ifrs-15-revenue-retail-wholesale-and-distribution-sector
DAF 2014-05_IFRS 15 revenue from contracts with customers(final)
适用范围
IFRS 15 只适用于与客户订立的合同，但属于其他国际财务报告准则范围的合同除 外。此外，新收入模型的某些确认及计量要求也适用于与主体正常经营活动无关的资 产的转让（例如，不动产、厂场和设备、房地产或者无形资产的出售）。 不属于 IFRS 15 范围的合同例子包括但不限于： 租赁（适用《国际会计准则第 17 号——租赁》）； 保险合同（适用《国际财务报告准则第 4 号——保险合同》）； 金融工具（适用《国际财务报告准则第 9 号——金融工具》，或者对于尚未采用 IFRS 9 的主体，适用《国际会计准则第 39 号——金融工具：确认和计量》）； 以及 同一业务的主体之间为促进对客户或潜在客户的销售而进行的非货币交换（例如 两家石油公司同意交换石油以及时满足其在不同特定地点的客户的需求的合 同）。 主体与客户订立的合同包括的履约义务中可能有一部分是属于 IFRS 15 的适用范围， 而其他部分则属于另一准则范围的情况。在这种情况，首先需要应用其他 IFRS 规定 的单独区分及初始计量要求，并将剩余金额归属至属于收入模型的要素。如果该等其 他 IFRS 并不存在任何区分或初始计量要求，则应当应用 IFRS 15 的要求。
应用新收入模型的第一步是识别与客户订立的合同。合同是双方或多方之间建立可强 制执行的权力和义务的协议。合同可以采用书面形式、口头形式或依据主体商业惯例 的其他形式，而且合同必须具有商业实质，以及主体是很可能收回其有权获得的对 价。 每一项合同通常应当单独核算。但在现实中，主体可能会因为法律或商业理由等就其 与客户的协议在形式上签订多份而实质上只是一份的合同。
此外，实务中对合同的价格、范围或两者进行修改也是很普遍的（例如建造业），如 何核算这些变更 – 将其作为原合同的一部分或是单独处理 – 过往也有不少争议。为此 IASB 与 FASB 对关于合同的修改的会计核算指引作出了多番讨论及修订。IFRS15 指 出，如果合同价格、范围或两者的修改在获得“批准”后将产生可执行的权利和义务，则 合同修改将对会计处理构成影响。 合同修改（Contract Modification） 合同的修改应作为对原合同的调整处理，除非（1）修改新增了“可明确区分”（如 IFRS 15 所定义 – 参见下文步骤 2 的讨论）的履约义务；并且（2）额外的对价反映了该单 独履约义务的单独售价以及反映特定合同情形的适当的价格调整。如果上述两个条件 均得到满足，则修改应作为一项新的单独合同进行处理。 因此如果只是对合同价格的 修改，由于没有新增明确可区分的履约义务，则只能作为对原合同的调整进行处理。 如果修改作为对原合同的调整处理，则适当的会计处理将取决于根据合同交付的剩余 商品或服务。 如果剩余商品或服务可明确与合同修改前已交付的商品或服务区分，应通过将剩 余交易价格分摊至合同中的剩余履约义务，采用未来适用法对修改进行核算。 如果剩余商品或服务不可明确区分，应通过同时更新交易价格和部分完成的履约 义务的进度计量，采用追溯调整法对修改进行核算。
最重要的会计科目(上)：收入确认新准则IFRS15
最重要的会计科目（上）：收入确认新准则IFRS15译者注：本文译自ACCA-P2最新(2015年9月)两篇文章《Revenue revisited》。
收入可以说是最重要的会计科目，收入确认准则无疑也是极其重要的，影响深远的（对ACCA考试至少是F7F8P2P7）。
因为文章很长，且用词重复多，为方便阅读理解，译者对原文进行了改编和一些简化，比如：Financial Statements=FS; Standard=Std; Goodor Service = G/S简译“商务”，with=w/,without=w/o, management=mgt, 不解释IASB、FASB等会计人士默认熟悉的组织。
同时，在翻译过程中，译者参考了专业组织文献如《德勤会计聚焦》等，并从中摘选了一些图片。
背景介绍On 28 May 2014, IASB, as a result of the joint project w/ FASB, issued IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts w/ Customers. Application ofIFRS15 is mandatory for annual reporting periods starting from 1Jan 2017 (though there is currently a proposal to defer to 1 Jan 2018)& earlier application is permitted.IASB和FASB曾发起联合项目，统一收入准则。
2014年5月，IASAB发布《IFRS15-与客户合同产生的收入》（FASB发布《Topic606》）。
IFRS15适用于2017年1月1日及以后各期年报（有提议推迟到2018年1月实施），允许提前采用。
In line w/ ACCA’s established rule,accounting stds issued by 1 Sept in a given year are examinable from 1Sept in the following year, so IFRS15 are examinable in P2 from Sept 2015.据ACCA既定规则，当年9月1日前颁布的会计准则纳入次年9月起的考试范围。
国际会计准则理事会发布IFRS15——源于客户合同的收入
国际会计准则理事会发布IFRS15——源自客户合同的收入一、发布原因收入是财务报表使用者评估企业经营业绩的重要指标。
但是，国际财务报告准则（IFRS）与美国公认会计准则（USGAAP）对收入确认给出了不同的要求，而且两套准则都有待完善。
国际财务报告准则对收入确认方法仅提供了有限的指导，主要的两项准则（IAS18和IAS11）在应用于复杂交易时经常出现问题，而且，IAS18对许多重要收入问题仅提供了有限的指引，如多要素安排的收入确认。
相反，美国公认会计准则特别繁琐，并对特定行业及特定交易规定了不同的收入确认方法，有时会对经济实质相似的同类交易作出不同的会计处理。
因此，国际会计准则理事会（IASB）和美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）发起了一项联合项目，以理清收入确认原则，并制定一套统一的收入准则。
2014年5月，国际会计准则理事会发布了《国际财务报告准则第15号——源于客户合同的收入》（IFRS15），FASB发布了《Topic606-源于客户合同的收入》。
两项准则是全球两大最具影响力的会计准则制定机构为统一收入确认而共同制定的收入指引，以期达到以下目标：1、消除收入规定的不一致和缺陷；2、提供一套更加坚实的框架，以阐述收入问题；3、改进不同企业、行业、法律和资本市场中，收入确认实务的可比性；4、通过改进披露规定，向财务报表使用者提供更加有用的信息；5、通过减少企业必须遵循的规定，简化财务报表的编制程序。
二、生效时间IFRS15适用于2017年1月1日及以后各期年报，允许提前采用。
三、新准则生效后将失效的准则IFRS15生效后，以下准则将失效：1、国际会计准则第11号——建造合同（IAS11）2、国际会计准则第18号——收入（IAS18）3、国际财务报告解释公告第13号——客户忠诚度计划（IFRIC13）4、国际财务报告解释公告第15号——房地产建造协议（IFRIC15）5、国际财务报告解释公告第18号——客户转让的资产（IFRIC18）6、解释公告第31号——收入：涉及广告服务的易货交易（SIC-31）四、收入确认的核心原则IFRS15的核心原则是，确认收入的方式应体现企业向客户转让商品或服务的模式，确认收入的金额应反映企业预计因交付商品或服务而有权获得的金额。
[精品]IFRS 15“与客户之间的合同产生的收入”解析及启示
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[精品]IFRS 15“与客户之间的合同产生的收入”解析及启示更多专业、稀缺文档请访问——搜索此文档，访问上传用户主页～IFRS 15“与客户之间的合同产生的收入”解析及启示IFRS 15“与客户之间的合同产生的收入”解析及启示一、引言 2014年5月28日，国际会计准则理事会(IASB)国际财务报告准则和美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)联合发布了“第15号――与客户之间的合同产生的收入”(IFRS 15――Revenuefrom Contracts with Customers)。
该准则以合同为基础、以资产负债观为基本理念，是首项以原则为导向的综合收入准则。
收入是综合收益表中的一项关键因素，也是衡量经营成果的一个重要指标，因此收入确认问题备受会计理论界和实务界的瞩目。
然而，国际会计准则(IAS)和美国公认会计原则(GAAP)在收入确认方面存在很大分歧。
众所周知，IAS中关于收入的两项准则“国际会计准则第18号――收入”(IAS 18)和“国际会计准则第11号――建造合同”(IAS 11)较为简单，特别是对于某些重要议题仅提供极其有限的指引，以致在应用时经常面临无章可循的局面;而GAAP却过于繁琐，针对不同的行业或交易有不同的规定，可能导致对经济实质相似的交易做出不同的会计处理。
为了消除现行收入要求的不一致性及不足之处，提供应对收入问题的更健全的框架，提高不同主体、行业、司法管辖区及资本市场的收入确认实务的可比性，加强披露以提供更多有用的信息，IASB 和FASB于2002年启动了一个联合项目，旨在制定一套统一的、高质量的收入准则。
2004年10月，IASB和FASB决定制定联合概念框架，其中包括对收入要素的探讨，以提供收入准则的概念基础。
2007年11月，双方创造性地采用“资产负债模型”作为收入准则的基本理念，同时采用脱手价格作为收入准则的计量属性。
2008年12月，双方联合发布了讨论稿“关于客户合同收入确认的初步意见”(Preliminary Views on Revenue Recognition inContracts with Customers)，在“资产负债模型”基础上提出了以合同为基础的收入确认原则，但与之前不同的是，双方此次决定采用交易价格作为计量基础。
会计干货之IFRS15-经典案例问答(一)
会计实务-IFRS15 经典案例问答(一)1、4S店销售原先用于试驾的车辆的行为是确认为销售收入还是损益？答：这个取决于4S店的经营范围，如果其经营范围就是销售新车和旧车，那么销售试驾车辆的行为应该确认为收入，否则确认为损益。
2、两个加油站之间签订的季节性汽油交换协议是否按在收入准则下规范？答：不在收入准则下规范，收入准则明确其范围中不包含非货币性交换的合同。
3、合作协议是否构成收入准则下的合同？答：待定。
如果合作协议仅仅是双方共同开发、共同研究一个产品，不构成收入准则下的合同。
如果合作协议中包含一方向另外一方提供商品或服务，将可能构成收入准则下的合同。
4、没有书面合同的发货是否构成收入准则下的合同答：收入准则下的合同并不一定要求是书面合同。
口头合同，或者按照法律一方履行了付款义务，另一方履行了交付义务均可以认为是收入准则下的合同。
5、如果旧合同已经终止且无自动展期约定，新合同尚未签署，在此期间，一方继续按照原协议履行义务，另一方按照原协议支付对价，在此期间如何认定合同是否存在？答：这个主要看当地法律对该行为的认定。
根据中国法律，此期间的行为是有效的，所以可以直接在此期间确认收入，无需将该部分收入递延至新合同签署。
6、A企业对其客户有着严格的审查，不满足其条件的客户，A企业不向其销售商品。
某月，A企业向一批客户销售了商品，合同约定总价格为1000万，已经转移了对货物的控制。
根据历史经验，这批客户将会支付95%的货款。
本次的所有合同均已生效，且合同中并未约定折扣。
问：A企业应该确认多少收入。
答：A企业应该确认1000万的收入，因为合同中并未约定折扣条款，且合同已经生效。
但是A企业应该在每个会计期末去评估应收款的可回收性，确认相关的减值。
7、合同双方都可以无条件终止且无需支付赔偿金的合同如何认定？假设A和B签订了一份3年期的合同，合同约定A、B双方在每个月月末均可以无条件的终止双方的合同且无需支付任何赔偿金。
_IFRS15_客户合同收入_解析及对我国收入准则国际趋同的建议_季韩波
季韩波 中国人民银行西安分行文《IFRS15——客户合同收入》解析及 对我国收入准则国际趋同的建议摘 要 2014年5月28日，国际会计准则理事会（IASB）发布了《国际财务报告准则第15号——客户合同收入》（IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers）。
该准则是IASB与美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）联合制定的（美国准则为US ASU No.2014-9）。
这标志着有关收入确认与计量的国际会计准则在全球范围内实现了实质性趋同。
通过归纳其改革与趋同的深层原因和发展历程，对IFRS15的具体内容以及收入确认的基础、步骤、条件和信息披露要求等进行了全面解析，进而对我国收入准则的国际趋同提出相应的建议。
关键词 国际财务报告准则第15号 收入 合同 准则趋同自2002年将收入准则的制定列入议程以来，在与FASB联合开展和共同行动的基础上，历经十余年多次的修改、补充和完善，IASB最终于2014年5月正式发布了《国际会计准则第15号——客户合同收入》，并自2017年1月1日起开始实施，从而替代原《国际会计准则第18号——收入》和《国际会计准则第11号——建造合同》以及与之相关的收入确认准则解释等。
两大会计准则机构联合制定发布该项准则，为各类交易、行业和资本市场建立起了一个单一的、综合性的收入确认框架，从而提高不同企业之间收入项目核算和列报的可比性，这也标志着关于收入的会计准则在全球范围内基本实现了趋同。
一、《客户合同收入》准则改革历程及其主要内容《客户合同收入》准则自IASB于2002年列入议程以来，经过十年多的修改、完善，历经几次重大变化，先后发布两次征求意见稿，最终形成了目前已发布的正式准则，这也充分反映出了收入确认与计量实务的复杂性和多样性。
其改革历程以及相关的发展变化有以下几个阶段：（一）确立以合同为收入确认和计量基础的初步框架阶段（2002年—2008年12月）2002年，IASB正式将《客户合同收入》准则列入其日程，并于2008年12月19日发布了《客户合同收入初步意见》的讨论文件，该讨论文件对IASB和FASB 联合开展收入准则项目的动机和目标、双方有关收入确认原则、确认步骤等的初步意见进行了系统的阐述，明确提出要改进实务中存在的多个收入确认基础并建立一个以合同为基础的单一的收入确认框架（金融工具、保险、租赁等除外）的意见，以消除实务中各类业务收入确认的不一致性。
国际财务报告准则IFRS15的分析与应用
国际财务报告准则IFRS15的分析与应用作者：邹姝婷来源：《中外企业家》 2017年第6期一、IFRS15简介由于国际会计准则和美国公认会计准则在收入确认方面存在很大差异，国际会计准则委员会于2014年5月出台了国际财务报告准则第十五号准则“合同中来源于客户的收入”（IFRS15）。
其目的是在过于简单，存在漏洞的国际准则（IAS18和IAS11）与过于冗长、复杂的美国会计准则之间寻找一个平衡点。
二、收入的确认——五步法（一）确定与客户之间的合同合同确认时需要明确：双方是否承诺履行合同；权力义务是否清晰；付款条款是否明确；交易是否具有商业实质；企业是否很可能收到支付对价。
合同的确认是收入确认原则的先决条件，因此确认与客户之间的合同时收入确认的第一步，（二）识别合同中单独的履约义务在确认收入时，必须明确合同中存在的不同的履约义务，一个合同中可能存在若干个不同的履约义务，企业允诺提供给客户的多种商品或劳务如果每种可以单独出售，则视为是可区分的单独履约义务。
这些履约义务需要根据权责发生制，在履行义务后即可单独确认收入。
（三）确认价格交易价格是主体因向客体转让所承诺的商品或服务，预期有权利获得的合同对价。
在做这个对价的判断时，企业需考虑以往类似的履约义务的经验进行评估，同时还需要考虑客户的信用风险和货币的时间价值。
（四）将交易价格分配至单独履约义务一份合同中会出现若干个不同的履约义务，企业需要将交易价格分配到每一个可以明显区别的单独履约义务，该分配应当基于每一份履约义务的单独售价。
例：客户买手机免费送话费，就要把收取的价格按照手机售价和话费真实价值之比进行分配。
（五）履约完成后确认收入当企业履行了义务后就可确认收入，也就是说只要企业允诺将商品或服务扎转移给客户后，就满足了收入确认的条件。
履行义务可能是在一段时间内或在某一时点完成。
三、IFRS15对收入相关问题的界定（一）对收入确认原则的认定IFRS15中收入确认的新模型认定，收入确认的时点是履行履约义务时进行收入确认，即在把承诺的商品或服务转移给客户时可以认定为履约义务的完成，收入可以进行确认。
ACCA解读 - IFRS 15对现金折扣账务处理的影响
当提供现金折扣时，也就是说期望的收回的金额是变动的，因为企业收回的数额会 依附于顾客有没有选择享用现金折扣。
泽稷网校-财务金融证书在线教育领导品牌
当一份合约包含了可变金额的因素，企业应当要预估可变金额的数目。可变金额只 有在一定的条件下才能包括在交易价格中，这个条件就是在不确定性解决后，将不 会引起未来收入的反转。
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
Step 5: Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation
解决方案：
最初的分录： DR:应收账款 $1940 CR:销售收入 $1940
如果顾客是在 15 天内付款的，会计分录是： DR:现金 $1940
泽稷网校-财务金融证书在线教育领导品牌
CR:应收账款 $1940
如果顾客没有在 15 天内付款，会计分录是： DR:现金 $2000 CR:应收账款 $1940 CR:销售收入 $60
Discounts – IFRS 15, Revenue from contracts with customers
2014 年 5 月，IASB 公布了 IFRS 15，Revenue from contracts with customers, 这是替代 IAS 18, Revenue 的，从 2018 年 1 月开始往后适用于所有在国际财务报 告准则下的企业，此文主要是讲述 IFRS 15 对现金折扣账务处理的影响。
泽稷网校-财务金融证书在线教育领导品牌
ACCA P2(INT)最新考试内容变化
ACCA P2（INT）最新考试内容变化IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers1. Principles of Revenue Recognition1.1 IFRS 15IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers outlines the five steps of the revenue recognition process:Step 1 Identify the contract(s) with the customerStep 2 Identify the separate performance obligationsStep 3 Determine the transaction priceStep 4 Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligationsStep 5 Recognise revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfiedThe core principle of IFRS 15 is that an entity recognizes revenue from the transfer of goods or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services.1.2 Identify Contracts With Customers Def inition:Contract—an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations.Contracts can be written, verbal or implied based on an entity's customary business practices.Customer—a party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity's ordinary activities in exchange for consideration.The revenue recognition principles of IFRS 15 apply only when a contract meets all of the following criteria:* *the parties to the contract have approved the contract;*the entity can identify each party's rights regarding the goods or services in the contract;*the payment terms can be identified;*the contract has commer cia l substance; and**it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration due under the contract.*1.3 Identify Performance ObligationsPerformance obligation—a promise to transfer to a customer:*a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or*a series of goods or services that are substantially the same and are transferred in the same way.If a promise to transfer a good or service is not distinct from other goods and services in a contract, then the goods or services are combined into a single performance obligation.A good or service is distinct if both of the following criteria are met:1. The customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or when combined with the customer's available resources; and2. The promise to transfer the good or service is separately identifiable from other goods or services in the contract.**A transfer of a good or service is separately identifiable if the good or service:*is not integrated with other goods or services in the contract;*does not modify or customise another good or service in the contract; or*does not depend on or relate to other goods or services promised in the contract.1.4 Determine the Transaction PriceTransaction price—the amount of consideration to which an entity is entitled in exchange for transferringgoods or services.The transfer price does not include amounts collected for third parties (i.e. sales taxes or VAT).The effects of the following must be considered when determining the transaction price:*the time value of money;**the fair value of any non-cash consideration;*estimates of variable consideration;*consideration payable to the customer.*Consideration payable to the customer is treated as a reduction in the transaction price unless the payment is for goods or services received from the customer.1.5 Allocate the Transaction PriceThe transaction price is allocated to all separate performance obligations in proportion to thestand-alone selling price of the goods or services.DefinitionStand-alone selling price—the price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer*The best evidence of stand-alone selling price is the observable price of a good or service whenit is sold separately.*The stand-alone selling price should be estimated if it is not observable.The allocation is made at the beginning of the contract and is not adjusted for subsequent changes in thestand-alone selling prices of the goods or services.1.6 Recognise Revenue*Recognise revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring apromised good or service (an asset) to the customer.*An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer gains control of the asset.*The entity must determine whether the performance obligation will be satisfied over time or ata point in time.2. Performance Obligations2.1 Satisfied Over Time*A performance obligation is satisfied over time if one of the following criteria is met:*The customer receives and consumes the benefits of the entity's performance as the entity performs (e.g. service contracts, such as a cleaning service or a monthly payroll processing service).*The entity's performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (e.g. a work-in-process asset).*The entity's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.*Revenue is recognised over time by measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation.*Output methods and input methods (described in s.3) can be used to measure progress towards completion.**Revenue for a performance obligation satisfied over time can only be recognised if the entity can make a reasonable estimate of progress.*Revenue is recognised to the extent of costs incurred if there is no reasonable estimate of progress, but the entity expects to recover its costs.2.2 Satisfied at a Point in Time*A performance obligation that is not satisfied over time is satisfied at a point in time.*Revenue should be recognised at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the asset.*Indicators of the transfer of control include:*the customer has an obligation to pay for an asset;*the customer has legal title to the asset;*the entity has transferred physical possession of the asset;*the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership;*the customer has accepted the asset.2.3 Statement of Financial Position Presentation*A contract asset or contract liability should be presented in the statement of financial position when either party has performed in a contract.Definition:Contract liability—an entity's obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration from the customer or consideration is due from the customer (i.e. the customer pays or owes payment before the entity performs).Contract asset—an entity's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to the customer (i.e. the entity performs before the customer pays).*In addition, any unconditional right to consideration should be presented separately as areceivable in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments.*3. Measuring Progress Towards Completion3.1 Output Methods*Output methods recognise revenue on the basis of the value to the customer of the goods or services transferred to date relative to the remaining goods or services promised.*Examples of output methods include:*Surveys of performance completed to date**Appraisals of results achieved*Milestones achieved*Time elapsed*Units produced or delivered.*The value of "work certified" to date may be a measure used to identify the degree of completion andtherefore revenue to be recognised in profit or loss. Work certified is an output method and a term that wasused under previous standards.*Output methods should only be used when the output selected represents the entity's performance towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation.**A disadvantage of output methods is that the outputs used may not be available or directly observable. When this is the case, an input method may be necessary.3.2 Input Methods*Input methods recognise revenue on the basis of the entity's efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of the performance obligation relative to the total expected inputs.**Examples of input methods include:*Resources consumed*Labour-hours worked*Costs incurred*Time elapsed*Resources consumed.*Revenue can be recognised on a straight -line basis if inputs are used evenly throughout the performance period.3.3 Cost Recognition*Costs associated with a contract whose performance obligation is satisfied over time are expensed as and when they are incurred; they are not recognised on a proportional basis.*Therefore, if revenue is measured using an output method, prof it recognition will be volatile for contracts that straddle two or more accounting periods.**If an incurred cost is not proportionate to the progress in the satisfaction of the performance obligation that cost shall be excluded when measuring the progress of the contract.*In this situation revenue will be recognised to the extent of the actual cost incurred in respect of that component.4 Recognition of Contract Costs4.1 Incremental Costs of Obtaining a ContractIncremental costs of obtaining a contract—costs to obtain a contract that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained.*The incremental costs of obtaining a contract, such as sales commissions, are recognised as an asset if the entity expects to recover them.*Costs to obtain the contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained are charged to expense when incurred.4.2 Costs to Fulfil a Contract*Costs incurred to fulfil a contract that are not within the scope of another standard should be recognised as an asset if they meet all of the following criteria:*They relate directly to a contract;*They generate or enhance the resources of the entity; and*They are expected to be recovered.*Costs that must be expensed when incurred include:*General and administrative costs;*Cost of wasted materials, labour or other resources; and*Costs that related to satisfied performance obligations.5 Specific Transactions5.1 Principal v Agent*When an entity uses another party to provide goods or services to a customer, the entity needs to determine whether it is acting as a principal or an agent.*The fee or commission may be the net consideration that the entity retains after paying the other party the consideration received in exchange for the good or service.*Indicators that an entity is an agent and does not control the good or service before it is provided to the customer include:*Another party is responsible for fulf illing the contract;*The entity does not have inventory risk;*The entity does not have discretion in establishing prices for the other party's goods or services;*The consideration is in the form of a commission; and*The entity is not exposed to credit risk.5.2 Repurchase AgreementsRepurchase agreement—a contract in which an entity sells an asset and also promises or has the option to repurchase the asset.*There are three forms of repurchase agreements:1. An entity's obligation to repurchase the asset (a forward);2. An entity's right to repurchase the asset (a call option);3. An entity's obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer's request (a put option).5.2.1 Forward or Call Option*When an entity has an option or right to repurchase an asset, the customer does not obtain control of the asset and the entity accounts for the contract as either:*a lease if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for less than the original selling price; or*a financing arrangement if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for an amount greater than or equal to the original selling price.*If the repurchase agreement is a financing arrangement, the entity will:*continue to recognise the asset;*recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from the customer; and*recognise as interest expense, which increases the financial liability, equal to the difference between the amount of consideration received from the customer and the amount of consideration to be paid to the customer.5.2.2 Put Option*If an entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer's request for less than the original selling price, the entity accounts for the contract as either:*a lease, if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise the right; or*a sale with a right of return, if the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise the right.*If the repurchase price is equal to or greater than the original selling price, the entity accounts for the contract as either:*a financing arrangement, if the repurchase price is more than the expected market value of the asset; or*a sale with a right of return, if the repurchase price is less than or equal to the expected market value of the asset and the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise the right.5.3 Bill-and-Hold ArrangementsBill-and-hold arrangement—a contract in which the entity bills a customer for a product that it has not yet delivered to the customer.*Revenue cannot be recognised in a bill-and-hold arrangement until the customer obtains control of the product.*Generally, control is transferred to the customer when the product is shipped to the customer or delivered to the customer (depending on the terms of the contract).**For a customer to have obtained control of a product in a bill-and-hold arrangement, all of the following criteria must be met:*There must be a substantive reason for the bill-and hold arrangement (e.g. the customer has requested the arrangement because it does not have space for the product);*The product has been separately identified as belonging to the customer;*The product is currently ready for transfer to the customer; and*The entity cannot use the product or direct it to another customer.5.4 Consignments*When an entity delivers its product to a dealer or distributor for sale to end customers, the entity needs to determine whether the contract is a sale or a consignment arrangement.*The following are indicators of a consignment arrangement:*The entity controls the product until a specified event occurs, such as the sale of the product to a customer or until a specified period expires.*The entity can require the return of the product or transfer the product to another party.*The dealer does not have an unconditional obligation to pay the entity for the product (although it might be required to pay a deposit).Current Issues*Accounting is dynamic; it is always on the move, trying to improve on itself and eliminate any loopholes in the accounting system.*The IASB is continually amending or issuing new standards where problems in the accounting model have been identif ied.*8.1 Recent IFRSs*In 2014, the IASB issued two standards:*IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers; and*IFRS 9 Financial Instruments.*IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11 Construction Cont racts and IAS 18 Revenue. These old standards were not sufficiently rigorous to prevent inconsistencies in revenue reporting. The IASB project took over three years to complete, as the accountancy profession had concerns about the initial proposals.**IFRS 15 is effective from 2017. However, the new standard continues to raise concerns within the profession, to the extent that the FASB has deferred the effective date of the standard by one year. The IASB has yet to determine whether it will defer the effective date of the standard. The IASB and the FASB have jointly determined that they will be issuing additional guidance on the application of the standard.**IFRS 9 was first issued in 2009. It has taken the IASB f ive years to complete the financial instruments projects. The standard is effective from 2018. Until then entities can use either IAS 39 or IFRS 9; this will affect the comparability of financial statements.*The final version applies a single classification approach to all financial assets on which the requirements for impairment and hedge accounting are based.**Accounting for financial instruments has been a highly contentious topic, with many commentators having opposing opinions on how to account for certain instruments. It is to beexpected that issues will continue to emerge as the new provisions are implemented.*8.2 Proposed Changes to IFRS*The IASB continually reviews and updates IFRS, amending existing standards and issuing standards on new areas. The IASB publishes a regular update on its work plan.**Current issues that the IASB are working on include the following:*Conceptual Framework—This project is aiming to bring the Framework document up to date. The update in 2010 was only relevant to two sections of the document(see Session 3).*Macro hedging (IFRS 9)—This is another area that has caused many problems (see Session 8).*Leases (IAS 17)—This project was first started in 1999; the revised standard will recognise most leases "on balance sheet" (see Session 9).*Developing new standards and bringing them into effect can be a very slow process. For example, IFRS 9 was first issued in 2009 with the intention of being fully effective by 2013; this was then put back to 2015 and is now applicable from 2018.8.3 Practice and Regulatory Issues8.3.1 Integrated Reporting **The International Integrated Reporting Council has recently issued a framework document that will result in financial statements being much more inclusive—moving the focus away from "just the numbers" to provide all stakeholders with information about all forms of capital and the influences on value creation.*Management will be required, for example:*to commentate on what is happening to the company, where it has come from and where it is going; and*to describe the nature and quality of the company's relationships with key stakeholders.8.3.2 Harmonisation and Convergence*Accounting has become a global issue over the last 10 years. Far fewer "local" GAAPs exist as many countries have moved towards the adoption, in one form or another, of an IFRS based set of standards.**However, there is still a long way to go before the accounting profession is fully integrated into one body that covers accounting issues for all. Until then, if ever, harmonization and convergence issues will always exist.8.3.3 Other Regulation*Companies must keep up-to-date on types of regulation that can affect their corporate reports:*Market regulations—the main reason why IAS 33 Earnings per Share and IFRS 8 Operating Segments exist is because market regulators require listed entities to publish earnings per share figures and segmental information.* *Corporate governance requirements also affect the level of reporting required by entities and changes in best practice in the area of corporate reporting have implications for financial statements.8.4 Problems With Extant StandardsNearly all extant standards give rise to issues for some users. However, some standards causemore problems than others. The most contentious include the following:*IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimate and Prior Period Errors can hinder rather than aid consistency and comparability.*There is a "grey area" between what constitutes an accounting policy and what should be regarded as an accounting estimate. For example, a change of inventory valuation from FIFO to weighted average may be regarded by some as a change in policy, but others may maintain thatit is a change in estimate.*IAS 36 Impairment of Assets can be difficult to implement. Preparers of financial statements may need to consider:*estimates of the amounts and timing of cash flows;*what discount rate should be applied to those cash flows;*whether it is acceptable to include "boilerplate" statements in disclosure notes.**IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements gives rise to a number of areas for debate:*What items should be included in profit or loss and what should be included in other comprehensive income?*Should those items included in other comprehensive income be reclassified through prof it or loss at some point?*Should all gains and losses appear in prof it or loss, as they all result from the performance of the entity?*What subtotals should be used in the statement of prof it or loss and how? The inclusion of subtotals should result in greater consistency in accounting but could also lead to a manipulation of the figures to suit user needs.*。
IFRS15
根据IFRS15的要求，会计主体在确认收入时需要按照如下5个步骤进行：第1 步：识别与客户订立的合同应用新收入模型的第一步是识别与客户订立的合同。
合同是双方或多方之间建立可强制执行的权力和义务的协议。
合同可以采用书面形式、口头形式或依据主体商业惯例的其他形式，而且合同必须具有商业实质，以及主体是很可能收回其有权获得的对价。
每一项合同通常应当单独核算。
但在现实中，主体可能会因为法律或商业理由等就其与客户的协议在形式上签订多份而实质上只是一份的合同。
虽然合同通常应当单独核算，但是，如果符合下列条件，则与同一客户（或客户的关联方）在同一时间或相近时间订立的一组合同应予合并：1、是在单一商业目的的下作为一揽子合同议定的；2、其中一项合同的对价金额取决于另一项合同所交付的商品或服务；或3、多项合同所承诺的商品或服务被视为单一的履约义务。
合同的修改应作为对原合同的调整处理，除非（1）修改新增了“可明确区分”（如IFRS15所定义-参见下文步骤2的讨论）的履约义务；并且（2）额外的对价反映了该单独履约义务的单独售价以及反映特定合同情形的适当的价格调整。
如果上述两个条件均得到满足，则修改应作为一项新的单独合同进行处理。
因此如果只是对合同价格的修改，由于没有新增明确可区分的履约义务，则只能作为对原合同的调整进行处理。
如果修改作为对原合同的调整处理，则适当的会计处理将取决于根据合同交付的剩余商品或服务。
1、如果剩余商品或服务可明确与合同修改前已交付的商品或服务区分，应通过将剩余交易价格分摊至合同中的剩余履约义务，采用未来适用法对修改进行核算。
2、如果剩余商品或服务不可明确区分，应通过同时更新交易价格和部分完成的履约义务的进度计量，采用追溯调整法对修改进行核算。
第2步：识别合同中的履约义务步骤2涉及如何识别须予以单独核算的合同的交付内容（“履约义务”）。
在考虑何时（在某一时点还是某一时段内）确认收入前（即步骤5），主体必须识别出合同中包含了哪些履约义务。
国际财务报告准则IFRS15的浅析及应用
国际财务报告准则IFRS15的浅析及应用作者：王建琪来源：《财会学习》2016年第18期摘要：随着中国整个经济体的不断壮大，越来越多的中国企业不仅需要遵守中国会计准则，同时需要按照国际会计准则编制公司报表。
IFRS15的执行，会为很多行业带来一定的影响；并且对于企业的财务人员、企业会计政策的选择，以及监管机构的日常监督活动也会带来一定的挑战。
关键词：国际会计准则；IRFS15；差异；影响；盈余管理一、IFRS15简介国际会计准则理事会于2014年5月出台了《国际财务报告准则第15号——源于客户合同的收入》（IFRS15）。
此项准则从内容上包含过去的收入准则（IAS18），建造合同准则（IAS11），以及某些确认及计量要求也适用于与主体正常经营活动无关的资产转让。
二、IFRS15与CAS14差异首先从涉及范围上来讲，IFRS15包含了更多的收入确认类型，如固定资产销售、建造合同等，而中国目前现行的企业会计准则第14号——收入准则（CAS14）所涉及的收入，只包括销售商品收入、提供劳务收入和让渡资产使用权收入；对于企业代第三方收取的款项，不作为收入确认；对于长期股权投资、建造合同、租赁、原保险合同、再保险合同等形成的收入，也适用于其他相关会计准则。
其次从收入确认计量的方法上来讲，IFRS15无论是在合同的确定还是交易价格的确定、或者是价格分摊等环节中，均需要企业更为主动地思考，这就需要财务人员进行大量的职业判断。
而CAS14则是根据收入类型的不同、通过政策法规的形式，来进行收入确认的计量。
最后IFRS15号要求披露更多的与收入确认相关的信息。
按照新准则规定企业需要披露的相关信息包括：关于与客户订立的合同的信息、关于获取或履行合同的成本的信息、收入的分解信息、合同余额的调节、关于履约义务的信息、关于所运用的判断的信息等。
在披露过程中，涉及时间节点、方法阐述、判断标准、定价方式等具体问题时，要求企业更为详细地确认收入，并依据思考方式及职业判断进行描述。
ifrs准则原文pdf
IFRS准则原文以下是IFRS 15准则的原文：IFRS 15 REQUIREMENTSThis Standard applies to an entity's accounting for revenue from contracts with customers. An entity shall apply the following steps:Step 1: Identify contracts with customersIdentify each contract with a customer that involves transferring goods or services to the customer. A contract exists if the parties agree on the terms of a legal obligation.Step 2: Identify performance obligationsIdentify all goods or services promised in the contract that are distinct. A good or service is distinct if the customer can benefit from it separately from the other goods or services promised in the contract.Step 3: Determine transaction priceDetermine the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer.Step 4: Allocate the transaction priceAllocate the transaction price to each separate performance obligation in the contract.Step 5: Recognize revenueRecognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.ExemptionsAn entity is exempt from applying these requirements if the contract is with a customer and the entity falls within the scope of IFRS 14, 'Reliability of financial information'.IFRS 15 supersedes IFRS 11, 'Joint Arrangements', IFRS 12, 'Disclosures about relationships with customers', IFRS 13, 'Revenue recognition – industry-specific guidance', and any other IFRS that relates to revenue recognition from contracts with customers.IFRS 15 applies to all contracts with customers, regardless of whether the contract contains variable payments or performance bonuses. The Standard applies to both existing and new contracts.IFRS 15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim periods within that reporting period. Entities are required to disclose when they have adopted the Standard retrospectively.IFRS 15 replaces IFRS 11, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15 and SIC-31.IFRS 15 is the successor Standard to IFRS 13, 'Revenue recognition – industry-specific guidance'. IFRS 15 applies the principles in IFRS 13 to the identification of performance obligations in the contract.IFRS 15 also applies to contracts with customers that contain variable payments or performance bonuses. The Standard applies to both existing and new contracts.IFRS 15 is a significant amendment to IFRS 11 and supersedes IFRS 13. IFRS 15 applies to all contracts with customers, regardless of whether the contract contains variable payments or performance bonuses.IFRS 15 applies to all contracts with customers, regardless of whether the contract contains variable payments or performance bonuses. The Standard applies to both existing and new contracts.IFRS 15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim periods within that reporting period. Entities are required to disclose when they have adopted the Standard retrospectively.IFRS 15 replaces IFRS 11, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15 and SIC-31.IFRS 15 is the successor Standard to IFRS 13, 'Revenuerecognition – industry-specific guidance'. IFRS 15 applies the principles in IFRS 13 to the identification of performance obligations in the contract.IFRS 15 also applies to contracts with customers that contain variable payments or performance bonuses. The Standard applies to both existing and new contracts.IFRS 15 is a significant amendment to IFRS 11 and supersedes IFRS 13. IFRS 15 applies to all contracts with customers, regardless of whether the contract contains variable payments or performance bonuses.。
ifrs 新旧收入准则对比 -回复
ifrs 新旧收入准则对比 -回复IFRS新旧收入准则对比在国际金融报告准则（International Financial Reporting Standards，IFRS）中，收入准则一直是一个重要的领域。
为了提高财务报告的质量和一致性，IFRS对收入的确认和计量进行了一些重大改革。
下面，本文将详细比较IFRS新旧收入准则，并逐步回答相关问题。
第一步：IFRS15与旧准则IAS18的背景简介IFRS15《收入来源的确认和计量》于2018年1月1日起正式生效，取代了旧准则IAS18《收入》。
旧准则在确定和计量收入时存在一些模糊的定义和准则，容易导致不一致性和误导性的报告。
IFRS15则基于一个总体原则，提供了更详细和明确的指导，以帮助企业更准确地确认和计量收入。
第二步：IFRS15与IAS18的主要区别1. 收入确认时间旧准则IAS18要求在满足一系列条件后确认收入，例如交货、传递所有权、基本风险与收益转移等。
而IFRS15则采用了统一的控制模型，基于实际控制权的转移来确认收入。
2. 合同分析IFRS15要求对合同进行更深入的分析，以确定是否存在可交付性商品或服务。
而旧准则IAS18则没有强制要求进行这种分析。
3. 单一合同视角旧准则IAS18一般按照交易为单位，个别确认收入。
而IFRS15采用了单一合同视角，将多个交易视为一个整体来确认收入。
4. 收入识别旧准则IAS18以货物的交货和服务的完成为基础进行收入确认，而IFRS15则采用了一个五步指导，包括确认合同、确认性能义务、确定交付时间、计量收入、分配收入。
第三步：IFRS15的五步指导1. 确认合同：确定双方对于承诺的权利和义务，该承诺有能力产生可交付的商品或服务。
2. 确认性能义务：将识别单独的性能义务，即合同中可以单独识别和能够产生收益的组成部分。
3. 确定交付时间：确定合同中每个性能义务的交货时间。
4. 计量收入：基于所完成的性能依据以及合同中确定的交付日期来计量收入。
IFRS 15 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers
S U M M A R YIFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with CustomersOverviewIFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers was issued on 28 May 2014. It supersedes: ∙ IAS 18 Revenue;∙ IAS 11 Construction contracts;∙ IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes;∙ IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate; ∙ IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers; and∙ SIC-31 Revenue – Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services.IFRS 15 will improve comparability of reported revenue over a range of industries, companies and geographical areas globally.ObjectiveTo establish principles that an entity shall apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from a contract with a customer.ScopeThe new revenue model would apply to all contracts with customers except leases, insurance contracts, financial instruments, guarantees and certain non-monetary exchanges. The sale of non-monetary financial assets, such as property, plant and equipment, real estate or intangible assets will also be subject to some of the requirements of the new model.A contract with a customer may be partially within the scope of IFRS 15 and partially within the scope of another standard, in which case:∙ If the other standards specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts of the contract, then an entity shall apply those separation and measurement requirements first. The transaction price is then reduced by the amounts that are initially measured under other standards.∙ If other standards do not provide guidance on how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts of the contract, then IFRS 15 will be applied.Effective dateIFRS 15 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017 with early application permitted. It applies to existing contracts that are not yet complete as of the effective date and new contracts entered into on or after the effective date. Therefore, in the first year of adoption, the current year figures will be measured and disclosed as if the new revenue model had always been applied.IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 2Defined termsIFRS 15 defines the following terms that form an integral part of this IFRS.Contract – An agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations.Customer – A party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration.Income – Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows orenhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in an increase in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants.Performance obligation – A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer either: a) A good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; orb) A series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern oftransfer to the customer.Revenue – Income arising in the course of an entity’s ordinary activities.Transaction price (for a contract with a customer) – The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.The revenue modelThe standard introduces a revenue model in which the core principle is that an entity should recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.To recognise revenue the following five steps should be applied:Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with the customerA contract can be oral, written or im plied by an entity’s business practice. A contract with a customer will fall within the scope of IFRS 15 when all the following criteria are met: ∙ The parties to the contract have approved the contract;∙ Each party’s rights in relation to the goods or services to be transferred can be identified;∙ The payment terms and conditions for the goods or services to be transferred can be identified; ∙ The contract has commercial substance; and∙ The collection of an amount of consideration to which the entity is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services is probable.If the above criteria are met, a contract shall not be re-assessed unless there is an indication of a significant change in facts or circumstances, however if the contract does not meet the above criteria the entity will continue to re-assess the contract going forward to determine whether the criteria are subsequently met.S T E P 1Identify the contract(s) with the customer S T E P 2Identify the performance obligations in the contractS T E P 3Determine the transaction price S T E P 4Allocate the transaction priceS T E P 5Recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfiedIFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 3The model is to be applied on an individual contract basis. However, as a practical expedient, a portfolio approach is permitted for contracts with similar characteristics provided it is reasonably expected that the impact on the financial statements will not be materially different from applying this model to the individual contracts.A contract modification shall be accounted for as a separate contract if the following conditions are met: ∙ There is an addition of promised goods or services that are distinct and which increases the scope of the contract; and∙ The price of the goods of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the entity’s stand-alone selling prices of the additional goods or services and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract.If the above conditions are not met, a contract modification will be accounted for prospectively orretrospectively (depending on whether the remaining goods or services to be delivered after the modification are distinct from those delivered prior to the modification) by modifying the accounting for the current contract with the customer.Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contractAt contract inception, an entity shall assess the goods or services that have been promised to the customer, and shall identify as a performance obligation:∙ A good or a service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or∙ A series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.A series of distinct goods or services has the samepattern of transfer to the customer if the following criteria are met:∙ Each distinct good or service that the entity promises totransfer consecutively to the customer would be aperformance obligation that is satisfied over time; and ∙ The same method of measuring progress would be usedto measure the entity’s progress towards the complete satisfaction of the performance obligation to transfer each distinct good or service in the series to the customer.Factors for consideration as to whether an entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable include, but are not limited to:∙ The entity does not provide a significant service of integrating the good or service with other goods or services promised in the contract.∙ The good or service does not significantly modify or customize another good or service promised in the contract.∙ The good or service is not highly dependent on or highly interrelated with other goods or services promised in the contract.IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 4Step 3: Determine the transaction priceThe transaction price would be the amount of consideration that an entity expects to be entitled to inexchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. An entity will consider the terms of the contract and past customary business practices when making this determination.If a contract contains a variable amount, the entity willestimate the amount to which it will be entitled under thecontract. The consideration can also vary if an entity’s right to consideration is contingent on the occurrence of a future event. The variable consideration is only included in the transaction price to the extent that it ishighly probable that a significant reversal in the amountof cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.An adjustment for the time value of money is made to a transaction price for the effects of financing, ifpresent and significant to the contract, for example, where a consideration is paid in advance or in arrears. A practical expedient is available where the interval between the transfer of promised goods or services and the payment by the customer is expected to be less than 12 months.Examples of where a variable consideration can arise∙ Discounts ∙ Rebates ∙ Refunds ∙ Credits∙ Price concessions ∙ Incentives ∙ Performance bonuses∙ Penalties Example – Determining whether goods or services are distinctThis is an adaptation from IFRS 15, Illustrative examples, Example 11.An entity, a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following: ∙ Software licence;∙ Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user); ∙ Software updates; and∙ Technical support for 2 years.The entity sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.Are the goods or services promised to the customer distinct in terms of IFRS 15?The software is delivered before the other goods or services and remains functional without the updates and the technical support, therefore the entity concludes that the customer can benefit from each of the goods and services either on their own or together with the other goods and services that are readily available.The promise to transfer each good and service to the customer is separately identifiable from each other. In particular, the installation service does not significantly modify or customize the software itself and, as such, the software and the installation service are separate outputs promised by the entity instead of inputs used to produce a combined output.Based on the assessment, four performance obligations in the contract have been identified for all four of the above goods or services.Example – Volume discount incentiveThis is an adaptation from IFRS 15, Illustrative examples, Example 24.Big Bed enters in a contract with a customer to sell beds for $400 per bed on 1 January 2017. If the customer purchasesmore than 1000 beds in a calendar year, the contract states that the price per unit is retrospectively reduced to $380 perunit. As a result of this the consideration in the contract is variable.As at 31 March 2017, Big Bed sells 80 beds to the customer, therefore Big Bed estimates that the customer’s purchase will not exceed the 1000 bed threshold required for the volume discount in the calendar year.When considering the requirements of IFRS 15 (in particular paragraphs 56 – 58) and the significant experience Big Bed has with this product and the entity’s purchasing pattern, it was concluded that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognised ($400 per bed) will not occur when the uncertainty is resolved (i.e. when the total amount of purchases is known). Consequently, the entity recognises revenue of $32,000 (80 beds x $400) for the first quarter ended 31 March 2017.At the beginning of June 2017, the customer acquires another company and at the end of the second quarter, 30 June 2017, Big Bed sells an additional 500 beds to the customer. In light of the new fact, Big Bed estimates that the customer’spurchases will exceed the 1000 bed threshold for the calendar year and therefore it would have to retrospectively reduce the price per unit.Big Bed therefore recognizes revenue of $188,400 for the quarter ended 30 June 2017. The amount is calculated from$190,000 (500 beds x $380) less the change in transaction price of $1,600 (80 beds x $20 price reduction) for the reduction of the beds sold in the first quarter.Step 4: Allocate the transaction priceAn entity shall allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer.Where a contract has many performance obligations, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract by reference to their relative stand-alone selling prices. If a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, an entity will need to estimate it. IFRS 15 suggests various methods that may be used, including:∙Adjusted market assessment approach;∙Expected cost plus a margin approach; or∙Residual approach (only permissible in limited circumstances).Sometimes the transaction price may include a discount. Any overall discount is allocated between the performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. In some circumstances it may be appropriate to allocate the discount to some but not all of the performance obligations.IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers5IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 6Step 5: Recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfiedAn entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring apromised good or service to a customer, which is when control is passed, either over time or at a point in time.Control of an asset means having the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset.An entity recognises revenue over time if one of the following criteria are met:∙ The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit provided by the entity as the entity performs;∙ The entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced; or∙ The entity’s performance do es not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for the performance completed to date.For a performance obligation satisfied over time, an entity would select an appropriate measure of progress to determine how much revenue should be recognised as the performance obligation is satisfied.Factors which may indicate that control is passed at a point in time include, but are not limited to: ∙ The entity has a present right to payment for the asset; ∙ The customer has legal title to the asset;∙ The entity has transferred physical possession of the asset;∙ The customer has significant risks and rewards related to the ownership of the asset; and ∙ The customer has accepted the asset.Example – Allocating a discount to one or more performance obligationsThis is an adaptation from IFRS 15, Illustrative examples, Example 34.A fashion outlet named Fashionable regularly sells scarves, shoes and handbags individually, thereby establishing stand-alone selling prices as illustrated below.In addition, Fashionable regularly sells shoes and handbags together for $60. Fashionable enters into a contract with a customer to sell all threeproducts in exchange for $100. Fashionable will satisfy the performance obligations for each of the products at different points in time.The contract includes a discount of $40 on the overall transaction. Thisdiscount will be allocated proportionately to all three obligations whenallocating the transaction price using the relative stand-alone selling pricemethod. However, because Fashionable regularly sells shoes and handbags together for $60 and Scarves for $40, it has evidence that the entire discount should be allocated to the promises to transfer shoes and handbags in accordance with paragraph 82 of IFRS 15.If Fashionable transfers control of the shoes and handbags at the same point in time, then Fashionable could as a practical matter account for the transfer of those products as a single performance obligation. That is, the entity could allocate $60 of the transaction price to the single obligation and recognise revenue of $60 when shoes and handbags are simultaneously transferred to the customer.If the contract requires Fashionable to transfer the control of the shoes and handbags at different points in time, then the amount of $60 is individually allocated to the products based on their stand-alone selling price as follows:Shoes = $33 ($55 ÷ $100 [total stand-alone selling price] x $60) Handbag = $27 ($45 ÷ $100 [total stand-alone selling price] x $60) Total = $60Total = $140 Handbag$45Scarf $40 Shoes $55IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 7Contract costIncremental costs of obtaining a contractIf the entity expects to recover incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, the entity shall recognise those costs as an asset. The incremental costs are those costs that an entity incurs to obtain a contract that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been successfully obtained, for example, a sales commission. A practical expedient however exists, allowing the incremental costs of obtaining a contract to be expensed if the amortisation period would be one year or less.Costs to fulfil a contractCosts incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer are recognised as an asset only if all the following criteria are met:∙ The costs relate directly to a contract or to ananticipated contract that the entity can specifically identify; ∙ The costs generate or enhance resources of theentity that will be used in satisfying performanceobligations in the future; and ∙ The costs are expected to be recovered.An asset recognised with regard to the above cost shallbe amortised on a systematic basis that is consistent with the pattern of transfer of the goods or services to which the asset relates.PresentationAn entity shall present the performance of a contract in the statement of financial position as a contract asset or contract liability, depending on the relationship between the entity’s performance and the customer’s payment. Any unconditional rights to consideration shall be presented separately as a receivable.Examples of the type of costs that may beincurred to fulfil a contract∙ Direct labour ∙ Direct materials ∙ Allocation of overheads that relate directly tothe contract ∙ Cost that are explicitly chargeable to thecustomer under the contract ∙ Other costs that are incurred only because an entity entered into the contractExample – Incremental costs of obtaining a contractThis is an adaptation from IFRS 15, Illustrative examples, Example 36.A consulting services entity, wins a competition bid to provide consulting services to a new customer. The following costs were incurred by the entity to obtain the contract: $ External legal fees for due diligence 15,000 Travel costs to deliver the proposal 25,000 Commissions paid to sales employees 10,000 Total costs incurred 50,000In accordance with IFRS 15 (paragraph 91), the entity recognises an asset for the $10,000 (commission) incremental costs of obtaining the contract because the entity expects to recover those costs through future fees for consulting services. The entity also pays discretionary annual bonuses to sales employees based on annual sales targets, overall profitability and individual performance. Taking into account IFRS 15 (paragraph 91), the entity does not recognise an asset for the bonuses paid because they are not incremental to obtaining a contract. The bonus amounts are discretionary and are based on other factors, including the overall profitability of the entity and the individuals ’ performance therefore they are not directly attributable to identifiable contracts.The legal fees and travel costs would have been incurred whether the bid was won or not, therefore those costs arerecognised as expenses when incurred (IFRS 15, paragraph 93), unless they are within the scope of another Standard, in which case the relevant provisions of that standard apply.IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 8Where a customer has paid an amount of consideration prior to the entity transferring the related good or service to the customer, a contract liability will be presented in the statement of financial position.Where the customer has not yet paid the related consideration for the transfer of a good or service, a contract asset (right to consideration is conditional on something other than the passage of time) or receivable (right to consideration is unconditional except for the passage of time) is presented in the statement of financial position. Contract assets and receivables together with any impairment shall be accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments . The difference between the initial recognition of a receivable and the amount of revenue should be presented as an expense.DisclosureSufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contract with customers shall be disclosed. To achieve this, an entity shall disclose the qualitative and quantitative information about all of the following:The significant judgements, and changes in judgements, made in applying this standard to those contracts, in particular∙ The timing of satisfaction of performance obligations∙ The transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligationsTransitionEntities are allowed to choose whether to apply IFRS 15 retrospectively to each prior period presented (with optional practical expedients) or retrospectively according to an alternative transition method. Under the alternative transition method, restatement of comparative years is not required but the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 15 should be recognised as an adjustment to the opening retained earnings on the effective date (in the year of initial application). Additional disclosures are then required to illustrate the effects of applying the standard.。
IFRS15‘客户合约之收入’-资诚联合会计师事务所
IFRS 15「客戶合約之收入」對零售及消費用品業的衝擊資誠聯合會計師事務所李宜樺會計師、張惠閔副總、楊蘭曲協理前言零售及消費用品業所提供之商品及勞務通常和終端消費者直接相關，為了刺激消費，其銷售行為通常涉及各式各樣的促銷折扣及紅利計畫，或是提供鑑賞期及保固條款提升消費者的購買意願，在IFRS 15「客戶合約之收入」的新規定之下，收入認列是否會和現行會計處理有所不同?本文將針對零售業及消費用品業的幾項常見議題分析，並以釋例方式探討在適用收入認列新準則時可能對企業造成之影響。
議題一：退貨權零售及消費用品業常常透過給予退貨權的方式提升消費者的購買意願，退貨權也有可能隱含在合約中，或是存在於商業實務慣例。
例如，當客戶對於所購買產品不滿意時，賣方同意退款給客戶，或允許客戶以補差價的方式選購另一產品，都是常見的退貨權形式。
但是若客戶退貨係因為所收到之商品和原先所訂購之規格不符(例如商品無法如預期運作)，而有權換取另一個規格相符之商品，則非退貨權之範圍，此情形下企業所提供給客戶的是產品與所協議之規格相符的保證，讓客戶退回瑕疵品以換得功能正常產品，應該依據保固之相關指引進行會計處理。
依據IFRS 15規定，當銷貨含有退貨權時，企業應依據估計變動對價之相關指引決定企業預期有權收取的對價，因此當企業預期有部分出售商品將會被退回時，對價金額不應包含預期退貨的部分，故當企業移轉產品給客戶，就預期退貨部分所收到之對價不應認列收入，而是認列為退款負債。
此外，IFRS 15規定企業對於客戶退貨時收回商品之權利應認列為一項資產，原始衡量時，應以該項產品的原存貨帳面金額減除回收該產品之預期成本認列，在資產負債表上該項資產應和退款負債分別表達。
後續在每一報導期間結束日，企業應該分別就帳列之收回產品權及退款負債進行評估及調整。
釋例一:背景Page 1 of 7A公司與客戶簽定銷貨合約，承諾以每件$100之價格銷售100件產品給客戶，每件成本$50。
IASB发布新收入准则（IFRS15）-致同研究之IFRS系列（三）
IASB发布新收入准则（IFRS15）-致同研究之IFRS系列（三）简介国际会计准则理事会（IASB）于2014年5月28日公布了《国际财务报告准则第15号——与客户之间的合同产生的收入》（IFRS 15）, 对自2018年1月1日或以后日期开始的年度期间生效,允许提前采用。
该准则是国际会计准则理事会（IASB）和美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）主要趋同合作项目之一。
IFRS 15适用于为客户提供商品或服务的合同，包括建造合同和知识产权的授权。
该准则不适用于其他国际财务报告准则范围内的某些合同，例如租赁合同、保险合同、融资安排、金融工具、产品保证外的其他担保以及为便于销售给第三方客户的同一行业内企业之间的非货币性交换。
新收入准则核心原则为：企业确认收入的方式应当反映向客户转让商品或服务的模式，而确认的金额应反映企业预计因交付这些商品或服务而有权获得的对价。
新收入准则将提升全球资本市场和行业间的一致性及可比性，为处理收入问题提供一个更健全的框架，不同国家及各行各业的企业将运用一个新的五步法模型按照上述核心原则确认其与客户之间的合同产生的收入。
新准则的目的是提升全球资本市场和行业间的一致性及可比性，但确认收入的方式会发生改变，相应将影响整个企业收入业务流程。
几乎所有企业均需要重新审视自身经营模式，评价新收入确认准则对其经营成果的影响。
财政部已于2015年12月发布了《企业会计准则第14号—收入（修订）（征求意见稿）》，以保持中国企业会计准则与国际财务财务报告准则的持续趋同等效。
《致同研究之IFRS系列》新收入准则专题将介绍IFRS 15的主要变化内容、新旧衔接、对主要行业的影响，并持续关注新收入准则的更新情况。
一、IFRS 15发布背景（一）项目修订原因收入是财务报表使用者评估企业财务业绩和财务状况的关键数据。
国际财务报告准则（IFRS）和美国一般公认会计原则（US GAAP）以前的要求并不一致，经常会导致对经济上相似的交易进行不同的会计处理。
《国际财务会计报告准则第15号――来自客户合同的收入》解析(全文)
《国际财务会计报告准则第15号――来自客户合同的收入》解析(全文)2021年5月，国际会计准则理事会和美国财务会计准则委员会联合发布了《国际财务报告准则第15号――与客户之间的合同产生的收入》（以下简称IFRS 15），自2021年1月1日起生效。
该准则的修订旨在统一国际财务报告准则（IFRS）和美国公认会计原则（US GAAP）的收入确认标准。
该准则出台后，我国财政部也启动了中国收入准则的修订项目，以保持我国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则的持续趋同。
由于收入准则涉及重要的财务指标――收入的确认、计量和披露，因此具有非常重要的实务指导意义。
以下在分析收入准则变化的基础上，浅议IFRS 15对证券行业会计工作的影响。
一、IFRS 15修订目前国际财务报告准则关于收入主要包括两项准则：《国际会计准则第18号――收入》（IAS18）和《国际会计准则第11号――建造合同》，分别对于不同性质的收入作出了规定。
中国会计准则的《企业会计准则第14 号――收入》以及《企业会计准则第15 号――建造合同》的主要内容基本与国际财务报告准则一致，对不同类型的收入分别规定了确认的条件和方式。
IFRS 15通过明确收入确认标准，以达到消除收入规定的不一致和缺陷，提供一套更加坚实的框架，以阐述收入问题，改进不同企业、行业、法律和资本市场中，收入确认实务的可比性，通过改进披露规定向财务报表使用者提供更加有用的信息，通过减少企业必须遵循的规定简化财务报表的编制程序等目标。
IFRS 15的收入确认核心原则是，主体确认收入的方式应当反映其向客户转让商品和服务的模式，确认金额应当反映主体预计因交付该商品和服务而有权获得的金额。
为此，准则设定了收入确认计量的五步法：识别与客户订立的合同，识别合同中单独的履约义务，确定交易价格，将交易价格分摊至单独的履约义务，履行每一项履约义务时确认收入。
IFRS 15针对同时包含多项要素安排（或者多项履行义务）的收入确认提供了一个统一的模型，并且为同时提供捆绑产品和服务、提供安排包含可变对价的情况提供了指引。
ifrs 15电信业收入准则 -回复
ifrs 15电信业收入准则-回复电信业收入准则IFRS 15是国际财务报告准则理事会（International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS）于2014年发布的一项准则。
该准则为电信业提供了关于收入的指导，旨在统一电信业中收入的识别和确认方法，确保财务报表准确反映企业的经济状况和运营成果。
IFRS 15的实施对电信业具有重要意义。
电信业是一个日益重要且快速发展的行业，涉及电信服务、移动通信、互联网服务等多个领域。
然而，由于电信业务的特殊性，传统的会计准则对于电信业收入的处理方式存在诸多问题。
IFRS 15的发布填补了这一空白，为电信企业提供了一套全面且具有适用性的收入准则。
按照IFRS 15，电信业收入的识别和确认主要遵循以下五个步骤：第一步：识别合同。
在IFRS 15的框架下，电信企业需要确认是否与客户存在合同关系。
合同被定义为双方意愿的交流，且具备明确权益和义务的协议，且有望产生经济利益。
如果确实存在合同，则进入下一步骤；否则将继续评估与客户间是否存在其他交易关系。
第二步：确定合同的履行义务。
在这一步骤中，电信企业需要确定在合同中所定义的实际履行义务。
对于电信业而言，这可能包括提供通信服务、向客户提供设备并提供售后服务等方面。
第三步：确定合同对价。
合同对价指根据合同约定，电信企业有权从客户处获得的金融资产、股权或其他权益。
在电信业中，合同对价可能包括各种形式的收入，如订阅费、通信费、流量费等。
第四步：按履行义务的进度识别收入。
根据IFRS 15的规定，电信企业需要按照履行义务的进度逐渐识别收入。
具体而言，企业需要根据合同中规定的里程碑或目标，结合实际履行情况，确定已实现的收入比例。
第五步：确认收入。
在完成以上步骤后，电信企业需要确认已实现的收入，并在财务报表中进行披露。
在确认收入时，企业需要同时考虑风险和回报，确保收入的识别和计量符合IFRS 15的要求。
IFRS15新收入准则对零售业的影响-致同研究之IFRS系列（九）
IFRS15新收入准则对零售业的影响-致同研究之IFRS系列（九）简介国际会计准则理事会（IASB）和美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）于2014年5月28日发布了新收入准则《与客户之间的合同产生的收入》（IFRS 15和ASC 606）。
IFRS 15自2018年1月1日或之后开始的年度期间生效，允许提前采用。
对于采用US GAAP的上市企业，ASC 606自2017年12月15日之后开始的年度期间（包括在此期间内的中期）生效，不允许提前采用。
对于采用US GAAP的非上市企业，ASC 606自2018年12月15日之后开始的年度期间以及2019年12月15日以后开始的年度报告期间的第一个中期生效，允许提前采用，但不得早于2017年12月15日以后开始的期间。
新收入准则将会影响很多企业和行业，受到影响较大的行业包括制造业、信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业、建筑业、零售业、房地产业、生命科学业、金融业、航空航天及国防业、水上运输业、能源资源业等。
本文主要介绍新收入准则对零售业的重大影响。
新收入准则对零售业的影响就实施新收入准则而言，零售业需要解决的关键问题如下：客户忠诚度计划是否会影响现行的收入确认？销售的礼品卡的结余是否会影响收入确认？承诺的安装服务是代表一项单独的履约义务，还是必须与相关的产品销售一起评估？标准质保和展期质保如何进行会计处理？客户退货权和退款权如何影响收入确认？无需退还的预付费用是否能在收到时确认收入？新收入准则基于控制权的转移判断收入确认的时点，但风险和报酬的转移时点并非总和控制权转移时点保持一致。
运输条款和销售退款权也需要在新收入准则下重新评估。
虽然零售商可能最终结论是大多数现行的会计政策和实务不会发生变化，但是这也需要根据新收入准则和应用指引仔细评估现行实务后得出结论。
步骤一：识别与客户之间的合同在识别合同时，新旧准则之间更多的是相同点，而不是差异。
步骤二：识别合同中的单独履约义务客户忠诚度计划和购买额外商品或服务的选择权虽然IFRS 15替代了IFRIC 13《客户忠诚度计划》，但是我们预计不会对会计实务带来重大影响。
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IFRS industry insights: Retail, wholesale and distribution sectorNew revenue Standard could impact profile of revenue and profit recognitionMay 2014Headlines• The profile of revenue and profit recognition will change for some entities as the new Standard is more detailed and more prescriptive than the existing guidance and introduces new complexities. In particular, retail, wholesale and distribution companies will need to consider:–the type of warranty coverage offered tocustomers;–the accounting for customer loyaltyschemes and similar arrangements;–how shipping terms will impact the timing of recognition of revenue;–the impact of new guidance where pricingmechanisms include variable amounts;–the appropriate accounting for customeroptions to acquire additional goods andservices at a discount;–how the new Standard will impactpresentation of payments made tocustomers, e.g. slotting fees; and–whether revenue must be adjusted for theeffects of the time value of money.• The new Standard requires significantly more disclosures relating to revenue and entities will need to ensure that appropriate processes are in place to gather the information.What’s happened?The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has published a new Standard, IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (‘the new Standard’). The new Standard outlines a single comprehensive model of accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes current revenue recognition guidance, which is found currently across several Standards and Interpretations within IFRSs. The core principle is that an entity recognises revenue to reflect the transfer of goods or services, measured as the amount to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.The new Standard is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017, with earlier application permitted. Entities can choose to apply the Standard retrospectively or use a modified approach in the year of application. It is the result of a convergence project with the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) that began in 2002. Almost fully converged, the most significant differences between IFRSs and US GAAP relate to interim disclosures and timing of adoption.Implications for the retail, wholesale and distribution sectorBelow, we highlight certain key impacts resulting from the new Standard that will be of particular interest to those in the retail, wholesale and distribution sector and then consider parts of the new Standard that may contribute to those impacts. Of course many more complexities exist and, as described below, Deloitte has produced further guidance which explores these in greater detail.How might this affect you?The timing of revenue and profit recognition may be significantly affected by the new Standard Whereas previously IFRSs allowed significant roomfor judgement in devising and applying revenue recognition policies and practices, IFRS 15 is more prescriptive in many areas relevant to the retail, wholesale and distribution sector.Applying these new rules may result in significant changes to the profile of revenue and, in some cases, cost recognition. This is not merely a financial reporting issue. As well as preparing the market and educating analysts on the impact of the new Standard, entities will need to consider wider implications. Amongst others, these might include:• changes to key performance indicators and other key metrics;• changes to the profile of tax cash payments;• availability of profits for distribution;• for compensation and bonus plans, impact on the timing of targets being achieved and the likelihood of targets being met; and• potential non-compliance with loan covenants.Current accounting processes may require changes to cope with the new StandardAs explained below, IFRS 15 introduces new requirements to move to a more conceptual approach. The complexity of applying this approach and of producing the detailed disclosures required by the new Standard in the retail, wholesale and distribution sector may require modifications to existing accounting systems and, in some cases, entities may conclude that they should develop new systems processes. Entities should ensure they allow sufficient time to develop and implement any required modifications to processes.What are the most significant changes?How should warranties be accounted for?The new Standard distinguishes between a warranty providing assurance that a product meets agreed-upon specifications (accounted for as a cost provision) anda warranty providing an additional service (for which revenue will be deferred). Consideration of factors such as whether the warranty is required by law, the length of the warranty coverage period, and the nature of the tasks the entity promises to perform will be necessary to determine which type of warranty exists. If a customer can choose whether or not to purchase a warranty as an ‘optional extra’, that warranty will always be treated as a separate service. Where a warranty is determined to include both elements (assurance and service), the transaction price is allocated to the product and the service in a reasonable manner (if this is not possible, the whole warranty is treated as a service).In the retail, wholesale and distribution sector, it iscommon for warranties to include both elements. Forexample, a warranty may both assure the quality ofthe product and provide a free maintenance plan fortwo years. Where a warranty contains both elements,judgment will be needed in order to determine how toallocate the transaction price in a reasonable manner,and this may result in warranties being accounted fordifferently than at present.How should breakage be recognised (e.g. customerloyalty schemes)?Many retailers offer customers future goods or servicesin exchange for a non-refundable upfront payment(gift cards, gift certificates, layaway sales deposits). Thecustomers do not always exercise all their contractualrights in these scenarios. Such unexercised rightsare often referred to as ‘breakage’. Previously, IFRSsincluded only limited guidance on accounting for theseunexercised rights, and only in the context of customerloyalty programmes. As such, a number of practicesare currently used in accounting for breakage. IFRS 15includes specific guidance on breakage, which isapplicable to all revenue transactions with customers.If an entity expects to benefit from breakage, it shouldrecognise the expected breakage amount as revenuein proportion to the pattern of rights exercised by thecustomer (i.e. by comparing the goods or servicesdelivered to date with those expected to be deliveredoverall). Otherwise, the entity should recognise anybreakage amount as revenue when the likelihood ofthe customer exercising its remaining rights becomesremote. Entities will need to consider whether theircurrent accounting needs to be amended in order tomeet the requirements of IFRS 15.How will shipping terms impact the timing of revenuerecognition?Under IAS 18, the timing of revenue recognition fromthe sale of goods is based primarily on the transfer ofrisks and rewards. IFRS 15 instead focuses on whencontrol of those goods has transferred to the customer.This different approach may result in a change of timingfor revenue recognition for some entities. For example,some entities may supply goods on the basis that titlepasses to the customer at the point of shipment but,as a matter of business practice, may compensatecustomers for loss or damage during shipping (eitherthrough credit or replacement). Previously, revenue mayhave been recognised only at the point of delivery, onthe basis that some exposure to risks and rewards isretained until then. Under IFRS 15, entities will need toassess whether control passes to the customer at thepoint of shipment or at the point of delivery. This mayresult in revenue being recognised at a different time. Ifrevenue is recognised at the point of shipment, it maybe necessary to allocate part of the transaction priceto a distinct “shipping and risk coverage” service, withthat element of revenue recognised when the service isprovided.IFRS industry insights: Retail, wholesale and distribution sector 2When should variable or uncertain revenues be recognised?Contracts in this sector can include significant variable elements, such as volume rebates, credits and incentives. There are new specific requirementsin respect of variable consideration such that it is only included in the transaction price if it is highly probable that the amount of revenue recognised would notbe subject to significant future reversals as a result of subsequent re-estimation. The approach to variable and contingent consideration is different from that previously reflected in IFRSs and, in certain scenarios, will require a significant degree of judgement to estimate the amount of consideration that should be taken into account. Accordingly, the profile of revenue recognition may change for some entities as a result.The Standard also introduces a specific restriction for royalty payments relating to licences of intellectual property, for example, some types of retail franchise licences. If royalty payments are based on usage or onward sale, entities are restricted from recognising the associated revenue until the usage or onward sale has occurred, even if it is possible to make a reliable estimate of this amount based on historical evidence.Should revenue be allocated to customer options to acquire additional goods or services at a discount? Some contracts in the retail, wholesale and distribution sector include a material right for the customer to purchase additional goods or services at a discount. In this type of scenario, an entity must allocate a portion of the transaction price to the option and recognise revenue when control of the goods or services underlying the option is transferred to the customer, or when the option expires.How will the new Standard impact the presentation of payments made to customers, e.g. slotting fees?In this sector, suppliers often make payments to retailers of their products in order to have their products prominently displayed, or for co-operative advertising (advertising by the retailer of the supplier’s product). Under the new Standard, there is explicit guidance that addresses how to account for payments made to a customer. Suppliers will need to consider whether the payment is made for a separate good or service or should alternatively be treated as a deduction from revenue.Should revenue be adjusted for the effects of the time value of money?IFRS 15 introduces new and more extensive guidance on financing arrangements and the impact of thetime value of money. Financing arrangements such as buy now and pay later are commonplace in the retail, wholesale and distribution sector. Under the new Standard, the financing component, if it is significant, is accounted for separately from revenue. This applies to payments in advance as well as in arrears, but subject to an exemption where the period between payment and transfer of goods or services will be less than one year. This new guidance may change current accounting practices in some cases.What else might change?In addition to the key changes discussed above,the new Standard introduces detailed guidance in many areas regarding the reporting of revenue and entities will need to ensure that they have considered all of these when assessing the extent to whichtheir accounting policy for revenue may need to be amended.More detailed information on the impact of IFRS 15 can be found in Deloitte’s IFRS in Focus publication available from . Further industry publications are also available here.Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee (“DTTL”), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as “Deloitte Global”) does not provide services to clients. Please see /aboutfor a more detailed description of DTTL and its member firms.Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting, and financial advisory services to public and private clients spanning multiple industries. With a globally connected network of member firms in more than 150 countries and territories, Deloitte brings world-class capabilities and high-quality service to clients, delivering the insights they need to address their most complex business challenges. Deloitte’s more than 200,000 professionals are committed to becoming the standard of excellence.This communication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms,or their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte Network”) is, by means of this communication, rendering professional advice or services. No entity in the Deloitte Network shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this communication.© 2014. 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