1Preface and introduction
Oracle银行虚拟账户管理安装指南说明书
Security Management System Services Installation Guide Oracle Banking Virtual Account ManagementRelease 14.5.0.0.0Part Number F41346-01May 2021Table of Contents1.PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2A UDIENCE................................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.3D OCUMENTATION A CCESSIBILITY ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.4O RGANIZATION......................................................................................................................................... 1-11.5R ELATED D OCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 1-12.DATABASE SETUP ........................................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2P REREQUISITE........................................................................................................................................... 2-12.3D ATABASE S ETUP ..................................................................................................................................... 2-13.DOMAIN AND CLUSTER CONFIGURATION ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1SMS D OMAIN C ONFIGURATION................................................................................................................ 3-13.1.1Prerequisites ......................................................................................................................................... 3-13.1.2Steps to Create Domain ....................................................................................................................... 3-14.DATA SOURCES CREATION ...................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1P REREQUISITE........................................................................................................................................... 4-14.2D ATA SOURCES L IST................................................................................................................................. 4-15.DEPLOYMENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1P REREQUISITE........................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2D EPLOYMENTS L IST.................................................................................................................................. 5-15.3S TEPS TO D EPLOY AS A PPLICATION.......................................................................................................... 5-16.RESTARTS AND REFRESH ......................................................................................................................... 6-16.1R ESTARTING S ERVERS.............................................................................................................................. 6-17.LOGGING AREA ........................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7-17.1.1Logging Area ....................................................................................................................................... 7-11. Preface 1.1 IntroductionThis guide helps you to install the SMS Core services on designated environment. It is assumed that all the prior setup is already done related to WebLogic installation, WebLogic managedserver creation and Oracle DB installation.It is recommended to use dedicated managed server for SMS Core services.Note: For the exact version to be installed, refer to Software Prerequisites section in LicenseGuide.1.2 AudienceThis document is intended for WebLogic admin or ops-web team who are responsible forinstalling the OFSS banking products.1.3 Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.1.4 OrganizationThis installation user guide would allow you to install following services in same order1. SMS Core Service.1.5 Related Documents•ANNEXURE-12. Database Setup 2.1 IntroductionIn this section you are going to setup database related configuration for SMS Installation. It isrecommended to create separate schema for SMS database setup.2.2 PrerequisiteBefore you proceed with below setup, ensure schemas has been created.In this section, you are going to setup database related configuration for SMS. Before you proceed, ensure the pre-installation setup is done. The pre-installation setup includes the configuration of database. After creating the schema for each of the required micro services, DDLs and INCs of each micro-service to be compiled in the respective schemas. The DDLs and INCs ensure the creation of tables and availability of static data required for the execution of services. These are compiled automatically using flyway.2.3 Database SetupTo setup DB for SMS below step need to be followed:Service Name Schema RequiredSMS-CORE-SERVICE Yes3. Domain and Cluster Configuration 3.1 SMS Domain Configuration3.1.1 Prerequisites1. Machine should have Java JDK has installed.2. Oracle Fusion Middleware has to be installed on the machine.NOTE: Before proceeding with below steps complete Plato installation guided.3. Steps for creating domain, properties like port numbers, names will be changing based on thedomain. Screenshots provided for such deviations. Domain creation process remains thesame.NOTE: For the exact version to be installed, refer to Software Prerequisites section inLicense Guide.3.1.2 Steps to Create DomainIt is recommended to have different managed server in one domain for SMS application. ForCreating Domain and Configuration, refer to How to create and Cluster Configuration sectionin ANNEXURE-14. Data Sources Creation4.1 PrerequisiteBefore you proceed with below setup, ensure the domain and server are created.4.2 Data sources ListThe table below lists the data sources to be created on each domain prior to deployment of applications onto managed servers.Data source NameData source JNDITargetsPLATOjdbc/PLATO SMS Managed Server, API Gateway ServerSMSAccording to the JNDI created for each entity. For DEFAULTENTITY the JNDI should be jdbc/SMSFor creating data source, refer to How to create Data sources section in ANNEXURE-1.5. Deployments 5.1 PrerequisiteBefore you proceed with below, make sure that previous steps are completed.5.2 Deployments ListBelow table give details of the deployments required on each domain for the SMS application torun.Application Archive name OSDC pathSMS-CORE-SERVICES sms-core-services-6.0.0.war {Unzip the OSDC file} SMS\5.3 Steps to Deploy as ApplicationTo deploy application, refer to How to deploy section in ANNEXURE-1.6. Restarts and RefreshOnce everything is deployed, restart all the managed servers. For each application, call path“/refresh” for refreshing the configuration properties.6.1 Restarting ServersTo restart the server, refer to How to restart section in ANNEXURE-1.7. Logging Area 7.1 IntroductionThis part of the document will talk about the logs area where after deployment of SMSApplications in WebLogic server.7.1.1 Logging AreaSMS Application writes logs in the below area of the server-<WEBLOGIC_DOMAIN_CONFIG_AREA/servers/SMSAPP/logs/SMSAPP.outLet’s assume a domain has been created sms_domain with managed_server name calledSMSAPP in the following area of the server/scratch/oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/sms_domain”. Logging area for SMS wouldbe/scratch/oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/sms_domain/servers/SMSAPP/logs/SM SAPP.out.Security Management System Services Installation GuideOracle Financial Services Software LimitedOracle ParkOff Western Express HighwayGoregaon (East)Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063IndiaWorldwide Inquiries:Phone: +91 22 6718 3000Fax: +91 22 6718 3001https:///industries/financial-services/index.htmlCopyright © 2018, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate failsafe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.。
英语泛读教程第三版第一册LOVE课件
教学日志Unit 1 LoveStep one: Reading skill on Page 7①subheading: a title that divides part of a piece of writing into shorter sections小标题subtitle: a second title which is often longer and explains more than the main title.副标题②preface: an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is aboutor why it was written. 序言③index: an alphabetical list that is printed at the back of a book and tells you on whichpages important topics are referred to 索引indices④glossary⑤appendix: extra information that is placed after the end of the main text附录; a smallclosed tube inside your body which is attached to your digestive system阑尾pend=attach depend on⑥bibliography bible⑦supplement: an additional section, written some time after the main text and publishedeither at the end of the book or separately书籍的补编,补遗,附录Step two: Background information about Text in Unit 1Some poems that sing high praise for love1. What is loveLove is Mom's kiss and Dad's pat.Love is sweet roses to a lover and tender caresses to a child.Love is the tree of friendship.Love is mutual understanding and support.Love is forgiveness and sacrifice.Love is the never-setting sun in the sky.Love is the spring of the inspiration.Love is a panacea that cures spiritual wounds.Love is the candle in the dark and the fireplace against the cold.Love is a key to open the door of a closed heart.Love is an oasis on a boundless desert which gives a tired walker strength and hope.Love is a harbor in a turbulent sea which makes a weary seaman safe and sound.Love is balmy wind that soothes pain and anxiety from the tempests of the life.Love is the teacher's persistence in giving lectures when he is ill.Love is passing a cup of tea to teachers during the break.Love is sending postcards to parents on their birthdays.Love is a kind of subtle and precious sensation among human beings.Love is all爱是妈妈的亲吻,爸爸的抚拍;爱是送给情人芬芳的玫瑰和对小孩的细心呵护;爱是友谊之树;爱是人与人之间相互的理解和支持;爱是对别人的宽容和牺牲;爱是天空中永不沉落的太阳;爱是智慧之源泉;爱是一剂治疗心灵创伤的灵丹妙药;爱是黑暗中的蜡烛、寒冬里的火炉;爱是一把开启关闭着的心灵的钥匙;爱是无边沙漠中的一片绿洲,它能给那些疲惫的旅行者以力量和希望;爱是怒海中的一片平静的港湾,它能让那些困倦的水手们安全和宁静;爱是一丝温暖的微风,它能化解繁乱生活中的焦虑和伤痛;爱是老师在生病时却仍然给学生上课的那种坚毅;爱是课间休息时学生给老师送去的一杯清茶;爱是在父母生日时给他们寄去的贺卡;爱是人类一种微妙而又珍贵的感觉;爱是人类的一切;What is “FAMILY” F:father A:and M:mother I:I L:love Y:you 2. The following is a poem that shows a new definition of mother:M is for millions of things she gives youO is only that she is growing oldT is for her tears she shed for youH is for her heart of purest goldE is for her eyes with love light burningR is for right there she will always be3. A poem that shows fatherly love: paternal maternal parentalA Father’s Love“Fathers seldom say ‘I love you’Though the feeling’s always there,But somehow those three little wordsAre the hardest ones to share,And fathers say ‘I love you’In ways that words can’t matchWith tender bedtime storiesOr a friendly game of catchYou can see the words ‘I love you’In a father’s boyish eyesWhen he runs home, all excited,With a poorly wrapped surprise.A father says ‘I love you’With his strong helping handsWith a smile when you’re in troubleWith the way he understands.He says ‘I love you’ haltingly,With awkward tendernessIt’s hard to help a four-year-old into a party dressHe speaks his love unselfishlyBy giving all he canTo make some secret dream come true,Or follow through a plan.A father’s seldom-spoken loveSounds clearly through the years –Sometimes in peals of laughter,Sometimes through happy tears.Perhaps they have to speak their loveIn a fashion all their own.Because the love that fathers feelIs too big for words alone”Father’s love is like broad sea while I’m a boat on it. Father’s love is like a tall mountain while I’m a tree in it.4. 见与不见by 六世达赖——仓央嘉措你见,或者不见我我就在那里不悲不喜你念,或者不念我情就在那里不来不去你爱,或者不爱我爱就在那里不增不减你跟,或者不跟我我的手就在你手里不舍不弃来我的怀里或者让我住进你的心里默然相爱寂静欢喜Witty sayings about “love” proverb1 Love will find a way. 真情所至,金石为开;2 The course of true love never did run smooth. 好事多磨;3 Love me, love my dog./ He that loves the tree loves the branch.爱屋及乌;4 Love me little, love me long. 爱我一点点,爱我久一点;Step three: About the author① illiterate He is illiterate, so he don’t know what is said in the journal.American literature literal meaning② tenant farmer: someone who farms land that is rented from someone elsetenant : someone who lives in a house, room etc and pays rent to the person who owns it landlordThe desk was left by the previous tenant.③ little formal education as a childlittleas a child=when he was a child④ managed to do = made great efforts and finally succeeded in doing sth.⑤ turn out to be⑥ noted for notice notebook notorious⑦ lyrical: beautifully expressed in words, poetry, or music抒情诗调的,有抒情味的,感情夸张的lyrical love poetryStep four: Read the text and finish Exercises A, B and D. 20m.Step five: Check the answers and find some important sentences best express the author’s ideas and emotions.Step six: Difficult words and expressions in the text①blaze: burns strongly and brightly, give off bright light 燃烧,闪耀②wiltedwilt: 1. if a plant wilts, it bends over because it is too dry or old droop枯萎,凋谢,蔫2. informal to feel weak or tired, especially because you are too hot③keep doing keep coming④chestnut oak：an oak having leaves resembling those of chestnut treeschestnut栗子,栗色adj. 栗色的oak 橡树⑤tip n. top of somethingv. give some money in order to present thanks for the services received 给…小费⑥trampled down the stubbletrample:to step heavily on something, so that you crush it with your feet践踏；蹂躏；无视,蔑视；侵犯,伤害v. n. trample on/over/through etcstubble: 1. short stiff hairs that grow on a man's face if he does not shave2. short stiff pieces left in the fields after wheat, corn etc has been cut作物收割后遗留在地里的残茎,茬子；短而硬的胡茬子；短粗硬毛；楂stumble : to hit your foot against something or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall = trip:eg. In her hurry she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor.stumble over/on: eg. Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.Para. 2①cornbalk: a lot that grows corn②collie: a middle-sized dog with long hair, kept as a pet or trained to control sheep③We heard a ground squirrel whistle down over the bluff.ground squirrel 地松鼠whistle: to make a high or musical sound by blowing air out through your lips 吹口哨eg. Adam whistled happily on his way to work.bluff: a very steep cliff or slope 悬崖④clearing:a small area in a forest where there are no trees小块空地,林中空地⑤whoop interjection. V. to shout loudly and happily⑥ a young stalk of cornstalk: a long narrow part of a plant that supports leaves, fruits, or flowers茎,秆；叶柄,花梗⑦the sweet grain of corn left on its tender rootstender纤弱的；脆弱的；难对付的；温柔的,慈悲的⑧the corn has kept well in the earth where the grain has sproutedsprout: start to grow, producing 萌芽⑨They dig up rows of it.Para. 3①I could see my father keep sicking Bob after the ground squirrel.Sick: adj. 生病的厌烦的恶心的V. to attack, to urge a dog to attack②The dust flew in tiny swirls behind our feet.Swirl: moves round and round quickly / a swirling movement or amount of something Para. 4①bull blacksnake②she-blacksnakePara. 5①Bob was jumping and snapping at the snake so as to make it strike and throw itself offguard.snap: 猛地咬住；呵斥；折断to say something quickly in an angry wayoff guard: to surprise someone by happening when they are not expecting something or prepared for it 不警惕；不备eg. The sudden snow storm caught us all off-guard.②copperhead③He doesn’t rush to do it.rush突袭；使仓促行事；催促do something as quickly as possible, in a hasterash: without thinking carefully first, and therefore make mistakes or behave foolishly.鲁莽的,轻率的；性急的；不顾后果的④He takes his time and does the job well. 从容进行；费时do sth. with no haste andself-confidentlyPara. 7①I wondered why it was crawling toward a heap of black loamy earth at the bench of thehill.loamy 肥沃的fertile 反义词：barren贫瘠的loam is soil that is good for growing crops and plants in because it contains a lot of decayed vegetable matter and does not contain too much sand or clay. 尤指适合植物生长的壤土,沃土；肥土含有黏土、沙和有机物质的土地bench of the hill the foot/bottom of the hillbench 长凳a long seat of wood or metal that two or more people can sit on.②the matted greenbriars on the cliff briar 荆棘③I looked as the snake lifted its pretty head in response to one of Bob’s jumps.as=whenPara. 8①Go in there and get that snake and quit playing with itquit doing sth. = stop doing sth.Para. 9①Bob obeyed my father. Obedience②She was so beautifully poised in the sunlight.poise: 泰然自若；自信；体态；姿态vt.使平衡；保持某种姿势；抓紧；使稳定pose position compose impose③Bob grabbed the white patch on her throat.grab: take it or pick it up suddenly and roughlypatch: 补丁,补片；碎片,碎屑；一段,一片/块；斑点 a small areavt.修补,拼凑；暂时遮掩一下；修理,平息吵架等vi.打补丁④He cracked her long body like an ox whip in the windCrack: accidentally hit it hard against something; 重击make a sharp sound like the sound of a piece of wood breaking 破裂,发出破裂声Whip 鞭子v. 鞭打⑤The blood spurted from her fine-curved throat.Spurt: comes out quickly in a thin, powerful streamv. 液体,火焰等喷出,使涌出n.怒气,精力等的迸发；突然喷出Curve 弯曲⑥Something hit against my legs like pellets.pellet 小球；小子弹；石弹,炮弹⑦Bob had slung them from the body. –to throw carelessly⑧where the sun is the setting-hen that warms them and hatches themsetting-hen:a domestic hen ready to brood brood=hatch 孵蛋incubatebrood vt.& vi. 孵蛋；沉思；焦急地考虑n. 雏鸡、鸟等的一窝；一家的孩子Para. 10①Her body was still writhing in pain.writhe 因极度痛苦而扭动或翻滚；痛苦,苦恼；蠕动,蜿蜒移动If you writhe, your body twists and turns violently backwards and forwards, usually because you are in great pain or discomfort.②viciously:vicious 邪恶的,恶毒的；有恶意的；凶猛的；有缺点的③He cracked her limp body against the wind. She was now limber as a shoestring in thewind.limp: walk with difficulty or in an uneven way because one of their legs or feet is hurt一瘸一拐地走；跛行；蹒跚limber 柔软的,灵活的；轻快的string strict restrict④her riddled body the riddle of the Sphinx 斯芬克斯之谜riddle: beat of fire at something to make it with holes like a honeycomb蜂窝打成筛子⑤quiver like a leaf quiver: shake with small movements 同义词：shiverPara. 11①Mother sun could not incubate it on the warm earth.incubate = hatch = brood② a quail’s egg quail 鹌鹑Para. 13①Bob was panting. He walked ahead of us back to the housePant: breathe quickly and loudly with your mouth open, because you have been doing something energetic. 喘气,喘息②his shaggy coat of hair③white flecks of foam dripped from itfleck: 斑纹,斑点；微粒small spots or marksFoam consists of a mass of small bubbles that are formed when air and a liquid are mixed together.drip: small drops of liquid fall from somewhere④The sun was going down over the chestnut ridge. A lark was singing. It was late for a larkto sing. / The red evening clouds floated above the pine trees on our pasture hill.ridge 脊背a long, narrow piece of raised land; a raised line on a flat surfacelark 云雀,百灵鸟a small brown bird which makes a pleasant sound.float 漂浮,游荡in the liquid, on or just below the surface and supported by itpine松树a tall tree which has very thin, sharp leaves and a fresh smellpasture: land with grass growing on it for farm animals to eat. 牧场Para. 15①I thought about the agony women know of giving birth.agony: great physical or mental pain. 极大的痛苦；苦恼,烦闷；临死的挣扎；感情的迸发give birth to somethingPara. 17①The dew was on the corn.dew: small drops of water that form on the ground and other surfaces outdoors during the night. 露水②He could get under the edge of a hill and heave the whole hill upside down.heave: push, pull, or lift it using a lot of effort.Para. 18①windlass windls 辘轳,绞盘wind 缠绕Para. 20①He was on her trail yesterday. = He trailed her yesterday.Para. 21①He had come in the night, under the roof of the stars, as the moon shed rays of lights onthe quivering clouds of green. … He was coiled beside her, and she was dead.shed n.棚,库；分水岭vt.流出；流下；蜕皮；树叶脱落vi.流出；蜕皮；脱落；散布shed light oncoil 一卷,一盘；盘卷之物；线圈；纷乱,纠缠不清vt. 盘绕；卷成一圈vi. 绕成盘状；卷绕成圈forms loops or a ringPara. 22① the dewy sprouts on the cliff dewy: wet with dewdewy-eyed容易动情的,天真的,容易相信的Step seven: reading comprehension exercises and words in Fast Reading.。
引言前言后记英语作文模板
引言前言后记英语作文模板Title: The Template for Writing an English Essay with Introduction, Preface, and Conclusion。
Introduction:Writing an essay is an essential skill for students and professionals alike. It allows individuals to express their thoughts and ideas in a structured and coherent manner. However, many people struggle with the organization and flow of their essays. In this article, we will provide a template for writing an English essay with an introduction, preface, and conclusion to help individuals improve their writing skills.Preface:Before diving into the template, it is important to understand the purpose of each section of the essay. The introduction serves to grab the reader's attention and provide an overview of the topic. It should also include a thesis statement that outlines the main argument of the essay. The preface, on the other hand, provides background information and context for the topic. It allows the writer to set the stage for the discussion and provide any necessary explanations or definitions. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main points of the essay and reinforces the thesis statement.Template for Writing an English Essay:Introduction:The introduction is the first section of the essay and should be attention-grabbing and engaging. It should start with a hook to capture the reader's interest, such as a quote, anecdote, or surprising fact. Following the hook, the introduction should provide some background information on the topic and lead into the thesis statement. The thesis statement should clearly state the main argument of the essay and provide a roadmap for the reader.Example:"Have you ever wondered what life would be like without the internet? In today's digital age, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and access information. However, while the internet has brought about many benefits, it has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the spread of misinformation. This essay will explore the impact of the internet on society and argue that while it has brought about significant advancements, it has also posed new challenges that need to be addressed."Preface:The preface comes after the introduction and provides the necessary background information and context for the topic. It should include any relevant historical, social, or cultural information that will help the reader understand the significance of the topic. Additionally, the preface can define any key terms or concepts that will be discussed in the essay.Example:"Before delving into the impact of the internet on society, it is important to understand the historical context of its development. The internet, originally conceived as a means of communication and information sharing, has evolved into a complex network that connects billions of people around the world. With the advent of social media, online shopping, and digital entertainment, the internet has transformed the way we interact with one another and conduct business. However, this rapid expansion has also led to concerns about data privacy, cybersecurity, and the proliferation of fake news. By examining these issues, we can gain a deeper understanding of the internet's role in shaping modern society."Conclusion:The conclusion is the final section of the essay and should effectively summarize the main points and arguments presented in the body of the essay. It should restate the thesis statement and provide a sense of closure for the reader. Additionally, the conclusion can offer suggestions for further research or action related to the topic.Example:"In conclusion, the internet has undoubtedly had a profound impact on society, bringing about both positive and negative consequences. While it has facilitated global communication and access to information, it has also raised concerns about privacy and security. Moving forward, it is essential for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to address these challenges and work towards creating a safer and more equitable online environment. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of the internet while mitigating its drawbacks."Conclusion:In conclusion, mastering the art of essay writing requires a clear understanding of the structure and purpose of each section. By following the template provided for writing an English essay with an introduction, preface, and conclusion, individuals can improve their writing skills and effectively convey their ideas. With practice and dedication, anyone can become a proficient essay writer.。
section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技文献选读课后问答题
2 Robots1. How has robot become the familiar figure in popular culture over the past century?Over the past century, robot has become the familiar figure in popular culture through books such as Isaac Asimov’s I, Robot, movies such as Star Wars and television shows such as Star Trek.2. What is the reason for the gap between real robots and their science-fiction counterparts according to the passage?One reason for this gap is that it has been much harder than expected to enable computers and robots to sense their surrounding environment and to react quickly and accurately.3. What was the goal of Bill Gate s’ visiting several leading universities about computer talks in 2004?His goal was to help students understand how exciting and important computer science can be, and he hoped to encourage a few of them to think about careers in technology.4. What are the two greatest fruits that Craig Mundie’s team has achieved?One is tackling the problem of concurrency, and the other is the development of the technology DSS (decentralized software services) which helps to simplify the writing of distributed robotic applications.5. In what fields will the future robots play their important part?The future robots will play an important role in providing physical assistance; in helping people with disabilities get around and extending the strength and endurance of soldiers, construction workers and medical professionals. Besides, robots will maintain dangerous industrial machines, handle hazardous materials and monitor remote oil pipelines. They will also enable health care workers to diagnose and treat patients who may be thousands of miles away, and they will he a central feature of security systems and search-and-rescue operations.5 Computer Technology1. Why professionals such as photographers, graphic designers, architects and those who often work in teams would welcome multi-touch computing?Because the multi-touch screen interface could improve collaboration without a mouse or keyboard, and it even could allow the commands of multiple hands from multiple people.2. What would Jeff Han’s future customers of this multi-touch technology be like?Jeff Han expects the multi-touch technology to find a home in graphically intense businesses such as energy trading and medical imaging.3. What was the toughest difficulty of multi-touch technology?The multi-touch technology's toughest hurdle is achieving fine-solution fingertip sensing. The solution required both hardware and software innovations.4. Which industries are more likely to apply Microsoft’s “Surface computer” technology?Microsoft is shipping Surface table computers to four partners in the leisure, retail and entertainment industries, which it believes arc most likely to apply the technology.5. According to the author, what is the great advantage of multi-touch technology?The great strength of multi-touch is letting multiple people work together on a complex activity.7 Climate Change1. What do studies of the Earth’s climate history involve?Studies of Earth's climate history involve any material that contains a record of past climate, for example, deep-ocean cores collected from sea-going research vessels, ice cores drilled by fossil-fuel machine power in the Antarctic or Greenland ice sheets or by hand or solar power in mountain glaciers: softsediment cores hand-driven into lake muds; hand-augered drills that extract thin wood cores from trees; coral samples drilled from tropical reefs.2. What are the four great revolutions contributing to the ongoing study of climate history?The four great revolutions are: in the 1700s James Hutton concluded that Earth is an ancient planet with a long history of gradually accumulated changes produced mainly by processes working at very slow rates; in 1859 Charles Darwin published his theory of natural selection; in 1912 Alfred Wegener proposed the concept of continental drift, which eventually led to the theory of plate tectonics; and the major advances in this field began in the late 1900s, continue today, and seem destined to go on for decades.3. According to the author, what is basalt and how can the basalt layers be dated?Basalt is the solid rock that is formed by the skeletal remains found in ancient lake sediments sandwiched between two layers of lava, and the basalt layers can be dated by the radioactive decay of key types of minerals enclosed within.4. Why does the author say that researches on climate and human history share similarity with crime solving? These research fields have much in common with the field of crime solving because both of them concentrate on the past.5. How does a hypothesis become recognized as a theory eventually?1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist's appreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries. Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index, illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indication of the boo k’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains and for whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years in advance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journals in the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access.3 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates these findings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experiments were carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the following section. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with other findings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; this serves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of the logical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out. 7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in the course of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshes your memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledge about the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure that the prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and see it from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon. Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not to distract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was, they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
一部优秀的通论性作品应该具备哪些要素
一部优秀的通论性作品应该具备哪些要素作者：郝春文来源：《敦煌研究》2019年第02期内容摘要：撰写通论性作品的基本要求是：概括准确、架构合理、条理清晰、语言简明流畅。
刘进宝教授的《敦煌学通论》（修订版）在充分参考、概括国内外相关研究成果的基础上，从敦煌的历史、敦煌石窟艺术、敦煌文物的流散、敦煌遗书、敦煌学研究五个方面对敦煌学进行了比较全面系统的介绍，是一部优秀的通论性著作。
但和一部经典的通论相比，该书还有很多值得改进之处。
关键词：通论；《敦煌学通论》；经典中图分类号：G236 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2019）02-0126-03What Components Should a Good IntroductoryWork Possess—A Preface to the Introduction to Dunhuang Studies （Revised Edition）HAO Chunwen（School of History， Capital Normal University， Beijing 100089）Abstract： The basic requirements for writing an introductory work are accurate summarization， reasonable structure， overall coherence， and concise and fluent language. By consulting and summarizing both domestic and foreign research results， the text of Introduction to Dunhuang Studies（Revised Edition）written by Professor Liu Jinbao presents a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the following aspects of the field of the Dunhuang Studies： the history of Dunhuang， the art of Dunhuang caves， the dispersion of Dunhuang cultural relics， Dunhuang textual documents， and the history and current research situation of the Dunhuang Studies. The reviewer considers this revised introductory work to be comprehensive and generally reliable， but finds that in comparison with classic introductory texts， there remain places that could be improved.Keywords： introduction； Introduction to Dunhuang Studies； classic（Translated by WANG Pingxian）有关敦煌学的出版物，大致可以分为三类，即专题性论著、通论性著述和通俗读物，其他学科的情况应该也差不多。
前言主要内容
前言主要内容
前言（Preface 或 Introduction）是著作、报告、论文等文献正文之前的部分，它主要包含以下几个方面内容：
1、写作背景：阐述作品产生的时代背景、社会环境、研究领域的最新进展或者课题提出的缘由。
2、研究目的和意义：说明作者为何选择这个主题进行研究或创作，该研究对于理论探索、科技进步、社会进步、政策制定等方面的意义和价值。
3、主要内容概述：简述全书或论文的主要章节、框架结构、核心观点、研究方法及创新之处。
4、资料来源与研究方法：对于学术著作，可能会介绍所引用的主要文献、数据来源，以及在研究过程中采用的研究方法和技术路线。
5、编写过程与致谢：有时也会提及著作编写的艰辛历程，感谢在此过程中给予帮助和支持的个人或机构。
6、读者对象与阅读指南：指出本书适合哪些读者群体，如何更好地理解和利用书中内容。
英国文学概论
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
English Romanticism (1798-1832)
From William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge ‘s Lyric Ballads to Sir. W. Scott’s death. The major differences from Neo-classical: to stress on man’s personal feelings and individualities ; to stress on imagination and emotions; to gain inspirations from folktales and fairy stories; to stress on individual values rather than the collective values. Three Periods: The pre-romanticism William Blake (1757-1827)and Robert Burns(17591796) The Early Romanticism: W. Wordsworth, Coleridge The Late Romanticism : P.B. Shelley (1792-1822), Lord Byron (17881824)John Keats (1795-1821)
Emily Bronte(1818-1848 ) Wuthering Heights Anne Bronte (1820-1849) Agnes grey George Eliot (1819-1880) Mary Ann Evans: The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch William M Thackeray (1811-1863) Vanity Fair Samuel Butler(1835-1902) The Way of All Life
材料力学第六版PPT-第一章 绪论
刘鸿文浙江大学教授。
长期从事固体力学教学工作。
曾任教育部教材编审委员会委员，国家教委（教育部）工科力学课程教学指导委员会主任委员兼材料力学课程教学指导组组长。
著作有:《材料力学》,《高等材料力学》,《板壳理论》,《材料力学教程》,《材料力学实验》,《简明材料力学》等.《材料力学》第二版于1987年被评为全国高等学校优秀教材获国优奖.《材料力学》第三版于1997年获国家级教学成果一等奖，并获国家科技进步二等奖.第一章绪论(Preface)引言(Introduction)§1-1材料力学的任务及研究对象(The tasks and research objects of mechanics of materials)§1-2变形固体的基本假设(The basic assumptions of deformable body )§1-3力、应力、应变和位移的基本概念( Basic concepts of force、stress、strain and displacement)§1-4杆件变形的基本形式(The basic forms of deformation)引言20世纪以前,在力学知识的积累、应用和完善的基础上,逐渐形成和发展起来的蒸汽机、内燃机、铁路、桥梁、舰船、兵器等大型工业推动了近代科学技术和社会的进步.17世纪前后19世纪初扑翼飞机巨大双翼飞机滑翔机飞艇我国祖先的功绩跨度37.02米，全长50.83米世界上最古老的拱桥塔高65.86米，距今已有近前年历史，虽然历经近前年的风雨侵蚀和多次地震、炮击的重创，至今仍巍然耸.用现代力学的观点看，构件的受力特性都较好。
山西应县佛宫寺应县木塔建于1056年20世纪产生的、诸多高新技术，如高层建筑、大跨度悬索桥、海洋平台、精密仪器、机器人、高速列车以及大型水利工程等许多重要工程更是在力学指导下得以实现，并不断发展完善的。
英文学术论文写作
关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议（2013年4月补充）一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章：Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis，不超过半页）。
本章要求简炼，开门见山，一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述，其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）关于这个问题（指论文要研究的问题）前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？文献综述不是简单地“抄书”，也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景，也有利于作者进一步理清思路，为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点：1．本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述，但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近（如近2、3年）的研究进展情况。
2．尽量使用第一手资料，而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料，指论文作者没有看到原始文献，而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述，而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
Corporate 360用户指南 Oracle银行原始发拓版本14.6.0.0.0说明书
Corporate 360 User Guide Oracle Banking Origination Release 14.6.0.0.0Part Number F57153-01May 2022Corporate 360User GuideOracle Financial Services Software LimitedOracle ParkOff Western Express HighwayGoregaon (East)Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063IndiaWorldwide Inquiries:Phone: +91 22 6718 3000Fax: +91 22 6718 3001https:///industries/financial-services/index.htmlCopyright © 2021, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are “commercial computer software” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate failsafe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.Contents 1Preface (1)1.1Introduction (1)1.2Audience (1)1.3Document Accessibility (1)1.4List of Topics (1)1.5Related Documents (2)1.6Symbols and Icons (2)2Corporate 360 (3)2.1Overview (3)2.2Get Started (5)2.2.1Customer Demographics (7)2.2.2Portfolio (19)2.2.3Actions (22)2.2.4Sales Opportunities (24)2.2.5Service Requests (26)2.2.6My Diary (28)3List Of Menus (30)1 Preface1.1 IntroductionThis guide provides detailed information about the Corporate 360 feature.1.2 AudienceThis manual is for the Relationship Managers in Corporate division of the bank.1.3 Document AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.1.4 List of TopicsThis guide is organized into following topics:Table 1: List of Topics1.5 Related Documents1. Getting Started User Guide1.6 Symbols and IconsThe following symbols/icons are used in this guide:Table 2: Symbols and Icons2 Corporate 3602.1 OverviewCorporate 360 is an essential feature, which is designed to simplify the work of Relationship Managers (RM) in the bank and save a significant amount of time. The customer-specific information displayed in Corporate 360 enables the RM to stay up to date about their customers and perform actions that have strict deadlines.Some of the most required information displayed in Corporate 360 are:•Customer DemographicsThe following table describes the different sections in the Customer Demographics page.Table 3: Customer Demographic Sections•Portfolio across all the products subscribed by the customer•Actions of pending activities•Sales Opportunity for automatic debit of loans received by the customer •Service Requests raised by the customer that are yet to be addressed•My Diary – A to do list to plan and track the activities for relationship Manager2.2 Get StartedCorporate 360 enables the RM to have a consolidate view of all the necessary information about the corporate with an option to drill down into the specific product dashboards for details of the customer’s portfolio. The details displayed in Corporate 360 are described in the following sub-sections:• 2.2.1 Customer Demographic• 2.2.2 Portfolio• 2.2.3 Actions• 2.2.4 Sales Opportunities• 2.2.5 Service Requests• 2.2.6 My DiaryPrerequisites:Before you begin, log in to the application Home page. For information on how to log in, refer to theGetting Started User Guide.NOTE:•User should have required access to view a party within a customer access group as relationship.For more details, refer Oracle Banking Party Configuration User Guide.•User should have required Personal Identifiable Information (PII) access to view individual stakeholders, if PII fields are configured. For more details, refer Oracle Banking PartyConfiguration User Guide.To view the customer details, perform the following steps:1. On the Home page, click Party Services. Under Party Services, click View 360.→The View 360 screen is displayed.Figure 1: View 3602. On the View 360 screen, specify the fields. For more information on fields, refer to the fielddescription table.Table 4: View 360 – Field Description3. Click View360 Now.→The Corporate 360 page is displayed.Figure 2: Corporate 3602.2.1 Customer DemographicsCustomer Demographic information can be seen by clicking on the Customer Demographic button available on the top right Corner of the screen. This page consists of basic details about theCorporate’s business. The following table describes the different sections in the CorporateDemographic page. You can click the icon to view the details of information in each widget.Table 5: Corporate Demographic SectionsFigure 3: Customer Demographic Screen2.2.1.1 Basic DetailsThis section contains the following basic details of the corporate:•Name•Address•Contact information•Industry segment•Areas served•Revenue•Operating income•Net incomeFigure 4: Basic Details2.2.1.2 Stakeholder InformationThis widget contains the details of the key stakeholders for the Corporate.Figure 5: StakeholdersThe following types of stakeholders are displayed in this tile. The user can select the respective tab to view the details.Table 6: Stakeholders - Description of StakeholdersFigure 6: Stakeholders – Expanded ViewYou need to click on the individual stakeholders to view details of the stakeholder in the 360 view. If the stakeholder is a non-customer, the system will launch the Stakeholder Summary screen to view non-customer stakeholder details.Figure 7: Non-customer stakeholder details2.2.1.3 Financial ProfileThe widget displays the financial details like Revenue, Operating Income, and Net Income for the corporate.Figure 8: Financial ProfileFigure 9: Financial Profile – Expanded ViewFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 7: Financial Profile - Description of Columns2.2.1.4 Industry Wise PresenceThis widget displays the different industry sectors to which the Corporate Caters to.Figure 10: Industry Wise PresenceFigure 11: Industry Wise Presence – Expanded ViewFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 8: Industry Wise Presence - Description of Columns2.2.1.5 Balance SheetThis widget contains information abou t the Corporate’s Balance Sheet.Figure 12: Balance Sheet2.2.1.6 Country Wise PresenceThis widget displays the information about the countries where Corporate has offices.Figure 13: Country Wise PresenceFigure 14: Country Wise Presence – Expanded View2.2.1.7 SubsidiariesThis widget contains the information about the corporate hierarchy and the subsidiarycompanies.Figure 15: Subsidiaries2.2.1.8 RatingThis widget contains the credit rating of the corporate provided by external credit ratingagencies or internal ratings provided by the Bank.Figure 16: Credit RatingsFigure 17: Credit Ratings – Expanded ViewFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below:Table 9: Rating - Description of Columns2.2.2 PortfolioPortfolio section contains the details of the product portfolio held by the Corporate with the Bank. The portfolio section contains details of following products:•Facilities•Loans•Trade•Supply Chain Finance (SCF)•Liquidity Management (LM)•Virtual Account Management (VAM)•Cash Management (CM)Widgets corresponding to the products subscribed by the Corporate will only be displayed in Portfolio section.Figure 18: Portfolio SectionClick on the respective product button on the top left of the portfolio to navigate to the widget corresponding to that product. For more information, click on the speedometer icon present at the right bottom corner of the portfolio widget. This will navigate to the selected product 360 view.Figure 19: FacilitiesFigure 20: LoansFigure 21: TradeFigure 22: Supply Chain Finance (SCF)Figure 23: Liquidity Management (LM)Figure 24: Virtual Account Management (VAM)Figure 25: Cash Management (CM)2.2.3 ActionsActions widget contains the information about the pending action related to the client. Actions are displayed corresponding to the product selected in Portfolio widget. By periodically monitoring this section, the RM can well prioritize their actions to be performed.Figure 26: ActionsActions are further grouped as:Table 10: Description of TabsFigure 27: Actions - Expanded ViewIn the expanded view, the records can be filtered on following parameters: •Severity•Pending with (the user to whom the actions are assigned)For more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 11: Actions - Description of Columns2.2.4 Sales OpportunitiesIn this widget, the sales opportunities (upsell/cross sell) associated with the corporate customer are displayed. It helps the RM to better understand the prospects of new business activities with thecustomer.Figure 28: Sales OpportunitiesFigure 29: Sales Opportunities - expanded viewIn the expanded view, the records can be filtered on following parameters:•Product•Date•Value•ProbabilityFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 12: Sales Opportunities - Description of Columns2.2.5 Service RequestsThis widget contains the outstanding service requests raised by the customer. By periodicallymonitoring this widget, the relationship manager can do follow-ups and help address the issues faster.Figure 30: Service RequestsFigure 31: Service Requests – Expanded ViewIn the expanded view, the records can be filtered on following parameters:•Severity•Date•Assigned to•StatusFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 13: Service Requests - Description of Columns2.2.6 My DiaryThis widget is meant to track the to-do list for a relationship manager. Relationship manager canadd entries to My Diary or the tasks that he/she needs to perform in near future. Using this widget, the relationship manager can assign priorities to the tasks, set a due date and status for the task.Figure 32: My DiaryFigure 33: My Diary – Expanded ViewIn the expanded view, the records can be filtered on following parameters:•Priority•Due Date•StatusFor more information on the columns in the expanded view, refer to the table below: Table 14: My Diary - Description of ColumnsCorporate 360 User Guide3 List Of Menus1. Actions – Actions (pg. 22)2. Customer Demographics – Customer Demographics (pg. 7)3. My Diary – My Diary (pg. 28)4. Portfolio – Portfolio (pg. 19)5. Sales Opportunities – Sales Opportunities (pg. 24)6. Service Requests – Service Requests (pg. 26)。
国际会计准则——framework
Framework Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial StatementsThe IASB Framework was approved by the IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989, and adopted by the IASB in April 2001.© IASCF73Framework74© IASCF C ONTENTSparagraphs PREFACEINTRODUCTION1–11Purpose and status1–4Scope5–8Users and their information needs9–11THE OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS12–21Financial position, performance and changes in financial position15–21Notes and supplementary schedules21UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS22–23Accrual basis22Going concern23QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS24–46Understandability25Relevance26–30Materiality29–30Reliability31–38Faithful representation33–34Substance over form35Neutrality36Prudence37Completeness38Comparability39–42Constraints on relevant and reliable information43–45Timeliness43Balance between benefit and cost44Balance between qualitative characteristics45True and fair view/fair presentation46THE ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS47–81Financial position49–52Assets53–59Liabilities60–64Equity65–68Performance69–73Income74–77Expenses78–80Capital maintenance adjustments81FrameworkRECOGNITION OF THE ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS82–98 The probability of future economic benefit85 Reliability of measurement86–88 Recognition of assets89–90 Recognition of liabilities91 Recognition of income92–93 Recognition of expenses94–98 MEASUREMENT OF THE ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS99–101 CONCEPTS OF CAPITAL AND CAPITAL MAINTENANCE102–110 Concepts of capital102–103 Concepts of capital maintenance and the determination of profit104–110© IASCF75FrameworkThe Framework has not been amended to reflect the changes made by IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007).PrefaceFinancial statements are prepared and presented for external users by many entities around the world. Although such financial statements may appear similar from country to country, there are differences which have probably been caused by a variety of social, economic and legal circumstances and by different countries having in mind the needs of different users of financial statements when setting national requirements.These different circumstances have led to the use of a variety of definitions of the elements of financial statements; that is, for example, assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses. They have also resulted in the use of different criteria for the recognition of items in the financial statements and in a preference for different bases of measurement. The scope of the financial statements and the disclosures made in them have also been affected.The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) is committed to narrowing these differences by seeking to harmonise regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It believes that further harmonisation can best be pursued by focusing on financial statements that are prepared for the purpose of providing information that is useful in making economic decisions.The Board of IASC believes that financial statements prepared for this purpose meet the common needs of most users. This is because nearly all users are making economic decisions, for example, to:(a)decide when to buy, hold or sell an equity investment;(b)assess the stewardship or accountability of management;(c)assess the ability of the entity to pay and provide other benefits to its employees;(d)assess the security for amounts lent to the entity;(e)determine taxation policies;(f)determine distributable profits and dividends;(g)prepare and use national income statistics; or(h)regulate the activities of entities.The Board recognises, however, that governments, in particular, may specify different or additional requirements for their own purposes. These requirements should not, however, affect financial statements published for the benefit of other users unless they also meet the needs of those other users.Financial statements are most commonly prepared in accordance with an accounting model based on recoverable historical cost and the nominal financial capital maintenance concept. O ther models and concepts may be more appropriate in order to meet the objective of providing information that is useful for making economic decisions although 76© IASCFFramework there is presently no consensus for change. This Framework has been developed so that it is applicable to a range of accounting models and concepts of capital and capital maintenance.IntroductionPurpose and status1This Framework sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial statements for external users. The purpose of the Framework is to:(a)assist the Board of IASC in the development of future InternationalAccounting Standards and in its review of existing InternationalAccounting Standards;(b)assist the Board of IASC in promoting harmonisation of regulations,accounting standards and procedures relating to the presentation offinancial statements by providing a basis for reducing the number ofalternative accounting treatments permitted by International AccountingStandards;(c)assist national standard-setting bodies in developing national standards;(d)assist preparers of financial statements in applying InternationalAccounting Standards and in dealing with topics that have yet to form thesubject of an International Accounting Standard;(e)assist auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statementsconform with International Accounting Standards;(f)assist users of financial statements in interpreting the informationcontained in financial statements prepared in conformity withInternational Accounting Standards; and(g)provide those who are interested in the work of IASC with informationabout its approach to the formulation of International AccountingStandards.2This Framework is not an International Accounting Standard and hence does not define standards for any particular measurement or disclosure issue. Nothing in this Framework overrides any specific International Accounting Standard.3The Board of IASC recognises that in a limited number of cases there may be a conflict between the Framework and an International Accounting Standard.In those cases where there is a conflict, the requirements of the International Accounting Standard prevail over those of the Framework. As, however, the Board of IASC will be guided by the Framework in the development of future Standards and in its review of existing Standards, the number of cases of conflict between the Framework and International Accounting Standards will diminish through time.4The Framework will be revised from time to time on the basis of the Board’s experience of working with it.© IASCF77FrameworkScope5The Framework deals with:(a)the objective of financial statements;(b)the qualitative characteristics that determine the usefulness ofinformation in financial statements;(c)the definition, recognition and measurement of the elements from whichfinancial statements are constructed; and(d)concepts of capital and capital maintenance.6The Framework is concerned with general purpose financial statements (hereafter referred to as ‘financial statements’) including consolidated financial statements.Such financial statements are prepared and presented at least annually and are directed toward the common information needs of a wide range of users. Some of these users may require, and have the power to obtain, information in addition to that contained in the financial statements. Many users, however, have to rely on the financial statements as their major source of financial information and such financial statements should, therefore, be prepared and presented with their needs in view. Special purpose financial reports, for example, prospectuses and computations prepared for taxation purposes, are outside the scope of this Framework. Nevertheless, the Framework may be applied in the preparation of such special purpose reports where their requirements permit.7Financial statements form part of the process of financial reporting. A complete set of financial statements normally includes a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of changes in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways, for example, as a statement of cash flows or a statement of funds flow), and those notes and other statements and explanatory material that are an integral part of the financial statements. They may also include supplementary schedules and information based on or derived from, and expected to be read with, such statements. Such schedules and supplementary information may deal, for example, with financial information about industrial and geographical segments and disclosures about the effects of changing prices.Financial statements do not, however, include such items as reports by directors, statements by the chairman, discussion and analysis by management and similar items that may be included in a financial or annual report.8The Framework applies to the financial statements of all commercial, industrial and business reporting entities, whether in the public or the private sectors.A reporting entity is an entity for which there are users who rely on the financialstatements as their major source of financial information about the entity.Users and their information needs9The users of financial statements include present and potential investors, employees, lenders, suppliers and other trade creditors, customers, governments and their agencies and the public. They use financial statements in order to satisfy some of their different needs for information. These needs include the following:78© IASCFFramework(a)Investors. The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned withthe risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They needinformation to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell.Shareholders are also interested in information which enables them toassess the ability of the entity to pay dividends.(b)Employees. Employees and their representative groups are interested ininformation about the stability and profitability of their employers.They are also interested in information which enables them to assess theability of the entity to provide remuneration, retirement benefits andemployment opportunities.(c)Lenders. Lenders are interested in information that enables them todetermine whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will bepaid when due.(d)Suppliers and other trade creditors. Suppliers and other creditors are interestedin information that enables them to determine whether amounts owing tothem will be paid when due. Trade creditors are likely to be interested inan entity over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependentupon the continuation of the entity as a major customer.(e)Customers. Customers have an interest in information about thecontinuance of an entity, especially when they have a long-terminvolvement with, or are dependent on, the entity.(f)Governments and their ag encies. Governments and their agencies areinterested in the allocation of resources and, therefore, the activities ofentities. They also require information in order to regulate the activities ofentities, determine taxation policies and as the basis for national incomeand similar statistics.(g)Public. Entities affect members of the public in a variety of ways.For example, entities may make a substantial contribution to the localeconomy in many ways including the number of people they employ andtheir patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements may assist thepublic by providing information about the trends and recent developmentsin the prosperity of the entity and the range of its activities.10While all of the information needs of these users cannot be met by financial statements, there are needs which are common to all users. As investors are providers of risk capital to the entity, the provision of financial statements that meet their needs will also meet most of the needs of other users that financial statements can satisfy.11The management of an entity has the primary responsibility for the preparation and presentation of the financial statements of the entity. Management is also interested in the information contained in the financial statements even though it has access to additional management and financial information that helps it carry out its planning, decision-making and control responsibilities.Management has the ability to determine the form and content of such additional© IASCF79Frameworkinformation in order to meet its own needs. The reporting of such information, however, is beyond the scope of this Framework. Nevertheless, published financial statements are based on the information used by management about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of the entity. The objective of financial statements12The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.13Financial statements prepared for this purpose meet the common needs of most users. However, financial statements do not provide all the information that users may need to make economic decisions since they largely portray the financial effects of past events and do not necessarily provide non-financial information.14Financial statements also show the results of the stewardship of management, or the accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it. Those users who wish to assess the stewardship or accountability of management do so in order that they may make economic decisions; these decisions may include, for example, whether to hold or sell their investment in the entity or whether to reappoint or replace the management.Financial position, performance and changes infinancial position15The economic decisions that are taken by users of financial statements require an evaluation of the ability of an entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and of the timing and certainty of their generation. This ability ultimately determines, for example, the capacity of an entity to pay its employees and suppliers, meet interest payments, repay loans and make distributions to its owners. Users are better able to evaluate this ability to generate cash and cash equivalents if they are provided with information that focuses on the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity.16The financial position of an entity is affected by the economic resources it controls, its financial structure, its liquidity and solvency, and its capacity to adapt to changes in the environment in which it operates. Information about the economic resources controlled by the entity and its capacity in the past to modify these resources is useful in predicting the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents in the future. Information about financial structure is useful in predicting future borrowing needs and how future profits and cash flows will be distributed among those with an interest in the entity; it is also useful in predicting how successful the entity is likely to be in raising further finance. Information about liquidity and solvency is useful in predicting the ability of the entity to meet its financial commitments as they fall due. Liquidity refers to the availability of cash in the near future after taking account of financial commitments over this period. Solvency refers to the availability of cash over the longer term to meet financial commitments as they fall due.80© IASCFFramework 17Information about the performance of an entity, in particular its profitability, is required in order to assess potential changes in the economic resources that it is likely to control in the future. Information about variability of performance is important in this respect. Information about performance is useful in predicting the capacity of the entity to generate cash flows from its existing resource base.It is also useful in forming judgements about the effectiveness with which the entity might employ additional resources.18Information concerning changes in the financial position of an entity is useful in order to assess its investing, financing and operating activities during the reporting period. This information is useful in providing the user with a basis to assess the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the entity to utilise those cash flows. In constructing a statement of changes in financial position, funds can be defined in various ways, such as all financial resources, working capital, liquid assets or cash. No attempt is made in this Framework to specify a definition of funds.19Information about financial position is primarily provided in a balance sheet.Information about performance is primarily provided in an income statement.Information about changes in financial position is provided in the financial statements by means of a separate statement.20The component parts of the financial statements interrelate because they reflect different aspects of the same transactions or other events. Although each statement provides information that is different from the others, none is likely to serve only a single purpose or provide all the information necessary for particular needs of users. For example, an income statement provides an incomplete picture of performance unless it is used in conjunction with the balance sheet and the statement of changes in financial position.Notes and supplementary schedules21The financial statements also contain notes and supplementary schedules and other information. For example, they may contain additional information that is relevant to the needs of users about the items in the balance sheet and income statement. They may include disclosures about the risks and uncertainties affecting the entity and any resources and obligations not recognised in the balance sheet (such as mineral reserves). Information about geographical and industry segments and the effect on the entity of changing prices may also be provided in the form of supplementary information.Underlying assumptionsAccrual basis22In order to meet their objectives, financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. Under this basis, the effects of transactions and other events are recognised when they occur (and not as cash or its equivalent is received or paid) and they are recorded in the accounting records and reported in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. Financial statements prepared on the accrual basis inform users not only of past transactions involving© IASCF81Frameworkthe payment and receipt of cash but also of obligations to pay cash in the future and of resources that represent cash to be received in the future. Hence, they provide the type of information about past transactions and other events that is most useful to users in making economic decisions.Going concern23The financial statements are normally prepared on the assumption that an entity is a going concern and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future.Hence, it is assumed that the entity has neither the intention nor the need to liquidate or curtail materially the scale of its operations; if such an intention or need exists, the financial statements may have to be prepared on a different basis and, if so, the basis used is disclosed.Qualitative characteristics of financial statements24Qualitative characteristics are the attributes that make the information provided in financial statements useful to users. The four principal qualitative characteristics are understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.Understandability25An essential quality of the information provided in financial statements is that it is readily understandable by users. For this purpose, users are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence. However, information about complex matters that should be included in the financial statements because of its relevance to the economic decision-making needs of users should not be excluded merely on the grounds that it may be too difficult for certain users to understand.Relevance26To be useful, information must be relevant to the decision-making needs of users.Information has the quality of relevance when it influences the economic decisions of users by helping them evaluate past, present or future events or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.27The predictive and confirmatory roles of information are interrelated.For example, information about the current level and structure of asset holdings has value to users when they endeavour to predict the ability of the entity to take advantage of opportunities and its ability to react to adverse situations. The same information plays a confirmatory role in respect of past predictions about, for example, the way in which the entity would be structured or the outcome of planned operations.28Information about financial position and past performance is frequently used as the basis for predicting future financial position and performance and other matters in which users are directly interested, such as dividend and wage payments, security price movements and the ability of the entity to meet its commitments as they fall due. To have predictive value, information need not be 82© IASCFFramework in the form of an explicit forecast. The ability to make predictions from financial statements is enhanced, however, by the manner in which information on past transactions and events is displayed. For example, the predictive value of the income statement is enhanced if unusual, abnormal and infrequent items of income or expense are separately disclosed.Materiality29The relevance of information is affected by its nature and materiality. In some cases, the nature of information alone is sufficient to determine its relevance.For example, the reporting of a new segment may affect the assessment of the risks and opportunities facing the entity irrespective of the materiality of the results achieved by the new segment in the reporting period. In other cases, both the nature and materiality are important, for example, the amounts of inventories held in each of the main categories that are appropriate to the business.30Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.Materiality depends on the size of the item or error judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or misstatement. Thus, materiality provides a threshold or cut-off point rather than being a primary qualitative characteristic which information must have if it is to be useful.Reliability31To be useful, information must also be reliable. Information has the quality of reliability when it is free from material error and bias and can be depended upon by users to represent faithfully that which it either purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent.32Information may be relevant but so unreliable in nature or representation that its recognition may be potentially misleading. For example, if the validity and amount of a claim for damages under a legal action are disputed, it may be inappropriate for the entity to recognise the full amount of the claim in the balance sheet, although it may be appropriate to disclose the amount and circumstances of the claim.Faithful representation33To be reliable, information must represent faithfully the transactions and other events it either purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent. Thus, for example, a balance sheet should represent faithfully the transactions and other events that result in assets, liabilities and equity of the entity at the reporting date which meet the recognition criteria.34Most financial information is subject to some risk of being less than a faithful representation of that which it purports to portray. This is not due to bias, but rather to inherent difficulties either in identifying the transactions and other events to be measured or in devising and applying measurement and presentation techniques that can convey messages that correspond with those transactions and events. In certain cases, the measurement of the financial© IASCF83Frameworkeffects of items could be so uncertain that entities generally would not recognise them in the financial statements; for example, although most entities generate goodwill internally over time, it is usually difficult to identify or measure that goodwill reliably. In other cases, however, it may be relevant to recognise items and to disclose the risk of error surrounding their recognition and measurement.Substance over form35If information is to represent faithfully the transactions and other events that it purports to represent, it is necessary that they are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and economic reality and not merely their legal form. The substance of transactions or other events is not always consistent with that which is apparent from their legal or contrived form. For example, an entity may dispose of an asset to another party in such a way that the documentation purports to pass legal ownership to that party; nevertheless, agreements may exist that ensure that the entity continues to enjoy the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. In such circumstances, the reporting of a sale would not represent faithfully the transaction entered into (if indeed there was a transaction).Neutrality36To be reliable, the information contained in financial statements must be neutral, that is, free from bias. Financial statements are not neutral if, by the selection or presentation of information, they influence the making of a decision or judgement in order to achieve a predetermined result or outcome.Prudence37The preparers of financial statements do, however, have to contend with the uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances, such as the collectability of doubtful receivables, the probable useful life of plant and equipment and the number of warranty claims that may occur. Such uncertainties are recognised by the disclosure of their nature and extent and by the exercise of prudence in the preparation of the financial statements. Prudence is the inclusion of a degree of caution in the exercise of the judgements needed in making the estimates required under conditions of uncertainty, such that assets or income are not overstated and liabilities or expenses are not understated.However, the exercise of prudence does not allow, for example, the creation of hidden reserves or excessive provisions, the deliberate understatement of assets or income, or the deliberate overstatement of liabilities or expenses, because the financial statements would not be neutral and, therefore, not have the quality of reliability.Completeness38To be reliable, the information in financial statements must be complete within the bounds of materiality and cost. An omission can cause information to be false or misleading and thus unreliable and deficient in terms of its relevance.84© IASCF。
英语学术英语写作
下面我们将引言部分的写作，引言释意为introduction。
2.1引言是学术论文写作的起始部分，是论文的导语，也是对全文结构内容的总体规划。
一个好的引言能够引人入胜，激起同行甚至一些非专业人士对文章的阅读兴趣，因而，引言是学术写作中的一个重要部分，也是最难写的部分之一。
所以如果想要写好引言，首先要开门见山，不绕圈子。
第二要言简意赅，第三回顾历史要有重点，第四尊重科学实事求是。
第五就是前言的内容部应该与摘要相同。
The introduction is the initial of academic paper writing is the lead .But also on the content and structure of the overall outline. If you want to write the preface, the first thing is to clarify the goals and tasks of this part of writing. Simple and clear explanation of the author of the study. The purpose of the work scope the theoretical basis research methods. experimental design. expect results meaning and so on. Now pay attention to the following five points. First, come to the point ,do not beat around the bush. Second concise and comprehensive Third, review the history and the focus of attention, Forth respect for science, seek truth from facts, Fifth the content should not be the same with the summary.2.2引言部分的功能室引导读者对作者所研究的领域从概括性了解深入到具体问题，引言的导航作用体现在要让读者理解作者的写作目的，以及论文将要涉及的范围，理解当前研究的课题的意义和价值。
FLUENT 6.3 Population Balance Module Manual
Fluent Inc. Centerra Resource Park 10 Cavendish Court Lebanon, NH 03766
Contents
Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3
UTM-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-8
2 Population Balance Model Theory 2.1 2.2 The Particle State Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Population Balance Equation (PBE) 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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夏丐尊《我之于书》英译赏析
夏丐尊《我之于书》英译赏析夏丐尊《我之于书》英译赏析二十年来，我生活费中至少十分之一二是消耗在书上的。
我的房子里比较贵重的东西就是书。
下面是店铺分享的英译散文《我之于书》赏析，欢迎大家阅读!《我之于书》Books and I夏丐尊Xia Mianzun二十年来，我生活费中至少十分之一二是消耗在书上的。
我的房子里比较贵重的东西就是书。
For twenty years past, books have eaten into at least 10-20 percent of my pocket. Now the only things of some value under my roof, if any, are my books.要点：1，转换主语，是文学翻译常用的方法，可以使句子更加生动，本句以“书”作为主语，以eat up作为谓语，句式灵活，体现了大师深厚的双语功底2，“十分之一二”此处用10-20 percent而不是我们平时说的one tenth3，Pocket,常用意口袋，也可以作“钱，收入，财力”4，Under my roof意为“房间”，对于同一概念或者一个简单概念采取不同说法也是文学翻译中常见的5，If any ,if ever意为“即使有也(极少)，若有的话，假如有的话”通常来表示少我一向没有对于任何问题作高深研究的野心，因之所买的书范围较广，宗教，艺术，文学，社会，哲学，历史，生物，各方面差不多都有一点。
Since I have never entertained ambition for making aprofound study of any subject, the books I have acquired cover almost everything- religion , art, literature, sociology, philosophy, history , biology, etc.要点：1，since 开头，表微弱的因果2，entertain，常用意“使快乐，招待款待”，此处表“怀有某种想法，希望，看法(常和idea, hope, thought连用)，大师此处又是不走寻常路的节奏，一般的咱们可以用“harbor，cherish，owe”~ 3，研究一般都用study~“研究某个事物或课题=make study of sth”，“做高深研究”make a profound study of…4，此处重点说一下cover的用法，大众意思在此不做赘述，翻译中常见的比较小众的意思有“包括，涉及(本文采用的就是这个意思)”“占地，范围为”“足够，足以支付”，此外还有一个常见词coverage,长得很像对不对~这个coverage 君是名词，也可以作“新闻报道”讲，最常见的意思是“覆盖范围”，比如我们常说的“覆盖率”就是coverage rate.最多的是各国文学名著的译本，与本国古来的诗文集，别的门类只是些概论等类的入门书而已。
麦克米伦英语词典
1.收词25000余条，为同类词典收词之冠。
2.提供36000余条有代表性的日常英语例句， 不仅贴近生活，而且提供该词汇的使用环境。
3.对于日常生活中最常用的3500词汇以红色 标出，并按使用频率分为一星、二星和三星 三个级别。三星级词最为常用，如also， close等，提示使用者应熟练掌握。
4.特设130余个用法专栏，详解用法搭配、同义词之间的区别 以及同一意义的不同表达方式。如clean一词就提供了brash， wash等多达7种的表达方式，活学活用，有助于扩大词汇量。 5.词典的正文中插有24页语言学习插页， 提供搭配、构词法及表达日常事物的常用词 汇。如Applying for a job（求职）的常用词 汇有vacancy，post，fill in等。帮助读者掌 握有用词汇，使用地道英文。
麦克米伦英汉高阶双解词典
简介
出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 编者：英语麦克米伦出版公司 出版时间：2005 开本：32开 尺寸： 21.7 x 15 x 4 cm ;
麦克米伦英汉高阶双解词典
简介
重量：939g 页数：1177页 版次：第一版 收词数量：25，000
目录
前页信息
• • • • • • • 序言一 preface 1 序言二 preface 2 序言三 preface 3 译者序言 translator’s preface 原版前言 introduction 使用说明 using your dictionary 数字条目 numbers that are entries
麦克米伦英语初阶词典
简介
出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 编者：英语麦克米伦出版公司 出版时间：2003 版次：第一版 页数：861页
麦克米伦英语初阶词典
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• • • • • • • • • • • • •
A: He opened his own business in Shenzhen. B：You don‟t say (so)! [误译] A：他在深圳开了家公司。 B：你不要（乱）说！ [原意] A：他在深圳开了家公司 B：真的吗？ A：The contract is really profitable. B：You can say that again. [误译] A：这个合同真的有利可图。 B：你可以再说一遍。 [原意] A：这个合同真的有利可图。 B：你说得对。
• • • •
You bet I‟ll go to the trade fair tomorrow. [误译] 你打赌我明天去参加商品交易会吗？ [原意] 我明天一定去参加商品交易会。 [说明] You bet 是口语，意为“当然“，“一 定”，“你可确信”等。
• • • • •
A. Thank you very much. B. You bet ! [误译] A:多谢你。 B:当然！ [原意] A:多谢你。 B:不客气！ [说明] 此处的 You bet 为口语，在此处意为“不 敢当”，“不客气”
10.A: What do lawyers do when they die? B: Lie still．
译文：A：律师死了干啥?
B：身子动弹不得 ，嘴上依旧撒谎。
“Lie still”双关着“躺 着 不动 ”和 “仍 然说 谎 ”两层 语义，话语诙谐幽默，译文借用汉语 “对仗”，将两层意思分 别译出，虽失去双关 语义 ，但语用效果犹在 。
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经典误译
• Never refill gas into empty can. • 原译：本罐用完后如无损坏可以再次充气。 • 本意：空罐切勿再次充气。 • We wont to buy necessities in Dongfang department store. • [误译] 我们不愿在东方百货买日用品。 • [原意] 我们习惯于在东方百货买日用品。
• • • • • • • •
She has a yellow boy. [误译] 她有一个黄皮肤的男孩。 [原意] 她有一枚金币。 [说明] yellow boy 是英国英语，意为“金币”。 He did business without return. [误译] 他去做生意没有回来。 [原意] 他做生意没赚到钱。 [说明] without return 意为“赚不到钱”，“无利可 图”。
• The chairman of the board did not receive Walker yesterday because he was a walk-in. • [误译] 董事长昨天不接待步行者,因为他是擅自走进来的。 • [原意] 董事长昨天不接见沃克,因为他是未经预约而来的。 • [说明] Walker 是姓氏“沃克” ,若是步行者其前应有冠 词且不大写.而walk-in (N)意为“未经预约而来的人”。 • • • • He is a white-haired boy of the general manager. [误译] 他是总经理的一个早生白发的儿子。 [原意] 他是总经理的大红人。 [说明] white-haired boy 和fair-haired boy 是口语，意为 “大红人”，“宠儿”
12. the three－P‟s：patience，persistence， and perseverance
译文一：“三性”：耐性 、持久性 、坚忍不 拔性 分析：能将原文的 “P”化为目的语中的 “„ „性”，译文已经十分成功 ，而如果能 将 “三性”整齐划一 ，译文将更加意美、音 美。 新译 ：“三性”：忍耐性 、持久性 、坚韧性
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Translation for Ex.4
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译文一： 国王：我的侄儿哈姆雷特，我的孩子„„为什 么愁云依旧笼罩在你的身边？ 哈姆雷特：不，陛下，我已经在太阳里晒得太 久了。（朱生豪译） 译文二： 国王：„„哈姆雷特，我的孩子„„你为何愁 云满面？ 哈姆雷特：没有愁云，陛下，外面得阳光晒得 我红光满面。 More
2.Pam: Hasn‟t Harvey ever married? Beryl: No, and I don‟t think he intends to，because he‟s studying for a bachelor‟s degree.
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3. A: Can I try on that shirt in the window? B: You can, if you want. But I do have a dressing-room.
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8.一次记者招待会上，不怀好意的外国记者问周恩来总理： 外国记者：总理阁下，你们中国人走的路为什么叫马路？ 周总理：因为我们走的是马克思主义的路，简称马路。
9.和珅：纪晓岚，你好大的胆子，见了皇上为何不跪？醉 成这样成何体统! 乾隆：我看纪晓岚没醉，他是装的。 纪晓岚：我没醉（罪）？ 乾隆：没醉！ 纪晓岚：没醉（罪）?!皇上，您是金口玉言，这可是 您说我没罪的。我没罪干吗罚我？ 最后，乾隆皇帝只得让纪晓岚官复原职。
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IV. Pleasure in Translation
Translation for Ex.1
译文1（原传道 2004）. 董事长敲击讲台并大声说：“先生们，order!” 全体员工齐声喊道：“要啤酒!”
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译文2（陈丽萍 2006） 董事长敲击桌子喊道：你们吆喝(要喝)什 么? 员工 ：啤酒。 开会时员工吵吵闹闹，董事长生气拍着桌子大声叫 order，想让大家遵守纪律。而员工们却故意曲解为 点菜，脑子里仅想着吃吃喝喝，齐声大叫喝啤酒。 译文中的“吆喝” 不仅与“要喝”谐音 ，而且在 语境 的制约下与 order在深层语义上对等，译者能找 到这样的谐音词来翻译含有歧义的order一词 ，堪称 aranteed R‟s： repair，
replacement and refund．
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16. 要买房，到建行
译 文一 ：want to buy a home but feel financially scant? ／ Why don‟t you come to the Construction Bank? 分析：原文属口语体 ，用字朴实，行文对仗 ，音 韵优美，译文虽保留了原文的音韵特质，然而语 体与原文不甚切合，口气也略显生硬，字里行间折 射出几分 “训味”(why don‟t you… ?)。 译文二 ：Wanna a house of your own?Buy one
Preface and Introduction
By Alex Zeng
I. What‟s Business English?
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• Business English refers to the professional English used in the business world, for example, in international business and foreign trade. • Business English covers different lines of business and a wide range of business events and activities, including business letters， contracts, fairs and shows, talks and negotiations, marketing and advertising, shipment and insurance, and so on
• Business English has its own law and features. It contains a variety of terms and terminologies, long and complicated sentences and special business English culture. Even many general English words we know have completely different meaning in business English.
• His secretary is a yes-man. • [误译] 他的秘书是一个老说“yes”的人 • [原意] 他的秘书没有主见。 • [说明] 此处的 Yes-man是口语，意为“唯唯诺诺的 人”，“无主见的人”，“应声虫” • The employer has made a yellow-dog contract with David. • [误译] 雇主与戴维签订了一个买卖黄狗的合同。 • [原意] 雇主与戴维签订了不加入工会的雇用契约。 • [说明] yellow-dog contract是美国俚语，意为“以工人 不参加工会为前提的雇用契约”，而yellow dog（合成 名词）意为“反对工会的人”，“卑鄙的人”。yellowdog则是形容词，“卑鄙的”，“反对工会的”
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译文三： 国王：哈姆雷特，我的儿子，为何眉宇紧锁乌 云密布？ 哈姆雷特：是没雨，陛下，日子过得很红火。
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Translation for Ex.6
译文： A：钟表厂的工人是干什么的？ B：每天做钟送钟（终）
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More Examples of Instructive Translation
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11. A：How do you like Kipling? B：I don„t know．I‟ve never kipled． (Reader‟s Digest，Feb．1986)