研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社
研究生英语精读教程第三版下课后习题
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社2019年下半学期第1.2.3.6.8.单元习题机械工程刘聪整理Vocabulary (20)、Cloze (15)、Reading Comprehension (30 scores) 、Translation (20 scores)、Writing (15 scores)Instructor Zheng Li 郑莉Unit One1. Considerable expertise is required to be a successful trial lawyer.A. know-howB. authorityC. prudenceD. resolution2. So it came about that even in ancient times tales of Moon voyages were written without any trace of magic and the earthiness of something that might be possible.A. footprintB. measurementC. remainderD. sign3. I’d like to come with you, but that’s not a promise. Don’t build on it.A. bring onB. depend onC. take onD. think on4. I must go and work up my notes, ready for the test.A. completeB. takeC. reviewD. get5. Groundwater, a resource that exists everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, is under increasing risk from contamination and overuse.A. popularizationB. pollutionC. contractionD. industrialization6. The most prominent technological success in the twentieth century is probably computer revolution.A. noticeableB. solemnC. prosperousD. prevalent7. Neon light is utilized in airport because it can penetrate fog.A. pass throughB. break upC. transmitD. suspend8. There is no point in applying for that job as you are not properly qualified.A. reasonB. resultC. chanceD. use9. It is estimated that almost one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are so minor that they pass undetected.A. with no damageB. with no noticeC. with no nameD. with no problem10. Inspired by another movement in art called Dadaism, the Surrealist movement has been one of the most influential art movements in the 20th century.A. DespisedB. InfluencedC. StifledD. Created11. In less than a millionth of a second, the vast computer of an international airline can ______ accept 800 booking inquiries, and search its 50 million memory units for appropriate replies.A. simultaneouslyB. implicitlyC. complacentlyD. cautiously12. There are two hundred and forty stamps in the sheet, arranged in twenty rows of twelve stamps _____.A. individuallyB. acrossC. horizontallyD. vertically13. Many of the conditions that _____ population pressures—overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness—lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. bring outC. result inD. result from14. A severe illness _____ the hot weather has left the baby very weak.A. in accordance withB. in line withC. in conjunction withD. in agreement with15. It is a long time since we’ve been ____; I hope everything goes as well as last time.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up16. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ____, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. A. interaction B. interferenceC. interventionD. interruption17. In what _____ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A. appliesB. accountsC. amountsD. attaches18. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _____ standards.A. equivalentB. alikeC. uniformD. likely19. It has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions and earthquake-related destruction has been _____ calculation.A. underB. overC. behindD. beyond20. We’re in a _____ position here, with the enemy on the hill above us.A. strongB. powerfulC. vulnerableD. negativeB. Put the following into English.1. 超级市场连同消费者都遭到了通货膨胀的沉重打击。
精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)
Unit Ten
Unit Eleven
Unit Twelve
Unit One
►Text: You Are What You Think
编者 2008 年 4 月
使用说明
本书是《研究生英语精读教程》（上）的教师参考书第三版。内容包括 第一至第十二单元精读课文的语言点（ Language Points ）、重点词（ Word Study）、精读课文参考译文、练习答案和阶段测试答案。作者介绍（About the Author）一部分放在教师用书中，一部分放在学生用书中。 1．作者介绍：简略介绍作者生平及某些相关课文的背景知识。 2．语言点：主要是课文难点注释，其中包括理解难点和翻译表达难点，以 及句型、习语使用的例证。 3．重点词：均为常用词和短语。鉴于英语中一词的多义性、多词性和众多 的派生词，在处理重点词时，除着重阐明该词在本课文中的词义外，还适当拓宽 该词在其他方面的意义和用法。至于是否必须向学生讲解或何时讲解，则由教师 灵活掌握。 4. 提供的写作题范文，只是从一个方面体现了写作的要求，起一个抛砖引 玉的作用。教师可根据实际情况参考使用。 5. 练习量大，形式多样，难易搭配适中。教师可根据学生水平、各校课时 的多少，部分选用或全部使用。 6. 阶段测试（Mini-Tests）是根据《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程 考试大纲》编写的。两份全真模拟统考试卷，既可用做复习材料，迎接英语学位 课程统考；也可用做期中考试试卷或学生自测试题，由教师自行决定。
研究生英语系列教材
研究生英语 精读教程
教师参考书
（第三版·上）
北京市高等教育学会研究生英语教学研究分会
主编 胡德康 刘利君 编者 王 敏 卢 莹 何宇光 刘利君 胡德康 姜文东 曹元寿 阚丽红
研究生英语精读教程第三版下第三单元
Unit Three Evolution and Natural Selection［1］The idea of evolution* was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle①, speculation* had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming*. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived*, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers – Bacon①, Descartes②, Leibniz③ and Kant④. Herbert Spencer① was preaching* a full evolutionary doctrine* in the years just before Darwin's② book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing* view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.［2］The first complete theory was that of Lamarck①(1744～1829), who thought that modifications* due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis* for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic* efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit* assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.［3］But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend* Robert Malthus① (1766～1834),sometime curate* of Albury in Surrey. The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence* unless the redundant* individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:［4］In October 1838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck* me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations* would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.［5］Darwin spent twenty years collecting countless facts and making experiments on breeding* and variation in plants and animals. By 1844 he had convinced himself that species are not immutable*, but worked on to get further evidence. On 18 June 1858 he received from Alfred Russell Wallace a paper written in Ternate, in the space of three days after reading Malthus's book. Darwin saw at once that Wallace had hit upon the essence of his own theory. Lyell① and Hooker②arranged with the Linnaean③Society to read on July 1st 1858 Wallace's paper together with a letter from Darwin and an abstract* of his theory written in 1844.Then Darwin wrote out an account of his labors, and on 24th November 1859 published his great book The Origin of Species.［6］In any race of plants or animals, the individuals differ from each other in innate* qualities. Darwin offered no explanation of these variations, but merely accepted their existence. When the pressure of numbers or the competition for mates* is great, any variation in structure which is of use in the struggle has "survival value" and gives its possessor an improved chance of prolonging life and leaving offspring. That variation therefore tends to spread through the race by the elimination of those who do not possess it, and a new variety or even species may be established. As Huxley said, this idea was wholly unknown till 1858.Huxley① said the book was like a flash of lightning in the darkness. He wrote:It did the immense service of freeing us from the dilemma - Refuse to accept the Creation hypothesis, and what have you to propose that can be accepted by any cautious reasoner? In 1857 I had no answer ready, and I do not think anyone else hadA year later we reproached* ourselves with dullness for being perplexed* with such an enquiry. My reflection* when I first made myself master of the central idea of the Origin was " How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"［7］The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself - an acceptance of the theory of organic* evolution, which the years have but confirmed. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating*, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm* all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed* with Disraeli① that he was "on the side of the Angels".［8］Darwin himself took a modest view. While thinking that natural selection was the chief cause of evolution, he did not exclude Lamarck's idea that characters acquired by long use or disuse might be inherited, though no evidence seemed to be forthcoming. But about 1890 Weismann①drew a sharp distinction between the body (or soma) and the germ cells which it contains. Somatic cells can only reproduce cells like themselves, but germ* cells give rise not only to the germ cells of a new individual but to all the many types of cell in his body. Germ cellsdescend from germ cells in a pure line of germ plasm，but somatic cells trace their origin to germ cells. From this point of view, the body of each individual is an unimportant by-product of his parents’ ger m cells. The body dies, leaving no offspring, but the germ plasms show an unbroken continuity. The products of the germ cells are not likely to be affected by changes in the body. So Weismann's doctrine offered an explanation of the apparent noninheritance of acquired characters.［9］The supporters of pure Darwinism came to regard the minute variations as enough to explain natural selection and natural selection enough to explain evolution. But animal breeders and horticulturists* knew that sudden large mutations* occur, especially after crossing, and that new varieties might be established at once. Then in 1900 forgotten work by Mendel①was rediscovered and a new chapter opened.［10］In 1869 Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton①, applied these principles to mental qualities. By searching books of reference, Galton examined the inheritance of ability. For instance, he found that the chance of the son of a judge showing great ability was about 500 times as high as that of a man taken at random, and for the judge's father it was nearly as much. While no prediction can be made about individuals, on the average of large numbers, the inheritance of ability is certain.Ⅰ. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1. From para.［1］，it may be inferred that _______.A.philosophers were more sensitive than naturalistsB.Darwin's idea was based on Spencer'sC.the essential unity of structure in animals may prompt speculations about evolutionD.the prevailing view refers to Darwin's evolution2. Which of the following is not true?marck was one of the first scientists to attempt an explanation for the causes ofevolution.B.According to Lamarck, athletes develop their muscles by constant exercise and themuscular athlete will produce offspring whose muscles are well developed.marck's theory seemed reasonable.marck's theory was fully accepted by naturalists.3. Malthus's population theory _______.A.was the origin of Darwin's idea of evolutionB.was established from observation of the habits of animals and plantsC.stimulated Darwin's idea of natural selectionD.convinced Darwin that evolution has occurred4. Para.［5］suggests all the following except ______.A.Darwin was a methodical manB.Wallace was as impulsive as Darwin was deliberateC.Wallace found Darwin's work after many yearsD.Darwin's painstaking effort to document his views would have been extendedconsiderably but for the work of Wallace.5. Para.［6］mainly explained ______.A.the source of variationB.the idea of natural selectionC.the difference between favorable plants and animals and unfavorable onesD. the competition of animals6. Huxley ______.A.was reluctant to accept the Creation hypothesis but couldn’t offer another satisfyinganswer to the problemB.fully accepted Darwin’s ideaC.thought Darwin’s natural selection was a very simple ideaD.all of the above7. Which of the following is most likely to be the main reason why the public opposed Darwin’s theory?A.They lacked knowledge of biology.B.They were disturbed by gaps in the theory.C.The idea that humans developed from some subhuman creature outraged them.D.They found the evidence for the theory not convincing.8. What is the main idea of the last three paragraphs?A.Darwin’s theory of evolution was out of date.B.The conflict between Darwinism and anti-Darwinism.C.Strong objections were expressed against Darwin’s concept of organic evolution.D.There were weaknesses in Darwin’s theory and new theories were forming.9. What was not explained by Darwin?A.Variation within a species is common.B.New species can develop, either in one generation or gradually over many generations.C.New species may arise from former ones.anisms that are best suited to adapt to environmental changes will survive.Ⅱ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Henry Ⅵ was an overwhelming success, perhaps partially because Shakespeare drew characters from actual English history.A. greatB. AmazedC. unexpectedD. unbelievable2. The new communication system is by no means a minute invention.A. insignificantB. minusculeC. accidentalD. significant3. On the notice board there was a list of forthcoming events at school.A. excitingB. arisingC. warningD. approaching4. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevail in the forests.A. coexistB. invadeC. dominateD. gather5. Behind him were the ruins of a city, shattered, devastated, crumbled piles of concrete and stone that glowed.A. burntB. ravagedC. isolatedD. conquered6. Revision of technical prose requires word by word review and elimination of whatever is redundant.A. talkativeB. profuseC. abundantD. wordy7. In the last chapter I proposed the hypothesis that a pure poetry-exists, employing the term "lyric“ to describe poems which "consist of poetry and nothing else".A. conjectureB. deductionC. inferenceD. supposition8. Tacit parental approval should be obtained before marriage.A. tactfulB. permissiveC. intactD. implicit9. Then he sat and thought in the concentrated, abstracted way he has almost forgetting my presence.A. preoccupiedB. observantC. intentD. careful10. An Alexandrian speculator finally thought of a way of turning cat mummies into money.A. spectatorB. observerC. businessmanD. magicianB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. These demands _____ the agreements we have reached.A. run away fromB. go against toC. go counter toD. act counter from12. Mary’s _____ was whether to go to the party in her old dress or to stay at home.A. plightB. emergencyC. dilemmaD. jam13. In temperate regions the growth rings on turtles’ epidermal plates ____ seasonal variations in growth.A. stimulateB. reflectC. includeD. prevent14. When new math was introduced into schools, many parents were _____ by the approach it involved.A. interestedB. enjoyedC. perplexedD. informed15. Most of the great European thinkers of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries helped to _____ the conception Shaftesbury first formulated.A. developB. involveC. discoverD. grow16. It is unfair for the manager to ____ the typist for being late, because she has been ill for a week.A. adviseB. reproachC. reviveD. strike17. A vast cigar-shaped body of gas was raised and eventually _____ from the surface of the sun.A. descendedB. outrunC. abstractedD. reflected18. What a coincidence! It _____ me only this very morning that we hadn't seen each other for twenty years.A. hit onB. struckC. reproachedD. reflected on19. Many people mistake a familiar for a vulgar style, and suppose that to write without affectation is to write _____.A. overwhelminglyB. at randomC. in the abstractD. cautiously20. His opinions were _____ and easily influenced by anyone who had any powers of persuasion.A. reflectiveB. speculativeC. strikingD. startlingⅣ. TranslationA. Put the following into Chinese.If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. School often has too restricting atmosphere, with its timetable and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. Most s tudents would, I believe, profit by a year or so’s exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all-rounders” with no particular interest.B. Put the following into English.1. 聪明的动物依情况或环境的需要而改变自己的行为，但人类能有意识地改变自己的行为。
研究生英语听说教程(第三版)中国人民大学
Section B
1. serious
2. not serious 3. not serious 4. serious
Exercise 1
Section B
Exercise 2
1. dinner, at 7:00 next Friday night
2. game or something; someday 3. get together sometimes
5. not happy; haven’t heard from
family for a long time
Section A
Exercise 2
1. Congratulations! That’s great!
2. How wonderful!
3. Boy, are you lucky!
4. That’s terrible! Is he okay? 5. How often do they usually write?
used as an exclamation for the same purpose as " My God! " or " My Goodness!"
matchmaker – one who arranges or
tries to arrange marriages
Section B
1. A
2. B 3. C 4. C
It’s nice to
2. I’d like you to meet … meet you. 4. Hi,… Yeah, I’m …
3. Hello,… It’s good to meet you. 5. I don’t think we’ve met. I’m … It’s a pleasure to meet you.
研究生英语精读教程第三版
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
研究生英语精读教程第三版下课后习题
研究⽣英语精读教程第三版下课后习题《研究⽣英语精读教程》(第三版下)中国⼈民⼤学出版社2019年下半学期第1.2.3.6.8.单元习题机械⼯程刘聪整理Vocabulary (20)、Cloze (15)、Reading Comprehension (30 scores) 、Translation (20 scores)、Writing (15 scores)Instructor Zheng Li 郑莉Unit One1. Considerable expertise is required to be a successful trial lawyer.A. know-howB. authorityC. prudenceD. resolution2. So it came about that even in ancient times tales of Moon voyages were written without any trace of magic and the earthiness of something that might be possible.A. footprintB. measurementC. remainderD. sign3. I’d like to come with you, but that’s not a promise. Don’t build on it.A. bring onB. depend onC. take onD. think on4. I must go and work up my notes, ready for the test.A. completeB. takeC. reviewD. get5. Groundwater, a resource that exists everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, is under increasing risk from contamination and overuse.A. popularizationB. pollutionC. contractionD. industrialization6. The most prominent technological success in the twentieth century is probably computer revolution.A. noticeableB. solemnC. prosperousD. prevalent7. Neon light is utilized in airport because it can penetrate fog.A. pass throughB. break upC. transmitD. suspend8. There is no point in applying for that job as you are not properly qualified.A. reasonB. resultC. chanceD. use9. It is estimated that almost one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are so minor that they pass undetected.A. with no damageB. with no noticeC. with no nameD. with no problem10. Inspired by another movement in art called Dadaism, the Surrealist movement has been one of the most influential art movements in the 20th century.A. DespisedB. InfluencedC. StifledD. Created11. In less than a millionth of a second, the vast computer of an international airline can ______ accept 800 booking inquiries, and search its 50 million memory units for appropriate replies.A. simultaneouslyB. implicitlyC. complacentlyD. cautiously12. There are two hundred and forty stamps in the sheet, arranged in twenty rows of twelve stamps _____.A. individuallyB. acrossC. horizontally13. Many of the conditions that _____ population pressures—overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness—lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. bring outC. result inD. result from14. A severe illness _____ the hot weather has left the baby very weak.A. in accordance withB. in line withC. in conjunction withD. in agreement with15. It is a long time since we’ve been ____; I hope everything goes as well as last time.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up16. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ____, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. A. interaction B. interferenceC. interventionD. interruption17. In what _____ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A. appliesB. accountsC. amountsD. attaches18. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _____ standards.A. equivalentB. alikeC. uniformD. likely19. It has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions and earthquake-related destruction has been _____ calculation.A. underB. overC. behind20. We’re in a _____ position here, with the enemy on the hill above us.A. strongB. powerfulC. vulnerableD. negativeB. Put the following into English.1. 超级市场连同消费者都遭到了通货膨胀的沉重打击。
研究生精读教程(第三版)PPT下册Unit 6 Culture Shock
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This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles.
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)
中国人民大学出版社
［1］Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted* abroad. Like most ailments*, it has its own symptoms and cure.
1. transplant v. move, relocate移居；移植 2. ailment n. an illness, esp. one that is not serious疾病(尤指
不严重的小毛病)
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Translation
［2］Culture shock is precipitated* by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse*.
研究生英语精读教程答案(下)分章节
研究生英语精读教程（下）答案Unit 2Exercise AI．Comprehension1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die．2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family．3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less．4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death．5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live．6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple．7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized．10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter．Ⅱ．V ocabulary1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．DⅢ．Cloze1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．CⅣ．TranslationA．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。
研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)一至八单元课件
donate
v.: To present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute
---
He donated all his savings to the Project Hope. donation n. --- He made a donation of $1,000 to Project Hope. donator
Para. 2
body:
A number of persons, concepts, or things regarded as a group视作一组的人、 事、物 ---He has a large body of facts to prove his statements.
when used as a noun, it means ―anything causing harm, trouble, wrong, unhappiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease. Synonyms : disease, ailment, illness, sickness…
研究生英语精读教程 Eight
1. 2. 3. 4.
explicit※ adj. clear and fully expressed明确的 implicit△ adj. meant though not plainly expressed含蓄的 refinement※ n. the quality of being refined优雅，文雅 crudity n. the state or quality of being crude粗鲁, 粗野
1. pharisaic(al) adj. making a show of being good and religious(贬义)伪装虔诚的, 伪善的
1. proverb△ n. a short well-known saying in popular language格言, 谚语
［5］But more than mere taste is at stake; and, realizing this, the supporters of either party have rationalized* their preferences in terms of arguments that involve an appeal to more objective standards than those of a simple personal preference.
［2］Conversely, I am not a lowbrow*, because I do not enjoy lowbrow processes and experiences. Thus I derive a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers* than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven or the novels, for example, of Dostoevsky①;
英语精读课后翻译(下)
研究生英语系列教材教师参考书（第三版·下）►Text:Technology vs. TerrorismB. Put the following into English.1. 超级市场连同消费者都遭到了通货膨胀的沉重打击。
2. 这座金属塔的用途是把电视信号传送到边远的山村。
3. 他14 岁时第一次以钢琴家身份登台表演。
4. 不管凭什么借口，外人都不得入内。
5. 谎言再多也无法掩盖事实。
6. 教学改革以来，我们学校的学科发展得到了进一步加强，整体学科布局得到了进一步优化。
学科的整合促进了多学科间的相互影响。
我们还建立了一些跨学科组织。
在此基础上，我们学校建立和改建了许多科研和技术转让的平台，为多学科和跨学科的发展和研究提供了更有利的条件。
B. 1. Supermarkets along with customers have been hard hit by inflation.2. This metal tower is used to relay television signals to distant mountainous villages.3. He made his debut as a pianist at the age of 14.4. Upon no pretext whatever may any outsider gain admission.5. No amount of lies can conceal (cover up) the facts.6. Since the educational reform, the discipline development in our university has been further strengthened and overall discipline arrangement optimized. The integration of disciplines has promoted the multi-discipline interaction. Several new cross-disciplinary groups have been set up. On this basis, our university has established and improved a number of scientific platforms for research and technology transfer, thus providing more favorable conditions for multi-disciplinary or cross-disciplinary development and research.Ⅴ. WritingSuggested passage:Anti-Piracy CampaignIn recent years, it is quite common to find some pirated goods in Chinese markets, such as pirated books, pirated discs and so on. The piracy activities are so prevalent and harmful that a nationwide anti-piracy campaign has been in full swing under the directions of the government agencies and departments concerned. The reasons for the piracy prevalence may be the following: one, the public is not well-informed of the function and benefits of the intellectual property and copyright laws, so their consciousness of enforcing these laws is not profound. A lot of customers, including some of the highly educated, tend to buy pirated goods because of their much lower prices. Another is that the intellectual property and copyright laws are not fully implemented in reality and the punishment for pirates is not severe enough. The piracy activities have so seriously damaged the profits of the creators and the publishers that prompt and effective measures have to be taken to crack down on piracy.In my opinion, winning the war against piracy depends mainly on the joint efforts of both the government and the public. First, the government should further enforce the related laws and punish the pirates more severely. Second, the public consciousness of these laws should be enhanced to help them take correct attitude towards pirated materials. And third, the creators and publishers should become more sensitive about their intellectual property and copyrights, and try to take self-defense measures to protect themselves. With all these efforts and measures,we can surely eliminate piracy.►Text:Active and Passive Euthanasia1.阅读（提供）给心灵的只是知识材料，思维才能把我们所读的东西变成自己的（东西）。
研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社
Language Points1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors：The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science.Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11”事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。
2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scalenot seen since Sputnik.全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科学机构做了安排。
3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：ThinkingSensibly about Security in an Uncertain World.全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到更安全。
4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications.全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将使身份验证更加万无一失。
[下册]研究生英语精读教程 Seven
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［11］Ehrlich‘s is such an obvious proposition* in a finite world: things run out. A slogan used by environmentalists puts it nicely: "We do not inherit the earth from our parents. We borrow it from our children." The idea shapes our actions when we bundle newspapers to avoid running out of wood for paper. The counter argument is not nearly as intuitively convincing. It has generally consisted of a simple question: why haven't things run out yet?
1. depletion△ n. lessening markedly in quantity, content or power空虚；干枯, 干涸
［5］The economist, Julian L. Simon①, 59, is a professor at the University of Maryland. His views have helped shape policy in Washington for the past decade, but he has never enjoyed Ehrlich‘s academic success or popular appeal*. He is the optimist.
研究生英语精读教程第三版下
UNIT TWO Active and Passive Euthanasia[1]The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is thought to be crucial for medical ethics. The idea is that it is permissible, at least in some cases, to withhold treatment and allow a patient to die, but it is never permissible to take any direct action designed to kill the patient. This doctrine seems to be accepted by most doctors, and it is endorsed* in a statement adopted by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association on December 4, 1973.The intentional termination of life of one human being by another - mercy killing - is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association①.The cessation* of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong* the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent* is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family①. The advice and judgment of the physician should be freely available to the patient and/or his immediate family.However, a strong case can be made against this doctrine. In what follows I will set out some of the relevant arguments and urge doctors to reconsider their views on this matter.［2］To begin with a familiar type of situation, a patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily alleviated*. He is certain to die within a few days, even if present treatment is continued, but he does not want to go on living for those days since the pain is unbearable. So he asks the doctor for an end to it, and his family joins in the request.［3］Suppose the doctor agrees to withhold treatment, as the conventional doctrine* says he may. The justification for his doing so is that the patient is in terrible agony*, and since he is going to die anyway, it would be wrong to prolong his suffering needlessly. But now notice this. If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and lethal* injection given. This fact provides strong reason for thinking that, once the initial decision not to prolong his agony has been made, active euthanasia is actually preferable to passive euthanasia, rather than the reverse. To say otherwise is to endorse the option* that leads to more suffering rather than less, and is contrary to the humanitarian impulse* that prompts the decision not to prolong his life in the first place.［4］Part of my point is that the process of being "allowed to die" can be relatively slow and painful, whereas being given a lethal injection is relatively quick and painless. Let me give a different sort of example. In the United States about one in 600 babies is born with Down's syndrome*①. Most of these babies are otherwise healthy— that is, with only the usual pediatric*care, they will proceed to an otherwise normal infancy*. Some, however, are born with congenital* defects such as intestinal* obstructions*① that require operations if they are to live. Sometimes, the parents and doctor will decide not to operate, and let the infant die. Anthony Shaw describes what happens then：... When surgery is denied ［the doctor］must try to keep the infant from suffering while natural forces sap* the baby's life away. As a surgeon whose natural inclination* is to use the scalpel* to fight off death, standing by and watching a salvageable* baby die is the most emotionally exhausting experience I know. It is easy at a conference, in a theoretical discussion, to decide that such infants should be allowed to die. It is altogether different to stand by in the nursery and watch as dehydration* and infection* wither a tiny being over hours and days. This is a terrible ordeal* for me and the hospital staff - much more so than for the parents who never set foot in the nursery.I can understand why some people are opposed to all euthanasia, and insist that such infants must be allowed to live. I think I can also understand why other people favor destroying these babies quickly and painlessly. But why should anyone favor letting "dehydration and infection wither a tiny being over hours and days?" The doctrine that says that a baby may be allowed to dehydrate and wither but may not be given an injection that would end its life without suffering seems so patently* cruel as to require no further refutation*. The strong language is not intended to offend but only to put the point in the clearest possible way.［5］My second argument is that the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life and death made on irrelevant grounds.［6］Consider again the case of the infants with Down's syndrome who need operations for congenital defects unrelated to the syndrome to live. Sometimes, there is no operation, and the baby dies, but when there is no such defect, the baby lives on. Now, an operation such as that to remove an intestinal obstruction is not prohibitively difficult. The reason why such operations are not performed in these cases is, clearly, that the child has Down's syndrome and the parents and doctor judge that because of that fact it is better for the child to die.［7］But notice that this situation is absurd*, no matter what view one takes of the lives and potentials of such babies. If the life of such an infant is worth preserving, what does it matter if it needs a simple operation? Or, if one thinks it better that such a baby should not live on, what difference does it make that it happens to have an unobstructed intestinal tract? In either case, the matter of life and death is being decided on irrelevant grounds. It is the Down's syndrome, and not the intestines, that is the issue. The matter should be decided, if at all, on that basis, and not be allowed to depend on the essentially irrelevant question of whether the intestinal tract is blocked.［8］What makes this situation possible, of course, is the idea that when there is an intestinal blockage, one can "let the baby die", but when there is no such defect, there is nothing that can be done, for one must not "kill" it. The fact that this idea leads to such results as deciding life or death on irrelevant grounds is another good reason why the doctrine should be rejected.［9］One reason why so many people think that there is an important moral difference between active and passive euthanasia is that they think killing someone is morally worse than letting someone die. To investigate this issue, two cases may be considered that are exactly alike except that one involves killing whereas the other involves letting someone die. Then, it can be asked whether this difference makes any difference to the moral assessments. It is important that the cases be exactly alike, except for this one difference, since otherwise one cannot be confident that it is this difference and not some other that accounts for any variation in the assessments of the two cases. So, let us consider this pair of cases:［10］In the first, Smith stands to gain a large inheritance* if anything should happen to his six-year-old cousin. One evening while the child is taking his bath, Smith sneaks into the bathroom and drowns the child, and then arranges things so that it will look like an accident.［11］In the second, Jones also stands to gain if anything should happen to his six-year-old cousin. Like Smith, Jones sneaks in planning to drown the child in his bath. However, just as he enters the bathroom Jones sees the child slip and hit his head, and fall face down in the water. Jones is delighted; he stands by, ready to push the child's head back under if it is necessary, but it is not necessary. With only a little thrashing* about, the child drowns all by himself, "accidentally", as Jones watches and does nothing.［12］Now Smith killed the child, whereas Jones "merely" let the child die. That is the only difference between them. Did either man behave better, from a moral point of view? If the difference between killing and letting die were in itself a morally important matter, one should say that Jones's behavior was less reprehensible* than Smith's. But does one really want to say that? I think not. In the first place, both men acted from the same motive, personal gain, and both had exactly the same end in view when they acted. It may be inferred from Smith's conduct that he is a bad man, although that judgment may be withdrawn or modified if certain further facts are learned about him - for example, that he is mentally deranged. But would not the very same thing be inferred about Jones from his conduct? And would not the same further considerations also be relevant to any modification of this judgment? Moreover, suppose Jones pleaded*, in his own defense, "After all, I didn't do anything except just stand there and watch the child drown. I didn't kill him; I only let him die." Again, if letting die were in itself less bad than killing, this defense should have at least some weight. But it does not. Such a "defense" can only be regarded as agrotesque perversion of moral reasoning. Morally speaking, it is no defense at all.［13］Now, it may be pointed out, quite properly, that the cases of euthanasia with which doctors are concerned are not like this at all. They do not involve personal gain or the destruction of normal healthy children. Doctors are concerned only with cases in which the patient's life is of no further use to him, or in which the patient's life has become or will soon become a terrible burden. However, the point is the same in these cases: the bare difference between killing and letting die does not, in itself, make a moral difference. If a doctor lets a patient die, for humane* reasons, he is in the same moral position as if he had given the patient a lethal injection for humane reasons. If his decision was wrong - if, for example, the patient's illness was in fact curable - the decision would be equally regrettable no matter which method was used to carry it out. And if the doctor's decision was the right one, the method used is not in itself important.[14] The AMA policy statement isolates the crucial issue very well; the crucial issue is "the intentional termination of the life of one human being by another". But after identifying this issue, and forbidding "mercy killing", the statement goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life. This is where the mistake comes in, for what is the cessation of treatment, in these circumstances, if it is not "the intentional termination of the life of one human being by another"? Of course it is exactly that, and if it were not, there would be no point to it ... Ⅰ. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions.1.What is the distinction between active and passive euthanasia?2.What is the attitude of AMA toward the problem of euthanasia?3.What is a lethal injection? Why does the author think the doctor should give it to thehopeless patient?4.What is the most painful thing to do for a surgeon? Why?5.Why are some people opposed to all kinds of euthanasia?6.Why does the author say the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life anddeath made on irrelevant grounds?7.Is killing someone morally worse than letting someone die? Can you give any otherexample to prove your opinion?8.What is the difference between the doctor's role in active euthanasia and that of someonein a criminal case of killing?9.Are mercy killing and conventional euthanasia the same thing? Why or why not?10.What is the mistake AMA made in the statement? Why is it a mistake?Ⅱ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Parents heartily endorsed the plan for a school playground.A. adoredB. admiredC. supportedD. denied2. Black clouds, thunder and lightning show that a storm is imminent.A. comingB. IrremediableC. unavoidableD. irresistible3. She had upset some boiling oil on her arm and was in agony.A. great painB. SufferingC. dangerD. despair4. The walls of the boathouse had been sapped away by the waves.A. carried awayB. destroyedC. washed upD. stricken5. You must always be ready to sacrifice inclination to duty.A. likingB. tendencyC. interestD. career6. Age had withered the old lady's face.A. destroyedB. hurtC. made decrepitD. flecked7. Unable to sleep, the patient thrashed about in bed.A. twistedB. TwitchedC. tossed aboutD. tossed off8. The committee's plans are set out in the report made by the chairman.A. mentionedB. intended to doC. arrangedD. made known and clear9. Their request was absurd and consequently rejected.A. ridiculousB. excessiveC. feasibleD. harsh10.He was given imprisonment without the option of a fine.A. punishmentB. requestC. demandD. freedom to chooseB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. There was no school play because the principal ________ his consent.A. took silence forB. withheldC. rewardedD. awarded12. In many countries now, smoking is not ________ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious13. The boy's curiosity ________ him to ask endless questions.A. madeB. helpedC. confusedD. prompted14. Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking ________ poison - seeking truth even to the end.A. strongB. deadC. dyingD. lethal15. We believe in ________ treatment of prisoners so that they can turn over a new leaf.A. humanB. humaneC. cruelD. stern16. Being a commander, he should remain calm at the ________ moment.A. criticB. CrispC. crucialD. crinkly17. Health without riches is ________ to riches without health.A. preferableB. betterC. desirableD. desirous18. The decision made by the party recently goes against everything I ________.A. stand in withB. stand fastC. stand in awe ofD. stand for19. The ________ of ill-feeling from the Treaty of Versailles made Hitler more determined to take revenge on France in World War Two.A. inheritanceB. resultC. wishD. desire20. Medical ________ do not permit doctors and surgeons to advertise.A. dutiesB. standardsC. lawsD. ethicsⅣ. TranslationA. Put the following into Chinese.No young man believes he shall ever die. There is a feeling of eternity in youth, which makes us amend for everything. To be young is to be one of the Immortal Gods. One half of time indeed is flown— the other half remains in store for us with all its countless treasures; for there is no line drawn, and we see no limit to our hopes and wishes. We make the coming age our own.“The vast, the unbounded prospect lies before us.” We look round in a new world, full of life, and motion, and ceaseless progress; and feel in ourselves all the vigor and spirit to keep pace with it, and do not foresee from any present symptoms how we shall be left behind in the natural course of things, decline into old age, and drop into the grave.B. Put the following into English.1.阅读（提供）给心灵的只是知识材料，思维才能把我们所读的东西变成自己的（东西）。
研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)-参考答案及授课详解
研究生英语系列教材研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版·上）ContentsUnit OneText: You Are What You Think (1)Supplementary Reading (10)Unit TwoText: Cancer & Chemicals (11)Supplementary Reading (18)Unit ThreeText: Rats and Men (19)Supplementary Reading (27)Unit FourText: Einstein’s Painful Romance (29)Supplementary Reading (35)Unit FiveText: The End Is Not at Hand (37)Supplementary Reading (44)Unit SixText: Two Truths to Live By (47)Supplementary Reading (58)Mini-Test Ⅰ (59)Unit SevenText: Good Taste, Bad Taste (61)研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）Supplementary Reading (70)Unit EightText: I Have a Dream (73)Supplementary Reading (80)Unit NineText: This Was My Mother (81)Supplementary Reading (91)Unit TenText: Digital Revolution: How the Korean Group Becamea Global Champion (93)SupplementaryReading (100)Unit ElevenText: In Search of the Real Google (101)Supplementary Reading (118)Unit TwelveText: A Red Light for Scofflaws (119)Supplementary Reading (129)Mini-Test Ⅱ (131)►Text:You Are What You ThinkClaipe SafranLanguage Points1. Para. [2]: mental illsWhen used as a noun, “ill” means “anything causing harm, trouble,wrong,un happiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease”.Its synonyms in this lesson: disease (Para.10), ailments(Para.11), illness (Para.11)Other synonyms: sickness, ailing, infirmity, indisposition, complaint, disorder, malady, distemper2. Para. [7]: When they failed on the first call or two ...When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood ...3. Para. [8]: self-fulfilling prophecya prediction brought to fulfilment chiefly as an effect of having been expected or predicted4. Para. [9]: A sense of control ... is the litmus test for success.Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine if one succeedsin the end.5. Para. [10]: ... think they are better than the facts would justify ...overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are 6. Para. [13]: at one’s m other’s kneewhen one is a small child研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）Word Study1. donate v.donation n.donator n.①He donated all his savings to the village school.②They have donated to the Red Cross.③The van was donated to us by a local firm.④The new library has received a generous donation of 200 rare books from its favourite patron.⑤He made a donation of $1,000 to the children’s hospital.⑥The Famine Relief Fund has received 500 yuan in cash from an anonymous donator.2. recur v.recurring adj.recurrent adj.recurrence n.①He is more concerned about those problems which recur periodically.②If you divide 10 by 3, the result will be a recurring decimal.③Lack of confidence in himself will be a recurring problem for him in the future.④The patient complained of a recurrent headache.⑤He was aware of the possibility of recurrence of his illness.⑥His words of encouragement recurred to my mind whenever I was in low spirits.3. immune (to/against/from) adj.immunity n.immunize v.immunology n. study of resistance to infection①He seems to be immune to flattery.②We are immune from smallpox as the result of vaccination.③The child has received immunity to a variety of infections.Unit One④He was given immunity from taxation on the ground that he had been seriously injured.⑤Ambassadors enjoy diplomatic immunity in the countries in which they are stationed.⑥Everyone who is going abroad will need to be immunized againsttyphoid.⑦The government is going to spend more money on its immunizationprogram.⑧He has devoted all his life to immunology.4. caution n. & v.cautious adj.①You must exercise extreme caution when you cross this street.②The police gave him a caution for speeding.③The policeman cautioned the motorist about his speed.④They cautioned him about danger.⑤His teacher cautioned him that he might fail his exam.⑥If I had been less cautious, I might have made greater progress.⑦They are very cautious of/about giving offence.⑧He walked cautiously in this unknown territory.5. triumph n. & v.triumphant adj.①The conquest of outer space is one of the greatest triumphs of modernscience.②His life was a triumph over ill health.③Though he had beaten his opponent in the election, they could detect notriumph in his eye.④Grinning broadly, he held up the prize in triumph.⑤Justice triumphs in the end.⑥He triumphed over many difficulties.⑦Her triumphant smile told me how proud she was of her success.⑧Having succeeded at his first attempt, the boy looked at me triumphantly.研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）参考译文你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普·撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
研究生精读教程(第三版)PPT下册Unit 6 Culture Shock
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People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse* about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
1. precipitate v. cause to happen; hasten the coming of (an unwanted event)引起；加速来临
2. Intercourse n. interaction, interchange互相作用, 交际, 交 往
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Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient* ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)Unit Five
We have sensibly curbed* some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade* addicted to hype* and ignorant of history.
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版· 上)
中国人民大学出版社
Unit Five
The End Is Not at Hand
1. Text 2. Exercises 5. Supplementary Reading
The End Is Not at Hand
The environmental rhetoric* overblown*. The planet will survive
1. impending adj. (of something unpleasant) about to happen行将发生的 2. catastrophe△ n. disaster灾难 3. aura n. an effect or feeling that seems to surround and come from a person or place气氛
1. on a par with equal to 等于 2. episode※ n. one separate event, esp. an important or serious one插曲；独立的一段事
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)Unit One
"If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist﹡ Craig A. Anderson of Rice University① in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."
1. in part: to some extent在某种程度上
[ 4 ] Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P①. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania② and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan﹡ Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.
1. doughnut n..炸面圈 2. cliché n. idea or expression that has been too much used and is now outdated; stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陈腔滥调 3. scrutinize v..make a detailed examination of 细查，详审； 审视
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)Unit 3课文
Evolution and Natural SelectionW. C. DampierThe idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle , speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming . When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived , it appeared in the writings of the philosophers-Bacon , Descartes , Leibniz and Kant . Herbert Spencer was preaching a full evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin's book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.The first complete theory was that of Lamarck(1744~1829), who thought that modifications due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend RobertMalthus(1766～1834), sometime curate of Albury in Surrey. The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:In October 838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants,it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.Darwin spent twenty years collecting countless facts and making experiments on breeding and variation in plants and animals. By 844 he had convinced himself that species are not immutable , but worked on to get further evidence. On 18 June 1858 he received from Alfred Russell Wallace a paper written in Ternate, in the space of three days after reading Malthus's book. Darwin saw at once that Wallace had hit upon the essence of his own theory.Lyell and Hooker arranged with the Linnaean Society to read on July 1st 1858 Wallace's paper together with a letter from Darwin and an abstract of his theory written in 1844.Then Darwin wrote out an account of his labors, and on 24th November 1859 published his great book The Origin of Species.In any race of plants or animals, the individuals differ from each other in innate qualities. Darwin offered no explanation of these variations, but merely accepted their existence.When the pressure of numbers or the competition for mates is great, any variation in structure which is of use in the struggle has "survival value" and gives its possessor an improved chance of prolonging life and leaving offspring. That variation therefore tends to spread through the race by the elimination of those who do not possess it, and a new variety or even species may be established. As Huxley said, this idea was wholly unknown till 858.Huxley said the book was like a flash of lightning in the darkness. He wrote:It did the immense service of freeing us from the dilemma - Refuse to accept the Creation hypothesis, and what have you to propose that can be accepted by any cautious reasoner ? In 1857 I had no answer ready, and I do not think anyone else had. A year later we reproached ourselves with dullness for being perplexed with such an enquiry. My reflection when I first made myself master of the central idea of the Origin was " How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself - an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have but confirmed. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating , to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed with Disraeli that he was "on the side of the Angels".Darwin himself took a modest view. While thinking that natural selection was the chief cause of evolution, he did not exclude Lamarck's idea that characters acquired by long use or disuse might be inherited, though no evidence seemed to be forthcoming. But about 1890 Weismann drew a sharp distinction between the body (or soma) and the germ cells which it contains. Somatic cells can only reproduce cells like themselves, but germ cells give rise not only to the germ cells of a new individual but to all the many types of cell in his body. Germ cells descend from germ cells in a pure line of germ plasms，but somatic cells trace their origin to germ cells. From this point of view, the body of each individual is an unimportant by-product of his parents’germ cells. The body dies, leaving no offspring, but the germ plasms show an unbroken continuity. The products of the germ cells are not likely to be affected by changes in the body. So Weismann's doctrine offered an explanation of the apparent noninheritance of acquired characters.The supporters of pure Darwinism came to regard the minute variations as enough to explain natural selection and natural selection enough to explain evolution. But animal breeders and horticulturists knew that sudden large mutations occur, especially after crossing, and that new varieties might be established at once. Then in 1900 forgotten work by Mendel was rediscovered and a new chapter opened.In 1869 Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, applied these principles to mental qualities. By searching books of reference, Galton examined the inheritance of ability. For instance, he found that the chance of the son of a judge showing great ability was about 500 times as high as that of a man taken at random, and for the judge's father it was nearly as much. While no prediction can be made about individuals, on theaverage of large numbers, the inheritance of ability is certain.。
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Language Points1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors：The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science.Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11”事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。
2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scalenot seen since Sputnik.全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科学机构做了安排。
3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：ThinkingSensibly about Security in an Uncertain World.全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到更安全。
4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications.全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将使身份验证更加万无一失。
5.Par.[9]:Resembling a sleek outhouse，the$150,000walk-throughmachine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles.walk-through:（建筑物）从两端都可进入的全句可译为：这种价值15万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药粒子，6.Par.[10]:Still,building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9/11days．全句可译为：然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的日子了。
7.Par.[11]:GPS:Global Positioning System全球卫星定位系统8.Par.[12]:A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or powerand telecommunications grids could make other means of protectingour physical assets moot.全句可译为：对国家的金融网或电力和电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。
9.Par.[12]:Developers describe it as a“Google-esque”tool and predictthat it will be available to the military and other government agencies by year’s end.“-esque”is a suffix.A noun+esque=an adjective.1)in the manner or style of式样，风格Romanesque罗马式的Kafkaesque卡夫卡风格的2)like似的picturesque图画似的statuesque雕像似的全句可译为：开发人员说它是“Google式”的工具，预计到年末它就能用于一些军事和政府机构。
10.Par.[13]:Such over-the-horizon concepts and the billions spent onthem will never amount to100percent protection.Text:Technology vs.TerrorismUnit One全句可译为：这种种超前的构想及其数十亿美元的开支绝不等同于100%的保护。
11.Par.[13]:“The biggest performance gains in technology result from improving the performance of humans”全句可译为：“技术的最大实践收益是改进人类实践的结果”12.Par.[13]:The simple truth is that no amount of hardware will ever substitute for the kind of intelligent human decision-making needed toguard us should，for instance,an iris scan fail or a smart sensor play dumb. no amount of:即使再大（或再多的）……（也不）No amount of discussion will help.再多的讨论也没用。
play dumb:装聋作哑This is a conditional sentence of mixed time.“Should”introduces an attributive clause of condition,in which“if”is omitted.“Should fail”or “should play dumb”does not express anticipation but uncertainty.Other examples:Should he be(If he should be)hard-working,he can fulfill the plan on time. Should he(If he should)know it,he will tell us.全句可译为：简单的真理是，譬如说，如果虹膜扫描失败或智能传感器装聋作哑，即使再多的硬件也不能代替保卫我们所需的那种智慧的人类决策。
Word Study1.vulnerable adj.vulnerability n.1)(of a place or thing)weak;not well protected;easily attacked(指地点或事物)有弱点的；防守不秘的；容易受攻击的①In Greek mythology,Achilles is vulnerable only in his heel.②a position vulnerable to attack③people who are vulnerable to criticism,temptation,fraud,etc.2)(of a person or his feelings)easily harmed,hurt or wounded;sensitive（指人、情绪）脆弱的，敏感的She looked so young and vulnerable that he felt a great desire to protecther.2.asset n.1)sth.such as a house or furniture that has value or that may be sold to paya debt资产，财产①The bank has assets of over a billion pounds.②assess assets（估价资产）,freeze assets（冻结资产）③Knowledge is a moral asset.知识是精神财富。
④Good health is an intangible asset.健康是无形资产。
2)a valuable quality or skill宝贵的特质或技能①Good climate is the country’s chief asset.良好的气候是该国得天独厚之处。
②He is confident that he is a tremendous asset to the company.他深信他是这家公司不可多得的人才。
3.in conjunction with:与……共同（或协力）；连同①The army is acting in conjunction with the police to hunt and find the terrorists.②This section should be studied in conjunction with the preceding three.③He opened a store in conjunction with his relative.4.head off:intercept;force to change direction拦截；阻止，防止……发生①You have to speak to both groups of men quickly if you want to head off a nasty disagreement.②Whenever Mother starts to talk about something that Jane is sensitive about,we try to head her off onto another subject.参考译文应对恐怖主义的技术毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11”事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。