An efficient active ripple filter for use in DC-DC conversion
Rectifier
RectifierFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, see Rectifier (disambiguation).A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction,to direct current (DC), which is in only one direction, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be madeof solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystalof galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectification may occasionally serve in roles other than to generate direct current per se. For example, in gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. Two metal electrodes in the outer layer of the flame provide a current path, and rectification of an applied alternating voltage will happen in the plasma, but only while the flame is present to generate it.Half-wave rectificationIn half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the following two ideal equations:[1]Full-wave rectificationA full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. (See semiconductors,diode). Four diodes arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier.Graetz bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes.For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage compared to the bridge rectifier above.Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes.Full-wave rectifier, with vacuum tube having two anodes.A very common vacuum tube rectifier configuration contained one cathode and twin anodes inside a single envelope; in this way, the two diodes required only one vacuum tube. The 5U4 and 5Y3 were popular examples of this configuration.A three-phase bridge rectifier.3-phase AC input, half & full wave rectified DC output waveformsFor three-phase AC, six diodes are used. Typically there are three pairs of diodes, each pair, though, is not the same kind of double diode that would be used for a full wave single-phase rectifier. Instead the pairs are in series (anode to cathode). Typically, commercially available double diodes have four terminals so the user can configure them as single-phase split supply use, for half a bridge, or for three-phase use.Disassembled automobile alternator, showing the six diodes that comprise a full-wave three-phase bridge rectifier.Most devices that generate alternating current (such devices are called alternators) generate three-phase AC. For example, an automobile alternator has six diodes inside it to function as a full-wave rectifier for battery charging applications.The average and root-mean-square output voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated as:Where:V dc,V av - the average or DC output voltage,V p - the peak value of half wave,V rms - the root-mean-square value of output voltage.π = ~ 3.14159Peak lossAn aspect of most rectification is a loss from the peak input voltage to the peakoutput voltage, caused by the built-in voltage drop across the diodes (around 0.7 Vfor ordinary silicon p-n-junction diodes and 0.3 V for Schottky diodes). Half-waverectification and full-wave rectification using two separate secondaries will have apeak voltage loss of one diode drop. Bridge rectification will have a loss of twodiode drops. This may represent significant power loss in very low voltage supplies.In addition, the diodes will not conduct below this voltage, so the circuit is onlypassing current through for a portion of each half-cycle, causing short segments ofzero voltage to appear between each "hump".Rectifier output smoothingWhile half-wave and full-wave rectification suffice to deliver a form of DC output,neither produces constant-voltage DC. In order to produce steady DC from arectified AC supply, a smoothing circuit or filter is required.[2] In its simplest form thiscan be just a reservoir capacitor or smoothing capacitor, placed at the DC output ofthe rectifier. There will still remain an amount of AC ripple voltage where the voltageis not completely smoothed.RC-Filter Rectifier: This circuit was designed and simulated using Multisim 8 software.Sizing of the capacitor represents a tradeoff. For a given load, a larger capacitor will reduce ripple but will cost more and will create higher peak currents in the transformer secondary and in the supply feeding it. In extreme cases where many rectifiers are loaded onto a power distribution circuit, it may prove difficult for the power distribution authority to maintain a correctly shaped sinusoidal voltage curve. For a given tolerable ripple the required capacitor size is proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output peaks of the rectifier per input cycle. The load current and the supply frequency are generally outside the control of the designer of the rectifier system but the number of peaks per input cycle can be affected by the choice of rectifier design.A half-wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle and for this and other reasons is only used in very small power supplies. A full wave rectifier achieves two peaks per cycle and this is the best that can be done with single-phase input. For three-phase inputs a three-phase bridge will give six peaks per cycle and even higher numbers of peaks can be achieved by using transformer networks placed before the rectifier to convert to a higher phase order.To further reduce this ripple, a capacitor-input filter can be used. This complements the reservoir capacitor with a choke(inductor) and a second filter capacitor, so that a steadier DC output can be obtained across the terminals of the filter capacitor. The choke presents a high impedance to the ripple current.[2]A more usual alternative to a filter, and essential if the DC load is very demanding of a smooth supply voltage, is to follow the reservoir capacitor with a voltage regulator.The reservoir capacitor needs to be large enough to prevent the troughs of the ripple getting below the voltage the DC is being regulated to. The regulator serves both to remove the last of the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics. It would be possible to use a smaller reservoir capacitor (these can be large on high-current power supplies) and then apply some filtering as well as the regulator, but this is not a common strategy. The extreme of this approach is to dispense with the reservoir capacitor altogether and put the rectified waveform straight into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother and consequently the rectifier no longer has to deal with the current as a large current pulse, but instead the current delivery is spread over the entire cycle. The downside is that the voltage output is much lower – approximately the average of an AC half-cycle rather than the peak.Voltage-doubling rectifiersMain article: voltage doublerThe simple half wave rectifier can be built in two versions with the diode pointing in opposite directions, one version connects the negative terminal of the output direct to the AC supply and the other connects the positive terminal of the output direct to the AC supply. By combining both of these with separate output smoothing it is possible to get an output voltage of nearly double the peak AC input voltage. This also provides a tap in the middle, which allows use of such a circuit as a split rail supply.A variant of this is to use two capacitors in series for the output smoothing on a bridge rectifier then place a switch between the midpoint of those capacitors and one of the AC input terminals. With the switch open this circuit will act like a normal bridge rectifier with it closed it will act like a voltage doubling rectifier. In other words this makes it easy to derive a voltage of roughly 320V (+/- around 15%) DC from any mains supply in the world, this can then be fed into a relatively simple switched mode power supply.Cockcroft Walton Voltage multiplierCascaded stages of diodes and capacitors can be added to make a voltage multiplier (Cockroft-Walton circuit). These circuits can provide a potential several times that of the peak value of the input AC, although limited in current output and regulation. Voltage multipliers are used to provide the high voltage for a CRT in a television receiver, or for powering high-voltage tubes such as image intensifiers or photo multipliers.ApplicationsA rectifier diode (silicon controlled rectifier) and associated mounting hardware. The heavy threaded stud helps remove heat.The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers find uses inside the power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment.Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more complicated. One method of DC-to-DC conversion first converts power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then use a transformer to change the voltage, and finally rectifies power back to DC.Rectifiers also find a use in detection of amplitude modulated radio signals. The signal may be amplified before detection, but if un-amplified, a very low voltage drop diode must be used. When using a rectifier for demodulation the capacitor and load resistance must be carefully matched. Too low a capacitance will result in the high frequency carrier passing to the output and too high will result in the capacitor just charging and staying charged.Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier with controlled thyristorsRectifiers are also used to supply polarised voltage for welding. In such circuits control of the output current is required and this is sometimes achieved by replacing some of the diodes in bridge rectifier with thyristors, whose voltage output can be regulated by means of phase fired controllers.Thyristors are used in various classes of railway rolling stock systems so that fine control of the traction motors can be achieved. Gate turn-off thyristors are used to produce alternating current from a DC supply, for example on the Eurostar Trains to power the three-phase traction motors.[3]Rectification technologiesElectromechanicalEarly power conversion systems were purely electro-mechanical in design, since electronic devices were not available to handle significant power. Mechanical rectification systems usually rely on some form of rotation or resonant vibration in order to move quickly enough to match the frequency of the input power source, and cannot operate beyond several thousand cycles per second.Due to the complexity of mechanical systems, they have traditionally needed a high level of maintenance to keep operating correctly. Moving parts will have friction, which requires lubrication and replacement due to wear. Opening mechanical contacts under load results in electrical arcs and sparks that heat and erode the contacts.Synchronous rectifierTo convert AC currents into DC current in electric locomotives, a synchronous rectifier may be used[citation needed]. It consists of a synchronous motor driving a set of heavy-duty electrical contacts. The motor spins in time with the AC frequency andperiodically reverses the connections to the load just when the sinusoidal current goes through a zero-crossing. The contacts do not have to switch a large current, but they need to be able to carry a large current to supply the locomotive'sDC traction motors.VibratorIn the past, the vibrators used in battery-to-high-voltage-DC power supplies often contained a second set of contacts that performed synchronous mechanical rectification of the stepped-up voltage.Motor-generator setMain articles: Motor-generator and Rotary converterA motor-generator set, or the similar rotary converter, is not a rectifier in the sense that it doesn't actually rectify current, but rather generates DC from an AC source. In an "M-G set", the shaft of an AC motor is mechanically coupled to that of aDC generator. The DC generator produces multiphase alternating currents inits armature windings, and a commutator on the armature shaft converts these alternating currents into a direct current output; or a homopolar generator produces a direct current without the need for a commutator. M-G sets are useful for producing DC for railway traction motors, industrial motors and other high-current applications, and were common in many high power D.C. uses (for example, carbon-arc lamp projectors for outdoor theaters) before high-power semiconductors became widely available.ElectrolyticThe electrolytic rectifier[4] was an early device from the 1900s that is no longer used. When two different metals are suspended in an electrolyte solution, it can be found that direct current flowing one way through the metals has less resistance than the other direction. These most commonly used an aluminum anode, and a lead or steel cathode, suspended in a solution of tri-ammonium ortho-phosphate.The rectification action is due to a thin coating of aluminum hydroxide on the aluminum electrode, formed by first applying a strong current to the cell to build up the coating. The rectification process is temperature sensitive, and for best efficiency should not operate above 86 °F (30 °C). There is also a breakdown voltage where the coating is penetrated and the cell is short-circuited. Electrochemical methods are often more fragile than mechanical methods, and canbe sensitive to usage variations which can drastically change or completely disrupt the rectification processes.Similar electrolytic devices were used as lightning arresters around the same era by suspending many aluminium cones in a tank of tri-ammomiumortho-phosphate solution. Unlike the rectifier, above, only aluminium electrodes were used, and used on A.C., there was no polarization and thus no rectifier action, but the chemistry was similar.[5]The modern electrolytic capacitor, an essential component of most rectifier circuit configurations was also developed from the electrolytic rectifier.Plasma typeMercury arcMain article: Mercury arc valveA rectifier used in high-voltage direct current power transmission systems and industrial processing between about 1909 to 1975 is a mercury arcrectifier or mercury arc valve. The device is enclosed in a bulbous glass vessel or large metal tub. One electrode, the cathode, is submerged in a pool of liquid mercury at the bottom of the vessel and one or more high purity graphite electrodes, called anodes, are suspended above the pool. There may be several auxiliaryelectrodes to aid in starting and maintaining the arc. When an electric arc is established between the cathode pool and suspended anodes, a stream of electrons flows from the cathode to the anodes through the ionized mercury, but not the other way. [In principle, this is a higher-power counterpart to flame rectification, which uses the same one-way current transmission properties of the plasma naturally present in a flame].These devices can be used at power levels of hundreds of kilowatts, and may be built to handle one to six phases of AC current. Mercury arc rectifiers have been replaced by silicon semiconductor rectifiers and high power thyristor circuits, from the mid 1970s onward. The most powerful mercury arc rectifiers ever built were installed in the Manitoba Hydro Nelson River Bipole HVDC project, with a combined rating of more than 1 GW and 450 kV.[6][7]Argon gas electron tubeThe General Electric Tungar rectifier was an argon gas-filled electron tube device with a tungsten filament cathode and a carbon button anode. It was useful for battery chargers and similar applications from the 1920s until low-cost solid-state rectifiers (the metal rectifiers at first) supplanted it. These were made up to a few hundred volts and a few amperes rating, and in some sizes strongly resembledan incandescent lamp with an additional electrode.The 0Z4 was a gas-filled rectifier tube commonly used in vacuum tube car radios in the 1940s and 1950s. It was a conventional full wave rectifier tube with two anodes and one cathode, but was unique in that it had no filament (thus the "0" in its type number). The electrodes were shaped such that the reverse breakdown voltage was much higher than the forward breakdown voltage. Once the breakdown voltage was exceeded, the 0Z4 switched to a low-resistance state with a forward voltage drop of about 24 volts.Vacuum tube (valve)Main article: DiodeSince the discovery of the Edison effect or thermionic emission, various vacuum tube devices have been developed to rectify alternating currents. Low-power devices are used as signal detectors, first used in radio by Fleming in 1904. Many vacuum-tube devices also used vacuum rectifiers in their power supplies, for example the All American Five radio receiver. Vacuum rectifiers were made for very high voltages, such as the high voltage power supply for the cathode raytube of television receivers, and the kenotron used for power supply in X-ray equipment. However, vacuum rectifiers generally had low current capacity owing to the maximum current density that could be obtained by electrodes heated to temperatures compatible with long life. Another limitation of the vacuum tube rectifier was that the heater power supply often required special arrangements to insulate it from the high voltages of the rectifier circuit.Solid stateCrystal detectorMain article: cat's-whisker detectorThe cat's-whisker detector, using a crystal such as galena, was the earliest type of solid state diode.Selenium and copper oxide rectifiersMain article: Metal rectifierOnce common until replaced by more compact and less costly silicon solid-state rectifiers, these units used stacks of metal plates and took advantage ofthe semiconductor properties of selenium or copper oxide.[8] While selenium rectifiers were lighter in weight and used less power than comparable vacuum tube rectifiers, they had the disadvantage of finite life expectancy, increasing resistance with age, and were only suitable to use at low frequencies. Both selenium and copper oxide rectifiers have somewhat better tolerance of momentary voltage transients than silicon rectifiers.Typically these rectifiers were made up of stacks of metal plates or washers, held together by a central bolt, with the number of stacks determined by voltage; each cell was rated for about 20 volts. An automotive battery charger rectifier might have only one cell: the high-voltage power supply for a vacuum tube might have dozens of stacked plates. Current density in an air-cooled selenium stack was about 600 mA per square inch of active area (about 90 mA per square centimeter).Silicon and germanium diodesMain article: DiodeIn the modern world, silicon diodes are the most widely used rectifiers for lower voltages and powers, and have largely replaced earlier germanium diodes. For very high voltages and powers, the added need for controllability has in practice causedsimple silicon diodes to be replaced by high-power thyristors (see below) and their newer actively-gate-controlled cousins.High power: thyristors (SCRs) and newer silicon-based voltage sourced convertersTwo of three high-power thyristor valve stacks used for long distance transmission of powerfrom Manitoba Hydro dams. Compare with mercury arc system from the same dam-site, above. Main article: high-voltage direct currentIn high power applications, from 1975-2000, most mercury valve arc-rectifiers were replaced by stacks of very high power thyristors, a silicon device with an extra layer of semiconductor in comparison to a diode.In medium power-transmission applications, more complex andsophisticated voltage sourced converter (VSC) silicon semiconductor rectifier systems, such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and gate turn-off thyristors (GTO), have made smaller high voltage DC power transmission systems economical. All of these devices function as rectifiers.In the future, these high-power silicon "self-commutating switches," in particular IGBTs and a variant thyristor (related to the GTO) called the integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT), are expected to be scaled-up in power-rating to the point that they will eventually replace the simple-thyristor based AC rectification systems now in use for the highest power transmission DC applications. [9] Recent developmentsHigh-speed rectifiersResearchers at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) have proposed high-speed rectifiers that would sit at the center of spiral nanoantennas and convert infrared frequency electricity from AC to DC.[10] Infrared frequencies range from 0.3 to 400 terahertz.Unimolecular rectifiersMain article: Unimolecular rectifierA Unimolecular rectifier is a single organic molecule which functions as a rectifier. The technology is still in the experimental stage.。
Efficient Multirate Filtering Using EMQF Subfilters
TELSIKS 2003
Efficient Multirate Filtering Using EMQF Subfilters
Ljiljana D. Milić1, Miroslav D. Lutovac2
Abstract – In this paper, we present the application of the Elliptic Minimal Q-Factors (EMQF) subfilters in constructing IIR multirate filters. We show that using EMQF subfilters, efficient implementations are reached for the sampling rate conversion systems, multistage filtering, and tree structured IIR filter banks. It is demonstrated through examples that the proper use of EMQF subfilters provides efficient filtering with a small number of multiplications per output sample. Keywords – Multirate filters, IIR filters, High speed filtering, IIR Multilevel filter banks, Efficient implementations
LINEAR LTC3851 说明书
L DESIGN FEATURESIntroductionThe LTC3851 is a versatile synchro-nous step-down switching regulator controller that is available in a space saving 16-lead 3mm × 3mm QFN or convenient narrow SSOP packages. Its wide input range of 4V to 38V makes it well-suited for regulating power from a variety of sources, including automo-tive batteries, 24V industrial supplies and unregulated wall transformers. The strong onboard drivers allow the use of high power external MOSFETs to produce output currents up to 20A with output voltages ranging from 0.8V to 5.5V.The constant frequency peak cur-rent m ode c ontrol a rchitecture p rovides excellent line and load regulation along with load current sharing capability and dependable cycle-by-cycle current limiting. OPTI-LOOP ® compensation simplifies loop stability design and provides well-behaved regulation over a broad range of operating conditions.Synchronous Buck Controller in 3mm × 3mm QFN Fits Automotive and Industrial Applications with 4V–38V Input Capability The LTC3851 has ±1% output voltage tolerance over temperature. The part’s low minimum on-time (90ns, typical) allows for low duty cycle operation even with switching frequencies as high as 750kHz.Two Current Sensing OptionsThe LTC3851 features a high input impedance current sense comparator. This allows the use of the inductor’s DC resistance (DCR) as the current sense element in conjunction with an RC filter. DCR current sensing allows the designer to eliminate the need for a discrete sense resistor, thereby maxi-mizing efficiency and lowering solution cost. Alternately, higher current sense accuracy may be achieved by connect-ing the SENSE + and SENSE – pins to a precision sense resistor in series with the inductor. The LTC3851 offers the choice of three pin-selectable maxi-mum current sense thresholds (30mV,50mV and 75mV) to accommodate a wide range of DCR values and output current levels.As with all constant frequency, peak current mode control switching regulators, the LTC3851 utilizes slope compensation to prevent sub-harmon-ic oscillations at high duty cycles. Thisby Mark MercerFigure 2. High efficiency 3.3V/15A power supply with DCR sensingOUT V INR FREQ (k)10100O S C I L L A T O R F R E Q U E N C Y (k H z )500250750100036601601000Figure 1. Relationship between oscillator frequency and resistor connected between FREQ/PLLFLTR and GNDDESIGN FEATURES L is accomplished internally by addinga compensating ramp to the inductorcurrent signal. Normally, this resultsin a >40% reduction of maximuminductor peak current at high dutycycles. However, the LTC3851 usesa novel scheme that allows the maxi-mum peak inductor current to remainstable throughout all duty cycles.VersatilityDuring heavy load operation, theLTC3851 operates in constant fre-quency, continuous conduction mode.At light loads, it can be configured to operate in high efficiency Burst Mode® operation, constant frequency pulse-skipping mode or forced con-tinuous conduction mode. Burst Mode operation offers the highest efficiency because energy is transferred from the input to the output in pulse trains of one to several cycles. During the intervening period between pulse trains, the top and bottom MOSFETs are turned off and only the output capacitor provides current to the load. Forced continuous conduction mode results in the lowest output voltage ripple, but is the least efficient at light loads. Pulse-skipping mode offers a compromise—lower output ripple than Burst Mode operation and more efficiency than continuous conduc-tion mode.The switching frequency of theLTC3851 may be programmed from250kHz to 750kHz by the resistor,R FREQ, connected to the FREQ/PLL-FLTR pin. This provides the flexibilityneeded to optimize efficiency. Figure 1shows a plot of the switching frequencyvs R FREQ. Additionally, the switchingfrequency may be synchronized toan external clock. While doing so,the LTC3851 will operate in forcedcontinuous conduction mode.The output voltage can be rampedduring start-up by means of an ad-justable soft-start function, or it cantrack an external ramp signal. Trackand soft-start control are combined ina single pin, TK/SS. Whenever TK/SSis less than 0.64V, the LTC3851 op-erates in pulse-skipping mode. Thisfeature allows for starting up into apre-biased load. When TK/SS is be-tween 0.64V and 0.74V, the regulatoroperates in forced continuous modeto ensure a smooth transition fromstart-up to steady state. Once TK/SSexceeds 0.74V, the mode of opera-tion is determined by the state of theMODE/PLLIN pin.The RUN pin enables or disablesthe LTC3851. This pin has a precision1.22V turn-on threshold which is use-ful for power supply sequencing. Theturn-off threshold is 1.10V. There isan internal 2µA pull-up current sourceon the RUN pin.The LTC3851’s fault protectionfeatures include foldback currentlimiting, output overvoltage detectionand input undervoltage detection. Ifan overload event causes the outputto fall to less than 40% of the targetregulation value, then the LTC3851folds back the maximum current sensethreshold. This reduces the on-time inorder to minimize power dissipation inthe top MOSFET. If the output voltageis more than 10% above the targetregulation value, the bottom MOSFETturns on until the output falls backinto regulation. If the input voltage isallowed to fall low enough such thanthe output of the internal linear regu-lator falls below 3.2V, then switchingoperation is disabled. This feature EFFICIENCY(%)LOAD CURRENT (A)1000.011000.1110102030405060708090Figure 3. Efficiency vs load current with threemodes of operation for the circuit of Figure 2OUTV INFigure 4. High efficiency 1.5V/15A power supply synchronized to 350kHzcontinued on page 36L DESIGN IDEASshould be pulled-up to the same volt-age. In Figure 2 the LDO3V3 regulator is used as the pull-up voltage for the FAULT signal and the power supply for the low power microcontroller used to process pushbutton events and sequence the power supplies. The FAULT pin also acts as an input and hence, must be high before any outputs are enabled.Compact LED DriverThe LT3587 LED driver is designed to drive up to six LEDs with average LED currents between 20mA and 1µA. When the LT3587’s V OUT3 is used as a current regulated LED driver, the V FB3 pin can be used as an overvoltage protection function. By connecting a resistor between V OUT and V FB3 the device limits the maximum allowable output voltage on V OUT3. This feature is extremely important in LED appli-cations because without it the client device may be damaged if one of the LEDs were to open; in such a case, the output would continue to rise asthe internal disconnect FET between CAP3 and V OUT3. This FET ensures that CAP3 maintains its steady-state value while the PWM signal is low, resulting in minimal startup delays. For a 100Hz PWM dimming signal and allowing for 10% deviation from linear-ity at the lowest duty cycle, the LT3587 allows for a dimming ratio of 30:1. If the maximum amount of adjustment range is desired, an external DAC, such as the LTC2630, can be used to feed an adjustment voltage onto the IFB3 resistor, creating an LED current range of 20,000:1.ConclusionTwo highly integrated devices, the LTC3586 and LT3587 can be combined to create a complete USB compatible power solution for portable cameras and other feature-rich portable de-vices. The solution is robust, high performance and compact, with ef-ficient battery charging, instant-on capability and LED protection. Lthe current regulation loop increases voltage in an attempt to regulate the current.The integrated LED driver in the LT3587 is capable of accepting a direct PWM dimming signal into its enable input (EN/SS3) and/or accommodates analog dimming via an external DAC. See Figure 4 for a partial application circuit showing the LED driver with direct PWM and analog dimming.LEDs can change color when the current through them changes, but PWM dimming maintains color consis-tency over the dimming range, as the ON part of the PWM cycle is always the same current. In PWM dimming, the brightness of the LEDs is a function of average current, adjusted by changing the duty cycle of the PWM signal. In analog dimming, the constant current through the LEDs is adjusted, which causes variations in color.The LT3587 accepts PWM signals with frequencies over 60Hz to assure flicker-free operation. High PWM fre-quencies are achievable because ofBATTERY VOL TAGE (V)E F F I C I E N C Y (%)80907060100Figure 3. Battery charging efficiency vs battery voltage with no external load (P BAT /P BUS )V VIN MN1Si1304BDLFigure 4. Six white LED driver with PWM and analog dimmingprotects against insufficient turn-on voltage for the top MOSFET.3.3V /15A Regulator with DCR Sensing Figure 2 shows a 400kHz, 3.3V output regulator using DCR current sensing. The DC resistance of the inductor is used as the current sense element, eliminating the need for a discrete sense resistor and thus maximizing efficiency. Figure 3 shows a plot of the efficiency vs load for all three modes of operation with an input voltage of 12V.1.5V /15A Regulator Synchronized at 350kHz Figure 4 illustrates a 1.5V output regulator that is synchronized to an external clock. The loop filter components connected to the FREQ/PLLFLTR pin are optimized to achieve a jitter free oscillator frequency and reduced lock time.ConclusionThe LTC3851 combines high perfor-mance, e ase o f u se a nd a c omprehensivefeature set in a 3mm × 3mm 16-pinpackage. DCR current sensing and Burst Mode ® operation keep efficiency high. With a broad 4V to 38V input range, strong MOSFET drivers, low minimum on-time and tracking, the LTC3851 is ideal for automotive elec-tronics, server farms, datacom and telecom power supply systems and industrial equipment. LLTC3851, continued from page 17。
电子信息类专业英语(西电第二版)Unit 4 Microel
Unit 4 Microelectronics
Integrated circuits are small, light, rugged, and reliable. They require less power and lower voltages than equivalent macroscopic circuits; consequently they operate at lower temperatures, and individual components may be close together without exceeding the operating temperature limit. Relatively little stray capacitance and short time delays are produced because of the short interconnections between the individual components in IC. Maintenance is simplified because if a component of the IC fails the complete IC is usually replaced. Mass production techniques of plane technology have reduced the cost of many IC so that they are almost as inexpensive as a single transistor. Eventually most conventional circuits will be replaced by IC.
［2］ The reduction in power dissipation is particularly important where a complex circuit is to be concentrated into a small space. The problem of extracting the heat generated in the circuit may then be a difficult one.
电气专业中英文翻译
The report concludesThe report mainly collected from the power transmission and power system requirements related to the content of these twoareas, and analyze, to understand some of the relevant knowledge.Page2 Electrical Energy Transmission（电能输送）1 English textFrom reference 1Growing populations and industrializing countries create huge needs for electrical energy. Unfortunately, electricity is not alwaysused in the same place that it is produced, meaning long-distance transmission lines and distribution systems are necessary. Buttransmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss.So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce resource consumption whiledelivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver electrical energy more efficientlyand change consumer habits.Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which create three types of energy loss:the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example); magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field;the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material.The Joule effect in transmission cables accounts for losses of about 2.5 % while the losses in transformers range between 1 % and2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical energy produced by a powerplant of 1 000 megawatts means transmitting 10 MW more to consumers, which is far from negligible: with the same energy we cansupply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes.Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simplethings, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it into standbymode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities.On the energy production side, building more efficient transmission and distribution systems is another way to go about it. Highefficiency transformers, superconducting transformers and high temperature superconductors are new technologies which promisemuch in terms of electrical energy efficiency and at the same time, new techniques are being studied. These include direct currentand ultra high voltage transmission in both alternating current and direct current modes. Keywords: electrical energy transmissionFrom reference 2Disturbing loads like arc furnaces and thyristor rectifiers draw fluctuating and harmonic currents from the utility grid. These nonsinusoidal currents cause a voltage drop across the finite internal grid impedance, and the voltage waveform in the vicinity becomesdistorted. Hence, the normal operation of sensitive consumers is jeopardized.Active filters are a means to improve the power quality in distribution networks. In order to reduce the injection of non sinusoidalload currents shunt active filters are connnected in parallel to disturbing loads (Fig. 1). The active filter investigated in this projectconsists of a PWM controlled three-level VSI with a DC link capacitor.The VSI is connected to the point of common coupling via atransformer. The configuration is identical with an advanced static var compensator.The purpose of the active filter is to compensate transient and harmonic components of the load current so that only fundamentalfrequency components remain in the grid current. Additionally, the active filter may provide the reactive power consumed by theload. The control principle for the active filter is rather straightforward: The load current ismeasured, the fundamental activecomponent is removed from the measurement, and the result is used as the reference for the VSI output current.In the low voltage grid, active filters may use inverters based on IGBTs with switching frequencies of 10 kHz or more. The harmonicsproduced by those inverters are easily suppressed with small passive filters. The VSI can be regarded nearly as an ideally controllablevoltage source. Inmedium voltage applications with power ratings of several MV A, however, the switching frequen cy of today’s VSIsis limited to some hundred Hertz. Modern high power IGCTs can operate at around 1 kHz. Therefore, large passive filters are neededin order to remove the current ripple generated by the VSI. Furthermore, in fast control schemes the VSI no longer represents anideal voltage source because the PWM modulator produces a considerable dead-time. In this project a fast dead-beat algorithm forPWM operated VSIs is developed [1].This algorithm improves the load current tracking performance and the stability of the activefilter. Normally, for a harmonics free current measurement the VSI currentwould be sampled synchronously with the tips of the triangular carriers. Here, the current acquisition is shifted in order to minimizethe delays in the control loop. The harmonics now included in themeasurement can be calculated and subtracted from the VSIcurrent. Thus, an instantaneous current estimation free of harmonics is obtained.Keywords: active filtersFrom reference 3This report provides background information on electric power transmission and related policy issues. Proposals for changing federaltransmission policy before the 111th Congress include S. 539, the Clean Renewable Energy and Economic Development Act,introduced on March 5, 2009; and the March 9, 2009, majority staff transmission siting draft of the Senate Energy and NaturalResources Committee. The policy issues identified and discussed in this report include:Federal Transmission Planning: several current proposals call for the federal government to sponsor and supervise large scale, on-going transmission planning programs. Issues for Congress to consider are the objectives of the planning process (e.g., a focus onsupporting the development of renewable power or on a broader set of transmission goals), determining how much authority newinterconnection-wide planning entities should be granted, the degree to which transmission planning needs to consider non-transmission solutions to power market needs, what resources theexecutive agencies will need to oversee the planning process, and whether the benefits for projects included in the transmissionplans (e.g., a federal permitting option) will motivate developers to add unnecessary features and costs to qualify proposals for theplan.Permitting of Transmission Lines: a contentious issue is whether the federal government should assume from the states the primaryrole in permitting new transmission lines. Related issues include whether Congress should view management and expansion of thegrid as primarily a state or national issue, whether national authority over grid reliability (which Congress established in the EnergyPolicy Act of 2005) can be effectively exercised without federal authority over permitting, if it is important to accelerate theconstruction of new transmission lines (which is one of the assumed benefits of federal permitting), and whether the executiveagencies are equipped to take on the task of permitting transmission lines.Transmission Line Funding and Cost Allocation: the primary issues are whether the the federal government should help pay for newtransmission lines, and if Congress should establish a national standard for allocating the costs of interstate transmission lines toratepayers.Transmission Modernization and the Smart Grid: issues include the need for Congressional oversight of existing federal smart gridresearch, development, demonstration, and grant programs; and oversight over whether the smart grid is actually proving to be agood investment for taxpayers and ratepayers.Transmission System Reliability: it is not clear whether Congress and the executive branch have the information needed to evaluatethe reliability of the transmission system. Congress may also want to review whether the power industry is striking the right balancebetween modernization and new construction as a means of enhancing transmission reliability, and whether the reliability standardsbeing developed for the transmission system are appropriate for a rapidly changing power system. Keywords: electric power transmissionPage3 Requirements of an Electric Supply System(供电系统需求)1 English textFrom reference1Connections to external 330 kV power grids are provided using an open 330 kV switchyard. The plant is connected to theLithuanian power grid using two transmission lines L-454 and L-453, 330 kV each, to the Belorussian power grid using threetransmission lines L-450, L-452 and L-705, and to the Latvian power grid using one transmission line L-451.Connections to external power grids at 110 kV are provided using the first section of the open 110 kV switchyard. The plant isconnected to the Lithuanian power grid using one transmission line “Zarasai” 110 kV, and to the Latvian power grid using onetransmission line L-632.Connections between the open switchyards at 330 kV and 110 kV are established using two coupling autotransformers AT-1 andAT-2, types ATDCTN- 200000/330. Power of each autotransformer is equal to 200 MV×A. The autotransformers have a device forvoltage regulation under load. The device type is RNOA-110/1000. 15 positions are provided to regulate voltage in a range (115 ±6) kV.The open 330 kV switchyard is designed using "4/3" principle (four circuit breakers per three connections) and consists of twosections. Circuit breakers are placed in two rows. The first section of the open switchyard 110 kV is designed using “Double systemof buses with bypass” structure. The second section of open switchyard 110 kV is connected to the first section through twocircuit breakers C101 and C102. The second section has the same design as the first one. The following transmission lines areconnected to the second section: L-Vidzy, L-Opsa, L-Statyba, LDuk Ötas. These transmission lines are intended for district powersupplies, so they are not essential for electric power supply for the plant in-house operation.Air circuit breakers of VNV-330/3150A type are used in the open 330 kV switchyard. Air circuit breakers of VVBK-110B-50/3150U1type are used in open switchyard 110 kV. To supply power loads on voltage level 330 kV and 110 kV, aerial transmission lines areused. Electrical connections of external grids 110 and 330 kV are presented in Fig. 8.1. Keywords: transmission linesFrom reference 2AbstractThis paper addresses sustainability criteria and the associated indicators allowing operationalization of the sustainability concept in the context of electricity supply. The criteria and indicators cover economic,environmental and social aspects. Some selected results from environmental analysis, risk assessment and economic studies areshown. These studies are supported by the extensive databases developed in this work. The applications of multi-criteria analysisdemonstrate the use of a framework that allows decision-makers to simultaneously address the often conflicting socio-economic andecological criteria. “EnergyGame”, the communication-oriented software recently developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI),provides the opportunity to integrate the central knowledge-based results with subjective value judgments. In this way a sensitivitymap of technology choices can be constructed in an interactive manner. Accommodation of a range of perspectives expressed inthe energy debate, including the concept of sustainable development, may lead to different internal rankings of the options butsome patterns appear to be relatively robust.IntroductionThe public, opinion leaders and decision-makers ask for clear answers on issues concerning the energy sector and electricitygeneration in particular. Is it feasible to phase out nuclear power in countries extensively relying on nuclear electricity supply andsimultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions? What are the environmental and economic implications of enhanced uses ofcogeneration systems, renewable sources and heat pumps? How do the various energy carriers compare with respect to accidentrisks? How would internalization of external costs affect the relative competitiveness of the various means of electricity production?What can we expect from the prospective technological advancements during the next two or three decades? Which systems orenergy mixes come closest to the ideal of being cheap, environmentally clean, reliable and at the same time exhibit low accidentrisks?How can we evaluate and rank the current and future energy supply options with respect to their performance on specificsustainability criteria?The Swiss GaBE Project on “Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Systems” provides answers to many issues in the Swiss andinternational energy arena. A systematic, multidisciplinary, bottom-up methodology for the assessment of energy systems, has beenestablished and implemented. It covers environmental analysis, risk assessment and economic studies, which are supported by theextensive databases developed in this work. One of the analysis products are aggregated indicators associated with the varioussustainability criteria, thus allowing a practical operationalization of the sustainability concept. Apart from technical and economicaspects an integrated approach needs to consider also social preferences, which may be done in the framework of multi-criteriaanalysis.Keywords: criteria indicatorsFrom reference 3Mobility of persons and goods is an essential component of the competitiveness of European industry and services as well as anessential citizen right. The goal of the EU's sustainable transport policy is to ensure that our transport systems meet society'seconomic, social and environmental needs.The transport sector is responsible for about 30% of the total final energy consumption and for about 25% of the total CO2emissions. In particular the contribution of road transport is very high (around 80% and 70% respectively). These simple data shedlight on the necessity to move towards a more sustainable transportation system, but also suggest that a technological/systemicrevolution in the field will positively impact the overall world’s sustainable development.From a technological point of view, a lower dependency from not renewable energy sources (i.e. fuel oil) of the road transport isthe main anticipated change. In particular electric engines possibly represent the natural vehicle evolution in this direction. Indeedthey have much higher energy efficiency (around three times that of internal combustion engines, ICE) and do not produce anykind of tailpipe emissions. How the electricity will be supplied to the vehicles is still unpredictable due to the too many existinguncertainties on the future development, but the electrification of the drive train will contribute to having alternative energy pathsto reduce the nearly total dependency on crude oil. In particular, vehicle range and performances allowed by the differentpossibilities will play a key role on the debate.At the moment a great attention is attracted by electric vehicles, both hybrid and not, that will allow users to recharge theirvehicles directly at home. This kind of vehicle can represent a real future alternative to the ICE vehicles in particular for whatconcerns the daily commuting trips (whose range is quite low). It is therefore important to understand what might be the impacton the electric supply system capabilities of this recharging activity.In this light the present study carries out an analysis of this impact for the Province of Milan (of particular relevant due the very highdaily commuting trips) at a 2030 time horizon. Key issue of the analysis is the estimation of a potential market share evolution for theelectric vehicles. The results obtained show that even with a very high future market penetration the impact of the vehicles on theannual energy consumption will be quite negligible. On the contrary they also show that without an appropriate regulation (e.g. theintelligent integration of electric vehicles into the existing power grid as decentralised and flexible energy storage), they couldheavily impact on the daily electric power requirements.Keywords: electric vehicles报告总结本次报告主要从网上收集了电能输送和供电系统的需求这两个方面的相关内容，并对其进行了分析，了解了一些相关知识。
一种高效的同步整流Boost软开关变换器
一种高效的同步整流Boost软开关变换器苏淑靖; 袁财源; 王少斌【期刊名称】《《现代电子技术》》【年(卷),期】2019(042)016【总页数】5页(P122-125,130)【关键词】同步整流; Boost变换器; 软开关; 参数选取; 原理分析; 仿真验证【作者】苏淑靖; 袁财源; 王少斌【作者单位】中北大学电子测试技术重点实验室山西太原 030051【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN624-34; TP301.60 引言同步整流Boost 变换器由通态电阻极低的功率开关管来取代传统Boost 变换器的整流二极管而得到[1]，因其具有结构简单、成本低、效率高、输入电流连续等优点，被广泛应用于不间断电源、功率因数校正、光伏发电等领域[2-3]。
同步整流Boost 变换器通常使用的功率MOSFET 管尽管通态电阻极低，使得开关损耗有所降低，但其体二极管的不良反向恢复特性依旧制约着变换器效率的提高[4]。
为此，在兼顾变换器成本与效率的情况下，软开关技术的引入至关重要。
针对同步整流Boost 变换器，通常需要采用辅助电路对变换器中特定的开关节点进行预充电，从而实现开关管的零电压切换。
一般的辅助电路需要引入开关管、二极管以及无源器件等，用以实现主开关管的软开关，如文献[4-5]所设计的辅助电路。
然而这些方案使得变换器成本增加，也容易导致辅助器件的过压等可靠性问题，同时也会增加变换器的控制及驱动难度[6-7]。
本文提出了一种同步整流Boost 软开关变换器，相比传统的软开关变换器的复杂控制，开关的控制方式较为简单，不仅实现了主开关管的零电压通断，也实现了辅助开关管的零电流通断，能够有效提高变换器的效率。
1 工作原理图1是所提的同步整流Boost 软开关拓扑。
其中:S1，S2为变换器的主开关管；D1，D2分别为各自的体二极管；C1，C2为谐振电容，且 C1=C2=Cr；L 为主电感；C 和 R 分别为滤波电容和负载；开关管S3为辅助开关管；D3为体二极管；Lr为谐振电感；Ta为变压器；D 为二极管。
外文翻译：智能开关电源
Intelligent switch power supply英文：With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, there are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The traditional transistors series adjustment manostat is continuous control linear manostat. This traditional manostat technology more mature, and there has been a large number of integrated linear manostat module, has the stable performance is good, output ripple voltage small, reliable operation, etc. But usually need are bulky and heavy industrial frequency transformer and bulk and weight are big filter.In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goal, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric, control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 1990s, switching power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, home appliances areas to be widely, switch power technology into the rapid development. In addition, large scale integrated circuit technology, and the rapid development of switch power supply with a qualitative leap, raised high frequency power products of, miniaturization, modular tide.Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency power switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small powerswitch power supply, the design method of a more popularity.Since the 1970s, emerged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the broad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of switch power IC development. Adopt TOP switch IC design switch power, can make the circuit simplified, volume further narrowing, cost also is decreased obviouslyMonolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer can constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Power", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 series, the second generation product is the TOP Switch - debuted in 1997 Ⅱ. The above products once appeared showed strong vitality and he greatly simplifies thedesign of 150W following switching power supply and the development of new products for the new job, also, high efficiency and low cost switch power supply promotion and popularization created good condition, which can be widely used in instrumentation, notebook computers, mobile phones, TV, VCD and DVD, perturbation VCR, mobile phone battery chargers, power amplifier and other fields, and form various miniaturization, density, on price can compete with the linear manostat AC/DC power transformation module.Switching power supply to integrated direction of future development will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major might find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus onreducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In addition, the application of digital control IC is the future direction of the development of a switch power. This trust in DSP for speed and anti-interference technology unceasing enhancement. As for advanced control method, now the individual feels haven't seen practicability of the method appears particularly strong,perhaps with the popularity of digital control, and there are some new control theory into switching power supply.（1）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC converter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the new issues will also be caused.（2）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representative of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT - technical, etc. By means of soft switch technology can effectively reduce switch loss and switch stress, help converter transformation efficiency （3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divided into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, reduce the harmonic pollution of power grid.（4）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability.（5）Low output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can provide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devicesPeople in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power electronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high reliability, anti-interference direction. Switching powersupply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, and design technology and production process at home and abroad, are mature and standardization, and has approved by users, but the AC/DC modular, because of its own characteristics in the process of making modular, meet more complex technology and craft manufacture problems. The following two types of switch power supply respectively on the structure and properties of this.Switching power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overseas each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn) material? By increasing scientific and technological innovation, to enhance in high frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) can get high magnetic under the miniaturization of, and capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology application makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides in the circuitboard to ensure that decorate components of switch power supply light, small, thin. The high frequency switching power supply of the traditional PWM must innovate switch technology, to realize the ZCS ZVS, soft switch technology hasbecome the mainstream of switch power supply technical, and greatly improve the efficiency of switch power. For high reliability index, America's switch power producers, reduce by lowering operating current measures such as junction temperature of the device, in order to reduce stress the reliability of products made greatly increased.Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial resonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical application of resonant conversion technology still have a technical problem, so in this area still need to carry out a lot of work, in order to make the technology to practional utilization.Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the joint development path, for I the high-speed development of national economy to make the contribution. The basic principle and component functionAccording to the control principle of switch power to classification, we have the following 3 kinds of work mode:1) pulse width adjustment type, abbreviation Modulation Pulse Width pulse width Modulation (PWM) type, abbreviation for. Its main characteristic is fixed switching frequency, pulse width to adjust by changing voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse width modulator. Switch cycle for designing filter circuit fixed provided convenience. However, its shortcomings is influenced by the power switch conduction time limit minimum of output voltage cannot be wide range regulation; In addition, the output will take dummy loads commonly (also called pre load), in order to prevent the drag elevated when output voltage. At present, most ofthe integrated switch power adopt PWM way.2) pulse frequency Modulation mode pulse frequency Modulation (, referred to Pulse Frequency Modulation, abbreviation for PFM) type. Its characteristic is will pulse width fixed by changing switch frequency to adjust voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse frequency modulator. Circuit design to use fixed pulse-width generator to replace the pulse width omdulatros and use sawtooth wave generator voltage？Frequency converter (for example VCO changes frequency VCO). It on voltage stability principle is: when the output voltage Uo rises, the output signal controller pulse width unchanged and cycle longer, make Uo 390v decreases, and reduction. PFM type of switch power supply output voltage range is very wide, output terminal don't meet dummy loads. PWM way and way of PFM respectively modulating waveform is shown in figure 1 (a), (b) shows, tp says pulse width (namely power switch tube conduction time tON), T represent cycle. It can be easy to see the difference between the two. But they have something in common: (1) all use time ratio control (TRC) on voltage stability principle, whether change tp, finally adjustment or T is pulse 390v. Although adopted in different ways, but control goals, is all rivers run into the sea. (2) when load by light weight, or input voltage respectively, from high changed by increasing the pulse width, higher frequency method to make the output voltage remained stable.3) mix modulation mode, it is to point to the pulse width and switching frequency is not fixed, each other can change, it belongs to the way the PWM and PFM blend mode. It contains a pulsewidthomdulatros and pulse frequency modulator. Because and T all can adjust alone, so occupies emptiescompared to adjust the most wide range, suitable for making the output voltage for laboratories that use a wide range of can adjust switching power supply. Above 3 work collectively referred to as "Time Ratio Control" (as a Control, from TRC) way. As noted, pulse width omdulatros either as a independent IC use (for example UC3842 type pulse width omdulatros), can also be integrated in DC/DC converter (for example LM2576 type switching voltage regulators integrated circuit), still can integration in AC/DC converter (for exampleTOP250 type monolithic integrated circuit switching power supply. Among them, the switching voltage regulators belong to DC/DC power converter, switching power supply general for AC/DC power converter.The typical structure of switch power as figure1shows, its working principle is: the first utility into power rectifier and filtering into high voltage dc and then through the switch circuit and high-frequency switch to high frequency low pressure pulse transformer, and then after rectification and filter circuits, finally output low voltage dc power. Meanwhile in the output parts have a circuit feedback to control circuit, through the control PWM occupies emptiescompared to achieve output voltage stability.Figure 1 typical structure of switch power supplySwitching power supply by these four components:1) the main circuit: exchange network input, from the main circuit to dc output. Mainly includes input filter, rectifier and filtering, inverter, and output rectifier and filtering.(1) input filter: its effect is the power grid existing clutter filtering, also hinder the machine produces clutter feedback to public power grid.(2) rectifier and filter: the power grid ac power directly for a smooth dc rectifier, for the next level transformation.(3) inverter: will the dc after rectifying a high-frequency ac, this is the core of high frequency switching power supply, the higher the frequency, the volume, weight and the ratio of power output and smaller.(4) Out put rectifier and filter: according to load needs, providing stable and reliable dc power supply. 2) control circuit: on the one hand, from the output bysampling with set standards to compare, and then to control inverter, changing its frequency or pulse width, achieve output stability, on the other hand, according to data provided by the test circuit, the protection circuit differential, provide control circuit to the machine to various protection measures. Including the output feedback circuit and sampling circuit, pulse width modulator. 3) the detection and protection circuit: detection circuit had current detection, over-voltage detection, owe voltage detection, overheat detection, etc.; Protection circuit can be divided over current protection, over-voltage protection, owe voltage protection, the ground-clamp protection, overheating protection, automatic restart, soft start, slow startup, etc. Various types. 4) Other circuit: if the sawtooth wave generator, offset circuit, optical coupler, etc.智能开关电源中文：随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。
active EMI filters for automotive motor drivers
Abstract—EMI filters for automotive motor drives must achieve stringent EMI specifications while meeting tight cost constraints. This paper explores the use of low-cost active circuitry to suppress motor drive emissions, thus reducing passive filtration requirements. Challenges to the use of active EMI filters in this application are outlined, and means for addressing these challenges are presented. A voltage sense, current drive active filter is developed that greatly enhances the performance of filter capacitors. The proposed approach is applied to an input filter for an automotive electro-hydraulic power steering pump drive. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of this approach and illustrate its advantages over conventional filter designs.Index Terms—EMI Filter, Active EMI Filter, Active Ripple FilterI.I NTRODUCTIONulse-width modulated (PWM) motor drives are becoming widely used in automotive applications due to their high performance and efficiency. One drawback of such drives is that they generate ripple. Stringent EMI specifications limit the maximum amount of ripple allowed. Therefore, PWM converters require input filters that provide substantial attenuation at EMI frequencies (e.g., >150 kHz). These filters can prove to be quite large and costly.Typically, input EMI filters utilize capacitors to provide a low impedance shunt path for high-frequency currents. Such capacitors must be able to shunt current over a wide frequency range. To achieve this, various types of capacitors are placed in parallel. Large-capacitance electrolytic capacitors are used to shunt lower frequencies and provide voltage holdup. For mid-range frequencies, smaller tantalum or ceramic capacitors are employed. Small ceramic capacitors are used for high EMI frequencies. The relative cost per capacitance is typically higher for capacitors that perform better at higher frequencies. Large-valued electrolytics are used because of their low cost, high energy storage densities, and high ripple current capabilities, but they have poor high-frequency performance. On the other hand, ceramic capacitors have excellent high frequency performance, but are used sparingly due to cost.An alternative to the conventional passive filtering approach is to use a hybrid passive/active filter [2-13]. In this approach, a reduced passive filter is coupled with an active electronic circuit to attenuate the ripple. The passive filter serves to limit the ripple to a level manageable by the active circuit, and to attenuate ripple components that fall beyond the bandwidth of the active circuit. The active filter circuit cancels or suppresses the low frequency ripple components that are most difficult to attenuate with a passive low-pass filter, thus easing the requirements on the passive filter. Structurally, an active ripple filter comprises a sensor (current or voltage), a linear amplifier, and drive circuit (current or voltage) configured to cancel or suppress ripple components in the passive filter output. This approach can permit a significant reduction in the passive filter cost.This paper focuses on the application of active filtering techniques to input filters of pulse-width modulated (PWM) motor drives. As a design example, this paper focuses on the design of an input filter for an automotive electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS) pump drive. Section II presents an analysis of a typical passive EMI filter for this application. This passive filter will serve as a benchmark for the active filter in terms of cost and performance. Section III will illustrate the primary design constraints of applying active filters to PWM motor drives. Section IV gives an overview of active filter techniques for input filters. Section V will explore an active filter design for this application. Section VI will present experimental results, and section VII concludes the paper.II.P ASSIVE F ILTER C HARACTERISTICSTo illustrate the tradeoffs in filtering for PWM motor drives, this paper considers an input EMI filter for the PWM inverter in an EHPS pump motor drive. This application uses an inverter to convert the 14V DC voltage into three phase AC toActive EMI Filters for Automotive Motor DrivesAlbert C. Chow David J. PerreaultLaboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic SystemsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyM.I.T. Rm. 10-039Cambridge, MA 02139(617) 258-6038FAX: (617) 258-6774Pdrive a brushless motor for the EHPS system. The electrical motor replaces the belt-drive for a hydraulic fluid pump, and allows for more efficient operation of the power steering system. The inverter has a fundamental switching frequency of 10 KHz and a peak input current of 70 amps.The structure of a typical passive input filter for this application is illustrated in Fig. 11. It uses a modified pi filter structure with a 3900 µF electrolytic capacitor at the input to the inverter and a 22µF ceramic capacitor at the supply interface. Separating the two capacitors are two 3.6 µH inductors providing both common mode and differential mode filtering. In addition to the electrolytic capacitor at the inverter input there is a small ceramic (1nF) capacitor in parallel with it for higher frequencies. The same is true of the large-valued ceramic capacitor (22µF). An approximate cost breakdown of this filter is illustrated in Table 1, based on commercial pricing in quantities of 20002. The high-valued ceramic capacitor costs about the same as the large electrolytic capacitor though it is physically much smaller. This passive filter will serve as a benchmark for performance and cost. Active filter techniques will be explored with the objective of improving filter cost while maintaining filter performance.III.D ESIGN C ONSIDERATIONSIn most automotive a nd commercial applications, cost is a major consideration. Historically, active filter methods have been most widely applied in applications where the need for high performance justifies additional cost. This work seeks a reduction of cost through active filtering while maintaining constant performance.1 The design of Fig. 1 closely approximates one in recent commercial production for this application.2 While this does not reflect automotive pricing scales it is a reasonable measure of relative component costs. We are unable to account for differences in how individual components costs scale to high volume.Based on the cost breakdown of Table 1 alone, any of the major components are reasonable targets for augmentation via active techniques. Power dissipation considerations, however, restrict us to utilizing active techniques in the outer stages of the filter. To understand this, consider the large electrolytic capacitor. The feasibility of applying active circuit techniques to a capacitor is dependent on the ripple current the capacitor must carry. Simulations suggest that this bulk capacitor carries peak ripple current on the order of 40A (worst-case) and up to 15A RMS, making it impractical to augment its performance via active methods. Conversely, the 22µF ceramic capacitor carries a worst-case ripple current of 0.9A (peak-to-peak), making it a more reasonable target for active techniques. The inductors could also be augmented using active techniques. However the topological complexity of doing this (see, e.g., [13]) may make this less desirable from a cost standpoint. Thus, this paper focuses on applying active circuits to replace the outer stage 22µF ceramic filter capacitor.In order for an active filter to be a commercially viable replacement for the capacitor, the entire active filter must cost under $2. The severe cost constraints in this application allow the use of only lower-end, minimal cost transistors, such as the 3904 and 3906. These transistors are standard signal-leveltransistors in a TO-92 package, and have a power dissipationlimit of around a third of a watt. Designing an amplifier to handle the full peak current ripple (0.9A peak) is difficult with such devices, and rapidly becomes cost prohibitive.The outer-stage filter capacitor sees substantial ripple current in this application. This is characteristic of PWM drive filters. In dc/dc converter applications, the fundamental switching frequency is typically in or near the frequency range covered by EMI specifications (e.g., >150 kHz), and hence is greatly attenuated by the inner filter stages. PWM motor drives, however, typically switch at very low frequencies (10 kHz in the example considered here), which are well below the frequency range covered by EMI specifications. Therefore, a significant amount of the fundamental ripple appears at the filter output. That is, it is not cost effective (or required) to filter the fundamental switching frequency and its low-order harmonics, so these components are not greatly attenuated by the inner filter elements and still appear at the outer part of the filter. This is an important factor in design of active filter circuits for this application.The large, low-frequency component in the ripple poses a substantial challenge in the active filter design because of theincreased power dissipation required to attenuate this ripple, which directly translates to an increase in cost. A saving factor lies in typical EMI specifications such as SAE J1113/41. While the majority of the ripple is due to the fundamental switching frequency of the inverter and its low-order harmonics, EMI ripple attenuation is only required from 150 kHz onward. If the active components are able to reject the low-frequency components (< 150 kHz) and operate only on the EMI frequencies, the power-driving requirement on the active filter is greatly reduced. Therefore, with appropriate design an active filter approach is viable in this application. A further constraint is that the active filter circuitry must be powered from the available 14V power supply bus. Other power supply requirements would unacceptably increase the system cost. Given these constraints, design of the active filters for this application is quite interesting and challenging.IV. A CTIVE T ECHNIQUES FOR INPUT FILTERSIn general, active ripple filters are linear amplifier circuits that enhance the performance of passive impedances. The active filter may either increase the effective impedance of a series path or reduce the effective impedance of a shunt path. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 2 (left) a series active f i lter introduces a voltage in series with a noise source, effectively increasing the impedance of that series path to noise currents. Similarly, a shunt active ripple filter is placed in shunt with a noise source, reducing the effective impedance of the shunt path (Fig. 2, right). A variety of filter structures and control methods are possible, but generally conform to one or both of these approaches.Noise suppression control can be achieved through feedforward and/or feedback. Feedforward control relies on a small but precise gain. For a perfect feedforward path gain of unity, the ripple would be entirely cancelled. However, due to gain and phase accuracy limitations in the components, feedforward cancellation alone cannot fully attenuate the ripple. On the other hand, feedback relies on a large but possibly imprecise gain. The feedback gain is directly proportional to the ripple suppression. In other words, the larger the gain the larger the ripple attenuation; an infinite gain would yield zero ripple. Stability considerations limit theachievable feedback suppression. A combination of bothfeedback and feedforward control is also possible.V.A CTIVE F ILTER D ESIGNA.Active Filter TopologyAs previously described, this paper introduces a shunt active filter circuit to replace the output (battery-side) capacitor in the motor drive filter. The active filter reduces the shunt-path impedance at the filter output by enhancing the performance of a small capacitor using a feedback control configuration. A feedback approach was selected because it was found to be less costly to implement a high gain feedback circuit than to implement an amplifier with a precise gain and low phase shift in a feedforward configuration.Capacitor enhancement can be implemented using various means including current-sense/current-drive, voltage-sense/voltage-drive, current-sense/voltage-drive, and current-sense/current-drive [11,12]. A voltage-sense/voltage drive configuration was selected for cost reasons. Although the amplifier design uses a voltage drive, the overall active filter can be thought of as using current injection. The amplifier drives a voltage across a load capacitor, which converts it into an AC current. This strategy is illustrated in F ig. 3 and provides an effective shunt-path impedance Z eq as shown there. Voltage drive enables low-loss injection to be achieved without an additional supply voltage, and voltage sensing is more economically realized than is current sensing for a given circuit gain.Although the active filter is implemented as one multistage amplifier, it is advantageous to break the design into two pieces: the sensing filter and the amplifier (see Fig. 4). The sensing filter, H(s), measures the voltage, and filters it to select which frequencies to pass onto the amplifier and which frequencies to reject. The amplifier, A, merely takes the voltage signal given by the sensing filter, amplifies it, and drives the resulting voltage across the reduced passive capacitor.B.Design of Sensing FilterThe design of the sensing filter proves to be a primary challenge of this system. It determines the power dissipation of the drive stage and sets the closed-loop dynamics. The ideal sensing filter would have a sharp cutoff, essentially goingfrom high attenuation to high gain in less than a decade, rejecting the fundamental (10 kHz) and low-order harmonics, and passing EMI frequencies (>150 kHz). Such a sharp cutoff would require a high order sensing filter, complicating the topology and making it more difficult to attain a stable feedback loop. Loop compensation may be added within the sensing filter to achieve stability, but this again adds complexity and oscillations may occur due to amplifier non-linearities3. Ultimately, amplifier nonidealities make it difficult to use a sensing filter with an order higher than one. Unfortunately, a first-order (high-pass) sensing filter does not provide enough separation between the pass band and stop band. The filter is unable to sufficiently attenuate the 10 KHz signal (to within the power limitations of the amplifier transistors), while still providing adequate gain at 150 KHz and beyond.To overcome these limitations, a low-frequency, low impedance bypass network is placed in parallel with the sensing filter, reducing the low frequency ripple voltage it3 Nonlinearities can cause the loop gain of the feedback system to decrease for certain input magnitudes, driving the system unstable. sees. The network comprises one or more medium-sized electrolytic capacitors. The low cost of electrolytics makes this a viable solution. Electrolytic capacitors have poor performance at higher frequencies, where their ESL and ESR limit their ability to shunt current. By placing an electrolytic capacitor larger than 22 µF in parallel with the active filter, the lower frequency currents, including the 10 KHz fundamental, will be shunted from the a ctive filter (see Fig 5); two 22 µF electrolytic capacitors are used in the prototype system. At higher EMI frequencies, where the electrolytic capacitor ceases to perform well, the active filter takes over and shunts the high-frequency currents. At still higher frequencies, beyond the bandwidth of the active circuit, a small ceramic capacitor serves as the shunt element.C.Design of the AmplifierThe primary functions of the amplifier are to provide the feedback loop gain and to drive the voltage across the capacitor. A three-stage amplifier is chosen for these functions, comprising a gain stage, a buffer stage, and an output stage (Fig. 6). As mentioned previously, the entire amplifier circuit is implemented with inexpensive, low-end transistors. The gain stage (first stage) uses a common emitter configuration. Common emitter amplifiers offer a large input impedance, which is ideal for voltage sensing. The gain of the overall amplifier is determined by active filter requirements. Since the suppression of the current ripple is directly proportional to the feeback loop gain, the design of the amplifier should maximize the gain. However with any feedback system, the tradeoff between gain and stability is theprimary performance limitation. The upper limit on the amountof gain achievable is set by the stability of the system. As mentioned previously, the stability is highly dependent upon the sensing filter. The maximum amount of stable gain can be easily determined by standard feedback loop design techniques (a gain of 150 is used in the prototype). Furthermore, this amplifier configuration is bandwidth limited due to the Miller effect, which multiplies capacitances by the gain of the system. Fortunately, the bandwidth of the circuit (~2MHz) is sufficient for the application.The following two stages, the buffer stage and the output stage, are closely related. The buffer stage is implemented with two emitter followers and the output stage uses a push-pull configuration. The second stage provides large input impedance for the gain stage and biases the output stage. The gain stage has a relatively large output impedance therefore a buffer stage is needed to maintain the gain of the amplifier. The output stage has been designed to minimize DC bias currents and therefore the overall dissipation of the system. A push-pull circuit has no bias current, but it does have a dead zone. In the dead zone the output voltage is zero if the input voltage is within the thermal voltage of the transistor. A smallbias current is passed through both push-pull transistors in order to eliminate the dead zone (class AB). The two transistors are biased with emitter followers, which have the extra benefit of increasing the input impedance to the drive stage. One concern of a push-pull output stage is maintaining bias stability. In this configuration, it is possible for the current to increase with out bound. Placing resistors in the emitters of the push-pull transistors is one solution. The emitter resistors serve provide bias feedback and to limit the amount of current f low. The output stage does not provide any voltage gain. It serves as a voltage buffer and a power gain stage.The voltage-sense/voltage-drive topology, which injects current, has the drawback of increased peak current, which affects the achievable bandwidth of the system. Simulation can facilitate the prediction of the peak current needed. The hybrid system is modeled as a sensing filter with lead compensation, two 22 µF electrolytic capacitors, and an ideal voltage gain driving a load capacitor (see Fig 7). Simulations show that the peak current needed is 500mA. The 3904 and 3906 transistors are not designed to handle these peaks 50B Vcurrents. Fortunately, the 2222 and 2906 can accommodate this current magnitude, cost the same, and have the same packaging. The tradeoff is that the 2222 and 2906 have a lower unity beta bandwidth than the 3904 and 3906. This is due to the larger parasitic capacitances of the 2222 and 2906. Fig. 6 shows the resulting active filter circuit, not including the two 22µF electrolytic, low-frequency, bypass capacitors.The overall active filter yields a substantial cost benefit over the purely passive filter. The active filter effectively replaces the 22µF ceramic capacitor. The total cost of the active filter is $0.70 verses $2.00, the cost of the capacitor (see Table 2). Thecomponent cost is given as US dollars per unit for a quantity of two thousand.VI.E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTSThe test setup of the system used a current noise source. The PWM motor drive can be approximated by a square wave current source, with a duty cycle of 50 percent and a peak current of 15 amps. Standard EMI measurement techniques are followed. A LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Network) is placed between the filter and the 14 V supply. The LISN passes power frequency signals to the load, while acting as a known impedance at ripple frequencies. The voltage across the 50 ohm LISN resistor is used as the metric for input ripple performance.The performance of the hybrid filter is determined by first taking measurements without the active filter element. Essentially, the only outer-stage filter capacitance is the two medium sized (22µF) electrolytic capacitors. Measurements were then taken with the active filter in operation. Figure 8 illustrates the dramatic improvement in output voltage ripple performance that is achieved through the use of the active circuitry. The spectral measurements confirm the poor performance of the electrolytic capacitors at higher frequencies. The active circuitry provides an additional attenuation over using the electrolytic capacitors alone. Next, a performance comparison is needed between the benchmark passive filter (with the 22 µF ceramic capacitor) and the hybrid/active filter. Relative performance of these circuits is shown in Fig. 9. The performance of the two filters is the same at the higher frequencies. At the lower frequencies the ripple is slightly higher in the hybrid/active filter than the purely passive filter. The slight difference in performance between the two at lower frequencies is acceptable because the SAE EMI specification allows for more ripple at these lower frequencies. Therefore, the active filter allows expensive ceramic capacitors to be replaced with inexpensive electrolytic capacitors (plus active filter) with no degradation in performance. The demonstrated benefit of the proposed approach is that by introducing simple, signal-level active circuitry, one can dramatically reduce the filter cost for the same level of performanceVII.C ONCLUSIONActive ripple filters can effect substantial reductions in power converter input and output filter cost. This paper investigates a hybrid passive/active filter topology that uses a shunt filter approach in a feedback configuration. The desi gn of a sense filter and amplifier suitable for the application are investigated. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of the new approach, and illustrate its potential benefits. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is most effective in cases where it is desirable to reduce the capacitance cost in the filter. In these cases, a cost reduction of 65% is possible, without impacting ripple performance.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to acknowledge the support for this research provided by the United States Office of Naval Research under grant number N00014-00-1-0381, and by the member companies of the MIT/Industry Consortium on Advanced Automotive Electrical/Electronic Components and Systems. In addition the authors would like to give special thanks to Mr. Philip Desmond of Motorola AIEG and Mr. Peter Miller of Ricardo for their valuable input in this project.R EFERENCES[1]T.K. Phelps and W.S. Tate, “Optimizing Passive Input FilterDesign,” Proceedings of Powercon 6, May 1979, pp. G1-1 - G1-10.[2]M. Zhu, D.J. Perreault, V. Caliskan, T.C. Neugebauer, S.Guttowski, and J.G. Kassakian, “Design and Evaluation of anActive Ripple Filter with Rogowski-Coil Current Sensing,” IEEEPESC Record, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 874 -880.[3]S. Feng , W. A. Sander, and T. Wilson, “Small-CapacitanceNondissipative Ripple Filters for DC Supplies,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1970, pp. 137-142.[4] D.C. Hamill “An Efficient Active Ripple Filter for Use in DC-DCConversion,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and ElectronicSystems, Vol. 32, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 1077-1084.[5]N.K. Poon, J.C.P. Liu, C.K. Tse, and M.H Pong, “Techniques forInput Ripple Current Cancellation: Classification andImplementation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.15, No. 6, November 2000, pp. 1144-1152.[6]J. Walker, “Designing Practical and Effective Active EMI filters,”Proceedings of Powercon 11, 1984, I-3 pp. 1-8.Quantity Description Cost ($)/Unit2 Small Ceramic (pF) 0.041 0.22 µF Ceramic 0.072 0.47 µF Ceramic 0.112 22 µF Electrolytic BypassCapacitor0.045 Transistors 0.05Table 2: C ost break down of the components in the hybrid filter. The cost per unit is based on estimated cost attained for quantities of 2000.[7]L.E. LaWhite and M.F. Schlecht, “Active Filters for 1 MHzPower Circuits With Strict Input/Output Ripple Requirements,”IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. PE-2, No.4,October 1987, pp. 282-290.[8]T. Farkas and M.F. Schlecht, “Viability of Active EMI Filters forUtility Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,Vol. 9, No. 3, May 1994, pp. 328-337.[9]M.S. Moon and B.H. Cho, “Novel Active Ripple Filter for theSolar Array Shunt Switching Unit,” Journal of Propulsion andPower, Vol. 12, No. 1, January-February 1996, pp. 78-82. [10]P. Midya and P.T. Krein, “Feed-forward Active Filter for OutputRipple Cancellation,” International Journal Electronics, Vol. 77,No. 5, pp. 805-818.[11]L.R. Casey, A. Goldberg, and M.F. Schlecht, “Issues Regarding theCapacitance of 1-10 MHz Transformers,” Proceedings IEEEAPEC, 1988, pp. 352 –359.[12] A. Goldberg, J.G. Kassakian, and M.F. Schlecht, “Issues Related to1-10-MHZ Transformer Design,” IEEE Transactions on PowerElectronics, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1989, pp. 113-123.[13] A.C. Chow, D.J. Perreault, “Design and evaluation of an activeripple filter using voltage injection,” IEEE PESC Record, Vol.1, 2001, pp. 390 –397.。
Agilent 8890 5977C Series gas chromatograph mass s
Agilent 5977C GC/MSD SystemThe Agilent 8890/5977C Series gas chromatograph/mass selective detector (GC/MSD) builds on a tradition of leadership in GC and MS technology, with the world’s most competitive performance and productivity features.Agilent GC/MSD system featuresAgilent 5977C GC/MSD — the most sensitive and robust MSD provides:–Four EI source options including the revolutionary high-efficiency source (HES), which offers the industry’s lowest instrument detection limit (IDL) and bestcarrier gas applications.signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and a HydroInert source for H2– A heated monolithic quartz gold quadrupole (heatable up to 200 °C) for rapid elimination of contamination to keep the analyzer clean.– A second-generation triple-axis detector (TAD) for eliminating neutral noise.–Scan speeds up to 20,000 u/sec (extractor ion source and HES).–An optional oil-free IDP-3 roughing pump: a cleaner, quieter, and greener alternative (for use with turbo molecular pump systems).10-Year value promiseSupport is guaranteed for 10 years from the date of purchase, or Agilent will provide credit for the residual value of the system toward a model upgrade.Installation checkout specifications Agilent verifies GC/MSD system performance at the customer site.IDL is a statistically based metricthat more accurately confirms system performance than an S/N measurement. Test specificationsare based on splitless injection intoan Agilent J&W HP-5ms Ultra Inert30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm column for helium and a 20 m × 0.18 mm, 0.18 μm column for HydroInert with hydrogen. IDL analyses use lab helium (hydrogen for HydroInert) with GC gas filters installed. See more about the IDL test at /Library/ technicaloverviews/Public/5990-8341EN.pdf* IDL was statistically derived at 99% confidence level from the area precision of eight sequential splitless injections of OFN (octafluoronaphthalene). Demonstration of IDL specifications require a compatible system configuration, including a liquid autosampler with a 5 μL syringe.–HES IDL was measured using 10 fg injection, 1 µL injection.–Other IDLs were measured using 100 fg, 1 µL injection.–A 30 m column was used for helium IDL checkout; a 20 m column was used for hydrogenIDL checkout.–Helium carrier gas for Installation Specifications of the HES, Extractor, and Stainless steel sources; hydrogen carrier gas for Installation Specification of the HydroInert source only.–Reference IDL specifications from the above table will be confirmed only when purchased as an additional service with a compatible new system (GC and MS) installation.Signal-to-noise (S/N) specificationsa S/N checkout is performed only if there is no compatible autosampler (which is required for IDL checkout). Helium carrier gas, manual injection using a 30 m × 0.25 mm,0.25 µm column and in scan mode. Hydrogen carrier gas, manual injection using 20 m × 0.18 mm, 0.18 µm column and in scan mode. When the autosampler (ALS) is present, these specifications are a reference of the performance. Reference S/N specifications from the above table will not be confirmed at installation or introduction for ALS equipped systems.b Standard scanning from 50 to 300 u at nominal 272.0 u ion.c 1 μL injection of 100 pg/μL benzophenone (BZP) standard, 80 to 230 u scan at nominal 183 u ion, using methane reagent gas.d 2 μL injection of 100 fg/μL OFN standard scanning from 50 to 300 u at nominal 272 u ion, using methane reagent gas.2a Only applicable with optional Accurate Mass software package. Scan mode only. Not verified during installation.b As scan rate increases, sensitivity will decrease, and resolution may degrade.c A high flow rate into a fixed ion source will cause a loss in sensitivity.d The heated quadrupole mass filter should not require maintenance, but if maintenance is required, it should be performed by an Agilent service engineer.34aInlet temperature should be cool enough to touch when performing maintenance.bA micro ion gauge is shipped standard for the CI system, and is available optionally for EI systems.DE67854286This information is subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2022Printed in the USA, May 26, 20225994-4846EN。
REGATRON G5.BT系列电池测试仪说明书
G5.BT Battery Tester SeriesThe G5.BT series is bidirectional regenerative. It was developed specifically for testing energy storage devices and is suitable for use in laboratories and on test benches. The modular and finely graded G5.BT series is characterized by highly dynamic response times and a wide cur-rent-voltage range with an auto-ranging factor 3. The G5.BT series has an outstanding current accuracy of <0.02% FS, an additional high-resolution current measurement range, and a fast current rise time in the 100 μs range. Ripple modulation, an integrated safety relay for PL c according to EN ISO 13849 and a powerful CAN multi-protocol interface (1 kHz, 16 bit) as well as functions to avoid reverse-polarity problems, current surges, and unwanted deep discharg-es make the G5.BT series the ideal, versatile battery module and battery pack tester.Device TypesVoltage V Power kW Current A Height U Order Code 0...500 18 -108...108 4 G5.BT.18.500.108 0...500 27 -162...162 7 G5.BT.27.500.162 0...500 36 -216 (216)7 G5.BT.36.500.216 0…500 54 -324…324 10 G5.BT.54.500.324 0…1000 18 -54…54 4 G5.BT.18.1000.54 0…1000 36 -108…108 7 G5.BT.36.1000.108 0…1000 54 -162…162 10 G5.BT.54.1000.162 0…1500 27 -54…54 7 G5.BT.27.1500.540…1500 54 -108…108 10 G5.BT.54.1500.108Modular and Easy Scalable SystemsThe output of an individual power supply is in the range from 0...18 kW to 0...2000+ kW, up to 3000 VDC. The advantageous modularity of REGATRON power supply solutions allows the system to be easily adapted to ever changing test requirements. Not only is it possible to reconfigure between parallel, series, and mixed operation, but also to expand the systemwith additional power supply units or to split it intosmaller units.Therefore, the purchase of a REGATRON power supply is a solid investment for the future.Figure 1: Modular concept for easy power and voltage increase by parallel, series, and mixed operation. The parallel configuration allows even an operation of different power levels, e.g., 18, 36, and 54 kW modules, in one system.Whether for single devices or powerful multi-device master-slave systems, REGATRON also offers turn-key cabinet solutions or project specific system integration according to customer specifications. Battery Module/Pack-Testing FeaturesThe G5.BT series has an exceptional electrical performance that offers several advantages for battery testing applications:▪Accuracy of <0.02% FS▪Additional high-resolution currentmeasurement range from -10 to 10% FS ▪Current rise time in the 50…200 µs range▪Parameterizable to avoid overshoot▪Current ripple modulation up to 10 kHzIn addition, the G5.BT provides important features for user safety, power supply, and battery protection. It avoids:▪Reverse-polarity problems▪Arcing and high inrush current whenconnecting the battery to the DC terminalseven at unmatched voltage levels▪Deep battery discharge at voltage off state (DC port impedance >10 MΩ)Features such as adjustable controller settings and the integrated powerful 8-channel digital scope assist the user to quickly and easily achieve optimal system behavior for a special application requirement. The G5.BT series also offers the possibility to store, edit and recall any device configuration on board the power supply.DynamicsMaximum speed or minimum overshoot? Figure 2 shows that the dynamic parameters of the G5.BT series can be easily adapted to a specific task.Figure 2: Parameterization example: set-value step currents. -97…97 A@333VDC in <50 µs with overshoot (top), in <200 µs w/o overshoot (bottom). General Dynamic DataInterfacesCAN InterfaceThe CAN multi-protocol (CANmp) interface has a 1 kHz data rate, a 16-bit resolution and is adaptable to any proprietary CAN bus. In addition, it supports dbc file handling.Integrated Safety RelayIntegrated safety relay (ISR) for increased emergency stop reliability supporting performance level PL c / PL e according to EN ISO 13849.Control ModesCV constant voltageCC constant currentCP constant powerCR constant resistanceRi internal resistance simulationSystem ControlG5.Control operating and maintenance software API .NET programming, e.g., by LabView,Python, Matlab, or REST interface I/O port Analog interface for set and actualvalues, operating statesGrid ConnectionThe wide-band AC input accepts all common AC grid systems and has an active power factor correction.AC Grid 380…480 VAC ±10% at 50/60 HzPF 0.99Efficiency 95…96%OptionsSoftware and ControlBatControlThe battery tester is controlled by interfaces such as CANmp for the integration into automated test benches or by the optional application software BatControl for R+D applications in the laboratory. BatControl allows selecting and running so-called BatScripts. These scripts automate the manually given commands to the G5 Battery Tester and allow the running of these commands according to defined schedules.▪Define charge and discharge algorithms▪Run drive cycles (according to own or already defined standards)▪Repeat previously recorded discharge/charge dataTime-Based Function GeneratorThe TFE time-based function generator allows programming either through G5.Control operating software, HMI touch display, or CANmp interface.▪Time-dependent functions U = f(t), I = f(t), P = f(t): sine, triangle, or square as well as user-defined data points. Import and exportthrough csv files supported▪Sweep function for current ripple modulation 0…10 kHzHMIThe HMI built into the front panel allows compre-hensive and convenient operation of the power supply via touch display.Figure 3: Intuitive control by HMI touch display. Everything you need at a glance. User Safety▪Discharge of AC filter (XCD), recommended for mobile use of the device. XCD ensures adischarge time of the AC filter <1 s requiredby EN 50178▪AC terminal protection cover (PAC.AC),recommended for use as tabletop unitRack-Integrated System Solutions▪Mobile rack solutions up to IP54▪Insulation monitoring: remote activation of the insulation measurement, actual insulation valueand warning/error status are provided byCANmp interface or by optional HMI▪Easy reconfiguration between parallel, series, and mixed operationFigure 4: REGATRON’s rack-integrated turn-key system solutions, e.g., 72 kW (left) and 162 kW (right) power levels. Various types of AC/DC connectors and cables allow for comfortable handling. Third-party product integration and numerous safety options are additional features.Environmental ConditionsFront-panel-mounted air filter (AirFilter), recom-mended for use in dusty environments.NEWDC Generation 5REGATRON DC & AC Power Supplies: Modular ∙ Precisely Engineered ∙ Technologically AdvancedImportant Features of the G5.BT SeriesTechnology▪ Technologically advanced, fast switching,compact 19-inch power supplies▪ High control dynamics in the 100...200 µsrange – even at higher power levels▪ Exceptional accuracy of <0.02% FS, additionalhigh-resolution measurement range ▪ Wide current-voltage range with an auto-ranging factor 3▪ CV, CC, CP, CR, and Ri-Sim control modes ▪ Regenerative and highly efficient, resulting insignificant reduction of energy consumption and heat dissipationSystem Capability▪ Modular and easy scalable systems▪ Parallel, series, and mixed operation with adigital high-speed bus▪ Simple master-slave configuration with theoperating software ▪ Easy rack mounting▪ Optional safety features such as 2-channelsafety interface and insulation monitoring ▪ Turn-key cabinet solutions or project-specificsystem integration according to customer specificationSystem Control and Options▪ Operating software, extended analysis, andparameterization options, calibration ▪ Application software with visualization,programming, and data logger▪ Powerful application programming interfaces(APIs)******************All product specifications and information herein are provisional and subject to change without notice. Filename: PD_G5.BT_EN_201007.docxnd ***************************************.com。
Filter media
Filter mediaAquatic life generates a variety of wastes which can rapidly reach toxic levels. Tap water can also introduce undesirable elements. These wastes and bi-products must be removed. Water purification cannot occur without some type of filter material. The proper use of effective and specific media for particular tasks is vital in aquarium filtration. We separate these types into mechanical, biological, adsorptive and chemical filter media.Mechanical filter media work much like a sieve trapping particulate waste as it passes through the material.EHFIMECHA coarse mechanical filter material which is to be used as bottom layer filtering. Its hollow ceramic design creates eddies which disburse the water into many paths. It traps large debris while creating an even flow of water for subsequent layers.EHFIFIXA medium mechanical filter material which is to be placed between EHFIMECH on the bottom and the subsequent biological or chemical filter layers. It traps debris which has passed through the previous layer and acts as a divider.For models 2211, 2213, 2215/22176, 2222, 2224, 2226, 2228 a special pad is recommended.Filter padSeparates different filter media layers.EHFISYNTHA completely neutral filter wool. The fine phenol free structureof this synthetic material traps tiny particles of dirt. It should beloosely placed as the last layer in your filter arrangement. Formodels 2222, 2224, 2226, 2228 we recommend a specialEHFISYNTH pad.Biological filtrationA build-up of toxic nitrogenous wastes is a natural result of all aquarium inhabitant's life processes. In nature, the body of water is large enough to dissipate or dilute these wastes. Some will even be converted into usable energy by living organisms. Within an aquarium however, without a powerful biological breakdown of these toxins, the fish literally poison themselves. This is the reason why biological filtration is the most desirable of all aquarium filtration.This type of filtration is the purification of the aquarium water by using living organisms, such as nitrifying bacteria. These desirable bacteria will attach themselves to all hard surfaces within the aquarium system. They use the toxins as a food, converting harmful toxins such as ammonia and nitrite into less harmful nitrate. Nitrate can then be removed by performing regular water changes.After prolonged use, mechanical and chemical filter media will act in a biological manner. They provide some surface area for bacterial colonization but this is actually very limited. In order to provide the greatest amount of surface area for bacteria colonies, filter media such as EHFISUBSTRAT or EHFILAV should be used.EHFISUBSTRATTo create biologically sound water as found in nature, you need EHFISUBSTRAT. Biological filtering is based on a natural decomposition of harmful substances using helpful bacteria. They convert ammonia and nitrite into relatively non-toxic nitrate. The efficiency of biological filtration is limited by the media that bacteria are growing on. With over 450 ml per litre (22, 000sq. ft. per lmp. gal. / 18, 3000 sq. ft. per U.S. gal.) EHFISUBSTRAT is a specially designed sintered glass.Bacteria are able to stick better to a surface which has a complex pore system. EHFISUBSTRAT has been specially developed to offer optimum sites for bacteria colonization. The effectiveness of these bacteria is linked to how much oxygen and toxins can flow by. With faster decomposition of toxins compared to other media. Highly effective, economically priced, it is the best biological media available to aquarium hobbyists.EHFILAVA naturally occuring porous volcanicrock which is ideal for biological filtrationwhere large debris is present such asponds and highly stocked aquariums.This natural product is pre-tested forimpurities before pachaging to ensurethat it is free of toxins.Adsorptive filter mediaAdsorptive filtration is a process in which dissolved substances are captured by solid bodies such as carbon. These dissolved substances can be harmful to aquatic life. They are generally of chemical origin such as chlorine in tap water, alkaline residues of aquarium medication and even some dissolved metals. However the toxic substances accumulate and the absorption capacity of the carbon is limited. With all types of carbon, the effectiveness is limited to a short period of time. They must then be removed from the filter, to avoid having the adsorbed substances washed back into the aquarium. We recommend that carbon be used for short -term only and for a specific purpose. After the inital aquarium setup or to remove medications or additives, turbidity, water discoloration and odor.EHFIAKTIVThis product offers the highest adsorption. It is alkaliactivated, acid-washed, pH neutral, heavy metal free andformed in a special compression mold to perform a rapid,highly effective adsorption of harmful substances andresidues of medication.EHFIKARBONA high quality filter carbon. It is recommended for short-termuse in freshwater aquariums.Chemical filter mediaEHFITORFA specially treated media, whichmakes the water more acidic andlowers the carbon hardness. Thepeat filter is recommedable for softwater fishes in order to achieve atropical aquatic environment. Justlike in the case of all other additivesthe changed water property has tobe regularly monitored.Aquatic life generates a variety of wastes which can rapidly reach toxic levels. Water purification cannot occur without some type of filter material. The proper use of effective and specific media for particular tasks is vital in aquarium filtration. Ideal water conditions very much depend on the correct use of filter media. We separate these types into mechanical, biological, adsorptive and chemical filter media.EHEIM filter pads are used to separate the different layers in standard filters.EHFISYNTH filter pad for mechanical fine cleaning, forthe EHEIM professionel filters series.EHEIM filter cartridges made of special foam materialsprovide a large surface area. They can be changed in afew simple steps and after their "running-in" time theynot only function mechanically but also biologically. Inaddition, there are also active carbon cartridges, whichare ideally suited for adsorption.。
BECO PR深层过滤膜商品说明说明书
Technical Data Sheet Depth FiltrationBECO® PR RangeDepth Filter Sheets for the Pharmaceutical IndustryBECO PR depth filter sheets meet the highdemands of the pharmaceutical industry.Exceptionally pure raw materials and a specialproduction method produce BECO PR depth filtersheets with low endotoxin content. The specialcharacteristic of this range is high endotoxinretention during the filtration of manypharmaceutical products.The specific advantages of BECO PR depth filtersheets:-High endotoxin retention as well as a maximummicrobial retention rate.-The innovative production process guarantees anendotoxin content of less than < 0.125 EU/ml.-Maximum raw material purity for minimummigration of soluble ions.-The ideal combination of various filtrationmechanisms (surface, adsorption, depth filtration)and adsorptive properties ensures maximumreliability.-Comprehensive quality assurance for all raw andauxiliary materials and intensive in-process controlsensure consistent quality of the finished products.-Before delivery, the endotoxin content of< 0.125 EU/ml of all BECO PR depth filter sheets istested with the help of an LAL test. A certificate isavailable on request.- A Validation Guide is available upon request.Microbial Reduction and RemovalBECO PR Steril S 100, PR Steril S 80, PR Steril 40BECO depth filter sheets boast high microbial retentionrates achieved through the tight-pored structure and anelectrokinetic potential with an adsorptive effect.These depth filter sheets are particularly suitable aspre-filters for subsequent membrane filtration becauseof their high capacity to retain endotoxins and colloidalcomponents.Fine FiltrationBECO PR 12BECO depth filter sheets for achieving a high degree of clarification. These depth filter sheets reliably retain ultra-fine particles and provide bioburden reduction.In practice, these depth filter sheets serve as ideal pre-filters for protection of membrane filters, reverse osmosis systems, and to protect chromatography columns. Clarifying Filtration and Coarse FiltrationBECO PR 5, PR 1BECO depth filter sheets with large-volume cavity structure. These depth filter sheets have a high dirt-holding capacity for particles and are very suitable forclarifying filtration applications.Physical DataThis information is intended as a guideline for the selection of BECO depth filter sheets.The water flow is a laboratory value characterizing the different BECO depth filter sheet types.It is not the recommended flow rate.22PR Steril27295 0.1 0.15 (3.9) 58 > 7.3 (50) 0.7 (30) < 0.125 S100PR Steril27280 0.2 0.15 (3.9) 50 > 11.6 (80) 1.1 (46) < 0.125 S80PR Steril27240 0.4 0.15 (3.9) 49 > 7.3 (50) 1.5 (61) < 0.125 40PR 12 27212 0.8 0.15 (3.9) 50 > 18.9 (130) 4.3 (175) < 0.125PR 5 27205 2.0 0.15 (3.9) 50 > 8.7 (60) 8.1 (330) < 0.125PR 1 27200 4.0 0.17 (4.3) 48 > 6.5 (45) 58.4 (2381) < 0.125 * 100 kPa = 1 bar** Endotoxin content analysis after rinsing with 1.23 gal/ft² (50 l/m²) of WFI (Water for Injection)Chemical DataBECO depth filter sheets meet the requirements of LFGB*, Recommendation XXXVI/1 issued by BfR**, and the test criteria of FDA*** Directive CFR 21 § 177.2260.Chemical resistance of the BECO depth filter sheets to different solvents over a contact time of 3 hours at 68 °F (20 °C). The chemical compatibilities listed in the table below are a guide only.Aqueous solutions: Organic solvents:Sugar solution, 10% r nc Hydrochloric acid, 1% r nc Methanol r nc With 1% free chlorine r nc Hydrochloric acid, 3% r nc Ethanol r nc r nc Hydrochloric acid, 5% r nc Isopropanol r nc With 1% hydrogenperoxideWith 30% formaldehyde r nc Hydrochloric acid, 10% r nc Toluene r nc With 10% ethanol r nc Nitric acid, 1% r nc Xylene r nc With 40% ethanol r nc Nitric acid, 3% r nc Acetone r nc With 98% ethanol r nc Nitric acid, 5% r nc Methyl ethyl ketone r nc Caustic soda, 1% r nc Nitric acid, 10% r nc n-hexane r nc Caustic soda, 2% r nc Sulfuric acid, 1% r nc Dioxan r nc Caustic soda, 4% r 0 Sulfuric acid, 3% r nc Cyclohexane r nc Ammonia solution, 1% r nc Sulfuric acid, 5% r nc Tetrachloroethylene r nc Ammonia solution, 3% r nc Sulfuric acid, 10% r nc Ethylene glycol r nc Ammonia solution, 5% r nc Acetic acid, 1% r nc Dimethyl sulfide r ncr ncAcetic acid, 3% r nc N, N-DimethylformamideAcetic acid, 5% r ncAcetic acid, 10% r 0r = resistant nc = no change0 = slight opalescence* = German Food, Commodity, and Feed Act ** = Federal Institute of Risk Assessment *** = Food and Drug Administration; USAPyrogens/EndotoxinsPyrogens are biological or chemical substances whichcan induce a rise in body temperature. One commonexample are endotoxins. These are cell wall components known as lipopolysaccharides, that are embedded in the outer membrane of gram-negativebacteria.Quantitative evidence of endotoxins can be determinedusing the LAL test (L imulus A mebocyte L ysate). This method is an efficient and economical alternative to therabbit fever test. An independent institute examines thedepth filter sheets. The endotoxin content of the specimens examined is specified in EU/ml (E ndotoxin U nits).The measurement is carried out after rinsing with1.23 gal/ft² (50 l/m²) of WFI water.Endotoxin Retention RateTo measure endotoxin retention, a 40% glucose solution containing a defined amount of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)in pyrogen-free water is passed through a depth filter sheet. A defined sample of the filtrate is then measuredby means of the LAL test. Filtration flow rate: 12.3 gal/ft 2/h(500 l/m 2/h)Sampling after: 1.23 gal/ft² and 6.14 gal/ft²(50 l/m 2 and 250 l/m 2)Amount of endotoxin added: 2.2 mg LPS E. Coli 055:B5, this equals 4.4 µg LPS/ml or4.4 x 104 EU/mlThe endotoxin retention rate is indicated in the following graphic.Endotoxin Retention Rate of BECO PR Depth FilterSheets989799100Application Examples:Dialysis concentratexHuman albumin x Photoresist x I-globulin x xCoagulation factors x x Plasmaexpander solutionsx xEnzymeproduction x xHormones x x xAmino acids x x x Infusion solutions x x x Vaccine production x x x Serums from rabbits, sheep,horses, cattle, calves x x xComponentsBECO depth filter sheets are made from particularly pure natural materials, i.e., finely fibrillated cellulosefibers from deciduous and coniferous trees, cationic charge carriers, and high quality, particularly purediatomaceous earth.Instructions for Correct UseBECO depth filter sheets require careful handling when inserting them into the plate and frame filter. Avoid banging, bending, and rubbing the sheets. Do not use damaged depth filter sheets.InsertingEach BECO depth filter sheet has a rough side and a smooth side. The rough side of the depth filter sheet is the unfiltrate side; the smooth side is the filtrate side. Always ensure that the filtrate side is in contact with the clear filtrate plate when inserting the sheets.Sanitizing and Sterilizing (Optional)The wetted BECO depth filter sheets may be sterilized with hot water or saturated steam up to a maximum temperature of 273.2 °F (134 °C). The pressed filter package should be loosened slightly. Make sure to sterilize the entire filter system thoroughly. Do not apply final pressure until after the filter package has cooled down.Sterilizing with Hot WaterThe flow velocity should at least equal the filtration capacity. The water should be softened and free of impurities.Temperature: 185 °F (85 °C)Duration: 30 minutes after the temperature hasreached 185 °F (85 °C) at all valves. Pressure: At least 7.2 psi (50 kPa, 0.5 bar) at thefilter outlet.Sterilizing with SteamSteam quality: The steam must free of foreign particlesand impurities.Temperature: Max. 273.2 °F (134 °C)(saturated steam)Duration: Approx. 20 minutes after steam escapesfrom all filter valves.Rinsing: After sterilizing with 1.23 gal/ft² (50 l/m²)at 1.25 times the flow rate.Filter Preparation and FiltrationUnless already completed after sterilization, Eaton recommends pre-rinsing the closed filter with 1.23 gal/ft² (50 l/m²) of water at 1.25 times the flow rate prior to the first filtration. Depending on the application, this usually equals a rinsing time of 10 to 20 minutes. Test the entire filter for leakage at maximum operating pressure.High-proof alcohol solutions and chemical products that do not allow pre-rinsing with water should be circulated for 10 to 20 minutes. Dispose of the rinsing solution after rinsing.Differential PressureTerminate the filtration process when a differential pressure of 43.5 psi (300 kPa, 3 bar) is reached. For safety reasons, a differential pressure of 21.8 psi(150 kPa, 1.5 bar) should not be exceeded in applications for separating microorganisms.SafetyWhen used and handled correctly, there are no known unfavorable effects associated with this product. Further safety information can be found in the relevant Material Safety Data Sheet, which can be downloaded from our website. Waste DisposalDue to their composition BECO depth filter sheets are biodegradable. Comply with relevant current regulations, depending on the filtered product.StorageBECO depth filter sheets consist of strongly adsorptive materials. The product must be handled carefully during shipping and storage. Store the depth filter sheets in a dry, odor-free, and well-ventilated place. Do not expose the depth filter sheets to direct sunlight. BECO depth filter sheets are intended for immediate use and should be used within 36 months after production date.Available FormatsAll common square or round filter sizes are available for delivery. Special formats are available on request. Quality Assurance According to DIN EN ISO 9001 The Quality Management System of Eaton Technologies GmbH has been certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001.This certification verifies that a fully functioning comprehensive Quality Assurance System covering product development, contract controls, choice of suppliers, receiving inspections, production, final inspection, inventory management, and shipment has been implemented.Extensive quality assurance measures incorporate adherence to technical function criteria and chemical purity and quality recognized as safe under the German legislation governing the production of foods and beverages.All information is given to the best of our knowledge. However, the validity of the information cannot be guaranteed for every application, working practice and operating condition. Misuse of the product will result in all warrantees being voided.Subject to change in the interest of technical progress.North America44 Apple StreetTinton Falls, NJ 07724Toll Free: 800 656-3344(North America only)Tel: +1 732 212-4700Europe/Africa/Middle EastAuf der Heide 253947 Nettersheim, Germany Tel: +49 2486 809-0Friedensstraße 4168804 Altlußheim, Germany Tel: +49 6205 2094-0An den Nahewiesen 2455450 Langenlonsheim, Germany Tel: +49 6704 204-0 ChinaNo. 3, Lane 280,Linhong RoadChangning District, 200335Shanghai, P.R. ChinaTel: +86 21 5200-0099Singapore100G Pasir Panjang Road #07-08Singapore 118523Tel: +65 6825-1668BrazilRua Clark, 2061 - Macuco13279-400 - Valinhos, BrazilTel: +55 11 3616-8400For more information, pleaseemail us at ********************or visit /filtration© 2018 Eaton. All rights reserved. All trademarks andregistered trademarks are the property of their respectiveowners. All information and recommendations appearing inthis brochure concerning the use of products describedherein are based on tests believed to be reliable. However,it is the user’s responsibility to determine the suitability forhis own use of such products. Since the actual use byothers is beyond our control, no guarantee, expressed orimplied, is made by Eaton as to the effects of such use orthe results to be obtained. Eaton assumes no liabilityarising out of the use by others of such products. Nor is theinformation herein to be construed as absolutely complete,since additional information may be necessary or desirablewhen particular or exceptional conditions or circumstancesexist or because of applicable laws or governmentregulations.EN1 A 2.1.6.406-2018。
线性技术LTC1560-1小型1MHz低通滤波器设计文件说明书
LTC1560-1: Tiny 1MHz Lowpass Filter Uses No InductorsDesign Note 169Nello Sevastopoulos12/97/169_convL, L T , L TC, L TM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarksof Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of theirrespective owners.The LTC ®1560-1 is a fully integrated continuous-time filter in an SO-8 package. It provides a 5-pole elliptic response with a pin selectable cutoff frequency (f C ) of 1MHz or 500kHz. Several features distinguish the LTC1560-1 from other commercially available high frequency, continuous-time monolithic filters:• 5-pole 0.5MHz/1MHz elliptic in an SO-8 package • 70dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measured at 0.07% THD• 75dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measured at 0.5% THD• 60dB or more stopband attenuation• No external components required other than supply and ground decoupling capacitorsThe LTC1560-1 delivers accurate fixed cutoff frequen-cies of 500kHz and 1MHz without the need for internal or external clocks. Other cutoff frequencies can be ob-tained upon demand; please consult LTC marketing. The extremely small size of the part makes it suitable forcompact designs that were never before possible usingdiscrete RC active or RLC passive filter designs.Frequency and Time-Domain Response Figure 1 shows a simple circuit for evaluating the perfor-mance of the filter. The LTC1560-1 offers a pin-selectable cutoff frequency of either 500kHz or 1MHz. The filter gain response is shown in Figure 2. In the 1MHz mode, the passband gain is flat up to (0.55)(f C ) with a typical ripple of ±0.2dB, increasing to ±0.3dB for input frequencies up to (0.9)(f C ). The stopband attenuation is 63dB starting from (2.43)(f C ) and remains at least 60dB for input frequencies up to 10MHz.The elliptic transfer function of the LTC1560-1 was cho-sen as a compromise between selectivity and transient response. Figure 3a shows the 2-level eye diagram of the filter. The size of the “eye” opening shows that the filter is suitable for data communications applications. Additional phase equalization can be performed with the help of an external dual op amp and a few passive components. This is shown in Figure 4, where a 2nd order allpass equalizer is cascaded with the IC. The allpass function is achievedthrough traditional techniques, namely, passing a signal through a low Q inverting bandpass filter and then per-forming summation with the appropriate gain factors. Figure 3b shows the eye diagram of the equalized filter.DC AccuracyFor applications where very low DC offset and DC accu-racy are required, the DC offset of the filter can be easilycorrected, as shown in Figure 5.Figure 2. Gain vs Frequency of the 1MHz and 500kHzFigure 1. A Typical Circuit for Evaluating the Full Performance of the LT1560-1OUTV FREQUENCY (MHz)G A I N (d B )LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORA TION 1997dn169f_conv LT/TP 1297 340K • PRINTED IN THE USALinear Technology Corporation1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milp itas, CA 95035-7417(408) 432-1900 ● FAX : (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear .com/L TC1560-1The input amplifier stores the DC offset of the IC across its feedback capacitor. The total output DC offset is the input DC offset of the 1/2 LT1364 plus its offset current times the 10k resistor (less than 1.85mV). Upon power-up, the initial settling time of the circuit is dominated by the RC time constant of the DC correcting feedback path; once the DC offset of the LTC1560-1 is stored, the transient behavior of the circuit is dictated by the elliptic filter.ConclusionThe LTC1560-1 is a 5th order, user friendly, elliptic lowpassfilter suitable for any compact design. It is a monolithicreplacement for larger, more expensive and less accurate solutions in communications and data acquisition.Figure 5. A DC Accurate 500kHz/1MHz Elliptic Filter with an Output Buffer for Driving Cables or Capacitive LoadsFigure 3b. 2-Level Eye Diagram of the Equalized FilterFigure 3a. 2-Level Eye Diagram of the LTC1560-1 Before EqualizationFigure 4. Augmenting the LTC1560-1 for Improved Delay FlatnessOUTVV。
RIPPLE FILTER
专利名称：RIPPLE FILTER 发明人：KATO MASAMI 申请号：JP11509886申请日：19860520公开号：JPS62295126A 公开日：19871222专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To prevent a ripple removing ratio from worsening by providing a detecting circuit to detect the saturation of an output transistor and a means to reduce a reference voltage in accordance with the output signal. CONSTITUTION:A ripple filter is composed of a differential amplifying circuit 12 having the first - second transistors (hereinafter, Tr) 13 - 14 to which an emitter is commonly connected, a bias circuit 15 to impress the reference voltage by the first - second pressure resistances 16 - 17 to the base of the first Tr13, the first - third electric current inverting circuits 18-20, a detection Tr24 for detecting the saturation, a control Tr25, etc. Thus, in the usual operating condition in which the fifth Tr23 is not saturated, an output voltage is equal to a reference voltage due to a negative feedback and an electric power source ripple is removed by a capacitor 27. When the fifth Tr23 is saturated, the third - fourth Tr21 - 22 are also saturated, the detection Tr24 and the control Tr25 are turned on and the base voltage (reference voltage) of the first Tr is reduced. As this result, the worsening of the ripple removing ratio can be prevented.申请人：SANYO ELECTRIC CO LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
interpoint STF28-461 EMI INPUT FILTER 数据手册
B1-16STF28-461EMI FILTER0.8 AMPEMI I NPUT F ILTER 28 V OLT I NPUTDESCRIPTIONThe STF28-461™EMI filter module has been designed as a companion for Interpoint SMSA flyback power converters. Multiple SMSA power converters can be operated from a single filter provided the total power line current does not exceed the filter maximum rating. The STF filter will reduce the SMSA’s power line reflected ripple current to within the limit of MIL-STD-461C, Method CE03, as shown in the example of Figures 4 and 5.The STF filter is fabricated using thick film hybrid technology and is sealed in a metal package for space, military, aerospace and other applications requiring EMI suppression.S CREENING AND R EPORTSThe STF28-461 filter offers three screening options – Standard,Class H, or Class K. See Section C2, Quality Assurance, pages C2-7 through C2-9, for descriptions. Detailed reports on product performance are also available and are listed on page C2-9.O PERATIONThe SMSA power converter has an internal capacitor across its input power terminals. When the SMSA and STF filters are used together, this capacitor becomes part of the filter and forms its final LC output section.The STF filter provides both differential and common mode rejection bringing DC/DC converters into compliance with MIL-STD-461C CE03. It is designed to be used with the SMSA, SMHF, and MCH Series of converters. The STF filter can be used with multiple converters up to the rated current of the filter.For more information,contact your Interpoint representative listed in Section A5.F EATURES•Fully qualified to Class H or K•Passive components for maximum tolerance in space environments•–55°to +125°C operation •28 volt input•Up to 0.8 amps throughput current •50 dB minimum attenuation at 500 kHz •Compliant to MIL-STD-461C, CE03•Compatible with MIL-STD-704EDC power bus Size (max.): 0.975 x 0.800 x 0.270 (24.77 x 20.32 x 6.86 mm)See Section B8, cases A1, for dimensions.Weight:10.3 grams typical, 11.5 grams maximumScreening: Standard, Class H, or Class K (MIL-PRF-38534)See Section C2 for screening options, seeSection A5 for ordering information.MODEL STF28-4610.8 amp All technical information is believed to be accurate, but no responsibility is assumed for errors or omissions. Interpoint reserves the right to make changes in products or specifications without notice. STF28-461 is a trademark of Interpoint.Copyright ©1999 Interpoint. All rights reserved.查询STF28-461供应商B8-6CASE AC ASESNote: Although every effort has been made to render the case drawings at actual size, variations in the printing process may cause some distortion. Please refer to the numerical dimensions for accuracy.QA SCREENINGSPACE PRODUCTSS PACE P RODUCTSDefinitionsElement Evaluation: Component testing/screening per MIL-STD-883 as determined by MIL-PRF-38534 SEM: Scanning Electron MicroscopySLAM™: Scanning Laser Acoustic MicroscopyC-SAM: C - Mode Scanning Acoustic MicroscopyNotesM/S Active components (Microcircuit and Semiconductor Die)P Passive components*Not applicable to EMI filters that have no wirebondsSMFLHP SeriesSMFL SeriesSMHP Series (O&H only)SMTR SeriesSSP SeriesSMHF SeriesSMSA SeriesSLH SeriesSLIM ModuleSFME120 EMI FilterSFME28 EMI FilterSFCS EMI FilterSFMC EMI FilterSTF EMI Filter Applies to the following products:C2-7C2-8QA SCREENINGSPACE PRODUCTSE NVIRONMENTAL S CREENING T EST P ERFORMED S TANDARDC LASSC LASS(END ITEM LEVEL )(O)H K Non-destruct bond pull*Method 2023no no yes Pre-cap inspection Method 2017, 2032yes yes yes Temperature cycleMethod 1010, Cond. C yes yes yes Constant acceleration Method 2001, 3000 g yes yes yes PIND TestMethod 2020, Cond. B no no yes Radiography Method 2012no no yes Pre burn-in testyes yes yes Burn-in, Method 1015, 125°C 96 hours yes no no 160 hoursno yes no 2 x 160 hour (includes mid BI test)no no yes Final electrical testMIL-PRF-38534, Group A yesyesyesHermeticity test Fine Leak,Method 1014, Cond. A yes yes yes Gross Leak,Method 1014, Cond. C yes yes yes Final visual inspection Method 2009yesyesyesTest methods are referenced to MIL-STD-883 as determined by MIL-PRF-38534.Note* Not applicable to EMI filters that have no wirebonds.SMFLHP Series SMFL SeriesSMHP Series (O&H only)SMTR Series SSP SeriesSMHF Series SMSA Series SLH Series SLIM ModuleSFME120 EMI FilterSFME28 EMI Filter SFCS EMI Filter SFMC EMI Filter STF EMI FilterApplies to the following products:。
DC inject current control
A DC OFFSET CONTROLLER FOR TRANSFORMERLESS SINGLE PHASEPHOTOVOLTAIC GRID-CONNECTED INVERTERSL. Bowtell and A. AhfockAbstract –Limitation of DC injection into the AC network is an important operational requirement for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. One way to ensure that this requirement is met is to use a power transformer as interface to the AC network. But this adds costs, mass, volume and power losses. In a transformerless system, the inverter forming part of the photovoltaic system has to be operated so that DC content in its output current is below specified limits. Ideally there should be no DC at the output of the inverter, but in practice, in the absence of special measures, a small amount of DC current is present. A technique for elimination of the DC offset is proposed. It is based on the sensing of the DC offset voltage at the output of the inverter. The sensor output is used to drive a feedback system designed to control operation of the inverter so that the DC offset is forced to stay within acceptable limits. A mathematical model for the DC offset controller is derived. A design procedure, based on the model, is proposed for the controller. Results of tests performed on a system of 1kW nominal rating, provides validation for the mathematical model.1. INTRODUCTIONDispersed generation typically involves conversion from DC to AC. Grid-connected photovoltaic(PV) systems, on which this paper focuses, are well-known examples. They require an inverter to convert DC from solar panels to AC. Ideally the output current of the inverter will be purely AC, but in practice, unless special measures are taken, it will contain a small amount of DC. Injection of DC into the AC mains, if excessive, can lead to problems such as corrosion in underground equipment [1], transformer saturation and transformer magnetising current distortion [2] and malfunction of protective equipment [3]. Therefore guidelines and standards have been set up to regulate DC injection [4]. For example Australian Standard AS4777.2 limits DC injection to 5mA or 0.5% of rated output whichever one is greater [5] and, in the United Kingdom, ER G83/1 imposes a limit of 5mA [6].The simplest way to eliminate DC injection is to include a grid frequency transformer. This has been the solution adopted in a number of commercial systems [7, 8]. Inclusion of a grid frequency transformer implies major disadvantages such as added cost, mass, volume and power losses. Some commercial systems include a smaller higher frequency transformer or are transformerless [8]. Measurements of DC currents from the AC output of commercial systems are presented in reference [8]. Compared to the limits imposed by AS4777.2 or by ER G83/1, the measured DC currents were found to be very significant. Methods to solve the DC injection problem have been proposed [1,9,10]. References [1] and [9] suggest the use of a feedback loop to eliminate the DC offset in the inverter output. Reference [1] suggests using a voltage sensor at the inverter output consisting of a differential amplifier and a low pass filter. Any DC detected at the output of the low pass filter is fed back to the controller which in turn operates the inverter in such a way as to reduce the DC offset. A simple mathematical model is suggested for the control system and it is assumedthat the inverter is voltage controlled. However, experimental results are not reported.Reference [9] considers a current controlled inverter. Again a sensor is connected at the output of the inverter to detect any DC offset voltage. The sensor consists of an RC circuit and a 1:1 signal transformer. It is recognised that the DC signal is of the order of less than a few mV and needs to be extracted from a total signal of more than two hundred volts which is essentially the grid supply voltage. The RC circuit is connected in series with the secondary side of the 1:1 signal transformer. The series combination is connected across the inverter output. The primary side of the 1:1 signal transformer is connected across the AC supply. Thus, if it is assumed that the signal transformer is perfect and that the secondary voltage of the transformer opposes the AC supply voltage, only DC appears across the capacitor in the RC branch. The capacitor voltage is fed back to the controller which in turn adjusts the inverter current reference so that the DC offset is eliminated. No quantitative experimental results are reported, except for a statement that the DC offset controller has been found to operate correctly. A mathematical model of the controller is presented in a subsequent paper [11]. The mathematical model is experimentally validated and it is shown that the 1:1 transformer is effective only if its primary winding time constant is sufficiently low. In other words a relatively large core and a low winding resistance are necessary, making the DC offset sensor bulky and expensive. The DC Offset controller proposed in reference [10] is based on calibration of the DC link current sensor used for controlling the inverter output current. Software ensures that current measurements made during freewheeling intervals are corrected to zero. This technique is limited to unipolar switched inverters controlled in a manner where these freewheeling intervals are easily determined.In this paper a more cost effective DC offset sensor is proposed. Unlike references [1] and [9], where DC sensing is carried out across the AC supply terminals, the DC offset sensor is connected across the ripple filter inductors forming part of the LCL ripple filter. The disadvantage of sensing across the AC supply terminals is that the sensed DC offset could be due to sources other than theinverter. On the other hand the DC offset detected by the proposed sensor is guaranteed to be caused by the inverter being controlled. A design procedure is developed for the proposed DC offset controller. The paper is also about investigating possible interactions between the DC offset control loop and other control loops within the system.2. System OverviewThere are a number of system configurations that have been proposed for single phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems [12]. The configuration that has been used to evaluate the DC offset elimination method is shown in figure 1. One major advantage of the chosen configuration is the use of a single-stage power electronic conversion. Power from the DC bus is converted to AC by the inverter and fed into the AC network. The DC offset controller that is being proposed represents an additional control loop for the grid-connected photovoltaic system. There are three other control loops which are described below.2.1 Inverter SwitchingThe main components of the inverter are shown in figure 2. As unity power factor is aimed for reference current i ref for the hysteretic current controller [12, 13] is arranged to be in phase with AC supply voltage v s. During the positive half cycle of the source voltage, insulated gate bipolar transistor T B+ is kept off and T B- is kept on. Transistor T A+ is switched on when the inverter output current (i) goes below the bottom limit of the hysteretic band. This causes i to rise while it flows through T A+ and T B- . When current i goes above the upper limit of the band T A+ is switched off. This causes i to fall while it flows through D A- and T B-.During the negative half cycle of the ac supply voltage, transistor T B- is kept off and T B+ is kept on. Transistor T A- is switched on when the inverter output current i goes above the top limit of the hysteretic band. This causes current i to rise negatively while it flows through T B+ and T A- . When current i goes outside the lower limit of the band T A- is switched off. This causes i to fall towards zero while it flows through D A+ and T B+ . Typical inverter output current waveforms, unfiltered (i) and filtered (i s) are given in figure 3.2.2 DC Bus Voltage ControlSince there is no substantial storage between the output of the solar panels and the output of the inverter, there is a need for control of power. As the insolation level rises or falls, the rms value of reference current i ref should automatically rise or fall in proportion so that power balance is preserved. It is the role of the voltage control loop to maintain balance between the DC output of the PV array and the inverter output into the AC network.As shown in figure 2, the DC bus voltage signal k c v c and the reference voltage k c v ref are inputs to the voltage controller. At steady state, if the controller uses integral action, the DC bus voltage signal k c v c will be equal to the DC bus reference voltage k c v ref and the controller output v ce will be a constant. The output of the voltage controller is multiplied with the mains AC voltage signal k s v s to produce the current reference signal k h i ref. The inverter output current signal k h i s and the current reference signal k h i ref are inputs to the hysteretic current controller which generates gate signals to switch appropriate inverter devices as described in section 2.1.A rise in output power from the solar panels tends to cause a rise in DC bus voltage v c which in turn causes a rise in v ce. This causes I ref (rms of i ref) to rise resulting in inverter output current I s (rms of i s) rising because it tracks I ref. The rise in current I s restores power balance between the DC power output of the solar panels and the AC power output of the inverter. Thus the aim of the voltage control loop is to maintain power balance by getting the DC bus voltage signal k c v c to be equal to the reference voltage k c v ref.2.3 Maximum Power TrackerThe commonly used perturb and observe method [14] was selected for maximum power point tracking. The maximum power tracker is a control loop in its own right. Whereas the voltage control loop aims for balance between power output from the panels and power output by the inverter, the maximum power tracker aims to operate the solar panels at a voltage level that allows maximum extraction of power. The maximum power tracking routine was digitally implemented as follows:a) Calculate and record panel output power (v c i p in figure 2);b) Decrement the voltage reference by ∆v, where ∆v is a small value;c) Wait a short time , about 2 to 3 seconds, to allow v c to settle to its new value;d) Calculate ∆P, the change in panel output power compared to the value obtained in step(a)e) Reverse the previous change in reference voltage if ∆P ≤ 0 otherwise change thevoltage reference by ∆v in the same direction as the previous change.f) Repeat steps (a) to (e).2.4 DC Offset ControllerThe DC offset sensor is made up of a double stage RC filter. The voltage across the ripple filter inductors (v f) is sensed and filtered. The DC offset sensor relies on the finite value of resistance of the ripple filter inductors L and L r. If the DC component in the inverter current was constant, the DC output voltage of the sensor would be equal to IR, where I is the DC component of current and R is the resistance of the two series connected inductors. This voltage, labelled as v o in figures 2 and 4, is earth referenced and contains a relatively low level of AC due to the action of the double stage RC filter. As shown in figure 4, the output of the filter is fed to a PI controller whose reference input is equal to zero. The output of this controller adds to the signal from the DC bus controller is such a way as to cause V o , which is the mean value of v o, to come down to zero. The integral action of the DC offset controller ensures that V o is equal to zero at steady state.The DC offset controller needs to be carefully designed. The main requirements are that:(a) it should not interfere with the operation of the other control loops and vice-versa;(b) its dynamic response must be acceptable.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELRefer to figure 4 which is a block diagram representation of the DC offset sensor. The input to the DC offset sensor is the voltage across the ripple filter inductors. This voltage is assumed to be made up of two components. They are a fast changing component labelled as v Land a slowchanging component equal to (i o-i c)R. The fast changing component would essentially be a mains frequency sinusoidal signal equal to Lω i s.τi dv i dt k p v o 0τf dv 0dt v o v 1One part of the slow changing component is due to an unwanted DC offset current(i o ) which may be present because of circuit imperfections. The other part is due to the compensating currenti c which is proportional to the output signal from the DC offset control loop. The reasonable assumption made in figure 4 is that the slow changing component of inverter current contributes only a resistive voltage to the input of the DC offset sensor. Similarly it is assumed that the fast changing component of the inverter current contributes only an inductive voltage to the input of the DC offset sensor. If i o is constant at steady state, the PI controller ensures that i c is equal to i o thus ensuring the inverter output current is free of DC.Referring to figure 2, for the second stage of the two-stage RC filter we have:(1) where τf = R f CSince node N in figure 2 is the neutral and an MEN(multiple earthed neutral) is assumed, the current input into the first stage of the two-stage RC filter is given by:(2) which may be written as(3) where τf = R f CIn figure 4, voltage v o is the input to the PI controller. The relationship between v o and the output of the integral element is given by:(4)where τi = PI controller integration time constant and k p = proportional gainThe output of the PI controller (k h i c) is given by:k h i c = k p v o + v i (5)From figure 4:v f = v L + (i o - i c)R (6)Combining equations 1 to 6 and taking the Laplace transform results in equation 7. The constant k in equation 7 is equal to R k p / k h.(7)In arriving at equation (7) coupling between the DC offset control loop and the other three control loops have been ignored. This assumption of negligible coupling needs to be justified. Any interaction between the maximum power tracker and the DC offset control loop would be through the DC bulk storage capacitor voltage v c which is controlled by the DC bus voltage control loop. It can be argued that there is practically zero coupling between the DC bus voltage control loop and the DC offset control loop. The fundamental reason behind this is that the DC bus voltage control loop is driven by the imbalance between DC power from the DC bus and AC power injected into the AC network whereas the action of the DC offset controller has practically no effect on that power balance. That is, except for resistive losses, there is no active power associated with the injection of a DC offset current into the AC network. The resistive losses are, in practice, very small. The reduction or elimination of DC offset current in i s will therefore cause only minor reactions from the DC bus voltage control loop which will result in very slight changes in reference current i ref .It can also be argued that the action of the DC bus voltage control loop has negligible effect on the DC offset control loop. It should be apparent from the block diagram in figure 2 that the DC bus voltage controller effectively modulates a mains frequency sinusoidal signal to produce the current reference signal k h i ref . The hysteretic current controller acts relatively fast and may be regarded as a pure gain. In practice the modulation rate is small compared to mains frequency. This means that the actions of the DC bus voltage controller do not result in any DC or low frequency current signals at the output of the inverter. Hence the DC bus voltage controller does not have any effect on the DC offset controller, since the latter reacts only to low frequency or DC components in the inverter output current.The innermost loop of the inverter control system is the hysteretic current controller. As mentioned above, to the other loops the current control loop effectively appears as an amplifier with a pure gain. But the value of this gain is dependent on the magnitude of the mains voltage. Changes in the mains voltage magnitude may be regarded as disturbances in the current control loop. Slow changes in the AC voltage magnitude results in modulation of the mains frequency input signal v o to the DC offset controller and has no effect on it. The value of the mains voltage magnitude may change suddenly by a few percent as a result of planned or unplanned disturbances on the AC network. The effect of such changes on the DC offset sensor may be assessed by treating them as mains frequency signals that appear suddenly as a disturbance and that are represented by v L as shown in figure 4.4. DC OFFSET CONTROLLER DESIGNThe designer of the DC offset sensor has to choose values for τf , τi and k p to meet design specifications. It is assumed that the choice of values for R and k h is based on criteria other than specifications for the DC offset controller. This is definitely true for the Hall Effect constant k h which is chosen to maximize current sensor sensitivity. Resistance R could be just the inherent series resistance of the ripple filter inductors. However if it is found that the inherent resistance is too small for proper operation of the DC offset control loop, additional resistance may be added but at the expense of increased power losses.The two main criteria specified for the DC offset controller were: (a) a maximum value of the mains frequency component in its output signal, and (b)a sufficiently damped output response.These two design criteria are now considered in detail. 4.1 Steady State ResponseThe first criterion is essentially about the steady state response of the controller output signal k h I c to the mains frequency disturbance input v L . Equation 8, derived from equation 7 by using Cramer’s rule, is a transfer function describing the response.(8)The steady state response is obtained from equation (8) by setting s = 2πf j. At 50Hz we have : (9)k h I ck pi s1V L if2s33ifs 2k1is kk h I ck p V L 1002f2Equation 9 was used to deduceτf . The PI controller gain k p was chosen to be 0.4. The power frequency voltage across the filter inductor (V L) was taken to be 25V, which corresponds to the inductors carrying rated inverter output current. A value of 10mV was used for k h I c. This was considered reasonable since, given that the Hall Effect sensor constant k h is equal to 1.25V/A, the 10mV contributes an equivalent of 8mA of 50Hz to the multiplier that produces the current controller reference. That 50Hz signal has to be limited since its modulation by the multiplier produces a DC and 100Hz component in the inverter current reference (i ref ). Based on the above, equation 9 returned a value of 0.10 seconds for τf .4.2 Transient Response and StabilityThe output signal of the DC offset control loop, in general, is made up of a transient part and a steady state part. The steady state part is essentially made up of a mains frequency component as detailed in section 4.1 and a DC component equal and opposite to the unwanted DC offset current I o as shown in figure 4. The transient part of controller's output is in response to sudden disturbances. These disturbances, as stated before, may be due to either planned or unplanned events. Examples of planned events that may result in sudden disturbances are system turn-on and switching operations in the AC network such as on-load tap changing giving rise to relatively sudden changes in the AC supply voltage. There are three disturbance input signals that appear explicitly in the proposed model as described by equation 7. These are integrator initial condition v i(o), unwanted DC offset i o and sensor ac voltage input v L. Each one of these may result in a transient response. Unless special measures are implemented at the instant of energisation of the inverter, the integral component of the DC offset PI controller may be non-zero. If that is the case there will be a transient component in the controller's output which is given by equation 10.(10)The proposed DC offset controller may be implemented digitally or by means of an analogue controller. If it is implemented digitally it is easy to ensure that v i (o) is equal to zero at the instant of inverter energisation.Current i o , if it is present at the instant of inverter energisation, will also cause a transient component in the compensating current i c . Equation 11 allows this component to be determined.(11)The response to sudden changes, in v L , as would occur if there was a change in supply voltage v s , can be determined using:(12)A necessary condition for acceptable operation of the DC offset control loop is its stability. Stability assessment can be carried out by applying the Hurwitz criterion to the system's characteristic equation which is the denominator of equations 10, 11 and 12. Inequality 13 must be satisfied to guarantee stability.(13)k h I ckf 2s23f sk 1v i 0if2s 33if s2k1i skk h I ck pi s 1R I 0s i f2s 33ifs 2k 1is kifk 3k1k h I ck pi s 1V L s if2s33ifs2k1is kTo ensure sufficient damping, integration time τi must be sufficiently greater than the right handside of inequality 13. Values of all the DC offset controller design parameters are given in Table 1. The table shows how those values relate to design equations 9 and 13.5 Test ResultsTo verify the proposed design of the DC offset controller, the predictions of equations 10, 11 and 13 were compared with test results. Using the chosen value for τf of 0.1s and the estimated value of 0.07 for k, equation 13 predicts marginal stability of the DC offset control loop when τi is equal to 23ms . With all controller parameters held constant and τi varied, the measured value of τi at the onset of instability was found to be 20ms. A design value of 100ms was chosen to avoid instability.A higher value would improve stability but would result in sluggish responses.Figure 5 shows a measured transient response. The inverter was first left to run with the DC offset controller not operating. This was done by grounding the output to the DC offset controller. The controller was then activated by removing the short. The transient response of the integrator capacitor consists of the voltage changing from its initial value to the steady-state value required for elimination of any DC offset. Prediction of the controller response, which was carried out using equations (10) and (11), is shown in figure 6. There is in reasonable agreement between the predicted response and the measured response shown in figure 5. Transients such as the one shown in figure 6 are easily avoided if a digital version of the DC offset controller is used.Figures 7 and 8 and table 2 provide additional experimental results. Figure 7 is a comparison of the DC offset sensor output waveform (v o) with and without the DC offset controller in operation. The 50 Hz component in v o is quite prominent compared to the DC content. Figure 8 illustrates theabsence of interaction between the DC bus voltage control loop and the DC offset control loop. TheDC offset control loop is opened by forcing the controller output to zero at time t1. The loop is closed again at time t2. As shown in figure 8, the DC offset current signal, which has been extracted from the output of the DC offset sensor by additional filtering, responds accordingly. It increases as a result of the DC offset loop being opened and returns to zero after a transient period upon closure of the loop. Clearly, the DC bus voltage, also shown in figure 8, is unaffected by operation of the DC offset control loop.It was found that without a DC offset control loop the level of DC offset current was a function of inverter output. As shown in table 2, the DC offset controller operates to ensure that the DC offset current remains within acceptable limits irrespective of the level of inverter output current.6. ConclusionsA simple feedback system has been proposed to practically eliminate any DC offset from the output of a single phase transformerless grid-connected inverter. It is demonstrated that design of the feedback system is greatly simplified since, from a control point of view, the DC offset control loop is decoupled from other feedback loops controlling the inverter.DC offset is monitored by sensing the voltage across the ripple filter inductor. The DC signal is extracted by using simple two-stage RC filtering. An analogue PI controller is used which ideally results in zero steady state error. In practice a small DC offset remains, but this is well within the limits imposed by standards such as Australian Standard AS4777.2 or the United Kingdom’s ER G83/1.The analogue PI controller performs very satisfactorily and its component count and cost are very low. However, digital implementation of the controller has advantages such as ease of adjustment of controller parameters and better control of integrator initial conditions at inverter start-up.References[1] K. Masoud and G. Ledwich, “Grid Connection Without Mains Transformers,” Journal ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering, vol.19 (1/2), pp31-36, 1999.[2] A. Ahfock and A. Hewitt , “DC Magnetisation of Transformers,” IEE Proc. in ElectricalPower Applications, vol. 153, (4),pp601-607,2006.[3] S. Bradley and J. Crabtree, Effects of DC from Embedded Generation on Residual CurrentDevices and Single-Phase Metering, EA Technology, report No. WS4-P11, 2005.[4] V. Salas, E. Olias. M. Alonso and F. Chenlo, Overview of the legislation of DC injection inthe network for low voltage small grid-connected PV systems in Spain and other countries, Renewable and Sustainable Reviews, vol 12, Issue 2, February 2008, pp575-583.[5] AS 4777.2, Grid Connection of Energy Systems via Inverters Part 2: Inverter Requirements,Australia, 2002.[6] ER G83/1, Recommendations for the Connection of Small-Scale Embedded Generators (upto 16 A per phase) in parallel with public low-voltage distribution networks, United Kingdom, September 2003.[7] H. Haeberlin, Ch. Liebi, and Ch. Beutler, Inverters for Grid-Connected PV Systems: TestResults of Some New Inveters and Latest Reliabilty Data of Most Popular Inverters in Switzerland, 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference Barcelona (Catalunya) Spain, June/July 1997.[8] V. Salas, E. Olias, M. Alonso, F. Chenlo and A. Barrado, DC Current Injection into theNetwork from PV Grid Inverters, IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, May 2006, pp2371-2374.[9] R Sharma, Removal of DC Offset Current from Transformerless PV Inverters Connected toUtility, Proceedings of the 40th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland, pp1230-1234, 2005.[10] M.Armstrong, D.J.Atkinson, C.Mark Johnson, Auto-Calibrating DC Link Current SensingTechnique for Transformerless, Grid Connected, H-Bridge Inverter Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, September 2006, volume 21, N o 5, pp1385-1393.[11] A. Ahfock and L. Bowtell, DC Offset Elimination in a Transformerless Single Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 06, Victoria University, Melbourne, September 2006.[12] M.Calais J.Myrzik, T.Spooner and V.G.Agelidis, Inverters for Single-Phase Grid ConnectedPhototvoltaic Systems – an Overview, IEEE 33rd annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol 4, pp 1995-2000, 2002[13] C.M.Liaw, T.H.Chen, T.C.Wang, G.J.Cho, C.M.Lee and C.T.Wang, Design andImplementation of a single phase current-forced switching mode bilateral convertor, IEE Proceedings-B, vol 138, No. 3, pp129-136, May 1991.[14] G.M.S. Azevedo, M.C.Cavalcanti, K.C.Oliveira, F.A.S.Neves and Z.D.Lins, ComparativeEvaluation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for Photovoltaic Systems, American Society of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Solar Energy, Engineering, vol. 131, pp031006-1/8, 2009 .。
石油英语词汇(R4)
石油英语词汇(R4)石油英语词汇(R4)石油英语词汇(R4)riddle 粗眼筛；探究；批评；驳倒；查究riddling 舱面穿洞；莫明其妙的事物ride 骑rider 游码；线路巡查工；夹层ridge and furrow aeration tank 垅沟曝气池ridge axis drift 海岭轴漂移ridge axis 洋脊轴ridge cast 脊模ridge fault 脊状断层ridge regression 岭回归ridge segment 海岭块段ridge tholeiite 洋脊拉斑玄武岩ridge 脊ridge-arc transform fault 海岭-岛弧转换断层ridge-basin complex 海岭-海盆组合ridge-like fold 脊状褶皱ridge-like structure 脊状构造ridge-push model 洋脊推动模型ridge-ridge transform fault 脊-脊转换断层ridge-runner 线路巡查工ridge-top trench 脊顶沟ridge-trench transform fault 脊-沟转换断层riding light 锚位灯riding pawl 锚泊爪riding 骑；乘；波束引导riebeckite 钠闪石rieberize 时移叠加法riedenite 黝云霓辉岩riffle area 河滩区；砂沟区riffle board 集油阱riffle hollow 河床浅槽riffle sampler 格槽式缩样器riffle 浅滩riffler 沉砂槽rifle bore cleaning oil 擦枪油rifle technique 瞄准销售技术rifle 步枪；来福条；膛线rifled pipe 内螺纹管rifled tube 内螺纹管rifler 波纹锉rift basin 裂谷盆地rift bulge 裂谷隆起rift cushion 裂谷垫层rift direction 断裂方向rift element 裂谷单元rift geosyncline 裂谷地槽rift lake 断陷湖rift opening 断陷缝；裂谷开口rift structure 断裂构造rift system 裂隙系；断裂系rift trough 裂谷rift valley 裂谷rift zone 断裂带rift 裂缝；断陷；裂谷；河流浅滩rift-block valley 裂谷断块谷rifted arch basin 拱顶断陷盆地rifted margin prism 裂谷边缘沉积柱体rifted-basin 断陷盆地rifting 断裂作用riftogenesis 裂谷运动riftogenic fluid 裂谷型流体rig air supply 钻机用压缩空气供给rig automation 钻机自动化rig builder 钻机安装工rig capacity 作业机承载能力rig cost 钻机成本rig day rate 钻机平均日进尺rig days 钻机工作天数rig diving 钻井平台辅助潜水rig down 折卸钻机rig downtime 停钻时间rig floor 钻台rig front 井架正面rig hands 钻工rig helper 钻工rig line 钻机钢丝绳rig manager 海上钻机操作监督；井队长rig mover 钻机搬迁rig operating cost 钻机操作费用rig personnel 井队人员rig pump 钻井用泥浆泵rig release 钻机拆卸rig repair 钻机维修rig replaceable stabilizer 井场可修复的稳定器rig shoe 橇装井架底座rig spotting 钻机定位rig substructure 钻机底座rig superintendent 钻机主任rig supervisor 井场监督rig support dive 钻井平台辅助潜水rig teardown 钻机拆卸rig timber 钻台板rig time 钻井时间rig tool 井口工具rig up 设备安装rig vibration 钻机振动rig 钻机rig-building crew 钻机安装队rig-floor tools 钻台工具rig-off-location 钻机迁离工作地点rig-on-location time 钻机在井位的时间rig-site utilization 现场应用rigger 索具装配工人；钻机安装工人；旋转钻司钻；调带轮rigging down 钻机拆卸rigging equipment 装配设备rigging up 安装钻机rigging 索具right alignment 同轴度right angle 直角right ascension 赤经right averted photography 右偏摄影right bank 右岸right cone 直立圆锥体right cylinder 圆柱体right elevation 右视图right hyperbola 正双曲线right lay 绳股右捻right line 直线right of anticipation 提前偿还权right of cancellation 注销权right of creditor 债权人权力right of eminent domain 国家征用权right of exercise control 控股权right of ingress 进入权right of priority 优先权right of recourse 追索权right of redemption 赎回权right of rescission 解约权right of retention 扣押权right of succession 继承权right parenthesis 右括号right reading 正象right regular lay cable 右向逆捻钢丝绳right section 正剖面right shear fault 右旋剪切断层right shift 向右移位right temperature 正温right to make decision 决策权right to the use of a site 场地使用权right to use the land 土地使用权right to vote for the election of directors 选举董事权right triangle 直角三角形right view 右视图right walk 右扭right way up 正常层序right-and-left threaded 正反螺纹的right-angle array 直角排列right-angle bend 直角弯管right-angle borescope 直角闪孔镜right-angle drive 直角传动right-angle filter 直角滤波器right-angle gear assembly 直角齿轮装置right-angle gear box 直角传动箱right-angle intersection 直角交会right-angle objective lens 直角物镜right-angle triangle 直角三角形right-angled screwdriver 直角改锥right-angled stream 横河right-dipping fault 右倾断层right-hand derivative 右导数right-hand deviation 向右偏斜right-hand direction 右旋right-hand drill pipe 正扣钻杆right-hand edge 东图廓right-hand joint 右旋螺纹连接right-hand lay 绳股右捻right-hand rotation release 右旋丢手right-hand rotation 右回转right-hand rule 右手定则right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则right-hand string 正扣钻柱right-hand thread 右旋螺纹right-hand torque 右旋扭矩right-hand turn 右旋right-hand walk 右移位向左漂移right-handed crystal 右晶；右旋结晶right-handed quartz 右旋石英right-handed rotation 右旋光；右旋right-handed twist 绳股右捻right-handed 右旋的right-lateral arc-arc transform fault 右旋弧-弧转换断层right-lateral fault 右旋断层right-lateral movement 右旋运动right-lateral ridge-arc transform fault 右旋脊-弧转换断层right-lateral shear 右旋剪切right-lateral transcurrent fault 右旋横推断层right-lateral wrench fault 右旋扭动断层right-lateral 右旋的right-oblique 右倾斜的right-of-way gang 铺管用地清理队right-of-way man 铺管权契约员right-of-way operation 管带开拓right-of-way restoration 管带地貌复原right-of-way 用地；路权right-side up 正面朝上right-slip fault 右旋滑断层righting arm 稳性力臂；回复力臂righting moment 扶正力矩rights reserved 保留权利rights vested on trade mark 商标权rigid block 刚性地块rigid body 刚体rigid cellular foam layer 硬质微孔泡沫层rigid computer model 刚性计算机模型rigid connection 刚性连接rigid construction 刚性结构rigid coupling 刚性连接rigid demand 刚性需求rigid dynamics 刚体动力学rigid film 刚性膜rigid foam 硬质泡沫rigid frame structure 刚架结构rigid frame 刚性构架rigid holding assembly 刚性稳斜组合rigid joint 刚性接头rigid magnet 刚性磁铁rigid manufacturing standard 严格的制造标准rigid material 刚性材料rigid matrix 坚实骨架rigid mixed 刚性混合式rigid mounting 刚性安装rigid piled 刚性桩基式rigid plastic 硬质塑料rigid plate 刚性板块rigid plunger block 刚性俯冲地块rigid polyurethane 硬聚氨基甲酸酯rigid polyvinyl chloride 硬质聚氯乙烯rigid price 刚性价格rigid proppant 刚性支撑剂rigid section 刚性段rigid shaft coupling 刚性联轴节rigid structure 刚性结构rigid temperature control 温度严格控制器rigid wall 刚性井壁rigid water film 刚性水膜rigid yoke 刚性轭rigid 刚性的rigidification 硬化rigidify 固定；使僵化rigidimeter 刚度计rigidity modulus 刚性模量rigidity 刚性rigidize 硬化rigidizer 硬化剂rigidly connected 刚性连接的rigless sand control 不用修井机的防砂作业rigolet 小溪rigor 严格rigorous equation 精确方程式rigorous examination 精确检验rigorous 严格的；精确的rih 下入井内rijkeboerite 钡细晶石rill cast 细沟铸型rill mark 流痕rillwork 沟蚀rim brake 轮圈刹车rim cement 环边胶结物rim cementation 环边胶结rim deposit 边沿沉积rim fire 边缘起火rim seal 边缘密封rim space 边缘空间rim syncline 边缘向斜rim value 边缘值rim vent 边缘通气孔rim 反应注塑rim 缘rim-rock 砂矿边沿基岩rime 结壳；结晶；霜淞；结霜rimer 扩眼器rimmed steel 沸腾钢rimmer 轮辋；沸腾钢rimming steel 沸腾钢rina 意大利船级社rind 表面ring anchorage 圆盘型锚具ring base type pre-pack screen 环基型预充填筛管ring cataclase 环形沉陷ring channel 环形槽ring circuit 环形电路ring closure 环的闭合ring complex 环状杂岩ring compound 环状化合物ring content 环含量；环数ring contraction 环缩作用ring conversion 环转化作用ring counter 环形计数器ring cutter 环状割刀ring depression 环转坳陷ring diaromatic hopane 环二芳藿烷ring dislocation 位错圈ring electrode 环形电极ring fault 环状断层ring fence 篱笆圈；核算范围ring fissure 环状裂缝ring flange 法兰盘ring forming addition polymerization 成环加成聚合ring gasket 环形垫ring gauge 环规ring gear 齿圈ring groove 环形槽ring intrusion 环状侵入体ring isomerism 环异构ring life buoy 救生圈ring line 环形管线ring main 环形干线ring monoaromatic hopane 环单芳藿烷ring network 环式网ring nut 环形螺母ring of fire 太平洋火圈ring of staves 罐身的钢板圈ring oiler 油环注油器ring opening 环的启开ring piston meter 环形活塞流量计ring puckering motion 环形皱缩运动ring seal 环形密封ring segment 环形分布的锁紧块ring shift 循环移位ring shooting 环形排列ring spanner 环形扳手ring sticking 活塞环卡住ring stiffener 加强环ring structure 环状结构；环状构造ring substitution 环上取代ring tensionmeter 吊环式张力仪ring texture 环状结构ring thread gage 螺纹环规ring triaromatic hopane 环三芳藿烷ring valve 环形阀ring worm corrosion 环关腐蚀ring 环ring-oil bearing 油环润滑轴承ring-opening polymerization 开环聚合ring-opening reaction 开环反应ring-shaped magnet 环形磁铁ring-shaped 环状的ringdown 振铃信号ringer 按铃者；鸣铃器ringing of joint 接头的锤敲检查ringing system 振鸣系统ringing 振鸣；振铃；冲击激励产生的减幅振荡；瞬变；混响；振荡效应ringite 长霓碳酸岩ringy 振荡的rinneite 钾铁盐rinse 近地表估计的射线示求逆法rinse 漂洗rinser 冲洗器rinsing 清水；残渣；漂清rint 无线电侦察riometer 电离层吸收测定器；噪声探测仪riot 骚动；丰富；浪费rip channel 离岸流水道rip current channel 离岸流水道rip tide 离岸流rip 清管器；刮板rip-up 冲裂构造riparian right 河岸权riparian 河岸的ripe lubricant 钢丝绳润滑剂ripper dozer 松土推土机ripper 耙路机；松土机；粗齿锯ripple amplifier 波纹放大器ripple amplitude 波纹振幅ripple bedding 波痕层理ripple crest 波峰ripple current 波纹电流ripple drift 波痕迁移ripple factor 纹波因数ripple filter 波纹滤波器ripple height 波高ripple index 波痕指数ripple mark 波痕砂纹；波纹标志；斑点；波痕ripple noise 波纹电压噪声ripple 涟ripple-form set 波痕形态组ripple-mark index 波痕指数riprap breakwater 抛石防波提riprap protection of slope 抛石护坡riprap revetment 抛石护坡riprap 〔防护ripsaw 粗齿锯risc 简化指令系统计算机rischorrite 粗霞正长岩rise crest 隆起脊rise flank 隆起翼rise time 上升时间rise up 上升rise 上升riser base 立管基座riser connector 隔水管联接器riser cracking 提升管裂化riser fingerboard 隔水管操纵台riser jacket 立管架riser joint 立管单根riser reactor 提升管反应器riser spider 立管卡盘riser stub 隔水管根部riser support 立管支承件riser system 隔水管装置riser with floatation modules 有浮力装置的隔水管riser with slip joint 伸缩式隔水管riser 立管；竖板；升降器；升高片；气门；溢水口；隔水管；上投断层；梯状地形riser-moored tanker 立管系泊油轮riser-tensioning equipment 隔水管拉直装置rising block 上升断块rising pipe 出水管rising stem gate valve 明杆式闸阀rising sun industry 朝阳工业rising tendency 增长趋势rising water stage 上升水位；不位上升期rising 上升的risk analysis model 风险分析模型risk analysis 风险分析risk assessment 风险评估risk averter 避免承担风险risk bearing 风险负担risk capital 风险资本risk criteria 风险标准risk distribution 风险分布risk effect 风险效应risk factor 风险系数risk function 风险函数risk in transit 运途风险risk investment 风险投资risk level 风险水平risk management 风险管理risk minimization 风险极小化risk of nonperformance 不履行合同险risk of war 战争风险risk premium 风险酬金risk profile 风险剖面risk shearing 风险分担risk structure 风险结构risk theory 风险论risk type decision 风险型决策risk 危险risk-weighted profit 风险加权利润risk-weighted reserve 风险加权储量risk-weighted yardstick 风险衡量标准riskadjusted discount rate 风险调整折现率riskasset ration 风险-资产比率riskreturn analysis 风险-收益分析riskreward ratio 失得比rite 设备例行检查rithe 小河rither 岩层内压性裂隙；小断层rival 竞争者rivalry 竞争river alluvium 河流冲积物river bar 河成沙坝river basin 河流盆地river bed 河床river channel 河道river clamp 丝后接头加强箍river course 河道river crossing pit 河流穿越坑river crossing 穿越河流；河流交叉；渡口river cutoff 河道裁弯取直river delta marsh 河流三角洲沼泽river deposit 河流沉积river deposition 河流沉积作用river development 河流开发river drift 河流沉积river erosion 河流侵蚀river estuary 河口湾river facies 河积相river fan 河流冲积扇river flat 河流冲积平原river flow 河流径流river inversion 河流倒流river island 河心滩river model 河床模型river mouth bar 河口沙坝river mouth 河口river parting 河道分汊river pattern 河流类型river pipe 穿越河流的加重管子river piracy 河流袭夺river plain 冲积平原river reach 河流深水带；河段river realignment 河道整治river shoal 河滩river source 河源river swamp 河成沼泽river system 河流系统river terminal 内河转运油库river terrace 河成阶地river transportation 河流搬运作用river wall 河岸；河流提防river 河river-channel reservoir 河道储集层river-deposition coast 河流沉积海岸river-dominated delta 河控三角洲river-dominated 受河流控制的river-fed 河流补给的riverain 近河岸的；河流的riverbank 河岸riverfrac treatment 清水压裂riverine 河流的riverlet 小河rivet buster 铆钉切断机rivet welding 塞焊rivet 铆钉；铆riveted casing 铆接套管riveted joint 铆接riveted pipe 铆接管riveted tank 铆接油罐riveted 铆的rivnut 螺纹铆钉；防松螺母rivulet 小河riyal 里亚尔rizzonite 玻基辉橄岩rj 冲压式喷气发动机rje 远程作业输入rkb 方钻杆补心rkb 岩石层rl 接收逻辑rl 卷rlf 铲状逆断层rll 岩性记录测井rlt 油藏边界试验rly. 继电器rly. 铁路rm 参考手册rm 反应物质rm 每分钟转数rm 实数乘rma 放射性矿物分析rmag 落基山地质学家协会rmcs 泥饼样品电阻率rmfs 泥浆滤液样品电阻率rml 储集层管理测井rmm 主读存储器rmoga 落基山油气协会rms error 均方根误差rms gain 均方根增益rms 均方根rms 泥浆样品电阻率rmse 均方根误差rmsv 均方根速度rmt 立管系泊油轮rmv 遥控维修潜水器rn 氡rna. 核糖核酸rnmo 剩余动校正ro 回收作业ro 逆渗流ro 舍入ro 只接受ro-tap testing sieve shaker 摇筛机ro-wavelet 罗子波roach 岩石丘陵road approach 引桥路road asphalt 道路沥青road bed 路基road block 路障；困难road boring machine 公路穿越钻孔机road breaker 路面破碎机road clearance 道路净空road crossing 穿越公路road drag 刮路机road filling facility 油罐车装油设备road graders 平路机road length 行驶长度road loading facility 油罐车装油设备road mixer 筑路拌料机road net 道路网road octne number 行车辛烷值road oil 铺路沥青road packer 夯路机road planer 平路机road ripper 耙路机road roller 压路机road rooter 犁路机road tank car 公路油罐车road tanker 油罐车road test 行车试验road weight 行驶重量road-metal 筑路碎石road-rail 公路铁路两用的roadability 行车急定性roadman 修路工人roadmarking 路标roadmender 修路工roadstead 锚泊地roadster 跑车；双人座敞篷汽车roadupkeep 道路维护roadway drainage 路面排水系统roadway 行车路；路面；巷道roam 徘徊；漫游；漫步roar 吼roast 烤roaster 烤烘器具；焙烧炉roating piezoelectric transducer 旋转压电式换能器robble 断裂robinson wavelet 罗宾逊子波robomb 自动操纵的飞弹robot brain 自动计算机robot buoy 无线电操纵浮标robot calculator 电子计算机robot geology 遥感地质学robot pilot 自动驾驶仪robot station 自动输送站robot welding 机器人焊接robot 机器人；自动操作机robotics 机械人学robotisation 自动化robotization 自动化robotomorphic 模似机器人的robuloitdes 似扁豆虫属robust fibre 粗纤维robust regression analysis 稳健回归分析robust smooths 稳健平滑robust 稳固的robustness 强度robustoschwagerina nfda3robuststatistics 稳健统计学roch layer interface 岩层界面rochelle salt 罗谢耳盐rock abrasivenesss 岩石研磨性rock anisotropy 岩石各向异性rock arm 摇臂rock asphalt 天然沥青rock assemblage 岩石组合rock association 岩石组合rock avalanche 岩崩rock bend 褶皱rock bind 砂质页岩rock bit cone fishing socket 牙轮的打捞工具rock bit 牙轮钻头rock bulk compressibility 岩石体积压缩性rock burst 岩石破裂rock cap 盖层rock cavity 岩石孔穴rock channel 基岩河道rock character 岩石特性rock characteristics 岩石特性；岩石特性曲线rock cleavage 岩石劈理rock compaction 岩石压实rock complex 杂岩rock composition 岩石成分rock constituents 岩石组分rock crystal 水晶rock cuttings 岩屑rock debris 岩屑rock decay 岩石风化rock discrimination 岩石类型鉴别rock disintegration mechanics 岩石破碎力学rock disintegration 岩石破碎rock disturbance 岩石扰动rock ditching 挖岩石管沟rock drill steel 钎头rock drill 冲击钻机rock drillability 岩石可钻性rock expansion 岩石膨胀rock facies 岩相rock failure 岩石破碎rock flour 岩粉rock formation 岩层rock forming mineral 造岩矿物rock fracture 岩石裂隙rock fragment 岩石碎块rock frame stress 颗粒应力rock frame 岩层构造rock gas 天然气rock hardness reducer 岩石硬度减低剂rock hardness 岩石硬度rock head 表土下硬岩层的顶部rock hound 找矿者rock magnetism 岩石磁性rock mass 岩块体rock material 岩石材料rock matrix compressibility 岩体压缩性rock matrix strength 岩石基质强度rock matrix 岩石基体rock mechanics laboratory 岩石力学实验室rock mechanics 岩石力学rock oil 石油rock outcrop 岩石露头rock parameter 岩石参数rock permeability 岩石渗透率rock physical mechanics 岩石物理机械性质rock pore 岩石孔孔隙rock porosity 岩石孔隙度rock pressure 岩层压力rock property 岩石性质rock quality designation 岩石质量指标rock ridge 岩岭rock roller bit 牙轮钻头rock rubble 断层角砾岩rock salt 石盐rock sample 岩样rock saw 岩石锯rock sheet 岩席rock shield 防岩石损伤的护板rock signature 岩性特征rock specimen 岩样rock sphere 岩圈rock stratification 岩层层理rock stratigraphy 岩性地层学rock stream 石河rock strength 岩石强度rock stress state 岩石应力状态rock tar 原油rock texture 岩石结构rock trenching 挖岩石管沟rock type discrimination 岩石类型鉴别rock wettability 岩石可湿性rock window 岩窗rock 岩石rock-bit interaction model 岩石-钻头互作用模式rock-bit interaction 岩石与钻头互相作用rock-breaking efficiency 岩石破碎效率rock-breaking mechanics 岩石破碎力学rock-builder 造岩生物rock-eval gc 生油岩评价仪-气相色谱联用rock-eval 生油岩评价仪rock-fill breakwater 填石防波堤rock-fluid system 岩石-流体系统rock-free terrain 无石地区rock-magma 岩浆rock-stratigraphic unit 岩石地层单位rock-wetting 润湿岩石的rockallite 钠辉花岗岩rockbolt 岩石锚杆rocker arm 摇臂rocker shaft 摇臂轴rocker switch 提杆开关rocker 游梁rocker-type slip 摇座式卡瓦rocket orbital imagery 火箭轨道成象rocket 火箭rocket-borne camera 火箭运载摄影机rocketdrome 火箭发射场rocketeer 火箭专家rocketry 火箭学；火箭技术rocketsionde 气象探测火箭rocking arm 摇臂rocking beam 摆杆rocking mechanism 摇动rocking motion compensation beam 运动补偿摆杆rocking motion 摇动rocking shaft 摇臂轴rocking the well to production 诱导液流rocking 摇动rockoon 气球火箭；火箭气球rockwell apparatus 洛氏硬度计rockwell hardness number 洛氏硬度值rockwell hardness tester 洛氏硬度计rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度rockwell hardometer 洛氏硬度计rockwell indentation hardness 洛氏针入硬度rockwell's hardness 洛氏硬度rockwool 石棉rocky bed 岩石河床rocky ground 岩石地面rocky matrix 脉岩rocky mountain orrogeny 落基山造山运动rocky mountains 落基山脉rocky shell 地壳rocky zone 岩石区rocky 多岩的rod base wire-wrappped screen 带纵条的绕丝筛管rod board 起下抽油杆的架工搭板rod clamp 抽油杆夹持器rod clearance 抽油杆间隙rod collar 抽油杆接箍rod connector 抽油杆接头rod cutting 抽油杆磨削；钻杆磨削rod drag 抽油杆摩擦rod elevator 抽油杆吊卡rod fall 抽油杆掉落rod grab 抽油杆爪rod grasp 抽油杆爪rod grip 抽油杆夹rod guide 抽油杆导向器rod hanger 抽油杆悬挂器rod holder 抽油杆夹持器rod hood 抽油杆钩rod job 起下抽油杆作业rod lifter 抽油拉杆支架rod line carrier 抽油拉杆rod liner pump 杆式泵rod packing 抽油直盘根rod parting 抽油杆断脱rod post 抽油杆支柱rod pump 杆式泵rod pumping 有杆泵抽油rod reading 标尺读数rod reducer 抽油杆异径接头rod reducing bushing 抽油杆异径接头rod reducing coupling 抽油杆异径接头rod rotor 抽油杆自动旋转器rod sag 抽油杆弯曲rod scraper 抽油杆刮蜡器rod slap 抽油杆碰撞rod snap 抽油杆折断rod stabilizer 抽油杆稳定器rod stand 抽油杆立根rod stretch 抽油杆伸长rod string failure 抽油杆柱损坏rod string vibration 抽油杆住振动rod string 抽油杆住rod stroke 抽油杆冲程rod tap 公锥rod thief 长杆取样器rod tong 抽油杆钳rod tool drilling 杆式顿钻rod travelling barrel pump 泵筒游动的杆式泵rod wax 抽油杆蜡rod whip 抽油杆撞击rod wiper 抽油杆的挡油器rod wrench 抽油杆扳手rod 杆rod-drawn pump 杆式泵rod-less pc pump 无杆螺杆泵rod-metal volume 抽油杆体积rod-pumped well 抽油机井rod-taper 抽油杆拔梢；复合抽油杆rodded structure 窗棂构造rodding eye 管孔rodding sturcture 窗棂构造rodding 杆状构造；芯骨rodent resistence 拒咬性rodingite 异肃钙榴岩rodless botttom-hole pump 无杆泵rodless 无杆rodlless pump 井下无杆泵rodlless subsurface pump 抽油杆提升器rodman 测工roe stone 鱼卵石roentgen 伦琴roentgen-ray 伦琴射线roentgendefectoscopy 伦琴射线探伤法roentgenization 伦琴射线照射roentgenograph 伦琴射线照相roentgenography x-射线照相法roentgenology 伦琴射线学roentgenomater 伦琴计roentgenscope 伦琴射线透视机roentgenscopy 伦琴射线透视法roestone 鲕状岩roger 已收到roi 投资利润率roi 投资收益roily oil 乳化原油roip 地域残油roke 矿脉rolamite 矿脉；深口role 无摩擦滚筒；无轴承滚筒roling strata 波痕交错层roll along 逐点爆炸法；排列滚动前进roll and pitch 横摇和纵摇roll angle 横摇角roll back 重新运行roll booster 助推器roll compensation 滚动补偿roll distortion 摆动畸变roll film 成卷胶片roll fold 波动褶皱roll forming machine 滚形机roll in 转入roll mark 滚动痕roll pattern 摆动图型roll period 横摇周期roll tubing 滚压油管roll welding 滚焊roll 角色；任务roll-along operation 逐点爆炸roll-along shooting 逐点爆炸roll-along switch 多次覆盖开关roll-off network 修正网络roll-off 退出roll-on 进入roll-spot weld 滚点焊roll-up structure 旋卷构造rollability 卷rollarounds 滚杠rolled pipe 轧制管rolled plate high pressure cylinder 卷板式高压筒rolled steel 轧钢rolled up tank 折叠式油罐roller bearing bit 滚柱轴承钻头roller bearing 滚柱轴承roller bit 牙轮钻头roller block 滑滚体roller chain 滚柱链roller clutch 滚柱式单向超越离合器roller coating 辊筒涂色roller cone bit 牙轮钻头roller cutter bit 牙轮钻头roller cutter 滚子割刀roller feed 滚子送料；滚柱进给roller hoop drum 加强桶roller kelly bushing 滚子式方钻杆补心roller oven 滚子烘炉roller reamer 牙轮扩眼器roller snap thread gage 滚柱螺纹规roller stabilizer 辊式稳定器roller step bearing 止推滚柱roller swage 滚柱涨管器roller 滚转物roller-ball-friction 滚柱-滚珠-油动roller-ball-roller 滚柱-滚珠-滚柱rollers 辊轴支架rolling -cutter reamer 滚动牙轮式扩眼器rolling anticline 滚动背斜rolling bearing 滚动轴承rolling body 滚动体rolling budget 滚动预算rolling country 平原rolling cradle 辊子吊管架rolling cutter rock bit 牙轮钻头rolling damping 横摇阻尼rolling friction 滚动摩探；横摇摩擦rolling ladder 转梯rolling machine oil 压延机油rolling oil 轧辊油rolling out 涨开rolling plan 连续计划rolling planning 滚动计划rolling reamer cutter 滚子式扩眼器切刀rolling transport 滚动搬运rolling 轧制；滚动rolling-ball viscosimeter 滚球粘度计rolling-up device 卷取装置rollover anticline 滚动背斜rollover structure 滚动构造rollover 反向拖晓rollpass 轧辊型缝rollsteinfluten 泥石流rom 只读存储器roman cement 罗马水泥roman libra 罗马莱布勒roman vitrilo 硫酸铜romance 虚构romanite 罗马岩romberg integration 龙贝积分法romberg method 龙贝计算方法ron 研究法辛烷值rongstockite 碱辉闪长岩rood 路得roof column 罐顶支柱roof deck 浮项板roof drain sump 浮项集水坑roof hatch 罐顶量油孔roof hole 构造高点井roof limb 项翼roof manhole 罐顶人孔roof manway 罐顶人孔roof master 金属顶梁roof opening 罐顶开口roof radiant tubes 顶辐射管roof rock 盖岩roof support 罐顶支柱roof tree 栋梁；屋脊roof tube 炉顶加热管roof walkway 罐顶走道roof 顶roofing asphalt 屋面沥青roofing felt 屋面油毡roofing flux 屋面沥青roofing iron 瓦楞铁roofing 屋面room temperature 室温room 室；场所root circle 根圆root crack 根部裂纹root diameter 齿根直径；牙底直径root directory 根目录root dozer 除根机root face 钝边；齿根面root gap 根部间隙root locus 根轨迹root mean square 均方根root opening 根部间隙root pass 第一层焊道root radius 根部半径root run 根部焊道root section 牙底剖面root segment 基本段root 根root's blower 罗茨鼓风机root-mean-square criterion 均方根判别准则root-mean-square deviation 均方根差root-mean-square error 均方根误差root-mean-square misfit 均方根拟合差root-mean-square value 均方根值root-mean-square velocity 均方根速度root-nodule 根状团块rootage 生根rooted fold 原地褶皱rooter 犁路机rooting 扎根rop log 钻速录井rop 机械钻速rop 生产记录rope block 滑车rope boring 钢丝绳冲击钻进rope chopper 绳索切断器rope clamp 绳夹rope clip 索卡rope drive 绳索传动rope grabs 断绳打捞钩rope guard 钢丝绳护板rope knife 钢丝绳割刀rope pulley 绳索轮rope slings 绳套；吊索；吊挂用的绳索rope socket 绳帽rope spear 捞绳矛rope speed 绳速rope splice 绳绞接rope worm 螺旋形绳索打捞矛rope 绳ropeway 架空索道；钢丝绳道ropiness 粘性roping 捆ropy flow structure 绳状流动构造ropy lava 绳状熔岩ropy pahoehoe 绳状熔岩ropy structure 绳状构造ror 投资收益率ros 剩余油饱和度ros 只读存储器rosagnathus 罗莎颚牙形石属roscoelite 钡云母rose box 舱底滤水箱rose curve 玫瑰线rose diagram 玫瑰图rose headrosenbuschite 锆针纲钙石rose 滤网rosette 玫瑰花状重晶石集合体；玫瑰花状物；插座rosin 松香rosinate soap foamer 松香皂泡沫剂rosinol 松香油roster 名册rostra rostrum 的复数rostrum 讲坛rot switch 旋转开关rot wt 旋转钻压rot 腐朽rot. 旋转rota- 旋转rota-set assembly 旋转坐封装置rota-set liner hanger 旋转坐放衬管悬挂器rotalithus 轮纹颗石rotamerism 几何异构rotameter 转子流量计rotary activated tool 旋转式工具rotary base 转盘底座rotary beater 旋转打浆机rotary bit 旋转钻井用钻头rotary blowout preventer 旋转防喷器rotary buildup assembly 旋转造斜钻具组合rotary bushing 转盘补心rotary chain 转盘传动链rotary compactor crossover tool 旋转转换充填工具rotary compactor liner vibration system 旋转充填衬管振动装置rotary compactor releasing tool 旋转充填丢手工具rotary compactor vibration equipment 旋转振动充填设备rotary crane 旋转起重机rotary displacement meter 旋转容积式流量计rotary displacemment compressor 旋转置换式压缩机rotary ditcher 旋转挖沟机rotary drier 旋转干燥器rotary drill line 旋转钻井钢丝绳rotary drill 旋转钻rotary drilling machine 旋转钻机rotary drilling rig 旋转钻机rotary drilling swivel 旋转钻井水龙头rotary drilling 旋转钻井rotary drive bushing 转盘补心rotary drive chain 转盘传动链条rotary drive guard 转盘链条罩rotary drum dryer 转鼓式干燥器rotary drum filter 转筒式过滤器rotary engine 转缸工发动机rotary equipment 旋转钻井设备rotary fault 捩转断层rotary feed control 旋转钻井设备rotary fishing jar 旋转打捞震击器rotary gas meter 旋转式气体流量计rotary gas separator 旋转分离器rotary helical screw compressor 回转式螺杆压缩机rotary helper 司钻助手rotary hook 大钩rotary hose 水龙带rotary hydraulic expansion wall scraper 水力撑开的井壁刮刀；水力扩眼刮刀rotary inertia 转动惯量。
松下AN5279单声道SEPP音频功率放大器IC 说明书
ICs for TV12AN5279ICs for TVPin No.Descriptions1Ripple filter2Input GND 3Input 4Not connected 5Outputs Absolute Maximum RatingsParameterSymbol Rating Unit Supply voltage V CC 26.0V Supply current I CC 1.6A Power dissipation *2P D 6.2W Operating ambient temperature *1T opr −25 to +75°C Storage temperature *1T stg−55 to +150°Cs Recommended Operating RangeParameterSymbol Range Unit Supply voltageV CC10.0 to 24.0VNote)*1:Except these items, all other measurements are taken at T a = 25 °C.*2:T a = 75 °C with infinite heat sink.Pin No.Descriptions6Mute 7Output GND 8V CC 9Standbys Pin DescriptionsICs for TV AN5279s Electrical Characteristics at V CC= 19 V, f = 1 kHz, R L= 8 Ω, T a= 25 °CParameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ Max Unit Quiescent current I CQ V IN= 0 mV 2550mA Output end noise voltage *1V NO No input, R g= 10 kΩ 0.220.4mV Voltage gain G V V IN= 57 mV323436dB Total harmonic distortion THD V IN= 57 mV 0.20.4% Maximum Output Power P O1V CC= 19 V, THD = 10 % 4.0 5.0 W Maximum Output power P O2V CC= 22 V, THD = 10 % 5.67.0 W Ripple rejection ratio *1RR V r= 1 V rms4555 dBf r= 120 Hz, R g= 10 kΩMuting Ratio MR V IN= 57 mV, V MUTE> 3.0 V7080 dB Muting control voltage V MUTE V IN= 57 mV, MR > 70 dB 3.0 V Standby on voltage V STD-ON No input, I CC≤ 0.1 mA 5.0V Standby off voltage V STD-OFF No input, I CC≥ 9.5 mA8.5 V Note)*1:For this measurement, use the 20 Hz to 20 kHz (12 dB/OCT) filter.3AN5279ICs for TV4ICs for TV AN52795AN5279ICs for TV6ICs for TV AN52797Request for your special attention and precautions in using the technical information and semiconductors described in this material(1)An export permit needs to be obtained from the competent authorities of the Japanese Govern-ment if any of the products or technologies described in this material and controlled under the "Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law" is to be exported or taken out of Japan.(2)The technical information described in this material is limited to showing representative character-istics and applied circuit examples of the products. It does not constitute the warranting of industrial property, the granting of relative rights, or the granting of any license.(3)The products described in this material are intended to be used for standard applications or gen-eral electronic equipment (such as office equipment, communications equipment, measuring in-struments and household appliances).Consult our sales staff in advance for information on the following applications:•Special applications (such as for airplanes, aerospace, automobiles, traffic control equipment, combustion equipment, life support systems and safety devices) in which exceptional quality and reliability are required, or if the failure or malfunction of the products may directly jeopardize life or harm the human body.•Any applications other than the standard applications intended.(4)The products and product specifications described in this material are subject to change withoutnotice for reasons of modification and/or improvement. At the final stage of your design, purchas-ing, or use of the products, therefore, ask for the most up-to-date Product Standards in advance to make sure that the latest specifications satisfy your requirements.(5)When designing your equipment, comply with the guaranteed values, in particular those of maxi-mum rating, the range of operating power supply voltage and heat radiation characteristics. Other-wise, we will not be liable for any defect which may arise later in your equipment.Even when the products are used within the guaranteed values, redundant design is recommended, so that such equipment may not violate relevant laws or regulations because of the function of our products.(6) When using products for which dry packing is required, observe the conditions (including shelf lifeand after-unpacking standby time) agreed upon when specification sheets are individually exchanged. (7) No part of this material may be reprinted or reproduced by any means without written permissionfrom our company.Please read the following notes before using the datasheetsA.These materials are intended as a reference to assist customers with the selection of Panasonicsemiconductor products best suited to their applications.Due to modification or other reasons, any information contained in this material, such as available product types, technical data, and so on, is subject to change without notice.Customers are advised to contact our semiconductor sales office and obtain the latest information before starting precise technical research and/or purchasing activities.B.Panasonic is endeavoring to continually improve the quality and reliability of these materials butthere is always the possibility that further rectifications will be required in the future. Therefore, Panasonic will not assume any liability for any damages arising from any errors etc. that may ap-pear in this material.C.These materials are solely intended for a customer's individual use.Therefore, without the prior written approval of Panasonic, any other use such as reproducing, selling, or distributing this material to a third party, via the Internet or in any other way, is prohibited.2001 MAR。
SOI温度补偿效应的全集成高线性度Gm-C滤波器设计
SOI温度补偿效应的全集成高线性度Gm-C滤波器设计孙书龙;林敏【摘要】为了补偿温度变化对滤波器频率响应造成的漂移,提出了一种全差分运算放大器,该运算放大器采用电压负反馈方式稳定输出共模电平,调节输入对差分管衬底偏置来改变阈值电压差,从而调节放大器的跨导来调整滤波器的截止频率,实现了基于Gm-C结构的三阶Chebyshev低通滤波器,滤波器采用GSMC的0.13μm SOI工艺,电源电压1.2 V,6层金属设计,仿真结果表明,该滤波器通带增益0 dB,-1 dB截止频率8 MHz,38 MHz 处增益衰减达到-35 dB,带内波动0.5 dB,输入为1 MHz,400 mV Vpp时,THD为-57 dB,功耗7 mW.在特殊环境具有明显的优势。
%A fully differential Operational Amplifier is proposed,which is adopted the voltage feedback technology to stablize the common mode output voltage,the Vth can be adjusted according to the substrate bias on the input differ-ential pairs,resulting in the change of the Gm of the amplifier as well as the cut-off frequency of the filter,which can be untilized to compensate the frequency offset caused by the temperature fly. The 3th order Chebyshev low pass fil-ter is complemented on the0.13μm SOI GSMC technics,source voltage is 1.2 V and consists of 6 layermetals. The filter can achieve 0 dB voltage gain in the pass-band,8 MHz cut-off frequency -1 dB gain and 35 dB attenuation at 38 MHz,the ripple within band achieves 0.5 dB,when 1 MHz,400 mV Vpp sine signal applied into the circuit,the THD can reach -57 dB,and consumes 7 mW power from the source,In special application,it takes remarkable ad-vantage.【期刊名称】《电子器件》【年(卷),期】2015(000)004【总页数】6页(P779-784)【关键词】Gm-C滤波器;阈值漂移;衬底偏置;温度补偿【作者】孙书龙;林敏【作者单位】中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所，上海200050;中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所，上海200050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN4目前随着信息行业的迅猛发展，相关的各种解决方案得到广泛的研究，其中CMOS工艺具有成本，功耗和集成度方面的优势得到广泛的应用［1］，并且SOI CMOS工艺有源区面积小，寄生电容小，泄漏电流小，无闩锁效应，是全介质隔离的，具有很多优越的性能，尤其在抗辐射电路，耐高温电路，亚微米及深亚微米电路VLSI，低压低功耗电路及三维集成电路中具有广泛的应用。
石油英语词汇（R4）
石油英语词汇(R4)riddle 粗眼筛；探究；批评；驳倒；查究riddling 舱面穿洞；莫明其妙的事物ride 骑rider 游码；线路巡查工；夹层ridge and furrow aeration tank 垅沟曝气池ridge axis drift 海岭轴漂移ridge axis 洋脊轴ridge cast 脊模ridge fault 脊状断层ridge regression 岭回归ridge segment 海岭块段ridge tholeiite 洋脊拉斑玄武岩ridge 脊ridge-arc transform fault 海岭-岛弧转换断层ridge-basin complex 海岭-海盆组合ridge-like fold 脊状褶皱ridge-like structure 脊状构造ridge-push model 洋脊推动模型ridge-ridge transform fault 脊-脊转换断层ridge-runner 线路巡查工ridge-top trench 脊顶沟ridge-trench transform fault 脊-沟转换断层riding light 锚位灯riding pawl 锚泊爪riding 骑；乘；波束引导riebeckite 钠闪石rieberize 时移叠加法riedenite 黝云霓辉岩riffle area 河滩区；砂沟区riffle board 集油阱riffle hollow 河床浅槽riffle sampler 格槽式缩样器riffle 浅滩riffler 沉砂槽rifle bore cleaning oil 擦枪油rifle technique 瞄准销售技术rifle 步枪；来福条；膛线rifled pipe 内螺纹管rifled tube 内螺纹管rifler 波纹锉rift basin 裂谷盆地rift bulge 裂谷隆起rift cushion 裂谷垫层rift direction 断裂方向rift element 裂谷单元rift geosyncline 裂谷地槽rift lake 断陷湖rift opening 断陷缝；裂谷开口rift structure 断裂构造rift system 裂隙系；断裂系rift trough 裂谷rift valley 裂谷rift zone 断裂带rift 裂缝；断陷；裂谷；河流浅滩rift-block valley 裂谷断块谷rifted arch basin 拱顶断陷盆地rifted margin prism 裂谷边缘沉积柱体rifted-basin 断陷盆地rifting 断裂作用riftogenesis 裂谷运动riftogenic fluid 裂谷型流体rig air supply 钻机用压缩空气供给rig automation 钻机自动化rig builder 钻机安装工rig capacity 作业机承载能力rig cost 钻机成本rig day rate 钻机平均日进尺rig days 钻机工作天数rig diving 钻井平台辅助潜水rig down 折卸钻机rig downtime 停钻时间rig floor 钻台rig front 井架正面rig hands 钻工rig helper 钻工rig line 钻机钢丝绳rig manager 海上钻机操作监督；井队长rig mover 钻机搬迁rig operating cost 钻机操作费用rig personnel 井队人员rig pump 钻井用泥浆泵rig release 钻机拆卸rig repair 钻机维修rig replaceable stabilizer 井场可修复的稳定器rig shoe 橇装井架底座rig spotting 钻机定位rig substructure 钻机底座rig superintendent 钻机主任rig supervisor 井场监督rig support dive 钻井平台辅助潜水rig teardown 钻机拆卸rig timber 钻台板rig time 钻井时间rig tool 井口工具rig up 设备安装rig vibration 钻机振动rig 钻机rig-building crew 钻机安装队rig-floor tools 钻台工具rig-off-location 钻机迁离工作地点rig-on-location time 钻机在井位的时间rig-site utilization 现场应用rigger 索具装配工人；钻机安装工人；旋转钻司钻；调带轮rigging down 钻机拆卸rigging equipment 装配设备rigging up 安装钻机rigging 索具right alignment 同轴度right angle 直角right ascension 赤经right averted photography 右偏摄影right bank 右岸right cone 直立圆锥体right cylinder 圆柱体right elevation 右视图right hyperbola 正双曲线right lay 绳股右捻right line 直线right of anticipation 提前偿还权right of cancellation 注销权right of creditor 债权人权力right of eminent domain 国家征用权right of exercise control 控股权right of ingress 进入权right of priority 优先权right of recourse 追索权right of redemption 赎回权right of rescission 解约权right of retention 扣押权right of succession 继承权right parenthesis 右括号right reading 正象right regular lay cable 右向逆捻钢丝绳right section 正剖面right shear fault 右旋剪切断层right shift 向右移位right temperature 正温right to make decision 决策权right to the use of a site 场地使用权right to use the land 土地使用权right to vote for the election of directors 选举董事权right triangle 直角三角形right view 右视图right walk 右扭right way up 正常层序right-and-left threaded 正反螺纹的right-angle array 直角排列right-angle bend 直角弯管right-angle borescope 直角闪孔镜right-angle drive 直角传动right-angle filter 直角滤波器right-angle gear assembly 直角齿轮装置right-angle gear box 直角传动箱right-angle intersection 直角交会right-angle objective lens 直角物镜right-angle triangle 直角三角形right-angled screwdriver 直角改锥right-angled stream 横河right-dipping fault 右倾断层right-hand derivative 右导数right-hand deviation 向右偏斜right-hand direction 右旋right-hand drill pipe 正扣钻杆right-hand edge 东图廓right-hand joint 右旋螺纹连接right-hand lay 绳股右捻right-hand rotation release 右旋丢手right-hand rotation 右回转right-hand rule 右手定则right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则right-hand string 正扣钻柱right-hand thread 右旋螺纹right-hand torque 右旋扭矩right-hand turn 右旋right-hand walk 右移位向左漂移right-handed crystal 右晶；右旋结晶right-handed quartz 右旋石英right-handed rotation 右旋光；右旋right-handed twist 绳股右捻right-handed 右旋的right-lateral arc-arc transform fault 右旋弧-弧转换断层right-lateral fault 右旋断层right-lateral movement 右旋运动right-lateral ridge-arc transform fault 右旋脊-弧转换断层right-lateral shear 右旋剪切right-lateral transcurrent fault 右旋横推断层right-lateral wrench fault 右旋扭动断层right-lateral 右旋的right-oblique 右倾斜的right-of-way gang 铺管用地清理队right-of-way man 铺管权契约员right-of-way operation 管带开拓right-of-way restoration 管带地貌复原right-of-way 用地；路权right-side up 正面朝上right-slip fault 右旋滑断层righting arm 稳性力臂；回复力臂righting moment 扶正力矩rights reserved 保留权利rights vested on trade mark 商标权rigid block 刚性地块rigid body 刚体rigid cellular foam layer 硬质微孔泡沫层rigid computer model 刚性计算机模型rigid connection 刚性连接rigid construction 刚性结构rigid coupling 刚性连接rigid demand 刚性需求rigid dynamics 刚体动力学rigid film 刚性膜rigid foam 硬质泡沫rigid frame structure 刚架结构rigid frame 刚性构架rigid holding assembly 刚性稳斜组合rigid joint 刚性接头rigid magnet 刚性磁铁rigid manufacturing standard 严格的制造标准rigid material 刚性材料rigid matrix 坚实骨架rigid mixed 刚性混合式rigid mounting 刚性安装rigid piled 刚性桩基式rigid plastic 硬质塑料rigid plate 刚性板块rigid plunger block 刚性俯冲地块rigid polyurethane 硬聚氨基甲酸酯rigid polyvinyl chloride 硬质聚氯乙烯rigid price 刚性价格rigid proppant 刚性支撑剂rigid section 刚性段rigid shaft coupling 刚性联轴节rigid structure 刚性结构rigid temperature control 温度严格控制器rigid wall 刚性井壁rigid water film 刚性水膜rigid yoke 刚性轭rigid 刚性的rigidification 硬化rigidify 固定；使僵化rigidimeter 刚度计rigidity modulus 刚性模量rigidity 刚性rigidize 硬化rigidizer 硬化剂rigidly connected 刚性连接的rigless sand control 不用修井机的防砂作业rigolet 小溪rigor 严格rigorous equation 精确方程式rigorous examination 精确检验rigorous 严格的；精确的rih 下入井内rijkeboerite 钡细晶石rill cast 细沟铸型rill mark 流痕rillwork 沟蚀rim brake 轮圈刹车rim cement 环边胶结物rim cementation 环边胶结rim deposit 边沿沉积rim fire 边缘起火rim seal 边缘密封rim space 边缘空间rim syncline 边缘向斜rim value 边缘值rim vent 边缘通气孔rim 反应注塑rim 缘rim-rock 砂矿边沿基岩rime 结壳；结晶；霜淞；结霜rimer 扩眼器rimmed steel 沸腾钢rimmer 轮辋；沸腾钢rimming steel 沸腾钢rina 意大利船级社rind 表面ring anchorage 圆盘型锚具ring base type pre-pack screen 环基型预充填筛管ring cataclase 环形沉陷ring channel 环形槽ring circuit 环形电路ring closure 环的闭合ring complex 环状杂岩ring compound 环状化合物ring content 环含量；环数ring contraction 环缩作用ring conversion 环转化作用ring counter 环形计数器ring cutter 环状割刀ring depression 环转坳陷ring diaromatic hopane 环二芳藿烷ring dislocation 位错圈ring electrode 环形电极ring fault 环状断层ring fence 篱笆圈；核算范围ring fissure 环状裂缝ring flange 法兰盘ring forming addition polymerization 成环加成聚合ring gasket 环形垫ring gauge 环规ring gear 齿圈ring groove 环形槽ring intrusion 环状侵入体ring isomerism 环异构ring life buoy 救生圈ring line 环形管线ring main 环形干线ring monoaromatic hopane 环单芳藿烷ring network 环式网ring nut 环形螺母ring of fire 太平洋火圈ring of staves 罐身的钢板圈ring oiler 油环注油器ring opening 环的启开ring piston meter 环形活塞流量计ring puckering motion 环形皱缩运动ring seal 环形密封ring segment 环形分布的锁紧块ring shift 循环移位ring shooting 环形排列ring spanner 环形扳手ring sticking 活塞环卡住ring stiffener 加强环ring structure 环状结构；环状构造ring substitution 环上取代ring tensionmeter 吊环式张力仪ring texture 环状结构ring thread gage 螺纹环规ring triaromatic hopane 环三芳藿烷ring valve 环形阀ring worm corrosion 环关腐蚀ring 环ring-oil bearing 油环润滑轴承ring-opening polymerization 开环聚合ring-opening reaction 开环反应ring-shaped magnet 环形磁铁ring-shaped 环状的ringdown 振铃信号ringer 按铃者；鸣铃器ringing of joint 接头的锤敲检查ringing system 振鸣系统ringing 振鸣；振铃；冲击激励产生的减幅振荡；瞬变；混响；振荡效应ringite 长霓碳酸岩ringy 振荡的rinneite 钾铁盐rinse 近地表估计的射线示求逆法rinse 漂洗rinser 冲洗器rinsing 清水；残渣；漂清rint 无线电侦察riometer 电离层吸收测定器；噪声探测仪riot 骚动；丰富；浪费rip channel 离岸流水道rip current channel 离岸流水道rip tide 离岸流rip 清管器；刮板rip-up 冲裂构造riparian right 河岸权riparian 河岸的ripe lubricant 钢丝绳润滑剂ripper dozer 松土推土机ripper 耙路机；松土机；粗齿锯ripple amplifier 波纹放大器ripple amplitude 波纹振幅ripple bedding 波痕层理ripple crest 波峰ripple current 波纹电流ripple drift 波痕迁移ripple factor 纹波因数ripple filter 波纹滤波器ripple height 波高ripple index 波痕指数ripple mark 波痕砂纹；波纹标志；斑点；波痕ripple noise 波纹电压噪声ripple 涟ripple-form set 波痕形态组ripple-mark index 波痕指数riprap breakwater 抛石防波提riprap protection of slope 抛石护坡riprap revetment 抛石护坡riprap 〔防护ripsaw 粗齿锯risc 简化指令系统计算机rischorrite 粗霞正长岩rise crest 隆起脊rise flank 隆起翼rise time 上升时间rise up 上升rise 上升riser base 立管基座riser connector 隔水管联接器riser cracking 提升管裂化riser fingerboard 隔水管操纵台riser jacket 立管架riser joint 立管单根riser reactor 提升管反应器riser spider 立管卡盘riser stub 隔水管根部riser support 立管支承件riser system 隔水管装置riser with floatation modules 有浮力装置的隔水管riser with slip joint 伸缩式隔水管riser 立管；竖板；升降器；升高片；气门；溢水口；隔水管；上投断层；梯状地形riser-moored tanker 立管系泊油轮riser-tensioning equipment 隔水管拉直装置rising block 上升断块rising pipe 出水管rising stem gate valve 明杆式闸阀rising sun industry 朝阳工业rising tendency 增长趋势rising water stage 上升水位；不位上升期rising 上升的risk analysis model 风险分析模型risk analysis 风险分析risk assessment 风险评估risk averter 避免承担风险risk bearing 风险负担risk capital 风险资本risk criteria 风险标准risk distribution 风险分布risk effect 风险效应risk factor 风险系数risk function 风险函数risk in transit 运途风险risk investment 风险投资risk level 风险水平risk management 风险管理risk minimization 风险极小化risk of nonperformance 不履行合同险risk of war 战争风险risk premium 风险酬金risk profile 风险剖面risk shearing 风险分担risk structure 风险结构risk theory 风险论risk type decision 风险型决策risk 危险risk-weighted profit 风险加权利润risk-weighted reserve 风险加权储量risk-weighted yardstick 风险衡量标准riskadjusted discount rate 风险调整折现率riskasset ration 风险-资产比率riskreturn analysis 风险-收益分析riskreward ratio 失得比rite 设备例行检查rithe 小河rither 岩层内压性裂隙；小断层rival 竞争者rivalry 竞争river alluvium 河流冲积物river bar 河成沙坝river basin 河流盆地river bed 河床river channel 河道river clamp 丝后接头加强箍river course 河道river crossing pit 河流穿越坑river crossing 穿越河流；河流交叉；渡口river cutoff 河道裁弯取直river delta marsh 河流三角洲沼泽river deposit 河流沉积river deposition 河流沉积作用river development 河流开发river drift 河流沉积river erosion 河流侵蚀river estuary 河口湾river facies 河积相river fan 河流冲积扇river flat 河流冲积平原river flow 河流径流river inversion 河流倒流river island 河心滩river model 河床模型river mouth bar 河口沙坝river mouth 河口river parting 河道分汊river pattern 河流类型river pipe 穿越河流的加重管子river piracy 河流袭夺river plain 冲积平原river reach 河流深水带；河段river realignment 河道整治river shoal 河滩river source 河源river swamp 河成沼泽river system 河流系统river terminal 内河转运油库river terrace 河成阶地river transportation 河流搬运作用river wall 河岸；河流提防river 河river-channel reservoir 河道储集层river-deposition coast 河流沉积海岸river-dominated delta 河控三角洲river-dominated 受河流控制的river-fed 河流补给的riverain 近河岸的；河流的riverbank 河岸riverfrac treatment 清水压裂riverine 河流的riverlet 小河rivet buster 铆钉切断机rivet welding 塞焊rivet 铆钉；铆riveted casing 铆接套管riveted joint 铆接riveted pipe 铆接管riveted tank 铆接油罐riveted 铆的rivnut 螺纹铆钉；防松螺母rivulet 小河riyal 里亚尔rizzonite 玻基辉橄岩rj 冲压式喷气发动机rje 远程作业输入rkb 方钻杆补心rkb 岩石层rl 接收逻辑rl 卷rlf 铲状逆断层rll 岩性记录测井rlt 油藏边界试验rly. 继电器rly. 铁路rm 参考手册rm 反应物质rm 每分钟转数rm 实数乘rma 放射性矿物分析rmag 落基山地质学家协会rmcs 泥饼样品电阻率rmfs 泥浆滤液样品电阻率rml 储集层管理测井rmm 主读存储器rmoga 落基山油气协会rms error 均方根误差rms gain 均方根增益rms 均方根rms 泥浆样品电阻率rmse 均方根误差rmsv 均方根速度rmt 立管系泊油轮rmv 遥控维修潜水器rn 氡rna. 核糖核酸rnmo 剩余动校正ro 回收作业ro 逆渗流ro 舍入ro 只接受ro-tap testing sieve shaker 摇筛机ro-wavelet 罗子波roach 岩石丘陵road approach 引桥路road asphalt 道路沥青road bed 路基road block 路障；困难road boring machine 公路穿越钻孔机road breaker 路面破碎机road clearance 道路净空road crossing 穿越公路road drag 刮路机road filling facility 油罐车装油设备road graders 平路机road length 行驶长度road loading facility 油罐车装油设备road mixer 筑路拌料机road net 道路网road octne number 行车辛烷值road oil 铺路沥青road packer 夯路机road planer 平路机road ripper 耙路机road roller 压路机road rooter 犁路机road tank car 公路油罐车road tanker 油罐车road test 行车试验road weight 行驶重量road-metal 筑路碎石road-rail 公路铁路两用的roadability 行车急定性roadman 修路工人roadmarking 路标roadmender 修路工roadstead 锚泊地roadster 跑车；双人座敞篷汽车roadupkeep 道路维护roadway drainage 路面排水系统roadway 行车路；路面；巷道roam 徘徊；漫游；漫步roar 吼roast 烤roaster 烤烘器具；焙烧炉roating piezoelectric transducer 旋转压电式换能器robble 断裂robinson wavelet 罗宾逊子波robomb 自动操纵的飞弹robot brain 自动计算机robot buoy 无线电操纵浮标robot calculator 电子计算机robot geology 遥感地质学robot pilot 自动驾驶仪robot station 自动输送站robot welding 机器人焊接robot 机器人；自动操作机robotics 机械人学robotisation 自动化robotization 自动化robotomorphic 模似机器人的robuloitdes 似扁豆虫属robust fibre 粗纤维robust regression analysis 稳健回归分析robust smooths 稳健平滑robust 稳固的robustness 强度robustoschwagerina 强壮希瓦格nfda3属robuststatistics 稳健统计学roch layer interface 岩层界面rochelle salt 罗谢耳盐rock abrasivenesss 岩石研磨性rock anisotropy 岩石各向异性rock arm 摇臂rock asphalt 天然沥青rock assemblage 岩石组合rock association 岩石组合rock avalanche 岩崩rock bend 褶皱rock bind 砂质页岩rock bit cone fishing socket 牙轮的打捞工具rock bit 牙轮钻头rock bulk compressibility 岩石体积压缩性rock burst 岩石破裂rock cap 盖层rock cavity 岩石孔穴rock channel 基岩河道rock character 岩石特性rock characteristics 岩石特性；岩石特性曲线rock cleavage 岩石劈理rock compaction 岩石压实rock complex 杂岩rock composition 岩石成分rock constituents 岩石组分rock crystal 水晶rock cuttings 岩屑rock debris 岩屑rock decay 岩石风化rock discrimination 岩石类型鉴别rock disintegration mechanics 岩石破碎力学rock disintegration 岩石破碎rock disturbance 岩石扰动rock ditching 挖岩石管沟rock drill steel 钎头rock drill 冲击钻机rock drillability 岩石可钻性rock expansion 岩石膨胀rock facies 岩相rock failure 岩石破碎rock flour 岩粉rock formation 岩层rock forming mineral 造岩矿物rock fracture 岩石裂隙rock fragment 岩石碎块rock frame stress 颗粒应力rock frame 岩层构造rock gas 天然气rock hardness reducer 岩石硬度减低剂rock hardness 岩石硬度rock head 表土下硬岩层的顶部rock hound 找矿者rock magnetism 岩石磁性rock mass 岩块体rock material 岩石材料rock matrix compressibility 岩体压缩性rock matrix strength 岩石基质强度rock matrix 岩石基体rock meal 岩粉rock mechanics laboratory 岩石力学实验室rock mechanics 岩石力学rock oil 石油rock outcrop 岩石露头rock parameter 岩石参数rock permeability 岩石渗透率rock physical mechanics 岩石物理机械性质rock pore 岩石孔孔隙rock porosity 岩石孔隙度rock pressure 岩层压力rock property 岩石性质rock quality designation 岩石质量指标rock ridge 岩岭rock roller bit 牙轮钻头rock rubble 断层角砾岩rock salt 石盐rock sample 岩样rock saw 岩石锯rock sheet 岩席rock shield 防岩石损伤的护板rock signature 岩性特征rock silk 石棉rock specimen 岩样rock sphere 岩圈rock stratification 岩层层理rock stratigraphy 岩性地层学rock stream 石河rock strength 岩石强度rock stress state 岩石应力状态rock tar 原油rock texture 岩石结构rock trenching 挖岩石管沟rock type discrimination 岩石类型鉴别rock wettability 岩石可湿性rock window 岩窗rock 岩石rock-bit interaction model 岩石-钻头互作用模式rock-bit interaction 岩石与钻头互相作用rock-breaking efficiency 岩石破碎效率rock-breaking mechanics 岩石破碎力学rock-builder 造岩生物rock-eval gc 生油岩评价仪-气相色谱联用rock-eval 生油岩评价仪rock-fill breakwater 填石防波堤rock-fluid system 岩石-流体系统rock-free terrain 无石地区rock-magma 岩浆rock-stratigraphic unit 岩石地层单位rock-wetting 润湿岩石的rockallite 钠辉花岗岩rockbolt 岩石锚杆rocker arm 摇臂rocker shaft 摇臂轴rocker switch 提杆开关rocker 游梁rocker-type slip 摇座式卡瓦rocket orbital imagery 火箭轨道成象rocket 火箭rocket-borne camera 火箭运载摄影机rocketdrome 火箭发射场rocketeer 火箭专家rocketry 火箭学；火箭技术rocketsionde 气象探测火箭rocking arm 摇臂rocking beam 摆杆rocking mechanism 摇动rocking motion compensation beam 运动补偿摆杆rocking motion 摇动rocking shaft 摇臂轴rocking the well to production 诱导液流rocking 摇动rockoon 气球火箭；火箭气球rockwell apparatus 洛氏硬度计rockwell hardness number 洛氏硬度值rockwell hardness tester 洛氏硬度计rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度rockwell hardometer 洛氏硬度计rockwell indentation hardness 洛氏针入硬度rockwell's hardness 洛氏硬度rockwool 石棉rocky bed 岩石河床rocky ground 岩石地面rocky matrix 脉岩rocky mountain orrogeny 落基山造山运动rocky mountains 落基山脉rocky shell 地壳rocky zone 岩石区rocky 多岩的rod base wire-wrappped screen 带纵条的绕丝筛管rod board 起下抽油杆的架工搭板rod clamp 抽油杆夹持器rod clearance 抽油杆间隙rod collar 抽油杆接箍rod connector 抽油杆接头rod cutting 抽油杆磨削；钻杆磨削rod drag 抽油杆摩擦rod elevator 抽油杆吊卡rod fall 抽油杆掉落rod grab 抽油杆爪rod grasp 抽油杆爪rod grip 抽油杆夹rod guide 抽油杆导向器rod hanger 抽油杆悬挂器rod holder 抽油杆夹持器rod hood 抽油杆钩rod job 起下抽油杆作业rod lifter 抽油拉杆支架rod line carrier 抽油拉杆rod liner pump 杆式泵rod packing 抽油直盘根rod parting 抽油杆断脱rod post 抽油杆支柱rod pump 杆式泵rod pumping 有杆泵抽油rod reading 标尺读数rod reducer 抽油杆异径接头rod reducing bushing 抽油杆异径接头rod reducing coupling 抽油杆异径接头rod rotor 抽油杆自动旋转器rod sag 抽油杆弯曲rod scraper 抽油杆刮蜡器rod slap 抽油杆碰撞rod snap 抽油杆折断rod stabilizer 抽油杆稳定器rod stand 抽油杆立根rod stretch 抽油杆伸长rod string failure 抽油杆柱损坏rod string vibration 抽油杆住振动rod string 抽油杆住rod stroke 抽油杆冲程rod tap 公锥rod thief 长杆取样器rod tong 抽油杆钳rod tool drilling 杆式顿钻rod travelling barrel pump 泵筒游动的杆式泵rod wax 抽油杆蜡rod whip 抽油杆撞击rod wiper 抽油杆的挡油器rod wrench 抽油杆扳手rod 杆rod-drawn pump 杆式泵rod-less pc pump 无杆螺杆泵rod-metal volume 抽油杆体积rod-pumped well 抽油机井rod-taper 抽油杆拔梢；复合抽油杆rodded structure 窗棂构造rodding eye 管孔rodding sturcture 窗棂构造rodding 杆状构造；芯骨rodent resistence 拒咬性rodingite 异肃钙榴岩rodless botttom-hole pump 无杆泵rodless 无杆rodlless pump 井下无杆泵rodlless subsurface pump 抽油杆提升器rodman 测工roe stone 鱼卵石roentgen 伦琴roentgen-ray 伦琴射线roentgendefectoscopy 伦琴射线探伤法roentgenization 伦琴射线照射roentgenograph 伦琴射线照相roentgenography x-射线照相法roentgenology 伦琴射线学roentgenomater 伦琴计roentgenscope 伦琴射线透视机roentgenscopy 伦琴射线透视法roestone 鲕状岩roger 已收到roi 投资利润率roi 投资收益roily oil 乳化原油roip 地域残油roke 矿脉rolamite 矿脉；深口role 无摩擦滚筒；无轴承滚筒roling strata 波痕交错层roll along 逐点爆炸法；排列滚动前进roll and pitch 横摇和纵摇roll angle 横摇角roll back 重新运行roll booster 助推器roll compensation 滚动补偿roll distortion 摆动畸变roll film 成卷胶片roll fold 波动褶皱roll forming machine 滚形机roll in 转入roll mark 滚动痕roll pattern 摆动图型roll period 横摇周期roll tubing 滚压油管roll welding 滚焊roll 角色；任务roll-along operation 逐点爆炸roll-along shooting 逐点爆炸roll-along switch 多次覆盖开关roll-off network 修正网络roll-off 退出roll-on 进入roll-spot weld 滚点焊roll-up structure 旋卷构造rollability 卷rollarounds 滚杠rolled pipe 轧制管rolled plate high pressure cylinder 卷板式高压筒rolled steel 轧钢rolled up tank 折叠式油罐roller bearing bit 滚柱轴承钻头roller bearing 滚柱轴承roller bit 牙轮钻头roller block 滑滚体roller chain 滚柱链roller clutch 滚柱式单向超越离合器roller coating 辊筒涂色roller cone bit 牙轮钻头roller cutter bit 牙轮钻头roller cutter 滚子割刀roller feed 滚子送料；滚柱进给roller hoop drum 加强桶roller kelly bushing 滚子式方钻杆补心roller oven 滚子烘炉roller reamer 牙轮扩眼器roller snap thread gage 滚柱螺纹规roller stabilizer 辊式稳定器roller step bearing 止推滚柱roller swage 滚柱涨管器roller 滚转物roller-ball-friction 滚柱-滚珠-油动roller-ball-roller 滚柱-滚珠-滚柱rollers 辊轴支架rolling -cutter reamer 滚动牙轮式扩眼器rolling anticline 滚动背斜rolling bearing 滚动轴承rolling body 滚动体rolling budget 滚动预算rolling country 平原rolling cradle 辊子吊管架rolling cutter rock bit 牙轮钻头rolling damping 横摇阻尼rolling friction 滚动摩探；横摇摩擦rolling ladder 转梯rolling machine oil 压延机油rolling oil 轧辊油rolling out 涨开rolling plan 连续计划rolling planning 滚动计划rolling reamer cutter 滚子式扩眼器切刀rolling transport 滚动搬运rolling 轧制；滚动rolling-ball viscosimeter 滚球粘度计rolling-up device 卷取装置rollover anticline 滚动背斜rollover structure 滚动构造rollover 反向拖晓rollpass 轧辊型缝rollsteinfluten 泥石流rom 只读存储器roman cement 罗马水泥roman libra 罗马莱布勒roman vitrilo 硫酸铜romance 虚构romanite 罗马岩romberg integration 龙贝积分法romberg method 龙贝计算方法ron 研究法辛烷值rongstockite 碱辉闪长岩rood 路得roof column 罐顶支柱roof deck 浮项板roof drain sump 浮项集水坑roof hatch 罐顶量油孔roof hole 构造高点井roof limb 项翼roof manhole 罐顶人孔roof manway 罐顶人孔roof master 金属顶梁roof opening 罐顶开口roof radiant tubes 顶辐射管roof rock 盖岩roof support 罐顶支柱roof tree 栋梁；屋脊roof tube 炉顶加热管roof walkway 罐顶走道roof 顶roofing asphalt 屋面沥青roofing felt 屋面油毡roofing flux 屋面沥青roofing iron 瓦楞铁roofing 屋面room temperature 室温room 室；场所root circle 根圆root crack 根部裂纹root diameter 齿根直径；牙底直径root directory 根目录root dozer 除根机root face 钝边；齿根面root gap 根部间隙root locus 根轨迹root mean square 均方根root opening 根部间隙root pass 第一层焊道root radius 根部半径root run 根部焊道root section 牙底剖面root segment 基本段root 根root's blower 罗茨鼓风机root-mean-square criterion 均方根判别准则root-mean-square deviation 均方根差root-mean-square error 均方根误差root-mean-square misfit 均方根拟合差root-mean-square value 均方根值root-mean-square velocity 均方根速度root-nodule 根状团块rootage 生根rooted fold 原地褶皱rooter 犁路机rooting 扎根rop log 钻速录井rop 机械钻速rop 生产记录rope block 滑车rope boring 钢丝绳冲击钻进rope chopper 绳索切断器rope clamp 绳夹rope clip 索卡rope drive 绳索传动rope grabs 断绳打捞钩rope guard 钢丝绳护板rope knife 钢丝绳割刀rope pulley 绳索轮rope slings 绳套；吊索；吊挂用的绳索rope socket 绳帽rope spear 捞绳矛rope speed 绳速rope splice 绳绞接rope worm 螺旋形绳索打捞矛rope 绳ropeway 架空索道；钢丝绳道ropiness 粘性roping 捆ropy flow structure 绳状流动构造ropy lava 绳状熔岩ropy pahoehoe 绳状熔岩ropy structure 绳状构造ror 投资收益率ros 剩余油饱和度ros 只读存储器rosagnathus 罗莎颚牙形石属roscoelite 钡云母rose box 舱底滤水箱rose curve 玫瑰线rose diagram 玫瑰图rose headrosenbuschite 锆针纲钙石rose 滤网rosette 玫瑰花状重晶石集合体；玫瑰花状物；插座rosin 松香rosinate soap foamer 松香皂泡沫剂rosinol 松香油roster 名册rostra rostrum 的复数rostrum 讲坛rot switch 旋转开关rot wt 旋转钻压rot 腐朽rot. 旋转rota- 旋转rota-set assembly 旋转坐封装置rota-set liner hanger 旋转坐放衬管悬挂器rotalithus 轮纹颗石rotamerism 几何异构rotameter 转子流量计rotary activated tool 旋转式工具rotary base 转盘底座rotary beater 旋转打浆机rotary bit 旋转钻井用钻头rotary blowout preventer 旋转防喷器rotary buildup assembly 旋转造斜钻具组合rotary bushing 转盘补心rotary chain 转盘传动链rotary compactor crossover tool 旋转转换充填工具rotary compactor liner vibration system 旋转充填衬管振动装置rotary compactor releasing tool 旋转充填丢手工具rotary compactor vibration equipment 旋转振动充填设备rotary crane 旋转起重机rotary displacement meter 旋转容积式流量计rotary displacemment compressor 旋转置换式压缩机rotary ditcher 旋转挖沟机rotary drier 旋转干燥器rotary drill line 旋转钻井钢丝绳rotary drill 旋转钻rotary drilling machine 旋转钻机rotary drilling rig 旋转钻机rotary drilling swivel 旋转钻井水龙头rotary drilling 旋转钻井rotary drive bushing 转盘补心rotary drive chain 转盘传动链条rotary drive guard 转盘链条罩rotary drum dryer 转鼓式干燥器rotary drum filter 转筒式过滤器rotary engine 转缸工发动机rotary equipment 旋转钻井设备rotary fault 捩转断层rotary feed control 旋转钻井设备rotary fishing jar 旋转打捞震击器rotary gas meter 旋转式气体流量计rotary gas separator 旋转分离器rotary helical screw compressor 回转式螺杆压缩机rotary helper 司钻助手rotary hook 大钩rotary hose 水龙带rotary hydraulic expansion wall scraper 水力撑开的井壁刮刀；水力扩眼刮刀rotary inertia 转动惯量rotary inversion 旋转rotary jar 旋转震击器rotary kiln 旋转窑rotary knife assembly 旋转切割器总成rotary line 游动钢丝绳rotary mercury pump 旋转式水银泵rotary mirror scan system 旋转镜扫描系统rotary mixer 滚筒搅拌机rotary molding 转台模塑rotary moment 转矩rotary motion 转动rotary mud screen 转筒泥浆筛rotary percussion drilling 旋转冲击钻井rotary pipe cleaner 旋转式清管器rotary piston engine 旋转活塞发动机rotary piston flowmeter 旋转活塞流量计rotary piston pump 旋转活塞泵rotary power slip 动力卡瓦rotary pump with liquid ring 液环泵rotary pump 旋转泵rotary reamer 旋转扩眼器rotary rig 旋转钻机rotary scan mirror 旋转扫描镜rotary scoop trencher 轮斗式挖沟机rotary scratcher 旋转刮管器rotary screw pump 螺杆泵rotary scrubber 旋转涤气器rotary seal 旋转密封rotary seat 旋转座rotary shoe 铣鞋rotary shouldered connection 旋转肩台连接rotary shunt meter 转子分流流量计rotary sidewall coring tool 旋转或旋进式井壁取心器rotary slips 转盘卡瓦rotary speed indicater 转盘转速指示器rotary speed 旋转速度rotary strainer 转式滤器rotary support frame 转盘座架rotary switch 旋转开关rotary swivel 水龙头rotary system 旋转钻井法rotary table 转盘rotary taper tap 打捞公锥；斜丝锥rotary tilt table 倾斜转盘rotary tongs 大钳rotary top sub 顶部旋转接头rotary torque 旋转扭矩rotary type pump 旋转泵rotary type side core barrel 旋转型井壁取心筒rotary vacuum pump 旋转式真空泵rotary valve 旋转阀rotary vibratory drilling 旋转振动钻井rotary viscosimeter 旋转粘度计rotary washover shoe 旋转套洗管鞋rotary 旋转的rotary-driven assembly 旋转-驱动总成rotary-field electromagnetic method 旋转场电磁勘探法rotary-scanning spectroscope 旋转扫描分光镜rotary-shaft control valve 转轴式控制阀rotated plate 旋转板块rotated square pitch 管子正方形错排rotating antenna 旋转天线rotating arc welding 旋转电弧焊rotating blade stabilizer 旋转叶片型稳定器rotating bop 旋转防喷器rotating cylinder viscometer 转筒式粘度计rotating dipole method 旋转偶极法rotating disc contactor 转盘抽提塔rotating disk reactor 转盘式反应器rotating force 转动力rotating head 旋转头rotating hours 机械钻井时间rotating hysteresis 回转磁滞rotating journal bearing 转动轴颈轴承rotating mirror scan system 旋转镜扫描系统rotating mirror 旋转镜rotating mooring bollard 回转系船柱rotating motion 旋转运动rotating nozzle 旋转式喷嘴rotating piston 旋转式活塞rotating plane wave 旋转平面波rotating rubber stabilizer 旋转式橡皮稳定器rotating scan mirror 旋转扫描镜rotating scraper 旋转刮管器rotating shut-in tool 旋转关井工具rotating shutter 旋转快门rotating stabilize 旋转稳定器rotating tensioning device 转动式张力装置rotating time 纯钻井时间rotating torque 转矩rotating turret 转台rotating type scratcher 旋转式刮泥器rotating vibrator 旋转振动器rotation 9-lobed pattern 旋转九瓣方向性图rotation angle 旋转角rotation axis 旋转轴rotation center 旋转中心rotation diad 二次旋围轴rotation dislocatin 旋转位错rotation effect 旋光效应rotation energy 转动能rotation fault 旋转断层rotation field 旋转场rotation gas lift 循环气体气举rotation inertia 转动惯量rotation matrix 旋转矩阵rotation moment 转矩rotation momentum 自转角动量rotation motor 旋转马达rotation of pattern 井网旋转rotation release 旋脱rotation sense 旋转方向rotation speed 旋转速度rotation strain 旋转应变rotation stress 旋转应力rotation tensor 旋转张量rotation torque 转矩rotation vibration spectrum 旋振光谱rotation viscometer 旋转粘度计rotation wave 旋转波rotation 旋转rotation-free 无旋转rotation-inversion axis 倒转轴rotation-lock tubing hanger 旋转锁紧油管悬挂器rotational casting 旋转铸塑法rotational deformation 旋转变形rotational energy 转动能rotational fault 捩转断层rotational flow 旋流rotational fold 扭转褶皱rotational frequency 转动频率rotational gravity gradiometer 旋转式重力梯度仪rotational inertia 转动惯量rotational lining 旋转衬里法rotational lock 旋转锁紧rotational movement 旋转运动rotational release 旋转丢手rotational shear tectonic system 旋扭构造体系rotational speed 旋转速度rotational symmetry 轴对称rotational velocity 围速rotational viscosimeter 旋转粘度计rotations per minute 每分钟转数rotatisporites 轮环大孢属rotator 旋转器；转子；旋转反射炉；旋翼；叶轮rotatrol 电动放大器rothliegende 赤底统rothschild continuous crimp-force tester 罗氏卷曲力连续测试仪rotliegende 赤底统roto wall cleaner 转动式刮井壁刷rotocraft 旋翼飞机rotoflector 雷达旋转反射器rotograph 无底片黑白照片rotometer 旋转流量计rotomolding 滚塑roton 旋子rotopiston pump 旋转式活塞泵rotor angle 转角rotor assembly 纺纱杯部件rotor blade 转子叶片rotor float 转子浮筒。