(i)The cavity, which is the female portion of the mould, gices the moulding itsexternal form.(ii)The core, which is the male portion of the mould , forms the internal shape of the moulding.2、Cavity an core platesThe basic mould in this case consists of two plates. Into one plate is sunk the cavity which shapes the outside form of the moulding and os therefore known as the cavity plate. Similarly, the core which projects form the core plate forms the inside shape of the moulding os closed, the two plates come together forming a space between the cavity and core which is the impression.3、Sprue bushDuring the injection process plastic material is delivered to the mozzle of the machie as a melt;it is then tramsferred to the impression though a passage. The material in this passage is termed the sprue, and the bush is called a sprue bush.4、Runner and gate systemsThe material may bedirectly injected into the impression though the sprue bush or for moulds containing several impressions it may pass from the sprue bush hole through a runnerand gate system therefore entering the impression.5、Register ringIf the material is to pass without hidrance into the mould the mozzle and sprue must be correctly aligned. To endure that this is so the mould must be central to the machine and this can be achieved by including a regicter ring.6、Guide pillars and bushesTo mould an even-walled article it is necessary to ensure that the cavity and core are keptin alignmemt. This is done by incorporating guide pillars on one mould plate which then enter corresponding guide bushes in the other mould plate as the mouls closes.7、Fixed half and moving halfThe various mould parts fall naturally into two sections or halves. Hence, that half attached to the stationary platen of the machine (indicated by the chain dotted line)is termed the fixed half, The other half of the mould attached to the moving platen of the machine is known simply as the moving half. Now it has to be situsted. Generally the core is situated in the moving half and the overriding reason why this is so, is as follows:The moulding as it cools, will shrink on to the core and remain with it as the mould opens. This will occur irrespective of whether the core is in the fixed half or the moving half. However, this shrinkage on to the core means that some form of ejector system is almostly certainly necessary. Motivation for this ejector system iseasily provided if the core is in the moving half. Moreover, in the case of our single-impression basic mould, where a direct sprue feed to the underside of the moulding is desired the cavity must be in the fixed half and the core in the moving half.8、Methods of incorporating cavity and coreWe have now seen that in general the core is incorporsted in the moving half and the cavity in the fixed half. However, there are various methods by which the cavity and core can be incorporated in their respective halves of the mould. These represent two basic alternatives (i) the integer method where the cavity and core can be machined form steel plates which become part of the structural build-up of the mould, or (ii) the cavity and core can be machined form small blocks of steel, termed inderts, and subsequently bolstered. The choice between these alternatives constitutes an important decision on the part of the mould designer. The final result, nevertheless, will be the contains the core is termed the core plate and the plate or assembly which contains the cavity is termed the cavity plate.9、Cavity FabricationWhen a decision for making a mold is made, the cost is predicated on producing aspecified quantity of parts without additional tooling expenditure. Sometimes, the anticipatesare quantities are exceeded; other times, they all short of requirements, and costly repairs becomenecesary in order to supply the needs.In the making of cavities by machining, grinding, or electric discharge machining, there is constant drive to improve the rate of metal removal. Cutting tools as well as machine tools are developed for heavier and faster cuts; grinding wheels are tailor-made for special steels to allow deeper cuts per pass; and EDM machines are revamped to burn the metal at an accelerated pace.It is fully appreciated that faster mental-removal rate leads to more economical manufacture,but at the same time it mast be recognized that the newer cavity fabrication is associated with generation of more heat and indirectly with higher stresses that if not relieved can cause premature gailure.Suppliers of tool steel caution the user against fabricating stresses and strongly advise a stress-relieving operation. When a steel is to be heat-treated and a preheat cycle ia part of the heat-treating specification, then the metal-removal stresses will be eliminated.A great number of cavities are made of prehardened steel, and therefore would not be heat-treated.For those cavities,a stress-relieving operation should be carried out immediately after fabricaton.the stress-relieving temperature as a rule is about 100ºF below the tempring heat and is held for 30 min. for each inch of steel thickness. It is best to check the stress-relieving heat and time with the maker of the steel.The information about fabrication stress has always been emphasized by the steelmakers,but for some reason it has not been given the attention it deserves. Since a tool drawing should cover all the requirements of a tool element, it would be the appropriate place for a note such as the following:Note: For heat-treated steel:“Note: Use preheat and harden to RC ____.”Note: For prehardened steel:“Note: Stress relieve@___ºF for____hoursper____ inch of thickness.”Every effort should be made to eliminate the invisible source of problems, namely，fabricating stresses.Mold cavities can be produced by a variety of processes. The process to be used is Determined.First of all by the lowest cost at which the cavity can be produced for the desired end result. Other factors include precision of repairability. Frequently, a combination of processes is employed in order to meet all the specified requirements. The most common processes are discussed in the following sections.Specifically, investment casting may be considered for applications where the number of cavities is greater than six and tolerances of dimensions are in the range of ±0.005. It isparticularly adaptable to complex shapes and unusual configurations as well as for surface that are highly decorative and difficult to obtain by conventional processes. These decorative surface may have a wood grain, leather grain, or textured surface suitable for handle grips,etc.A lmost any alloy of steel or beryllium copper alloys can be cast to size and heat-treated metal hardness that is within the range of the alloy being cast. Acomparative cost evaluation will in many cases favor the investment process. The investment cast tooling when produced by qualified people can be of the same quality as those machined from bar stock., i.e.,they can be free of porosity, proper hardness, uniform with respect to each other, and where (and-where)the time element is a factor-can be produced in days instead of weeks. In this process, cavities have been made that weigh as much as 750 lb.The investment caqsting method calls for a model of a low-melt material such as wax, plastic, or frozen mercury. The model is a reproduction of the desired cavity block and, when cast, is ready for mounting in the base. It incorporates shrinkage allowances as well as a gating system for metal pouring. The complete model is sipped in a slurry of fine refractory material and then encased in the investment material, which may be plaster of paris or mixtures of ceramic materials with high refractory properties. With the encased investment fully set up, the model is removed from the mold by heating in can over to liquefy the meltable material and cause it to run out. The molten material is reclaimed for further use. The mold or investment casing is fully dried out during the heating. After these steps, the investment is preheated to 1000°to 2000ºF in preparation for the pouring of the metal. The preheat temperature is governed by the type of metal. When pouring is completed and solidification of the metal has taken place, the investment material is broken away to free the casting for removal of the gates and cleaning.The making of the model for cavity and core blocks of meltable material is an intermediate step. These model blocks are cast in molds that are the staring point for the process. The starting-point mold consists of the part cavity or core where the parting line width as well as block portin for mounting, etc., are built around the part cavity and core, and thus form the shape needed as the complete block.The investment-casting process was developed commercially to a high dehree of precision and quality during World War II for the manufacture of aviation gasturbine blades were made of alloys, which were difficult or impossible to be foged. Subsequently, refinements have been developed in the investment-casting process that are especially valuable to the moldmaking field. Most these improvements are in the area of investment materials for the pyrpose of maintaining closer tolerances on the castings. Some mold shops have equippedthemselves with the ability to produce investment castings alongside their regular fabrication facilities.三、Feed SystemIt is necessary to paovide a flow-way in the injection mould to connect the nozzle of the injection machine to each impression. This flow-way is termed the feed system. Normally the feed system comprises a sprue, runner and gate. These terms apply equally to the flow-way itself, and to the molded material which is removed from the flow-way itself in the process of extracting the molding.1、SprueA spure is a channel though which to transfer molten plastic injected from the nozzle of the injector the mold. It is a part of spure bush, which is a separate part from th mold.2、RunnerA runner is a channel that guides molten plastic into the cavity of a mold.3、GateA gate is an entrance through which molten plastic enters the cavity. The gate has the following functions:restricts the flow and the direction of molten plastic;simplifies cutting of a runner and moldings to simplify finishing of parts;quickly cools and solidifies to avoid backflow after molten plastic has filled up in the cavity.4、Cold slug wellThe purpose of the cold slug well, shown oppwsite the sprue, is theoretically to receive the material that has chilled at the front of the nozzle during the cooling and ejection phase. Perhaps of greater importance is the fact that it provides positive means whereby the sprue can be pulled from the sprue bush for ejection purposes.The sprue, the runner, and the gate will be discarded after a part is complete. However, the runner and the gate are important items that affect the quality or the cost of parts.四、Parting SurfaceThe parting surfaces of a mould are those portion of both mould plates, adjacent to the impressions, which butt together to form a seal and prevent the loss of plastic material from the impression. The parting surface is 1、classified flat and non-flatThe mature of the parting surface depends entirely on the shape of the component. A further consideration os that the parting surface must be chosen so that the molding can be removed from the mould. Many molding are required which have a parting line which lies ona non-planar or curved surface.When the parting surface os not flat, there is the quertion of unbalanced forces to consider in certain instances. The plastic material when under pressure within the impression, will exert a force which will tend to open the mould in the lateral direction. If this happens some flashing may occur on the angled face. The movement between the two mould halves will be resisted by the guide pillars, but even so, because of the large forced involved, it is desirable to balance the mould by reversing the step so that the parting surface continues across the mould as a mirror image of the section which includes the impression. It is often convenient to spercify an even number of impressions when considering this type of mould, as impressions positioned on opposite sides of the mould‟s centre-line serve to balance the mould.五、Mould coolingOne fundamental principle of injection molding os that hot material enters the mouls, where it cools rapidly to a temperature at which it solidified sufficiently to retain the shape of the impression. The temperature of the mould os therefore important as it governs a portion of the overall molding cycle. While the melt flows more freely in a hot mould, a greater cooling period is required before the solidified molding can be ejected. Alternatively, while the melt solidifies quickly in a cold mould it may not reach the extremities of the impression. A compromise between the two extremes must therefore be accepted to obtain the optimum molding cycle.The operating temperature for a particular mould will depend on a number of factors which include the following:type and grade of material to be molded;length of flow within the impression;wall section of the molding;length of the feed system, etc. It is often found advantageous to use a slightly higher temperature than is required just to fill the impression, as this tends to impreove the surface finish of the molding by minimizing weld lines, flow marks and other blemishes.To maintain the required temperature differential between the mould and plastic material, water or other fluid is circulated through holes or channels within the mould. These holes or channels are termed flow-ways or water-ways and the complete system of flow ways is termed the circuit.During the impression filling stage the hottert material will be in the vicinity of the entry point, i. e. the gate, the coolest material will be at the point farthest from the entry. The temperature of the coolant fluid, however, increases as it passes though the mould. Thereforeto achieve an even cooling rate over the molding surface it is necessary to locate the incoming coolant fluid adjacent to…hot‟molding surfaces and to locate the channels containing…heated‟coolant fluid adjacent to …cool‟molding surfaces. However, as will be seen from the following discussion, it is not always practicable to adopt the idealized appreach and the designer must use a fair amount of common sense when laying out coolant circuits if unnercessarily expensive moulds are to be avoided.Units for the circulation of water and other fluids are commercially available. These units are simply connected to the mould via flexible hoses, with these units the mould‟s temperature can be maintained within close limits. Close temperature control is not possible using the alternative system in which the mould is connected to a cold water supply.It is the mould designer‟s responsibility to provide an adequate circulating system within the mould. In general, the simplest systems are those in which holes are bored longitudinally through the mould plates. However, this is not necessarily the most dfficient method for a particular mould.When using drillings for the circulation of the coolant, however, these must not be positioned too close to the impression say closer than 16mm as this is likely to cause a marked temperature66variation across the impression, with resultant molding problems.The layout of a circuit is often complicated by the fact that flow ways must not be drilled too close to any other hole in the same mould plate. It will be recalled that the mould plate has a large number of holes or recessers, to accommodate ejector pins, guide pillars, guide bushes, sprue bush, inserts, etc. How close it is safe to position in a flow way adjacent to another hole depends to a large extent on the depth of the flow way driolling required. When drilling deep flow ways there is a tendency for the drill to wander off its prescribed course. A rule which is often applied is that for drillings up to 150mm deep the flow way should not be closer than 3 mm to any other hole. For deeper flow ways this allowance is increased to 5 mm.To obtain the best possible position for a circuit it is good practice to lay the circuit in at the earliest opportunity in the design. The other mould itens such as ejector pins, guide bushes, etc. , can then be positioned accordingly.六、Designs CAD/CAMAlthough CAD/CAM manufactures and suppliers are addressing the challenges mold disigners face when using software, these designers are still grappling with a number of issues. Kevin Crystal, senior quality engineer with The Protomold Co. (Maple Plain, MN)-a rapid injection molding company-reports that the greatest challenges he faces are with file。

注塑模具之模具设计与制造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译：Injection moulding for Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapidly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting moldproportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic,plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies [2-4]. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposit’s exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame [5]. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 [6]) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about100︒C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thickheat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700︒C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010︒C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538︒C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 μm to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes’ principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The code's basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibriumsolidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions.Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 μm by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 μm and 139 μm, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)½ , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1.Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool stepsprays.Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), inside the nozzle and free jetregions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (〜150 μm) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming [7]. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (〜30 μm) and large (〜150 μm) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 μm Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 μm Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about ±0.2%.Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions.(a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear[8]. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated(austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010︒C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650︒C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened becauseafter electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and formcoarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix [9-11]. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging ofspray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation.注塑模具之模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

模具设计与制造外文翻译

附录1 英文原文Mould Design and ManufacturingCAD and CAM are widely applied in mould design and mould making.CAD allows you to draw a model on screen ,then view it from every angle using 3-D animating and ,finally ,to test it by introducing various parameters into the digital simulation models (pressure ,temperature ,impact ,etc .)CAM ,on the other hand ,allows you to control the manufacturing quality .The advantages of these computer technologies are legion ;shorter design times (modifications can be made at the speed of the computer ).lower cost ,faster manufacturing ,etc .This new approach also allows shorter production runs ,and to make last-minute changes to the mould for a particular part.Finally ,also ,these new processes can be use to make complex parts .Computer-Aided Design (CAD) of MouldTraditionally, the creation of drawings of mould tools has been a time-consuming task that is not part of the creative process. Drawings are an organizational necessity rather than a desired part of the process .Computer-Aided Design (CAD) means using the computer and peripheral devices to simplify and enhance the design process .CAD systems offer an efficient means of design ,and can be use to create inspection equipment .CAD data also can play a critical role in selecting process sequence .A CAD system consists of three basic components ;hardware ,software,User ,The hardware components of a typical CAD system include a processor ,a system display,a keyboard, a digitizer, and a plotter. The software component of a CAD system consists of the programs which allow it to perform design and drafting functions.The user is the tool designer who uses the hardware and software to perform the design process.Based on he 3-D data of the product, the core and cavity have to be designedsrally the designer begins with a preliminary part design ,which means the work around the core and cavity could change .Modern CAD systems can support this with calculating a spot line for a defined draft direction ,splitting the part in the core and cavity side and generating the run-off or shut-off true faces .After the calculation of the optimal draft of the part, the position and direction of the cavity, slides and inserts have to be defined .Then,in the conceptual stage, the positions and the geometry of the mould –such as slides, ejection system, etc. –are roughly defined. With this information, the size and thickness of the plates can be defined and the corresponding standard mould that comes nearest to the requirements is chosen and changed accordingly –by adjusting the constraints and paramenter so that any number of plates with any size can be use in the mould. Detailing the functional components and adding the standard any size can be used in the mould. Detailing the functional compontnts and adding the standard components complete the mould.This all happens in 3D .Moreover ,the mould system provide functions for the checking, modifying and detailing of the part .Already in this early stage ,drawings and bill of materials can be created automatically.Through the use of 3D and the intelligence of the mould system, typical 2D mistakes –such as a collision between cooling and components/cavities or the wrong position of a hole –can be eliminated at the beginning. At any stage a bill of materials and drawings can be created-allowing the material to be ordered on time and always having an actual document to discuss with the customer or a bid for a mould base manufacturer .The use of a special 3D mould design system can shorten development cycles, improve mould quality ,enhance teamwork and free the designer from tedious routine work .The development cycles can be shortened only when organization and personnel measures are taken. The part design, mould design, electric design and mould manufacturing departments have to consistently work together in a tight relationship .Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM ) of MouldOne way to reduce the cost of manufacturing and reduce lead-time is by settingup a manufacturing system that uses equipment and personnel to their fullest potential .the foundation for this type of manufacturing system as the use of CAD data to help in madding key process decisions that ultimately improve machining precision and reduce non-productive time .This is called as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).The objective of CAM is to produce, if possible ,sections of a mould without intermediate steps by initiating machining operations from the computer workstation .With a good CAM system, automation does not just occur within individual features. Atuomation of machining processes also occurs between all of the features make up a part, resulting in tool-path optimization. As you create features, the CAM system constructs a process plan for you .Operations are ordered based on a system analysis to reduce tool changes and the number of tools used .On the CAM sidethe trend is toward newer technologies and processes such as micro milling to support the manufacturing of high-precision injection moulds with complex 3D structures and high surface qualities. CAM software will continue to add to the depth and breadth of the machining intelligence inherent in the software until the CNC programming process becomes completely automatic. This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools becomes completely automatic This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools that require a more flexible combination of machining operations .CAM software will continue to automate more and more of manufacturing redundant work that can be handled faster and more accratrly by computers, while retaining the control that machinists need.With the emphasis in the mould making industry today on producing moulds in the most efficient manner while still maintaining quality, mold makers need to keep up with the latest software technologies-packages that will allow them to program and cut complex moulds quickly so that mould production time can be reduced .In a nutshell, the industry is moving toward improving the quality of data exchange between CAD and CAM as well as CAM to the CNC ,and CAM software is becoming more “intelligent” as it relates to machining processes-resulting in reduction in both cycle time and overall machining time .Five-axis machining also is emerging as a “must-have” on the shop floor-especially when dealing with deepcavities. And with the introduction of electronic date processing (EDP) into the mould making industry, new opportunities have arisen in mould-making to shorten production time, improve cost efficiencies and achieve higher quality.The Science of mold MakingThe traditional method of making large automotive sheet metal dies by model building and tracing has been replaced by CAD/CAM terminals that convert mathematical descriptions of body panel shapes into cutter paths.Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Efficient Die and Mold facility is one of the companies on the leading edge of this transformation.Only a few years ago,the huge steel dies requited for stamping sheet metal auto body panels were built by starting with a detailed blueprint and an accurate full-scale master model of the part. The model was the source from which the tooling was designed and produced.The dies,machined from castings,were prepared from patterns made by the die manutacturers or something supplied by the car maker.Secondary scale models called”tracing aids” were made from the master model for use on duplicating machines with tracers.These machines traced the contour of the scale model with a stylus,and the information derived guided a milling cutter that carved away unwanted metal to duplicate the shape of the model in the steel casting.All that is changing.Now,companies such as Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Efficient Die and Mold operation in Independence,OH,work from CAD data supplied by customers to generate cutter paths for milling machines,which then automatically cut the sheetmetal dies and SMC compression molds.Although the process is used to make both surfaces of the tool, the draw die still requires a tryout and “benching” process.Also, the CAD data typically encompasses just the orimary surface of the tool,and some machined surfaces, such as the hosts and wear pads, are typically part of the math surface.William Nordby,vice president and business manager of dies and molds at Teledyne,says that “although no one has taken CAD/CAM to the point of building theentire tool,it will eventually go in that direction because the “big thrdd”want to compress cycle times and are trying to cut the amount of time that it takes to build the tooling.Tryout, because of the lack of development on the design end,is still a very time-consuming art, and very much a trial-and-error process.”No More Models and Tracing AidsThe results to this new technology are impressive. For example, tolerances are tighter and hand finishing of the primary die surface with grinders has all but been eliminated. The big difference, says Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, is that the dimensional control has radically improved. Conventional methods of making plaster molds just couldn’t hold tolerances because of day-to-day temperature and humidity variations.”For SMC molds the process is so accurate , and because there is no spring back like there is when stamping sheet metal, tryouts are not always required.SMC molds are approved by customers on a regulate basis without ever running a part .Such approvals are possible because of Teledyne’s ability to check the tool surface based on mathematical analysis and guarantee that it is made exactly to the original design data. Because manual trials and processes have been eliminated, Teledyne has been able to consider foreign markets.” The ability to get a tool approved based on the mathe gives us the opportunity to compete in places we wouldn’t have otherwise,” says Nordby. According to Jim Church, systems manager at Teledyne, the company used to have lots of pattern makers ,and still has one model maker.”But 99.9 percent of the company’s work now is from CAD data. Instead of model makers, engineers work in front of computer monitors.”He says that improvements in tool quality and reduction in manufacturing time are significant. Capabilities of the process were demonstrated by producing two identical tools. One was cut using conventional patterns and tracing mills, and the other tool was machined using computer generated cutting paths. Although machining time was 14 percent greater with the CAM-generated path, polishing hours were cut by 33 percent. In all ,manufacturing time decreased 16.5 percent and tool quality increased 12 percent.Teledyne’s CAD/CAM system uses state-of-the-art software that allows engineers to design dies and molds, develop CNC milling cutter paths and incorporate design changes easily. The system supports full-color, shaded three-dimensional modeling on its monitors to enhance its design and analysis capabilities. The CAD/CAM system also provides finite element analysis that can be used to improve the quality of castings , and to analyze the thermal properties of molds. Inputs virtually from any customer database can be used either directly or through translation.CMM Is CriticalTeledyne’s coordinate measuring machine(CMM),says’Church,”is what has made a difference in terms of being able to move from the traditional manual processes of mold and die making to the automated system that Teledyne uses today.”The CMM precisely locates any point in a volume of space measuring 128 in, by 80 in, by 54 in, to an accuracy of 0.0007 in. It can measure parts, dies and molds weighing up to 40 tons. For maximum accuracy,the machine is housed in an environmentally isolated room where temperature is maintained within 2 deg.F of optimum. To isolate the CMM from vibration, it is mounted on a 100-ton concrete block supported on art cushions.According to Nordby, the CMM is used not only as a quality tool, but also as a process checking tool. “ As a tool goes through the shop, it is checked several times to validate the previous operation that was performed.”For example, after the initial surface of a mold is machined and before any finish work is done, it is run through the CMM for a complete data check to determine how close the surface is to the required geometry.The mold is checked with a very dense pattern based on flow lines of the part. Each mold is checked twice, once before benching and again after benching. Measurements taken from both halves of the mold are used to calculate theoretical stock thickness at full closure of the mold to verify its accuracy with the CAD design data.Sheet Metal Dies Are Different“Sheet metal is a different ballgame,” says Nordby, “because you have the issue of material springback and the way the metal forms in the die. What happens in the sheet metal is that you do the same kinds of things for the male punch as you would with SMC molds and you ensure that it is 100 percent to math data. But due to machined surface tolerance variations, the female half becomes the working side of the tool. And there is still a lot of development required after the tool goes into the press. The math generated surfaces apply primarily to the part surface of the tool.”EMS Tracks the Manufacturing ProcessTeledyne’s business operations also are computerized and carried over a network consisting of a V AX server and PC terminals. IMS (Effective Management Systems) software tracks orders, jobs in progress, location of arts, purchasing, receiving, and is now being upgraded to include accounting functions.Overall capabilities of the EMS system include bill-of-material planning and control, inventory management, standard costing, material history, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, customer order processing, booking and sales history, accounts receivable, labor history, shop floor control, scheduling, estimating, standard routings, capacity requirements planning, job costing, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing history and accounts payable.According to Frank Zugaro, Teledyne’s scheduling manager, the EMS software was chosen because of its capabilities in scheduling time and resources in a job shop environment. All information about a job is entered into inventory management to generate a structured bill of material. Then routes are attached to it and work orders are generated.The system provides daily updates of data by operator hour as well as a material log by shop order and word order. Since the database is interactive, tracking of materials received and their flow through the build procedure can be documented and cost data sent to accounting and purchasing.Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, says that EMS is really a tracking device, and one of the systems greatest benefits is that it provides a documentedrecord of everything involving a job and eliminates problems that could arise from verbal instructions and promises. Kral says that as the system is used more, they are finding that it pays to document more things to make it part of the permanent record. It helps keep them focused.2 中文翻译模具设计与制造CAD和CAM广泛用于模具的设计和制造中。

铸造模具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料翻译资料来源：《模具设计与制造专业英语》文章名：Chapter 3 Casting Dies书刊名：《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》作者：刘建雄王家惠廖丕博主编出版社：北京大学出版社，2002章节：Chapter 3 Casting Dies页码：P51~P60文章译名：铸造模具Chapter 3 Casting Dies3.1CastingThe first castings were made during the period 4000~3000 B.C., using stone and metal molds for casting copper. Various casting processes have been developed over a long period of time, each with its own characteristics and applications, to meet specific engineering and service requirements. Many parts and components are made by casting, including cameras, carburetors, engine blocks, crankshafts, automotive components, agricultural and railroad equipment, pipes and plumbing fixtures, power tools, gun barrels, frying pans, and very large components for hydraulic turbines.Casting can be done in several ways. The two major ones are sand casting, in which the molds used are disposable after each cycle, and die casting, or permanent molding, in which the same metallic die is used thousands or even millions of times. Both types of molds have three common features. They both have a “plumbing” system to channel molten alloy into the mold cavity. These channels are called sprues, runners, and gates (Fig. 3-1). Molds may be modified by cores which form holes and undercuts or inserts that become an integral part of the casting. Inserts strengthen and reduce friction, and they may be more machinable than the surrounding metal. For example, a steel shaft when properly inserted into a die cavity results in an assembled aluminum step gear after the shot.After pouring or injection, the resulting castings require subsequent operations such trim-ming, inspection, grinding, and repairs to a greater or lesser extent prior to shipping. Premium-quality castings from alloys of aluminum or steel require x-ray soundness that will be acceptable by the customer.Certain special casting processes are precision-investment casting, low-pressure casting, and centrifugal casting.3.2Sand CastingThe traditional method of casting metals is in sand molds and has been used for millennia. Simply stated, sand casting consists of (a) placing a pattern having the shape of the desired casting in sand to make an imprint, (b) incorporating a gating system, (c) filling the resulting cavity with molten metal, (d) allowing the metal to cool until it solidifies, (e) breaking away the sand mold, and (f) removing the casting (Fig. 3-2). The production steps for a typical sand-casting operation are shown in Fig. 3-3.Although the origins of sand casting date to ancient times, it is still the most prevalent form of casting. In the United States alone, about 15 million tons of metal are cast by this method each year.Open riser Vent Pouring basin (cup)CopeBlind FlaskriserSprueCore(sand)SandParting lineDragMoldcavityChokeRunner GateSandFig. 3-2 Schematic illustration of a sand mold33.2.1SandsMost sand casting operations use silica sand (SiO2), which is the product of the dis- integration of rocks over extremely long periods of time. Sand is inexpensive and is suitable as mold material because of its resistance to high temperatures. There are two general types of sand: naturally bonded (bank sand) and synthetic (lake sand). Because its composition can be controlled more accurately, synthetic sand is preferred by most foundries.Several factors are important in the selection of sand for molds. Sand having fine, round grains can be closely packed and forms a smooth mold surface. Although fine-grained sand enhances mold strength, the fine grains also lower mold permeability. Good permeability of molds and cores allows gases and steam evolved during casting to escape easily.3.2.2Types of Sand MoldsSand molds are characterized by the types of sand that comprise them and by the methods used to produce them. There are three basic types of sand molds: greensand, cold-box, and no-bake molds.The most common mold material is green molding sand, which is a mixture of sand, clay, and water. The term “green” refers to the fact that the sand in the mold is moist or damp while the metal is being poured into it. Greensand molding is the least expensive method of makingmolds.In the skin-dried method, the mold surfaces are dried, either by storing the mold in air or by drying it with torches. These molds are generally used for large castings because of their higher strength.Sand molds are also oven dried (baked) prior to pouring the molten metal; they are stronger than greensand molds and impart better dimensional accuracy and surface finish to the casting. However, this method has drawbacks: distortion of the mold is greater; the castings are more susceptible to hot tearing because of the lower collapsibility of the mold; and the production rate is slower because of the drying time required.In the cold-box mold process, various organic and inorganic binders are blended into the sand to bond the grains chemically for greater strength. These molds are dimensionally more accurate than greensand molds but are more expensive.In the no-bake mold process, a synthetic liquid resin is mixed with the sand; the mixture hardens at room temperature. Because bonding of the mold in this and in thecold-box process takes place without heat, they are called cold-setting processes.The following are the major components of sand molds (Fig. 3-2):(1)The mold itself, which is supported by a flask. Two-piece molds consist of a cope on top and a drag on the bottom. The seam between them is the parting line. When more than two pieces are used, the additional parts are called cheeks.(2)A pouring basin or pouring cup, into which the molten metal is poured.(3)A sprue, through which the molten metal flows downward.(4)The runner system, which has channels that carry the molten metal from the sprue to the mold cavity. Gates are the inlets into the mold cavity.(5)Risers, which supply additional metal to the casting as it shrinks during solidification. Fig. 3-2 shows two different types of risers: a blind riser and an open riser.(6)Cores, which are inserts made from sand. They are placed in the mold to form hollow regions or otherwise define the interior surface of the casting. Cores are also used on the outside of the casting to form features such as lettering on the surface of a casting or deep external pockets.(7)Vents, which are placed in molds to carry off gases produced when the molten metal comes into contact with the sand in the mold and core. They also exhaust air from the mold cavity as the molten metal flows into the mold.3.2.3PatternsPatterns are used to mold the sand mixture into the shape of the casting. They may be made of wood, plastic, or metal. The selection of a pattern material depends on the size and shape of the casting, the dimensional accuracy, the quantity of castings required, and the molding process.Because patterns are used repeatedly to make molds, the strength and durability of the material selected for patterns must reflect thenumber of castings that the mold will produce.They may be made of a combination of materials to reduce wear in critical regions. Patterns are usually coated with a parting agent to facilitate their removal from the molds.Patterns can be designed with a variety of features to fit application and economic requirements. One-piece patterns, also called loose or solid patterns, are generally used for simpler shapes and low-quantity production. They are generally made of wood and are inexpensive. Split patterns are two-piece patterns made such that each part forms a portion of the cavity for the casting; in this way, castings with complicated shapes can be produced.Match-plate patterns are a popular type of mounted pattern in which two-piece patterns are constructed by securing each half of one or more split patterns to the opposite sides of a single plate (Fig.3-4). In such constructions, the gating system can be mounted on the drag side of the pattern. This type of pattern is used most often in conjunction with molding machines and large production runs to produce smaller castings.Cope sidePlateDrag sideFig. 3-4 A typical metal match-plate pattern used in sand castingAn important recent development is the application of rapid prototyping to moldand pattern making. In sand casting, for example, a pattern can be fabricated in arapid prototyping machine and fastened to a backing plate at a fraction of the timeand cost of machining a pattern. There are several rapid prototyping techniques withwhich these tools can be produced quickly.Pattern design is a crucial aspect of the total casting operation. The design should provide for metal shrinkage, case of removal from the sand mold by means of a taper or draft (Fig.3-5), and proper metal flow in the mold cavity.Pattern Draft angleDamageFlaskSand moldPoor GoodFig. 3-5 Taper on patterns for case of removal from the sand mold3.2.4CoresFor castings with internal cavities or passages, such as those found in an automotive engine block or a valve body, cores are utilized. Cores are placed in themold cavity before casting to form the interior surfaces of the casting and are removed from the finished part during shakeout and further processing. Like molds,cores must possess strength, permeability, ability to withstand heat, and collapsibility; therefore, cores are made of sand aggregates.The core is anchored by core prints. These are recesses that are added to the pattern to support the core and to provide vents for the escape of gases (Fig. 3-6). A common problem with cores is that for some casting requirements, as in the casewhere a recess is required, they may lack sufficient structural support in the cavity.To keep the core from shifting, metal supports (chaplets) may be used to anchor thecore in place (Fig. 3-6).ChapletCore CoreCoreprintsCavity PartinglineMoldCavity CoreprintsFig. 3-6 Examples of sand cores showing core prints and chaplets to support cores8Cores are generally made in a manner similar to that used in making molds; the majority are made with shell, no-bake, or cold-box processes. Cores are formed in core boxes, which are used in much the same way that patterns are used to form sand molds. The sand can be packed into the boxes with sweeps, or blown into the box by compressed air from core blowers. The latter have the advantages of producing uniform cores and operating at very high production rates.3.2.5Sand-Molding MachinesThe oldest known method of molding, which is still used for simple castings, is to compact the sand by hand hammering (tamping) or ramming it around the pattern. For most operations, however, the sand mixture is compacted around the pattern by molding machines (Fig.3-7). These machines eliminate arduous labor, offer high-quality casting by improving the application and distribution of forces, manipulate the mold in a carefully controlled manner, and increase production rate.Squeeze head(a)(c) Equalizing pistons Pressurized air(b)(d)DiaphragmHydraulic cylinderFig. 3-7 Various designs of squeeze heads for mold making(a)conventional flat head (b) profile head (c) equalizing squeeze pistons (d) flexible diaphragmMechanization of the molding process can be further assisted by jolting the assembly. The flask, molding sand, and pattern are first placed on a pattern plate mounted on an anvil, and then jolted upward by air pressure at rapid intervals. The inertial forces compact the sand around the pattern. Jolting produces the highest compaction at the horizontal parting line, whereas in squeezing, compaction is highest at the squeezing head (Fig. 3-7). Thus, more uniform com- paction can be obtained by combining squeezing and jolting.In vertical flaskless molding, the halves of the pattern form a vertical chamber wall against which sand is blown and compacted (Fig. 3-8). Then, the mold haves are packed horizontally, with the parting line oriented vertically and moved along a pouring conveyor. This operation is simple and eliminates the need to handle flasks, allowing for very high production rates, particularly when other aspects of the operation (such as coring and pouring) are automated.Ram forceBoxSandPatternMetal poured here(a)(b)Fig. 3-8 Vertical flaskless molding(a)sand is squeezed between two halves of the pattern(b)assembled molds pass along an assembly line for pouringSandslingers fill the flask uniformly with sand under high-pressure stream. They are used to fill large flasks and are typically operated by machine. An impeller in the machine throws sand from its blades or cups at such high speeds that the machine not only places the sand but also rams it appropriately.In impact molding, the sand is compacted by controlled explosion or instantaneous release of compressed gases. This method produces molds withuniform strength and good permeability.In vacuum molding, also known as the “V” process, the pattern is covered tightly by a thin sheet of plastic. A flask is placed over the coated pattern and is filled with dry binderless sand. A second sheet of plastic is then placed on top of the sand, and a vacuum action hardens the sand so that the pattern can be withdrawn. Both halves of the mold are made this way and assembled.During pouring, the mold remains under a vacuum but the casting cavity does not. When the metal has solidified, the vacuum is turned off and the sand falls away, releasing the casting. Vacuum molding produces castings with high-quality detail and dimensional accuracy. It is especially well suited for large, relatively flat castings.113.2.6The Sand Casting OperationAfter the mold has been shaped and the cores have been placed in position, the two halves (cope and drag) are closed, clamped, and weighted down. They are weighted to prevent the separation of the mold sections under the pressure exerted when the molten metal is poured into the mold cavity.The design of the gating system is important for proper delivery of the molten metal into the mold cavity. As described, turbulence must be minimized, air and gases must be allowed to escape by such means as vents, and proper temperature gradients must be established and maintained to minimize shrinkage and porosity. The design of risers is also important in order to supply the necessary molten metal during solidification of the casting. The pouring basin may also serve as a riser. A complete sequence of operations in sand casting is shown in Fig. 3-9. In Fig. 3-9(a), a mechanical drawing of the part is used to generate a design for the pattern. Considerations such as part shrinkage and draft must be built into the drawing. In (b)~(c), patterns have been mounted on plates equipped with pins for alignment. Note the presence of core prints designed to hold the core in place. In (d)~(e), core boxes produce core halves, which are pasted together. The cores will be used to produce the hollow area of the part shown in (a). In (f), the cope half of the mold is assembled by securing the cope pattern plate to the flask with aligning pins, and attaching inserts to form the sprue and risers. In (g), the flask is rammed with sand and the plate and inserts are removed. In (h), the drag half is produced in a similar manner, with the pattern inserted. A bottom board is placed below the drag and aligned with pins. In (i), the pattern, flask, and bottom board are inverted, and the pattern is withdrawn, leaving the appropriate imprint. In (j), the core is set in place within the drag cavity. In (k), the mold is closed by placing the cope on top of the drag and securing the assembly with pins. The flasks are then subjected to pressure to counteract buoyant forces in the liquid, which might lift the cope. In (l), after the metal solidifies, the casting is removed from the mold. In (m), the sprue and risers are cut off and recycled, and the casting is cleaned, inspected, and heat treated (when necessary).After solidification, the casting is shaken out of its mold, and the sand and oxide layers adhering to the casting are removed by vibration (using a shaker) or by sand blasting. Ferrous castings are also cleaned by blasting with steel shot (shot blasting) or grit. The risers and gates are cut off by oxyfuel-gas cutting, sawing, shearing, andabrasive wheels, or they are trimmed in dies. Gates and risers on steel castings are also removed with air carbon-arc or powder-injection torches. Castings may be cleaned by electrochemical means or by pickling with chemicals to remove surface oxides.(a) (b) (c) Core printsMechanical drawing of part (d) (e)Core boxesCore printsCope pattern plateCore halvespasted together(f)FlaskGateDrag pattern plateRisers SprueCope ready for sand(g) (h) (i)Cope after ramming withsand and removing pattern, sprue, and risers Drag ready for sandDrag afterremoving pattern(j)CopeDrag (k)(l)(m)Drag with core set in place ClosingpinsCope and dragassembled readyfor pouringCasting asremoved frommold; heat treatedCasting readyfor shipmentFig. 3-9 Schematic illustration of the sequence of operations for sand castingAlmost all commercially-used metals can be sand cast. The surface finish obtained is largely a function of the materials used in making the mold. Dimensional accuracy is not as good as that of other casting processes. However, intricate shapes can be cast by this process, such as cast-iron engine blocks and very large propellers for ocean liners. Sand casting can be economical for relatively small production runs, and equipment costs are generally low.The surface of castings is important in subsequent machining operations, because machi- nability can be adversely affected if the castings are not cleaned properly and sand particles remain on the surface. If regions of the casting have not formed properly or have formedincompletely, the defects may be repaired by filling them with weld metal. Sand-mold castings generally have rough, grainy surfaces, depending on the quality of the mold and the materials used.The casting may subsequently be heat-treated to improve certain properties needed for its intended service use; these processes are particularly important for steel castings. Finishing operations may involve machining straightening, or forging with dies to obtain final dimensions.Minor surface imperfections may also be filled with a metal-filled epoxy, especially for cast-iron castings because they are difficult to weld. Inspection is an important final step and is carried out to ensure that the casting meets all design and quality control requirements.第三章铸造模具3.1 铸造第一批铸件是在公元前4000年至公元前3000年制造的。

模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献

模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。

直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。

近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。

虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。

由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。

中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。

结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。

近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。

从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。

目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。

虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。

当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面：（1）总量供不应求，国内模具自配率只有70%左右。

其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。

（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理。

模具常用语中英文对照

以下是30 个模具常用语的中英文对照：1.模具：mold2.模具设计：mold design3.模具制造：mold manufacturing4.模具加工：mold processing5.模具寿命：mold life6.模具维护：mold maintenance7.模具成本：mold cost8.模具材料：mold material9.模具结构：mold structure10.模具零件：mold part11.模具装配：mold assembly12.模具调试：mold debug13.模具成型：mold forming14.模具分型面：mold parting surface15.模具型腔：mold cavity16.模具型芯：mold core17.模具滑块：mold slider18.模具斜顶：mold lifter19.模具顶针：mold ejector pin20.模具冷却系统：mold cooling system21.模具浇注系统：mold gating system22.模具排气系统：mold venting system23.模具尺寸公差：mold dimensional tolerance24.模具表面粗糙度：mold surface roughness25.模具硬度：mold hardness26.模具钢：mold steel27.模具加工工艺：mold processing technology28.模具检测：mold inspection29.模具修改：mold modification30.模具报废：mold scrap。

机械制造工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：侯亮学号：052115072015年 4 月 3 日外文资料翻译原文Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute toshow. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more than one roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture Design外文资料翻译译文机械制造工艺机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。

模具外文资料翻译

附件1：外文资料翻译译文注塑模具设计系统中侧向分型特征的识别摘要在塑料模具的设计中，破坏特征的存在将会影响到模具的成本和结构。

简要说明侧向分型的定义、分类的特点及相关概念,以以比较容易识别的使用方法。

通过该侧向分型特征定义、分类侧向分型之间的关系,特点及其作用的简要论述，明确了侧向分型的定义特征参数及计算方法。

V-maps介绍了侧向分型的特点，范围，方向和侧向分型的特征。

由于侧向分型的特点可以部分的确认其识别方法。

考虑到混合表面,由于实际结构和虚拟结构有第一相邻表面,所以对实际和虚拟的边缘也提出了建议。

,对于破坏特征识别准则进行讨论后，破坏特征,可被持续不断地认识。

工业案例研究表明，在复杂的注射模部分，该方法的发展能有效的识别和提取侧向分型特征。

关键词:侧向分型;特征识别计算机辅助设计;注射模具的设计1 介绍模具制造是一个重要的支柱产业,因为他们在消费产品种超过70%的非标准部件的消费产品。

在模具的生产运行过程中,通常会有极小的尺寸和极大的品种。

保证较短的订货时间的需求，较高的设计和制造和综合素质以及可以快速改变设计上的瓶颈,已成为模具行业对模具公司保持竞争力的优势。

偶有迫切需要缩短交货的时间的设计，就需要生产设计过程中使用先进的自动化生产设备,先进的加工工艺,并且提高员工的技术水平。

目前,一些模具公司使用三维商业CAD软件工具设计模具,然而,许多公司仍然在设计当中,模具手动操作时,容易出错。

开发的一种计算机辅助注射模设计系统(CAIMDS)就成为了工业产业、学术界研究的焦点。

2. 侧向分型的定义与分类特征在模具的凹模,例如当凹穴、槽孔的口袋和漏洞是潜在的特征;而凸模,例如缸、锥和球体同样可以是侧向分型的特点。

如果腔和他们的插入不能塑造侧向分型特征,侧向凸板或侧向凹板或其他的工具必须与模具结构相适应。

在图1,有三种侧向分型,特点是乙、丙在塑造的部分。

如果那离别的方向图中选择,那么侧向分型可以被塑造特色的核心内容,但侧向分型特点B和C不能被塑造并且插入,前提为凸板和凹板均已成型。

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Mold design and manufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid .Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, themulti-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years .Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) the total quantity falls short of demanddomestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about .(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domesticlarge-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) the mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard the production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure .(4) develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowthe level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10,000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the moldlong-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .(1) country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects thetechnology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult .(2) talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urinemold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick . (3) the craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor lowrecent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation abilitybecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division isnot careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence .(5) to the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fallsthe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement .At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability,enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive naturemulti-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had :(1) to establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .(2) establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes .(3) the mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development .(4) are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming moldmanufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on .(5) enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology .(6) the advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application .(7) the raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold .(8) the advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development .(9) the mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardized technology .(10) the mold and its the product examination technology.(11) high quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application .(12) the mold production enterprise's m odern management technology □Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthroughAlong with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs themassive imports the mold and can represent the development directionlarge-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops .According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold(1) ramming mold to occupythe mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passengervehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development .(2)the precise ramming moldmulti- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many(3) the large-scale precise plastic moldplastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar.(4) the main mold standard to imitateeat present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessarymassive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production.(5) the other high-tech content moldsoccupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize .模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。