Chapter 2 the composition of scientific terminology_W.Wang

合集下载

[实用参考]复旦大学研究生英语教师用书.doc

研究生英语研究生高级英语教师用书主编曾建彬黄莺编委（以汉语拼音为序）范若恩谷红欣顾乡何静黄莺刘雯卢玉玲夏威雍毅曾建彬张宁宁赵蓉前言《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》是复旦大学研究生课程及教材建设重点资助项目，受到了复旦大学研究生院和上海市重点学科建设项目“英语语言文学”项目的资助。

该教材根据中国学生的英语学习需求，采用“博采众长，学以致用”的编写原则，在教材编写中汲取各种有效的英语教学理论和实践方法，为了适应研究生英语课程改革和创新的需要编写而成。

《研究生英语》供非英语专业硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用，《研究生高级英语》供非英语专业博士硕士研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用。

本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，提供课后练习的参考答案、课文参考译文，以及翻译练习的参考答案，供教师备课参考之用。

本书由《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》编委负责编写（以汉语拼音为序）：范若恩、谷红欣、顾乡、何静、黄莺、刘雯、卢玉玲、夏威、雍毅、曾建彬、张宁宁、赵蓉，均为复旦大学外文学院研究生英语教学部教师。

本书在编写的过程中得到了复旦大学研究生院和复旦大学出版社的大力支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。

由于编写人员教学任务重、时间紧、水平有限，教材中的错误及不妥之处在所难免，敬请读者提出宝贵的意见。

编者20PP年12月使用说明本书为《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》教学参考书的合订本，供非英语专业硕士研究生和博士研究生教学的英语教师参考使用，内容包括《研究生英语》和《研究生综合英语》课文的背景材料、练习答案以及参考译文等。

还包括各单元的补充阅读和翻译练习的参考答案。

关于课文（TeGt）有以下内容：1．背景材料(BackgroundInformation)，包括作者介绍、与课文内容相关的英语国家文化、社会生活和风土人情等背景知识。

2．课文练习答案(KePtoEGercises)，包括课后练习V ocabularPStudP和Cloze的参考答案。

重编版出版自考《英语二》课件第二章

Unit 2 Mistake to SuccessA Famous QuoteSuccess is going from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm.——Winston Churchill成功就是经历一次一次失败后，热情依旧。

——温斯顿·丘吉尔TEXT A Spilt Milkcry over spilt milk express regret for sth. that has happened and cannot be remedied 为已经发生而无法补救的事懊悔New Wordsspill v.（especially of liquid） to flow over the edge of the container by accident （使）洒出，泼出，溢出respond v.to do something as a reaction to something that somebody has said or done 作出反应，响应interview v.to ask somebody questions about their life, opinions, etc., especially on the radio or television for a newspaper or magazine （媒体）采访；访问creative adj. involving the use of skill and the imagination to produce something new or a work of art创造（性）的；创作的occur v. to happen 发生；出现remove v.to take something or somebody away from a place 移开；拿开；去掉refrigerator n. a piece of electrical equipment in which food is kept cold so that it stays fresh 冰箱grip n.an act, of holding somebody/something tightly 紧握；紧抓slippery adj.difficult to hold or to stand or move on, because it is smooth, wet or polished 滑的；滑的抓不住（或站不稳，难以行走）的content n. the things that are contained in something 所容纳之物；所含之物veritable adj. a word used to emphasize that somebody/something can be compared to somebody/ something else that is more exciting, more impressive, etc. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的yell v. to shout loudly, for example, because you are angry, excited, frightened or in pain 喊；大喊；吼叫lecture n. a long angry talk that somebody gives to one person or a group of people because they have done something wrong（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责mess n. a dirty or untidy state 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁rarely adv. not very often 罕有；很少；不常puddle n. a small amount of water or other liquid, especially rain, that has collected in one place on the ground 水洼；小水坑eventually adv.at the end of a period of time or a series of events 最后；终于restore v.to bring somebody/something back to a former condition, place or position 使复原；使复位，使复职sponge n. a piece of artificial or natural material that is soft and light and full of holes and can hold water easily, used for washing or cleaning 海绵块effectively adv.in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result 有效的tiny adj. very small in size or amount 极小的；微小的discover v.to find out about something or information about something 了解到；认识到；查明grasp v.to take a firm hold of somebody/ something 抓紧；抓牢lip n. the edge of a container or a hollow place in the ground （容器或凹陷地方的）边，边沿renowned adj. famous and respected 有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的remark v.to say or write a commend about something/somebody 谈论；评论opportunity n. a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve something 机会；时机scientific adj.connected with science 科学（上）的；关于科学的valuable adj. very usefu1 很有用的；很重要的；宝贵的Phrases and Expressionsin this manner in the way which something is done or happens 用这种方式set …apart from to make somebody/ something different from or better than others 区别；使与众不同重点词汇讲解spill v.（especially of liquid） to flow over the edge of the container by accident （使）洒出，泼出，溢出eg: The ink spilt all over the desk. 墨水洒了一桌子。

科英写作(2)

CHAPTER I PARTS OF SPEECH Independent Work .1.
1、The control of systems is an interdisciplinary subject. 、 2、Speed is equal to the ratio of distance to time. 、 3、Figure 5-1 Effect of Q-point on operation of transistor. 、 4、An initial analysis of its performance has been made in 、 - this paper. 5、Basic to understanding the binary number systems is a 、 - familiarity with the powers of 2. 6 、It is necessary to determine how long (a time) is - required to cover half the total distance. 7 、Fig. 1-3 shows a toy “ water rocket .”(句号在引号内）句号在引号内）句号在引号内
After graduation he remained at the Institute as a faculty member. He successively held the posts of head of a teaching and research section, chairman of a department, and vice president of the Institute. From 1984 to 1992 he served as president of Xidian University. He is currently chairman of the Academic Commission of Xidian University and chairman of the Academic Commission of the National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing. He is also member of the Committee of the National Science Fund for Outstanding youths, and fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics.

新核心综合学术英语教程第二册_Unit_2

Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest. The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (―Four books‖), in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
In this unit, you will
• learn about the concept ―scientific method‖ and its application in science; • research ―verification of theories‖ and falsification of theories‖ on the Internet and find reliable information; • learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writing and speech; • learn strategies such as listening for introduction (listening), skimming (reading), agreeing and disagreeing (discussing), writing thesis statements (writing), etc; • learn the deductive and inductive method of reasoning; • give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.

新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)第二册课文及翻译

Unit 1Time-Conscious AmericansAmericans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor."We are slaves to nothing but the clock," it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person's hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count.A foreigner's first impression of the US is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish so they, too, can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small exchanges with strangers. Don't take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else "wasting" it beyond a certain appropriate point.Many new arrivals in the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. They may miss leisurely business chats in a restaurant or coffee house. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust. Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. Time is, therefore, always ticking in our inner ear.Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer—especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after-work hours or for social weekend gatherings.To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will normally be signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting "teleconferences" to settle problems not only in this country but also—by satellite—internationally.The US is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say "Thank you", to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. Assignments are, consequently, given added weight by the passage of time. In the US, however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed. Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to "get it moving".美国人认为没有人能停止不前。

普通学术英语教程阅读写作与思考Unit 2核心课文译稿

第二单元成功的未知因素核心阅读1史蒂夫•乔布斯：矛盾中的天才1当史学家回顾乔布斯的一生，他们的记录中所展现的是一个一生中充满矛盾的天才。

但是对于喜爱苹果产品的万千粉丝来说，这只是属于乔布斯的个人传记。

2乔布斯所领导的苹果公司是世界上最有价值的企业之一，毋庸置疑，它也是最受顾客喜爱的企业。

因为它总是能创造出既创新而又富有美感的产品，而这些产品又为人们的生活带来价值与快乐。

这也解释了为什么当乔布斯去世的时候，人们会表露出真切的悲痛。

3在各种意义上，乔布斯的事业都是惊人的。

他创造了苹果公司，第一个真正意义上的个人电脑公司。

他被自己所招募的经理驱逐，但没有他的苹果公司几乎毫无建树。

他带领皮克斯成为了世界上最有创造性的电影制片厂，因为它彻底改变了动画。

接着，他创造了一个“失败”，NeXT,而它正是现代Mac操作系统的基础。

那段被驱逐的时光给与了他知识与技能，让他能够领导苹果公司走向最辉煌的时代。

4但让他的同事们最望尘莫及的是他对于产品设计敏锐的感觉以及他能够凭直觉知道人们想要什么，想使用什么。

加上他卓越的领导才能和推销技术，使他成为近代最令人敬畏的CEO。

5我也是苹果产品的爱好者和追随者，尤其是当微软帝国还是同行之最的时候，至今为止苹果是其最好的替代者。

我在上世纪70年代购买了我的第一个苹果产品。

6但在过去的五年中，当苹果公司日益强大的时候，我发现自己不像之前那样被这个公司所吸引，这个我曾经用语言和成千上万美元所支持的公司。

乔布斯是一个自由战士，他成为了他的帝国的皇帝，创造了由秘密、操纵和捉摸不定的管理所组成的政权，以此来保障稳步甚至是加速的创新。

7抛开我对乔布斯的天才创意的崇拜不谈，我最终仍然不能跟随他进入围墙内的花园，尽管那花园如此舒适。

我所信仰的与他所坚持的充满矛盾。

我再也不是他的顾客。

现在，他的目标是那些更倾向于生活在苹果产品所带来的温暖，而不是强制的信奉中的人，而他也成功了。

8行业中竞争的其他产品还未能与苹果产品所匹敌，因为苹果所使用的硬件与软件的紧密结合使其产品优雅，便于使用而又充满乐趣。

the nature of scientific reasoning

本次翻译练习的难度比较大，文章出自北京师范大学研究生英语阅读与翻译课程所用的授课材料，作者布洛诺夫斯基是英国著名的数学家和散文家，剑桥大学数学博士。

这篇文章从科学发展史的角度出发，论述的问题主要是科学并不排斥想象力和创造力。

因此标题翻译成“科学理性的本质”或“科学推理的本质”是比较恰当的。

要翻译好这篇文章不仅应在在宏观的层面牢牢把握文章的主旨，也需要从微观的角度考虑作者使用的语言在语法和修辞上的特点，这样才能在理解的基础上恰当的表达。

当然，这篇文章相对于大家目前的英语水平，在理解和表达两个方面都具有不小的挑战性。

下面通过对这次翻译比较好的赵新平同学作业的点评，来分段落说一说这篇文章究竟有哪些细节部分需要注意，以及相应的翻译策略。

1What is the insight in which the scientist tries to see into nature? Can it indeed be called either imaginative or creative? To the literary man the question may seem merely silly. He has been taught that science is a large collection of facts; and if this is true, then the only seeing which scientists need to do is, he supposes, seeing the facts. He pictures them, the colorless professionals of science, going off to work in the morning into the universe in a neutral, unexposed state. They then expose themselves like a photographic plate. And then in the darkroom or laboratory they develop the image, so that suddenly and startlingly it appears, printed in capital letters, as a new formula for atomic energy.原译：什么是洞察力？科学家一直试图弄清它的本质。

新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2 Unit 6 B篇练习答案及课文翻译

Text
2 So how do you get them to learn about science? Well, if you go into a campus bookstore youcan findout.Therearesongbooksfor biochemists,with chemical formulae set to music to make them easier to remember. Relativity is explained in a video game which is a simulation of a rocket journey through space: You can play tennis on board as the rocket speeds up or slows down. And there are cartoons to make even the most obscure scientific subjects accessible, and fun as well.
Text
6 The treatment of relativity in science fiction films is even more confusing. Take Star Trek: The Voyage Home (1987). As the spaceship revolves round the sun, it gathers so much speed that it moves backwards into history. But this is nonsense, not relativity. As Jones puts it, “Einstein said that nothing travels at more than the speed of light, not that the clocks will run the other way if you go fast enough.” Even Superman (1978) is baffled by the concept. It takes him a split second to fly round the earth anticlockwise to save Lois Lane, who has fallen victim to an earthquake. Jones: “Time is not like a car. It has no reverse gear.”

综英UNIT2课文及习题答案

In the Beginning: God and Science创世纪：上帝与科学Lance Morrow[Lead-in]What is the origin of the universe? This is the question that has bewildered human beings for a long time. In field of religion, the Bible says, the universe began in a single, flashing act of creation, while recently the Big Bang theory has been widely accepted in science world. The two sides that had contradicted each other for thousands of years seem to reach a certain agreement. Is it a compromise or just a coincidence? This article discusses the relation between science and religion on the basis of the ideas from both sides and points out the significance of this intimacy in the way of exploring the truth.[1] Sometime after the Enlightenment, science and religion came to a gentleman’s agreement.启蒙时代之后的某个时候，科学和宗教订了一个君子协议。

Science was for the real world: machines, manufactured things, medicines, guns, moon rockets. 科学负责现实的世界：机器、制造物、药品、枪支和登月火箭等等。

学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译

学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。

数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。

心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。

律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。

2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。

大学英语精读第二册第二册第二单元作文模板

• Trust the future, trust the young. Jefferson believed that everything is changing. He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. He said that the earth belonged to the living generation and he looked to the future with courage and hope.
• Judge for yourself. Jefferson held that since God has given all people a mind to think, we should use it to judge truth and error by ourselves instead of following the opinions of others blindly. • Do what you believe is right. Jefferson argued that it is conflict, not unquestioning alive. If you believe your idea is right, you must act on it with decision, regardless of the resentment or criticism from your opponents.
Sample
• Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago but many of his ideas are still of great importance to us. Here are some of the things he once said and wrote. • Go and see. Jefferson thought that books are not the only source of knowledge. Many other sources, such as personal investigation and onthe-spot investigation, are often very important. • You can learn from everyone. Jefferson came from the highest social class, but he not only consulted people of noble origin but sought advice from people of humble origin. •

学术英语(理工)详解答案_Unit 2

highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;
graphs, tables or diagrams.
Unit 2 Searching for Information
2 Scanning and skimming
1 What does “A.I.” in the title stand for? Artificial intelligence. 2 What is the main idea of the article you may predict from the title? The article may argue for/again the idea that Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future. 3 What does the story in the first paragraph imply? The story tells that computerization threatens to replace
To evaluate source materials
Is the material a primary or a secondary source? Is the source the latest one? Is the author a reliable scholar or an expert in the field? Does the author have biases or prejudices? Has the author been cited frequently in the field? Are the author’s arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment, recent scientific findings? Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored ? Are the author’s arguments and conclusions convincing?

TestofBritishLiterature-Chapter2

TestofBritishLiterature-Chapter2Test of British literature-Chap ter 2大Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodA. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative an?swers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.( ) 1. ______is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. Genesis AB. ExodusC. The Pilgrim's ProgressD. The Holy War( ) 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and final?ly brought to its last perfection______Dryden had success?fully used in his plays.A. the heroic coupletB. the free verseC. the blank verseD. the Spenserian stanza( ) 3. The object of______novels was to present a faithful picture of life, "the just copies of human manners," with sound teaching woven into theirtexture, so as to teach them to know themselves, their proper spheres and appropriate man?ners.A. John Bunyan'sB. Alexander Pope'sC. Jonathan Swift'sD. Henry Fielding's( ) 4. ______has been regarded by some as "Father of the English novel" for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A. John BunyanB. Henry FieldingC Daniel Defoe D. Jonathan Swift( ) 5. Of all the 18th century novelists ______was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose. "A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. John BunyanD. Jonathan Swift( ) 6.______brings Henry Fielding the name of the "Prose Homer".A. The Pilgrim's ProgressB. Tom JonesC. Robinson CrusoeD. Colonel Jack( ) 7. ______was very much concerned with the theme of the vani?ty ofhuman wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writing.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Richard Brinsley SheridanD. Thomas Gray( ) 8. ______was the only important dramatist of the 18th century.A. Alexander PopeB. Richard Brinsley SheridanC. Samuel JohnsonD. George Bernard Shaw( ) 9. The Rivals and______are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A. The School for Scandal B. The DuennaC. Widowers'' HousesD. The Doctor's Dilemma( ) 10. ______is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocriti?cal Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent and spendthrift Charles Surface.A. The RivalsB. The School for ScandalC. The DuennaD. Pizarro( ) 11. ______is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aris?tocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England.A. The RivalsB. Gulliver's TravelsC. Tom JonesD. The School for Scandal( )12. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is re?garded as the most representative work of______.A. the Metaphysical SchoolB. The Graveyard SchoolC. the Gothic SchoolD. the Romantic school( )13. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard",______best and most representative work, has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.A. Alexander Pope'sB. Thomas Gray'sC. Samuel Johnson'sD. William Blake's( )14. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero ofthe______.A. aristocratic classB. enterprising landlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-working people( )15. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce ______to England.A. rationalismB. criticismC. romanticismD. realismB. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.1. The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope's best ______ work.2. An Essay on Criticism is a ______poem written in ______.3. Gulliver's Travels contains ______ parts, each dealing with one particular voyage during which Gulliver meets with ship?wreck or piracy or some other ______.4. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes turns from a burlesque into a "comic epic in______", whose subject is "the true______" in human na?ture.5. Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of______.6. Fielding shared the contemporary view of the English enlighteners that the purpose of the novel was not just to ______, but to ______.7. Henry Fielding adopted "the ______narration" in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God".8. The panoramic view Tom Jones provides of the______-centu?ry English country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about ______characters is superb.9. Tom Jones's 18 books of epic form are divided into three sec?tions; in the country, on the ______and in______.10. As a lexicographer, Samuel Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English______by an Englishman.11. In literary creation and criticism, Samuel Johnson was rather ______, openly showing his dislike for much of the newly rising form of literature.12. "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield" is a letter written ina refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertoneof______and______.13. "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield" shows its author'sstrong indignation at the Lord's ______.14. Sheridan is much concerned with the current______issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.15. The School for Scandal has been regarded as the best since Shakespeare.16. Thomas Gray has been remembered as the leader of the ______poetry of his day.17. Thomas Gray's poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted toa ______or meditation on life.18. Thomas Gray's poems are often marked with the trait ofa highly artificial diction and a ______word order.C. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.( )1. Jonathan Swift defined a good style as "proper words in pr?oper places".( )2. Henry Fielding's early experience in poetry writing contrib?uted a lot to his later career as a novelist.( )3. The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, is a satiric biog?raphy thatharks back to Fielding's early plays.( )4. John Bunyan was the first to give the modern novel its str?ucture and style.( )5. Tom Jones is generally considered Sheridan's masterpiece.( )6. T om Jones consists of 18 books, each with an essay before it. ( )7. Samuel Johnson compiled A Dictionary of the English Lan?guage single-handedly.( )8. The School for Scandal and The Rivals are regarded as true classics in English comedy.( )9. Love is the constant theme in Sheridan's plays.( )10. Thomas Gray's writing style is sophisticated and allusive.( )11. "The Vanity Fair" is a well-known part in The School for Scandal. ( )12. The first part of Gulliver's Travels is about Gulliver's expe?rience in Brobdingnag.( )13. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of The Rape of the Lock.( )14. Thomas Gray was not a prolific poet.( )15. Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English Bible.( )16. Pope emphasizes that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. ( )17. An Essay on Criticism exerts great influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules.( )18. Lilliput is a place described in T om Jones.( ) 19. As a very successful poet, Thomas Gray accepted the Poet Laureateship in 1757.( )20. In The Pilgrim's Progress there is a predominant metaphor—life as a journey.D. Name the author of each of the following literary works.I. The Pilgrim's Progress 2. An Essay on Criticism 3. The Dunciad 4. The Rape of the Lock 5. Robinson Crusoe 6. Gulliver's Travels7. "A Modest Proposal"8. The History of Jonathan Wild the Great9. The History of T om Jones, a Foundling10. "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"11. The Rivals 12. The School for Scandal13. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"E. Define the literary terms listed below.1. The Enlightenment Movement2. Neoclassicism3. The Graveyard School4. The heroic couplet5. Gothic NovelF.A) For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then^ briefly interpret it.1."...Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.False eloquence, like the prismatic glass.Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;The face of Nature we no more survey,All glares alike, without distinction gay.2."...Expression is the dress of thought, and still Appears more decent as more suitable. A vile conceit in pompous words expressed Is like a clown in regal purple dressed:3. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. "4. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave. "B) Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.1. "And, moreover, at this fair there is at all times to be seen jugglings,cheats, games, plays, fools, apes, knaves, and rogues, and that of every kind, here are to be seen, too, and that for nothing, thefts, murders, adulteries, false swearers, and that of a blood-red color. "A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.B. Identify the name of the fair.C. Summarize the meaning of the passage.2. "I consulted several things in my situation which I foundwould be proper for me: 1st, health and fresh water I just now mentioned; 2ndly, shelter from the heat of the sun; 3rdly, security from ravenous creatures, whether men or beasts; 4thly, a view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in sight, I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectation yet. "A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.B. Who is the narrator?C. Explain the meaning of the last thing mentioned in the pas?sage.3. "Two days after this adventure, the Emperor, having ordered that partof his army which quarters in and about his metropo?lis to be in a readiness, took a fancy of diverting himself in a very singular manner. He desired I would stand like a colos?sus, with my legs as far asunder as I conveniently could. He then commanded his general (who was an old experienced leader, and a great patron of mine) to draw up the troops in close order, and march them under me; .. .’A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.B. Who is the narrator?C. What does the passage tell us?4. "When each of the combatants had borne off sufficient spoils of hair from the head of her antagonist, the next rage was against the garments. In this attack they exerted so much violence, that in a very few minutes they were both naked to the middle. "A. Identify the author and the title of the work from whichthis passage is taken.B. What is the passage describing?C. What are the names of the two combatants?5. "Why, I believe I should be obliged to borrow a little of your morality, that's all. — But brother, do you know now that you surprise me exceedingly, by naming me with Lady Teazle —for faith, I always thought you were her favourite. "A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which this passage is taken.B. Who is the speaker?C. Whom does "brother" refer to?G. Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What's the theme of The Pilgrim's Progress!2. Briefly comment on Alexander Pope's literary outlook.3. Please comment on Alexander Pope's literary achievements.4. What is An Essay on Criticism mainly about?5. Try to give an analysis of Robinson Crusoe.6. Why is Tom Jones a successful novel?7. Comment on Samuel Johnson's literary outlook.8. What is Samuel Johnson's language style?9. Briefly introduce the theme of "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard".H. Short essay questions.1. Give an analysis of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.2. What kind of writer is Henry Fielding?3. Please give your comment on Richard Brinsley Sheridan and his major works.。

中科院博士研究生英语精读教材翻译及原文整理解读

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such a state of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, thegreat English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was both mathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early inthe seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is still being debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding fromone another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernicantheories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which we were not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He has participated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science andTechnology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

lec2 写作的科学

易被正确理解。不仅仅是图表，对文字本身的理解也
受到读者需要和期待的影响。在文章的某一部分将出现相应的特殊的内容，读者的预期是相对固定的。如果作者能够明确这些位置，读者则能够更好地把握作者要表达的各种信息，强调到什么程度，让读者理解到什么程度。好的作者能够充分理解这些读者预期，他们的文章往往被称为“样板”。
读者不仅仅是在阅读，他们也在尝试理解。任何一篇文章，不管多短，对于10个不同的读者，可能有10个不同的理解路线。读者从文章结构中获得不同线索，从而对文章实质作出一定的认知和解释，在此基础上形成了读者期望的特有方法。文章内容和结构的相互关系能够以一个简单的表进行示意。比如：为了跟踪一个液体在一段时间内的温度，观察者每三分钟测量并记录温度。数据以一定的结构进行表达，以下是两种形式：
科技论文的根本目标并不仅仅是表述信息和思想，
更多的是交流。它所要关注的并不是作者将所有数
据转化为文字时有多快乐，而在乎绝大多数的读者
是否把握住了作者所想的东西。因此，为了懂得如
何最大限度的提高写作技巧，我们必须更好的了解读者如何来阅读，从而能够建立一个以读者期望为基础的写作方法。
写作时将读者放在心里：期望和上下文
只有作者才能告诉我们哪种改写能反应他自己的想法。这些改写让我们认识到了不同的读者预期。每一段论述，不论长短，都服务于一个目标。对于一句话来讲，其任务就是出现在一个合适的位置来强调信息。
重点位置
通常而言，读者习惯于把一句话末尾作为
强调。我们把这个位置称为“重点位置”。
如果作者能够明确这一趋势，他能够在合
Hale Waihona Puke 主谓语分离再来看看上述引文的第一段，
The smallest of the URF’s (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt ，核甘) reading frame (编码蛋白的DNA) overlapping out of phase（异相重叠） the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.

(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2答案上海交通大学出版蔡基刚之欧阳音创编

综合学术英语教程2 答案Unit 1 Multidisciplinary EducationKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to becomeexperts in their field of interest.2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with peoplefrom a diverse set of disciplines.3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who areinterdisciplinary problem solvers.2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinarystudies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problemsolvers.3) Open.4) Open.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.3) Names of intellectual giants.4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner andarchitect.4.Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) bSet 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard indesign.2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ieldsof knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascinationwith nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand forhands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as manydifferent cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as touse their time at MIT to its fullest potential.5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting backand letting things happen to them.”7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b 8) cSet 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f7) e 8) b8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics thatparticularly f itwith the value of MIT.2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiringrole models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds andparticipate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of theirMIT education.3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by thestudents. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great manyextraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries inorder to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor moreto the purpose than Nature does. (Para.A)2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity heappreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design.(Para. B)3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci —and you will use your time atMIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F) 4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most importantproblems of the world. (Para. G)5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let thingshappen to them. (Para. H)10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development oftechnologies.Exploring the Topic4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers.4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts perspective.5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventionaldivisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ...However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’interest to go on reading.Integrated Exercises2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generatecollaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.(2) The scientists’experiment generated an unexpected outcome.(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into theglobal economy.(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard.(7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death.(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join thecampaign.(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.(2) Success, as he explained, was nothingmore than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological andmedical studies.(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed notto have heard about before.(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible emergencies.(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by theenvironmentalist.(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way oflife.(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adaptingto the fast-paced modern life.(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems. (10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interestswell beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.8.A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) DB. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for moreemphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role intraining individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to facemultifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities andcolleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinarywork being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) TD. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadershipUnit 2 The Scientific MethodKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiringknowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gatheringobservable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observationand experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experimentsto test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication andthe results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our sensescan be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presenceaffects what is being studied.5) ①Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.② Science is exciting.③ Science is useful.④ Science is ongoing.⑤ Science is reliable.⑥ Science is a community endeavor.2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional6. 1) Science.2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peeringthrough a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science movestowards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity withinthe scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which“verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to befalse, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at theprice of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted andwere always confirmed.4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possibleresults of observation —in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would haveexpected.4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) gSet 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.2) You will need to research everythingthat you can f ind about the problem.3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrongwith your original hypothesis.4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once youdevelop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of yourexperiment show that you were wrong.5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) gSet 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b7) d 8) h8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting informationfrom any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In thisprocess, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through beingrefuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,which ref lects its truescientific virtue.2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while atheory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied toevery situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory fromrefutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivableevent is non-scientific.9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn moreabout what makes plants grow. (Para. B) 2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlightappear to grow bigger. (Para. H)4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’tmatch up with your hypothesis. (Para. K) 5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with asingle experiment, because there is a chance that youmade a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a researchproject you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and isfollowed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defineswhat you think the outcome of your experiment will be.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,misapprehensions, and bias.3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is mostlikely to be correct currently.5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that amistake was made somewhere in theprocess.Integrated Exercises2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support(4) assume (5) illogical(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.(2) Other scholars attempt to approach thesubject from an economical perspective.(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives ofsociology.(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to theWest.(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the computer useless.(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will beultimately integrated into the global economy.7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially fromcountrydistricts.3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.4) Something slowly began to dawn on me —I still loved what I did.5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer. 7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) BB. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientificmethod is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool thathelps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptivemethod. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, whilethe latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed inzoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying aproblem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment andreaching a conclusion.C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method,is iterative.(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn evenmore about the natural world.(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along indiscrete packets that cannot be diluted.(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next stepleads could be a surprise.(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of differentactivities indifferent orders and at different points in time.D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less importantUnit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution toScienceKeys to the Exercises Approaching the Topic1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization inChina.2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China buthave long since been adopted by the West.3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.5) His book, The Spirit of ChineseInvention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry ofEducation for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China. 2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g 8) e9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly (6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technologywould have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing onthe general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was tooacademic.Reading about the Topic3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the Westimported a lot ofinventions from ancient China.2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the “modernworld”rests come from China.3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselveslost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know thetruth.4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached theirpresent position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities andall crafts.4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6)g 7) f 8) hSet 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f5. Para. A (e)Para. B (b)Para. C (f) Para. D (a) Para. E (a)Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off fromthe ancient and the Middle Ages.2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs tobe imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then tobridge the chasm between the East and the West.4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science togrow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented abreakthrough which has occurred in Europe.5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward atpresent and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6)d 7) a 8) eSet 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6)b 7) f 8) h8. 1) The two readings both list a seriesof great inventions and discoveries that originated inancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the factthat the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply takethem for granted.2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot ofexamples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives toillustrate his point.3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understandingof each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2)The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafterdepended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science,technology and medicine. (Reading 3) 9. 1) He regarded the origins of theseinventions as “obscure”and he died without everknowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe toChina in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence iscompelling. (Para. C)3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge wasconveyed from East to West. (Para. C) 4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization ofhypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism ofEurope and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucraticorganization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its furtherdevelopment later on.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese haveforgotten their own achievements.2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have afar-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance ofthe egoistic westerners.4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modernagriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine all originated from China.5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomedto bridge the gap between East and West.5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicatelungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally suddenrush into full daylight, would causegreat damage to the eyesight.3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born withsomething special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If greatachievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to thinkthat they are endowed with something super-normal.Integrated Exercises2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustrationrespectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range ofleadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimizethem.(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.(6) The project was held back by budgetrestraints.(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the UnitedNations Security Council.(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might bereversible.7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century.(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truthabout China and Chinese people.(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China. (7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic development.(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than。

Lesson-2-Chapter-2-Part-II科技英语翻译概述

eletrogram
4) –cide 杀灭剂，杀 insectcide; weedicide 5) –meter 计，仪，表 seismometer; speedometer; multimeter 6) –ology ……学，……论 cosmology; seismology
I 词义的选择
1 根据词类选择（round） The earth isn’t completely round; it is
药剂师正对毒性进行分析。时态
Radiant, electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.
辐射能、电能和化学能这三种能均可转变为热能。
language
The Sino-Tibetan Family
物理数学地质医学
focus
焦点，焦距，聚光点 real/virtual focus 焦点，中数震源，震中病灶，疫源点
物理化学光学机械数学
power
动力，电力，功率
Power source/ power network
Chapter 1
2 Suffixes
1) –fold ……倍，……重，……次，……方 fivefold; manifold 2) –free 不……，无…… Ice-free; nuclear-free zone; oil-free 3) –gram 图 spectrogram; bathygram（水深图）;
pron.-n.
13 Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.

The Poetry of Science Fusing Art and Logic

The Poetry of Science Fusing Art and Logic The intersection of science and art has been a topic of discussion for centuries. While the two fields may seem vastly different, they share a common ground in their ability to evoke emotion and inspire wonder. The poetry of science is the perfect example of how these two seemingly opposing fields can come together to create something truly beautiful.Science is often associated with logic and reason, while art is seen as a more emotional and subjective form of expression. However, when these two fields come together, something magical happens. Science can be used to explain the world around us, while art can help us to understand the emotional impact of these discoveries. The poetry of science fuses art and logic to create something that is both intellectually stimulating and emotionally moving.One example of the poetry of science is the work of Carl Sagan. Sagan was an astronomer, astrophysicist, and author who was known for his ability to communicate complex scientific ideas in a way that was accessible to the general public. His book, \"Cosmos,\" is a prime example of how the poetry of science can be used to inspire wonder and awe. Through his writing, Sagan was able to convey the majesty of the universe and our place within it, while also explaining the scientific principles behind these phenomena.Another example of the poetry of science can be found in the work of artist and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci was known for his ability to bridge the gap between art and science, and his work is a testament to the power of this fusion. His drawings of the human body, for example, were not only beautiful works of art, but also served as a way for him to better understand the workings of the human body.The poetry of science can also be seen in the work of contemporary artists and scientists. For example, the artist Luke Jerram created a series of glass sculptures that represent various viruses, including HIV and SARS. While these sculptures are beautiful works of art, they also serve as a way to educate the public about these diseases and the scientific principles behind them.At its core, the poetry of science is about finding the beauty in the world around us, and using that beauty to inspire wonder and curiosity. It is about using art to help us understand the complex scientific principles that govern our world, and using science to help us appreciate the emotional impact of these discoveries. The poetry of science is a reminder that these two seemingly opposing fields are not so different after all, and that when they come together, they have the power to create something truly extraordinary.In conclusion, the poetry of science is a beautiful fusion of art and logic that has the power to inspire wonder, curiosity, and awe. From the work of Carl Sagan to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, to the contemporary art of Luke Jerram, the poetry of science has been a source of inspiration for centuries. It is a reminder that science and art are not so different after all, and that when these two fields come together, they have the power to create something truly magical.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

派生词：Derivation 复合词：Compounding 混成词：Blending 缩略词：Shortening 借用词：Loanword
派生词：Derivation
1: prefix
✓ multi-, poly-, 相当于many, multi-channel, multimedia, multi-user, multicolor, multinomial polytechnic, polynomial, polyatomic, polychromatic
✓ ultra-：ultraviolet, ultracold ✓ infra-: infrared,
✓ femto-: 10-15, femtosecond, femtowatt, ✓ pico-： 10-12, picosecond, ✓ nano-: 10-9, nanometer, nanosecond ✓ micro-: 10-6, microwave, microscope, micrometer, ✓ milli-: 10-3, millimeter, milligram ✓ centi-: 10-2, centimeter, centiliter, centigram, centrigrade, ✓ deci-: 10-1, decimeter, decigram, ✓ kilo-: 103, kilometer, kilogram, kiloliter, ✓ mega-: 106, megabit, megahertz, ✓ giga-: 109, gigahertz, gigabit, gigantic, gigavolt, giagwatt, ✓ tera-: 1012, terahertz
id = identification, ps = postscript, uni = university, info = information, mag = magazine, intro = introduction,
2: acronym
1): composed with the first lowercase letter of every word used as common words
noun+ noun
✓ info-: info-word, info-tree, info-channel
wave-particle duality 波粒二象性
A marketing-orientated company is one which focuses on the consumer and views that profit maximization is done by conforming to consumer's needs.
✓ electro-, electromagnetic, electroacousitc
✓ hyper, super 相当于over hypertext, hyperacoustic, hyperreaction, hyperaemic, superconductivity, superposition waves,
✓ uni-, mono-, 相当于single uniaxial, unicell, unicode monochrome, monopoly, monorail
✓ semi-/demi-, hemi, 相当于half semiconductor, semi-manufactured goods, demigods hemicycle, hemibase, hemisphere
2: postfix
✓ -scope (探测仪器)： microscope, telescope, spetroscope
✓ -meter, (计量仪器) telemeter, spectrometer, barometer,
✓ -graph (记录仪器） tomograph, telegraph, spctrograph
btw = by the way
2) Composed with the capital letter of each word, (pronunciation) BASIC FORTRAN COBOL
3) Composed with the capital letter of each word,(No pronunciation ) LED=light-emitting diodes CAD=computer aided design CCD=Charge Coupled Device
✓ spectro- 光谱的 spectroanalysis, spectroscope, spectrometer, spectrograph,
✓ thermo-, therm-, thermometer, thermodynamics, thermocouple, thermoconductivity, thermister, thermion
常用下标的简写形式
approximate approx 近似；逼近 observed
average
av 平均值;均分 inelastic
calculated
calc 计算出的 theory,
coefficient coeff 系数
theoretical
elastic
el
弹性的
total
experiment(a1) expt 实验(的) laboratory
brunch (breakfast + lunch) ,早午饭 spork (spoon + fork) 匙及叉
缩略词: shortening
1: shorten the long words into a shorter name 压缩、省略
Xmas = Christmas, Lab = laboratory, math = mathematics, ad=advertisement flu=influence, e-mail= electronic mail
✓ interinterference, interface, interact, intercellular,
✓ homohomogeneous, homofocal， homophase， homosexual,
✓ heteroheterogeneous, heterochromatic, heterosexual
videotape, online, onboard, blackmail, logout, login, cocktail, butterfly
混成词：blending
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Parts of different words
from a new words
transceiver (transmitter + receiver) , 收发机 smog (smoke + fog), 烟雾 Codec (coder + decoder ), 编码译码器 syscall( system + call ) , 系统调用 mechatronic ( mechanical + electronics), 机械电子学 compuser ( computer + user) , 计算机用户
ac=alternating current, dc=direct current,
laser= light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
flops=floating-point Operation per second
iff = if only if
一些常见科技词汇的标准简写形式
ac : alternating-current; dc: direct current; Fig. : figure re : real part; cw: continuous wave dev: deviation; diam: diameter; lim: limit； i.e. ：that is e.g. : for example vs: vurse Vol：Volume （卷） TE: transverse-electric TM: transverse-magnetic f/16: aperture ratio 16 (孔径比)
✓ -ful useful, colorful, grateful,
✓ -less careless, useless,
复合词：Compounding
1: words connected with dashed line “-”
noun+ verb-ed
✓ -based : rate-based, credit-based, file-based, ✓ -oriented: object-oriented, market-oriented, process-oriented,
noun+ adj
✓ -centric: client-centric, user-centric, host-centric Light-dependent resistor 光敏电阻
noun + verb-ing
noun + verb-ing 构成复合形容词，构成形式多为动宾关系 Light-emitting diodes, 发光二极管 man-carrying aircraft, 载人飞船 time-consuming operation, 耗时操作 ocean-going freighter, 远洋货轮
✓ -ware, hardware, software, frimware, groupware,
✓ -able, programmable, scalable, portable, disable,