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Creating Concurrent Processes
• FORK-JOIN construct:
Ptheads: Creation and termination
pointer to ID
pthread_create ( pthread_t *thread_handle, const pthread_attr_t *attribute, void * (*thread_function) (void * ), void *arg) pthread_join ( pthread_t thread void **ptr)
Latency Hiding
While one thread is waiting for a communication operation, others can utilize the CPU.
Scheduling and Load Balancing
Allow the programmer to specify a large number of concurrent tasks and support dynamic mapping of tasks to processors with minimal idling overheads.
forall Construct:
forall (i = 0; i < n; i++) { S1; S2; . . Sm; }
Example:
forall (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { a[i] = 0;
Cruces for Parallel Programming with Shared Memory multiprocessor system How do processes share information? How do processes synchronize? In shared-memory model, both accomplished through shared variables Creating Concurrent Processes Dealing with the Sharing Data Synchronization Problems

IND560 weighing terminal和Fill-560应用软件商品说明书

2Industrial Weighing and MeasuringDairy & CheeseNewsIncrease productivitywith efficient filling processesThe new IND560 weighing terminal enables you to boost speed and precision during the filling process. Choose from a wide range of scales and weigh modules to connect to the terminal.The versatile IND560 excels in control-ling filling and dosing applications, delivering best-in-class performance for fast and precise results in manual, semi-automatic or fully automatic operations. For more advanced filling, the Fill-560 application software adds additional sequences and component inputs. Without complex and costly programming you can quickly con-figure standard filling sequences, or create custom filling and blending applications for up to four compo-nents, that prompt operators for action and reduce errors.Ergonomic design Reducing operator errors is achieved through the large graphic display which provides visual signals.SmartTrac ™, the METTLER TOLEDO graphical display mode for manual operations, which clearly indicate sta-tus of the current weight in relation to the target value, helps operators to reach the fill target faster and more accurately.Connectivity and reliabilityMultiple connectivity options are offered to integrate applications into your con-trol system, e.g. Allen-Bradley ® RIO, Profibus ®DP or DeviceNet ™. Even in difficult vibrating environments, the TraxDSP ™ filtering system ensures fast and precise weighing results. High reli-ability and increased uptime are met through predictive maintenance with TraxEMT ™ Embedded MaintenanceTechnician.METTLER TOLEDO Dairy & Cheese News 22Speed up manual operations with flexible checkweighingB e n c h & F l o o r S c a l e sHygienic design, fast display readouts and the cutting-edge color backlight of the new BBA4x9 check scales and IND4x9 terminals set the standard for more efficient manual weigh-ing processes.Flexibility through customizationFor optimal static checkweighing the software modules ‘check’ and‘check+’ are the right solutions. They allow customization of the BBA4x9 and the IND4x9 for individual activi-ties and needs, e.g. manual portion-ing or over/under control. Flexibility is increased with the optional battery which permits mobility. Hygienic design Easy-to-clean equipment is vital in food production environments. Both the BBA4x9 scale and the IND4x9 ter-minal are designed after the EHEDGand NSF guidelines for use in hygi-enically sensitive areas.Even the back side of the scale stand has a smooth and closed surfacewhich protects from dirt and allowstrouble-free cleaning.Fast and preciseThe colorWeight ® display with a colored backlight gives fast, clear indication when the weight is with-in, below or above the tolerance.The color of the backlight can be chosen (any mixture of red, greenand blue) as well as the condition itrefers to (e.g. below tolerance). The ergonomic design enables operators to work more efficiently due to less exhaustion.Short stability time, typically between 0.5s and 0.8s, ensures high through-put and increased productivity.PublisherMettler-Toledo GmbH IndustrialSonnenbergstrasse 72CH-8603 Schwerzenbach SwitzerlandProductionMarCom IndustrialCH-8603 Schwerzenbach Switzerland MTSI 44099754Subject to technical changes © 06/2006 Mettler-Toledo GmbH Printed in SwitzerlandYellow – weight above toleranceGreen – weight within toleranceRed – weight below toleranceYour benefits• Fast and precise results and operations • Higher profitability• Ergonomic design, simple to operate • Mobility up to 13h due to optional batteryFast facts BBA4x9 and IND4x9• 6kgx1g, 15kgx2g, 30kgx5g (2x3000d), for higher capacity scales: IND4x9 terminal • Weights and measures approved versions 2x3000e • Functions: simple weighing, static checkweighing, dispensing • Color backlight, bar graph • Tolerances in weight or %• 99 Memory locations • Optional WLAN, battery• Meets the IP69k protection standardsagainst high-pressure and steam cleaning • Complete stainless steel construction Immediate checkweighing resultswith color Weight®EHEDGThe colored backlight of the LC display provides easy-to- recognize indication whether the weight is within the tolerancelimits or not.WLANMETTLER TOLEDO Dairy & Cheese News 23HACCP programs, GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice), pathogen monitoring and good cleaning practices are essential for effective food safety plans. Our scales are constructed for compliance with the latest hygienic design guidelines.Hygienic design to improve food safetyMETTLER TOLEDO supports you in complying with the latest food safety standards like BRC, IFS or ISO 22000 by offering solutions which are:• Compliant with EHEDG (European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group) and NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) guidelines • Full V2A stainless steel construc-tions, optional V4A load plates • Smooth surface (ra < 0.8μm)• Easy-to-clean construction, no exposed holes • Radius of inside corners > 3mm• Ingress protection rating up to IP69k• Hermetically sealed loadcellsYour benefits• Reduce biological and chemical contamination risks • Fast and thorough cleaning procedures • Fulfillment of hygiene regulations • Long equipment life thanks to rugged designGuaranteed serviceKeep your business runningAvoid unnecessary downtime with our wide range of service packages.With a range of innovative service solutions offering regulatory compli-ance, equipment calibration, train-ing, routine service and breakdown assistance, you can profit from sus-tained uptime, together with ongoing performance verification and long life of equipment. There is a range of contract options designed to comple-ment your existing quality systems. Each one offers its own unique set of benefits depending on the equipment and its application.4/serviceFast facts PUA579 low profile scale • 300kgx0.05kg – 1500kgx0.2kg • Open design• Lifting device for easy cleaning • EHEDG conform(300 and 600kg models -CS/-FL)• Free size scale dimensions • Approach rampsExample:PUA579 first EHEDG conform floor scaleEHEDGW e i g h P r i c e L a b e l i n gChallenges faced in the packaging area are:• Responding quickly to retailer demands while improving margins • Improving pack presentation • Minimizing downtime and product giveawaysWith a complete offering of cutting-edge weighing technology, high-per-formance printing, and smart soft-ware solutions, we can help you tackle your labeling challenges whether they are very simple or highly demanding. Intuitive human-machine interfaceTouch-screen operator displays withgraphical icons guide the operator intuitively and reduce nearly every operation to just one or two key-strokes. This interface allows reduced operator training as well as increased operating efficiency.Advanced ergonomics and sani-tary designOur weigh-price labelers are made out of stainless steel for extensive pro-tection against food contamination. Careful attention to hygienic design requirements, with no dead spots and few horizontal parts, ensure that the labelers are easy to clean.Modular designOur product offering includes both manual and automatic weigh-price labelers constructed of flexible “build-ing blocks.” Different combinations and configurations can meet specific budget and operational requirements. METTLER TOLEDO will help you toselect the right:• Scale performance • Display technology • Memory capacity • IT connections • Degree of automation• Integration kitsA large range of options and peripher-als give flexibility for meeting unique requirements e.g. wireless network, hard disks, external keyboards, bar code scanners, RFID transponder, dynamic checkweighing, or metal detection.Weigh-price-labeling Ergonomic, modular, fastEtica 2300 standard manual labelerFor individual weight labeling of various products, high- speed weighing, smart printing and fast product changes are essential. METTLER TOLEDO offers static and automated solutions for both manual and high-speed prepack applica-tions. Choose from our Etica and PAS product range.METTLER TOLEDO Dairy & Cheese News 24Etica 2400i combination with automatic stretch wrappersEtica 2430G multi-conveyer weigh-price labeler rangeEfficient label applicatorsThe unique Etica label applicator (Etica G series) does not require an air compressor, allowing savings on initial equipment expense and ongo-ing maintenance costs. Labels are gently applied in any pre-memorized orientation.PAS systems provide motorized height adjustment and places the label in any corner of the package. Users will have a new degree of freedom in planning their case display layouts to maximize both product presentation and consumer impact.Smart label design tools Retailers want labels to carry clear, correct information, in accordance with their traceability and style requirements. Our solutions are equipped with labeldesign software tools which facili-tate the design of labels customizedfor retailers demands. A touch-screenallows the user to create specific labels– even with scanned elements such aslogos and graphics, pre-programmedlabel templates, or RFID.Versatile integration capabilitiesThe engineers at METTLER TOLEDOworked closely with Europe’s leadingautomatic stretch wrapper suppliersto design performance-enhancingand cost-effective weigh-wrap-labelsystem solutions. Achieving a smallsystem footprint means the systemsrequire only slightly more floor spacethan the wrapper alone.The PAS and Etica weigh-price label-ers can be integrated via TCP/IP ina METTLER TOLEDO scale network,in host computer systems and goodsmanagement systems.Etica weigh-price-labeling systems• Static and automatic weigh-price-labeling up to 55 pieces/min.• Operator displays:– 5.7” color back-lighted LCD (Etica 2300 series)– 10.4” high resolution touch screen (Etica 4400 series)• 3 inch graphic thermal printer (125 to 250mm/sec) withfully programmable label format (max. size 80x200mm)• Data memory:– 64 to 256 Mb RAM– 128 Mb to 10 Gb mass storage– Unlimited number of logo graphics and label descriptions• Interfaces:– 1 serial RS232 interface– Optional second RS232 + RS485 + Centronics port– Ethernet network communication interface(10baseT), TCP/IP, 2 USB ports (1)– Optional: hand-held bar code scanner for automatictraceability data processingGarvens PAS 3008/3012 price labelersEtica 4400METTLER TOLEDO Dairy & Cheese News 2FlexMount ® weigh moduleFast, reproducible and reliable batch-ing and filling are key success factors for your production process. Various factors can affect precision: foam can compromise optical/radar sensors, and solids do not distribute evenly in a tank or silo. Our weighing techno-logy is not affected by these condi-tions and provides direct, accurate and repeatable measurement of mass without media contact. In addition our range of terminals and transmit-ters/sensors enable easy connectivity to your control systems.Key customer benefits• Increased precision and consistencyof your material transfer processes• Faster batching process throughsupreme TraxDSP ™ noise and vibration filtering • Minimal maintenance cost Fast facts terminals/transmitters: PTPN and IND130• Exclusive TraxDSP ™ vibration rejection and superior noise filter-ing system • Easy data integration through a variety of interfaces, including Serial, Allen-Bradley ® RIO, Modbus Plus ®, Profibus ® and DeviceNET • IP65 stainless harsh versionsProcess terminal PTPN• Local display for weight indication and calibration checks • Panel-mount or stainless steel desk enclosureIND130 smart weight transmitter• Direct connectivity where no local display is required • Quick setup and run via PC tool • CalFREE ™ offers fast and easy cali-bration without test weights • DIN rail mounting versionPLCIND1306Tank and silo weighing solutions master your batching processesT a n k & S i l o W e i g h i n g S o l u t i o n sBoost your productivity and process uptime with reliable weighing equipment – improved batching speed and precision, maximum uptime at low maintenance cost.TraxDSP ™ ensures accurate results evenin difficult environments with vibrationPTPN process terminalMETTLER TOLEDO Dairy & Cheese News 27Quality data under control?We have the right solutionConsistently improving the quality of your products requires the ability of efficiently controlling product and package quality parameters in a fast-changing and highly competi-tive environment.Competition in the food industry –with high volumes but tight margins – causes demands for efficient quality assurance systems. Statistical Quality Control (SQC) systems for permanent online information and documenta-tion about your key quality para-meters convert into real cost savings.Our solutions for Statistical Quality Control (SQC) combine ease of opera-tion, quality data management and analysis functionality.• We offer mobile compact solutions with embedded SQC intelligence up to networked systems with an SQL database.• The systems are upgradeable and can be expanded and adapted to meet changing customer needs.• Simple and intuitive prompts guide the user through the sample proc-ess, reducing training costs as well as sampling errors.• Realtime analysis and alarms help to take immediate corrective measures and to save money by reducing overfilling.Throughout the manufacturing pro-cess, METTLER TOLEDO SQC solu-tions analyze your important product and package quality parameters andpresent them the way you want, help-ing to comply to legislation, to control and document your product qualityand your profitability.Metal detectionCheckweigher Sample check ® onlinequality data analysis/dairy-cheeseFor more informationMettler-Toledo GmbH CH-8606 Greifensee SwitzerlandTel. +41 44 944 22 11Fax +41 44 944 30 60Your METTLER TOLEDO contact:1. SevenGo ™ portable pH-meter2. In-line turbidity, pH and conductivity sensors3. DL22 Food and beverage analyzer4. Halogen moisture analyzersA wide range of solutions to improve processes1. Statistical Quality Control/Statistical Process Control2. Process weighing3. Predictive maintenance4. Methods of moisture content determinationShare our knowledgeLearn from our specialists – our knowledge and experience are at your disposal in print or online.Learn more about all of our solutions for the dairy and cheese industry at our website. You can find information on a wide range of topics to improve your processes, including case studies,application stories, return-on invest-ment calculators, plus all the product information you need to make aninformed decision.1 2 341423。

二维巴特沃斯滤波器c语言

二维巴特沃斯滤波器1. 简介二维巴特沃斯滤波器是一种常用的图像处理方法，用于对图像进行频域滤波。

它基于巴特沃斯滤波器的原理，在频域中对图像进行平滑或增强。

本文将详细介绍二维巴特沃斯滤波器的原理、实现步骤以及应用案例。

2. 巴特沃斯滤波器原理巴特沃斯滤波器是一种频率域滤波器，通过调整截止频率和阶数来控制信号的频率响应。

其传输函数可以表示为：H (u,v )=11+(D (u,v )D 0)2n其中，D (u,v ) 是图像中每个点到中心点的距离，D 0 是截止频率，n 是阶数。

当 n 取不同值时，巴特沃斯滤波器可以实现不同程度的平滑或增强效果。

当 n >1 时，增加了阶数可以使得低频信号更加平坦；当 n <1 时，减小了阶数可以使得低频信号更加突出。

3. 实现步骤二维巴特沃斯滤波器的实现步骤如下：步骤 1：读取图像首先，需要从文件中读取待处理的图像。

可以使用 C 语言中的图像处理库，如 OpenCV ，来实现图像读取功能。

#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>int main() {// 读取图像cv::Mat image = cv::imread("input.jpg", cv::IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);// 其他处理步骤...return 0;}步骤 2：进行傅里叶变换将读取的图像进行傅里叶变换，得到频域表示。

可以使用 OpenCV 提供的函数dft 来实现傅里叶变换。

#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>int main() {// 读取图像cv::Mat image = cv::imread("input.jpg", cv::IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);// 进行傅里叶变换cv::Mat frequencyDomain;cv::dft(image, frequencyDomain, cv::DFT_COMPLEX_OUTPUT);// 其他处理步骤...return 0;}步骤 3：生成巴特沃斯滤波器根据巴特沃斯滤波器的传输函数公式，可以生成巴特沃斯滤波器的频域表示。

ABB机器人实用手册

一、系统安全以下的安全守则必须遵守，因为机器人系统复杂而且危险性大，*万一发生火灾，请使用二氧化炭灭火器。

-急停开关（E-Stop ）不允许被短接。

-机器人处于自动模式时，不允许进入其运动所及的区域。

-在任何情况下，不要使用原始盘，用复制盘。

-搬运时，机器停止，机器人不应置物，应空机。

-意外或不正常情况下，均可使用E-Stop键，停止运行。

-在编程，测试及维修时必须注意既使在低速时，机器人仍然是非常有力的，其动量很大，必须将机器人置于手动模式。

-气路系统中的压力可达0.6MP,任何相关检修都要断气源。

-在不用移动机器人及运行程序时，须及时释放使能器（Enable Device）。

-调试人员进入机器人工作区时，须随身携带示教器，以防他人无意误操作。

*在得到停电通知时，要预先关断机器人的主电源及气源。

*突然停电后，要赶在来电之前预先关闭机器人的主电源开关，并及时取下夹具上的工件。

-维修人员必须保管好机器人钥匙，严禁非授权人员在手动模式下进入机器人软件系统，随意翻阅或修改程序及参数。

第一章综述S4C系统介绍：全开放式对操作者友善最先进系统最多可接六个外围设备常规型号：IRB 1400，IRB 2400，IRB 4400，IRB 6400 IRB指ABB机器人，第一位数（1,2,4,6）指机器人大小第二位数（4 ）指机器人属于S4或S4C系统无论何型号，机器人控制部分基本相同。

IRB 1400 :承载较小，最大承载为5kg，常用于焊接。

IRB 2400 :承载较小，最大承载为7kg，常用于焊接。

IRB 4400 :承载较大，最大承载为60kg 常用于搬运或大范围焊接。

IRB 6400 :承载较大，最大承载为200kg ，常用于搬运或大范围焊接。

、机器人组成:机器人由两部分组成：Con troller: 控制器。

Ma nipulator:机械手。

操作人员通过示教器和操作盘操作机器人壬i 哄o鬥◎ ©ControllerManipulatorA WR963 •8520 ■7 4 1 - 4 t左边是示教器(Teach Pendant)右边是操作盘（Operator 'Panel）1、机械手(Manipulator)-由六个转轴组成空间六杆开链机构，理论上可达空间任何一点。

tslib触动精灵基础扩展库使用手册

@miniknife?2017-09-21 16:38?字数?29341?阅读?111853TSLib 触动精灵基础扩展库使用手册开发手册Windows 平台按 Ctrl + F 打开快捷搜索 Mac 平台按 command + F 打开快捷搜索※右侧文本列表可以找到全部手册目录TSLib 触动精灵基础扩展库使用手册o目录o简介o学习前的准备越狱及 root 常识Lua 基础简明教程脚本开发取色技巧小白学触动零基础视频教程o触动精灵开发者指南触动产品功能对比如何查看更多文档o函数扩展库下载使用须知函数：TSVersions 获取扩展库版本号o点击滑动类函数：tap 点击函数：randomTap 随机点击函数：moveTo 滑动函数：moveTowards 角度滑动函数：moveZoomOut 捏合函数：moveZoomIn 放大滑动函数：moveCircleCenter 圆心滑动函数：moveCirclePonits 圆弧滑动o颜色判断类函数：intToRgb 十六进制转 RGB函数：rgbToInt RGB 转十六进制函数：isColor 单点比色函数：multiColor 多点比色函数：multiColTap 多点比色点击函数：findMultiColorInRegionFuzzyByTable 点阵找色o开发调试类函数：log 日志o文件操作类函数：isFileExist 判断文件函数：readFile 读文件返回表函数：readFileString 读文件返回字符串函数：writeFile 保存表到文件函数：writeFileString 保存字符串到文件函数：delFile 删除文件o应用信息类函数：getAppName 获取应用名称函数：getUserApp 获取已安装 ipa 应用列表o数据操作类函数：strSplit 分割字符串函数：httpGet 获取网页数据函数：httpPost 提交网页数据函数：getNetIP 获取外网 IP函数：inputStr 输入字符串函数：getStrNum 获取字符串数函数：getRndNum 获取随机数函数：snapAndSave 截图保存到相册函数：deepCopyTable 复制表o系统类模块函数：luaExit 退出脚本执行函数：getRender 获取屏幕的 render 值函数：isDay 日期判断oclear 清理类模块函数：clearAllPhotos 清空相册函数：clearAllKeyChains 清空钥匙串函数：clearIDFAV 清理 IDFAV函数：clearPasteboard 清空剪贴板函数：clearCookies 清除浏览器 CookiesoshowUI 脚本配置界面函数：checkTable 检查 UItable函数：getMode 获取 UI 模式函数：neosUI 显示 UIo便捷 UI函数：UINew 创建 UI函数：UIShow 显示 UI函数：UILabel 文本标签函数：UIRadio 单选框函数：UIEdit 编辑框函数：UICheck 多选框函数：UICombo 下拉框函数：UIComboRlt 联动下拉框函数：UIComboRlts 联动关联框函数：UIImage 图片框UI 完整实例oocr 云打码扩展库函数：ocrInfo 初始化打码平台函数：ocrBalance 查询用户余额函数：ocrScreen 区域打码识别函数：ocrImage 图片打码识别函数：ocrReportError 提交错误识别o企业版相关函数：setDeviceAlias 设置设备别名（仅限企业版）o附录已知与触动精灵/帮你玩/小精灵/企业版 iOS 冲突的插件列表Lua math 库设备 SSH 连接工具相关工具运行库OCR（光学字符识别）相关LuaSQLite简介为了进一步降低脚本开发者门槛，触动精灵单独开发一个扩展库，提供了一系列实用函数供开发者使用。

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONSInt.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582Published online in Wiley InterScience().DOI:10.1002/cta.375A wavelet-based piecewise approach for steady-state analysisof power electronics circuitsK.C.Tam,S.C.Wong∗,†and C.K.TseDepartment of Electronic and Information Engineering,Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong KongSUMMARYSimulation of steady-state waveforms is important to the design of power electronics circuits,as it reveals the maximum voltage and current stresses being imposed upon speciﬁc devices and components.This paper proposes an improved approach toﬁnding steady-state waveforms of power electronics circuits based on wavelet approximation.The proposed method exploits the time-domain piecewise property of power electronics circuits in order to improve the accuracy and computational efﬁciency.Instead of applying one wavelet approximation to the whole period,several wavelet approximations are applied in a piecewise manner toﬁt the entire waveform.This wavelet-based piecewise approximation approach can provide very accurate and efﬁcient solution,with much less number of wavelet terms,for approximating steady-state waveforms of power electronics circuits.Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Received26July2005;Revised26February2006KEY WORDS:power electronics;switching circuits;wavelet approximation;steady-state waveform1.INTRODUCTIONIn the design of power electronics systems,knowledge of the detailed steady-state waveforms is often indispensable as it provides important information about the likely maximum voltage and current stresses that are imposed upon certain semiconductor devices and passive compo-nents[1–3],even though such high stresses may occur for only a brief portion of the switching period.Conventional methods,such as brute-force transient simulation,for obtaining the steady-state waveforms are usually time consuming and may suffer from numerical instabilities, especially for power electronics circuits consisting of slow and fast variations in different parts of the same waveform.Recently,wavelets have been shown to be highly suitable for describingCorrespondence to:S.C.Wong,Department of Electronic and Information Engineering,Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hunghom,Hong Kong.†E-mail:enscwong@.hkContract/sponsor:Hong Kong Research Grants Council;contract/grant number:PolyU5237/04ECopyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.560K.C.TAM,S.C.WONG AND C.K.TSEwaveforms with fast changing edges embedded in slowly varying backgrounds[4,5].Liu et al.[6] demonstrated a systematic algorithm for approximating steady-state waveforms arising from power electronics circuits using Chebyshev-polynomial wavelets.Moreover,power electronics circuits are piecewise varying in the time domain.Thus,approx-imating a waveform with one wavelet approximation(ing one set of wavelet functions and hence one set of wavelet coefﬁcients)is rather inefﬁcient as it may require an unnecessarily large wavelet set.In this paper,we propose a piecewise approach to solving the problem,using as many wavelet approximations as the number of switch states.The method yields an accurate steady-state waveform descriptions with much less number of wavelet terms.The paper is organized as follows.Section2reviews the systematic(standard)algorithm for approximating steady-state waveforms using polynomial wavelets,which was proposed by Liu et al.[6].Section3describes the procedure and formulation for approximating steady-state waveforms of piecewise switched systems.In Section4,application examples are presented to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the proposed piecewise wavelet approximation with that of the standard wavelet approximation.Finally,we give the conclusion in Section5.2.REVIEW OF WA VELET APPROXIMATIONIt has been shown that wavelet approximation is effective for approximating steady-state waveforms of power electronics circuits as it takes advantage of the inherent nature of wavelets in describing fast edges which have been embedded in slowly moving backgrounds[6].Typically,power electronics circuits can be represented by a time-varying state-space equation˙x=A(t)x+U(t)(1) where x is the m-dim state vector,A(t)is an m×m time-varying matrix,and U is the inputfunction.Speciﬁcally,we writeA(t)=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣a11(t)a12(t)···a1m(t)............a m1(t)a m2(t)···a mm(t)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦(2)andU(t)=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣u1(t)...u m(t)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦(3)In the steady state,the solution satisﬁesx(t)=x(t+T)for0 t T(4) where T is the period.For an appropriate translation and scaling,the boundary condition can be mapped to the closed interval[−1,1]x(+1)=x(−1)(5) Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582A WA VELET-BASED PIECEWISE APPROACH FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS561 Assume that the basic time-invariant approximation equation isx i(t)=K T i W(t)for−1 t 1and i=1,2,...,m(6) where W(t)is any wavelet basis of size2n+1+1(n being the wavelet level),K T i=[k i,0,...,k i,2n+1] is a coefﬁcient vector of dimension2n+1+1,which is to be found.‡The wavelet transformedequation of(1)isKD W=A(t)K W+U(t)(7)whereK=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣k1,0k1,1···k1,2n+1k2,0k2,1···k2,2n+1............k m,0k m,1···k m,2n+1⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(8)Thus,(7)can be written generally asF(t)K=−U(t)(9) where F(t)is a m×(2n+1+1)m matrix and K is a(2n+1+1)m-dim vector,given byF(t)=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣a11(t)W T(t)−W T(t)D T···a1i(t)W T(t)···a1m W T(t)...............a i1(t)W T(t)···a ii(t)W T(t)−W T(t)D T···a im W T(t)...............a m1(t)W T(t)···a mi(t)W T(t)···a mm W T(t)−W T(t)D T⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(10)K=[K T1···K T m]T(11)Note that since the unknown K is of dimension(2n+1+1)m,we need(2n+1+1)m equations. Now,the boundary condition(5)provides m equations,i.e.[W(+1)−W(−1)]T K i=0for i=1,...,m(12) This equation can be easily solved by applying an appropriate interpolation technique or via direct numerical convolution[11].Liu et al.[6]suggested that the remaining2n+1m equations‡The construction of wavelet basis has been discussed in detail in Reference[6]and more formally in Reference[7].For more details on polynomial wavelets,see References[8–10].Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582562K.C.TAM,S.C.WONG AND C.K.TSEare obtained by interpolating at2n+1distinct points, i,in the closed interval[−1,1],and the interpolation points can be chosen arbitrarily.Then,the approximation equation can be written as˜FK=˜U(13)where˜F= ˜F1˜F2and˜U=˜U1˜U2(14)with˜F1,˜F2,˜U1and˜U2given by˜F1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣[W(+1)−W(−1)]T(00···0)···(00···0)(00···0)[W(+1)−W(−1)]T···(00···0)............(00···0)2n+1+1columns(00···0)···[W(+1)−W(−1)]T(2n+1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭m rows(15)˜F2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣F( 1)F( 2)...F( 2n+1)(2n+1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭2n+1m rows(16)˜U1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣...⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎭m elements(17)˜U2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−U( 1)−U( 2)...−U( 2n+1)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭2n+1m elements(18)Finally,by solving(13),we obtain all the coefﬁcients necessary for generating an approximate solution for the steady-state system.Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582A WA VELET-BASED PIECEWISE APPROACH FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS5633.WA VELET-BASED PIECEWISE APPROXIMATION METHODAlthough the above standard algorithm,given in Reference[6],provides a well approximated steady-state solution,it does not exploit the piecewise switched nature of power electronics circuits to ease computation and to improve accuracy.Power electronics circuits are deﬁned by a set of linear differential equations governing the dynamics for different intervals of time corresponding to different switch states.In the following,we propose a wavelet approximation algorithm speciﬁcally for treating power electronics circuits.For each interval(switch state),we canﬁnd a wavelet representation.Then,a set of wavelet representations for all switch states can be‘glued’together to give a complete steady-state waveform.Formally,consider a p-switch-state converter.We can write the describing differential equation, for switch state j,as˙x j=A j x+U j for j=1,2,...,p(19) where A j is a time invariant matrix at state j.Equation(19)is the piecewise state equation of the system.In the steady state,the solution satisﬁes the following boundary conditions:x j−1(T j−1)=x j(0)for j=2,3,...,p(20) andx1(0)=x p(T p)(21)where T j is the time duration of state j and pj=1T j=T.Thus,mapping all switch states to the close interval[−1,1]in the wavelet space,the basic approximate equation becomesx j,i(t)=K T j,i W(t)for−1 t 1(22) with j=1,2,...,p and i=1,2,...,m,where K T j,i=[k1,i,0···k1,i,2n+1,k2,i,0···k2,i,2n+1,k j,i,0···k j,i,2n+1]is a coefﬁcient vector of dimension(2n+1+1)×p,which is to be found.Asmentioned previously,the state equation is transformed to the wavelet space and then solved by using interpolation.The approximation equation is˜F(t)K=−˜U(t)(23) where˜F=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣˜F˜F1˜F2...˜Fp⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦and˜U=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣˜U˜U1˜U2...˜Up⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(24)Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582564K.C.TAM,S.C.WONG AND C.K.TSEwith ˜F0,˜F 1,˜F 2,˜F p ,˜U 0,˜U 1,˜U 2and ˜U p given by ˜F 0=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣F a 00···F b F b F a 0···00F b F a ···0...............00···F b F a (2n +1+1)×m ×p columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭m ×p rows (F a and F b are given in (33)and (34))(25)˜F 1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣F ( 1)0 0F ( 2)0 0............F ( 2n +1) (2n +1+1)m columns 0(2n +1+1)m columns···0 (2n +1+1)m columns(2n +1+1)×m ×p columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭2n +1m rows(26)˜F 2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣0F ( 1)···00F ( 2)···0............0(2n +1+1)m columnsF ( 2n +1)(2n +1+1)m columns···(2n +1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(27)˜F p =⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣0···0F ( 1)0···0F ( 2)...... 0(2n +1+1)m columns···(2n +1+1)m columnsF ( 2n +1)(2n +1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(28)˜U0=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣0 0⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎭m ×p elements(29)Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582A WA VELET-BASED PIECEWISE APPROACH FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS565˜U1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−U( 1)−U( 2)...−U( 2n+1)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭2n+1m elements(30)˜U2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−U( 1)−U( 2)...−U( 2n+1)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(31)˜Up=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−U( 1)−U( 2)...−U( 2n+1)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(32)F a=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣[W(−1)]T0 00[W(−1)]T 0............00···[W(−1)]T(2n+1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭m rows(33)F b=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣[−W(+1)]T0 00[−W(+1)]T 0............00···[−W(+1)]T(2n+1+1)m columns⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭m rows(34)Similar to the standard approach outlined in Section2,all the coefﬁcients necessary for gener-ating approximate solutions for each switch state for the steady-state system can be obtained by solving(23).It should be noted that the wavelet-based piecewise method can be further enhanced for approx-imating steady-state solution using different wavelet levels for different switch states.Essentially, Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582566K.C.TAM,S.C.WONG AND C.K.TSEwavelets of high levels should only be needed to represent waveforms in switch states where high-frequency details are present.By using different choices of wavelet levels for different switch states,solutions can be obtained more quickly.Such an application of varying wavelet levels for different switch intervals can be easily incorporated in the afore-described algorithm.4.APPLICATION EXAMPLESIn this section,we present four examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed wavelet-based piecewise method for steady-state analysis of switching circuits.The results will be evaluated using the mean relative error (MRE)and mean absolute error (MAE),which are deﬁned byMRE =12 1−1ˆx (t )−x (t )x (t )d t (35)MAE =12 1−1|ˆx (t )−x (t )|d t (36)where ˆx (t )is the wavelet-approximated value and x (t )is the SPICE simulated result.The SPICE result,being generated from exact time-domain simulation of the actual circuit at device level,can be used for comparison and evaluation.In discrete forms,MAE and MRE are simply given byMRE =1N Ni =1ˆx i −x i x i(37)MAE =1N Ni =1|ˆx i −x i |(38)where N is the total number of points sampled along the interval [−1,1]for error calculation.In the following,we use uniform sampling (i.e.equal spacing)with N =1001,including boundary points.4.1.Example 1:a single pulse waveformConsider the single pulse waveform shown in Figure 1.This is an example of a waveform that cannot be efﬁciently approximated by the standard wavelet algorithm.The waveform consists of ﬁve segments corresponding to ﬁve switch states (S1–S5),and the corresponding state equations are given by (19),where A j and U j are given speciﬁcally asA j =⎧⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩0if 0 t <t 10if t 1 t <t 21if t 2 t <t 30if t 3 t <t 40if t 4 t T(39)Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582A WA VELET-BASED PIECEWISE APPROACH FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS567S1S2S3S4S50t1t2t3t4THFigure 1.A single pulse waveform consisting of 5switch states.andU j =⎧⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩0if 0 t <t 1H /(t 2−t 1)if t 1 t <t 2−Hif t 2 t <t 3−H /(t 4−t 3)if t 3 t <t 40if t 4 t T(40)where H is the amplitude (see Figure 1).Switch states 2(S2)and 4(S4)correspond to the rising edge and falling edge,respectively.Obviously,when the widths of rising and falling edges are small (relative to the whole switching period),the standard wavelet method cannot provide a satisfactory approximation for this waveform unless very high wavelet levels are used.Theoretically,the entire pulse-like waveform can be very accurately approximated by a very large number of wavelet terms,but the computational efforts required are excessive.As mentioned before,since the piecewise approach describes each switch interval separately,it yields an accurate steady-state waveform description for each switch interval with much less number of wavelet terms.Figures 2(a)and (b)compare the approximated pulse waveforms using the proposed wavelet-based piecewise method and the standard wavelet method for two different choices of wavelet levels with different widths of rising and falling edges.This example clearly shows the beneﬁts of the wavelet-based piecewise approximation using separate sets of wavelet coefﬁcients for the different switch states.Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582568K.C.TAM,S.C.WONG AND C.K.TSE0−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−20−15−10−50.20.40.60.81−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−10.20.40.60.81(a)051015(b)Figure 2.Approximated pulse waveforms with amplitude 10.Dotted line is the standard wavelet approx-imated waveforms using wavelets of levels from −1to 5.Solid lines are the actual waveforms and the wavelet-based piecewise approximated waveforms using wavelets of levels from −1to 1:(a)switch states 2and 4with rising and falling times both equal to 5per cent of the period;and (b)switch states 2and 4with rising and falling times both equal to 1per cent of the period.4.2.Example 2:simple buck converterThe second example is the simple buck converter shown in Figure 3.Suppose the switch has a resistance of R s when it is turned on,and is practically open-circuit when it is turned off.The diode has a forward voltage drop of V f and an on-resistance of R d .The on-time and off-time equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 4.The basic system equation can be readily found as˙x=A (t )x +U (t )(41)where x =[i L v o ]T ,and A (t )and U (t )are given byA (t )=⎡⎢⎣−R d s (t )L −1L 1C −1RC⎤⎥⎦(42)U (t )=⎡⎣E (1−s (t ))+V f s (t )L⎤⎦(43)Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582Figure3.Simple buck convertercircuit.Figure4.Equivalent linear circuits of the buck converter:(a)during on time;and(b)during off time.Table ponent and parameter values for simulationof the simple buck converter.Component/parameter ValueMain inductance,L0.5mHCapacitance,C0.1mFLoad resistance,R10Input voltage,E100VDiode forward drop,V f0.8VSwitching period,T100 sOn-time,T D40 sSwitch on-resistance,R s0.001Diode on-resistance,R d0.001with s(t)deﬁned bys(t)=⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩0for0 t T D1for T D t Ts(t−T)for all t>T(44)We have performed waveform approximations using the standard wavelet method and the proposed wavelet-based piecewise method.The circuit parameters are shown in Table I.We also generate waveforms from SPICE simulations which are used as references for comparison. The approximated inductor current is shown in Figure5.Simple visual inspection reveals that the wavelet-based piecewise approach always gives more accurate waveforms than the standard method.Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582−0.5−10.51−0.5−10.51012345670123456712345671234567(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 5.Inductor current waveforms of the buck converter.Solid line is waveform from piecewise wavelet approximation,dotted line is waveform from SPICE simulation and dot-dashed line is waveform using standard wavelet approximation.Note that the solid lines are nearly overlapping with the dotted lines:(a)using wavelets of levels from −1to 0;(b)using wavelets of levels from −1to 1;(c)using wavelets oflevels from −1to 4;and (d)using wavelets of levels from −1to 5.Table parison of MREs for approximating waveforms for the simple buck converter.Wavelet Number of MRE for i L MRE for v C CPU time (s)MRE for i L MRE for v C CPU time (s)levels wavelets (standard)(standard)(standard)(piecewise)(piecewise)(piecewise)−1to 030.9773300.9802850.0150.0041640.0033580.016−1to 150.2501360.1651870.0160.0030220.0024000.016−1to 290.0266670.0208900.0320.0030220.0024000.046−1to 3170.1281940.1180920.1090.0030220.0024000.110−1to 4330.0593070.0538670.3750.0030220.0024000.407−1to 5650.0280970.025478 1.4380.0030220.002400 1.735−1to 61290.0122120.011025 6.1880.0030220.0024009.344−1to 72570.0043420.00373328.6410.0030220.00240050.453In order to compare the results quantitatively,MREs are computed,as reported in Table II and plotted in Figure 6.Finally we note that the inductor current waveform has been very well approximated by using only 5wavelets of levels up to 1in the piecewise method with extremelyCopyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582123456700.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91M R E (m e a n r e l a t i v e e r r o r )Wavelet Levelsinductor current : standard method inductor current : piecewise methodFigure parison of MREs for approximating inductor current for the simple buck converter.small MREs.Furthermore,as shown in Table II,the CPU time required by the standard method to achieve an MRE of about 0.0043for i L is 28.64s,while it is less than 0.016s with the proposed piecewise approach.Thus,we see that the piecewise method is signiﬁcantly faster than the standard method.4.3.Example 3:boost converter with parasitic ringingsNext,we consider the boost converter shown in Figure 7.The equivalent on-time and off-time circuits are shown in Figure 8.Note that the parasitic capacitance across the switch and the leakage inductance are deliberately included to reveal waveform ringings which are realistic phenomena requiring rather long simulation time if a brute-force time-domain simulation method is used.The state equation of this converter is given by˙x=A (t )x +U (t )(45)where x =[i m i l v s v o ]T ,and A (t )and U (t )are given byA (t )=A 1(1−s (t ))+A 2s (t )(46)U (t )=U 1(1−s (t ))+U 2s (t )(47)Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582Figure7.Simple boost convertercircuit.Figure8.Equivalent linear circuits of the boost converter including parasitic components:(a)for on time;and(b)for off time.with s(t)deﬁned earlier in(44)andA1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−R mL mR mL m00R mL l−R l+R mL l−1L l1C s−1R s C s000−1RC⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(48)A2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣−R mR dL mR m R dL m0−R mL m d mR m R dL l−R mR d+R lL l−1L lR mL l d m1C s00R mC(R d+R m)−R mC(R d+R m)0−R+R m+R dC R(R d+R m)⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(49)Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582U1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣EL m⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(50)U2=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣EL m−R m V fL m d mR m V fL l(R d+R m)−V f R mC(R d m⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦(51)Again we compare the approximated waveforms of the leakage inductor current using the proposed piecewise method and the standard wavelet method.The circuit parameters are listed in Table III.Figures9(a)and(b)show the approximated waveforms using the piecewise and standard wavelet methods for two different choices of wavelet levels.As expected,the piecewise method gives more accurate results with wavelets of relatively low levels.Since the waveform contains a substantial portion where the value is near zero,we use the mean absolute error(MAE)forTable ponent and parameter values for simulation ofthe boost converter.Component/parameter ValueMain inductance,L m200 HLeakage inductance,L l1 HParasitic resistance,R m1MOutput capacitance,C200 FLoad resistance,R10Input voltage,E10VDiode forward drop,V f0.8VSwitching period,T100 sOn-time,T D40 sParasitic lead resistance,R l0.5Switch on-resistance,R s0.001Switch capacitance,C s200nFDiode on-resistance,R d0.001Copyright2006John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–5820−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−50.20.40.60.815100(a)(b)−50.20.40.60.81510Figure 9.Leakage inductor waveforms of the boost converter.Solid line is waveform from wavelet-based piecewise approximation,dotted line is waveform from SPICE simulation and dot-dashed line is waveform using standard wavelet approximation:(a)using wavelets oflevels from −1to 4;and (b)using wavelets of levels from −1to 5.Table IV .Comparison of MAEs for approximating the leakage inductor currentfor the boost converter.Wavelet Number MAE for i l CPU time (s)MAE for i l CPU time (s)levels of wavelets(standard)(standard)(piecewise)(piecewise)−1to 3170.4501710.1250.2401820.156−1to 4330.3263290.4060.1448180.625−1to 5650.269990 1.6410.067127 3.500−1to 61290.2118157.7970.06399521.656−1to 72570.13254340.6250.063175171.563evaluation.From Table IV and Figure 10,the result clearly veriﬁes the advantage of using the proposed wavelet-based piecewise method.Furthermore,inspecting the two switch states of the boost converter,it is obvious that switch state 2(off-time)is richer in high-frequency details,and therefore should be approximated with wavelets of higher levels.A more educated choice of wavelet levels can shorten the simulationCopyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582345670.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.5M A E (m e a n a b s o l u t e e r r o r )Wavelet Levelsleakage inductor current : standard method leakage inductor current : piecewise methodFigure parison of MAEs for approximating the leakage inductor current for the boost converter.time.Figure 11shows the approximated waveforms with different (more appropriate)choices of wavelet levels for switch states 1(on-time)and 2(off-time).Here,we note that smaller MAEs can generally be achieved with a less total number of wavelets,compared to the case where the same wavelet levels are employed for both switch states.Also,from Table IV,we see that the CPU time required for the standard method to achieve an MAE of about 0.13for i l is 40.625s,while it takes only slightly more than 0.6s with the piecewise method.Thus,the gain in computational speed is signiﬁcant with the piecewise approach.4.4.Example 4:ﬂyback converter with parasitic ringingsThe ﬁnal example is a ﬂyback converter,which is shown in Figure 12.The equivalent on-time and off-time circuits are shown in Figure 13.The parasitic capacitance across the switch and the transformer leakage inductance are included to reveal realistic waveform ringings.The state equation of this converter is given by˙x=A (t )x +U (t )(52)where x =[i m i l v s v o ]T ,and A (t )and U (t )are given byA (t )=A 1(1−s (t ))+A 2s (t )(53)U (t )=U 1(1−s (t ))+U 2s (t )(54)Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–5820−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−6−4−20.20.40.60.81024680−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−6−4−20.20.40.60.81024680−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−6−4−20.20.40.60.81024680−0.2−0.4−0.6−0.8−1−6−4−20.20.40.60.8102468il(A)il(A)il(A)il(A)(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 11.Leakage inductor waveforms of the boost converter with different choice of wavelet levels for the two switch states.Dotted line is waveform from SPICE simulation.Solid line is waveform using wavelet-based piecewise approximation.Two different wavelet levels,shown in brackets,are used for approximating switch states 1and 2,respectively:(a)(3,4)with MAE =0.154674;(b)(3,5)withMAE =0.082159;(c)(4,5)with MAE =0.071915;and (d)(5,6)with MAE =0.066218.Copyright 2006John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.Int.J.Circ.Theor.Appl.2006;34:559–582。

OpenProblemsList

Open Problems ListArising from MathsCSP Workshop,Oxford,March2006Version0.3,April25,20061Complexity and Tractability of CSPQuestion1.0(The Dichotomy Conjecture)Let B be a relational structure.The problem of deciding whether a given relational structure has a homomorphism to B is denoted CSP(B).For which(ﬁnite)structures is CSP(B)decidable in polynomial time?Is it true that for anyﬁnite structure B the problem CSP(B)is either decidable in polynomial time or NP-complete?Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Moshe Vardi(1993) Question1.1A relational structure B is called hereditarily tractable if CSP(B )is tractable for all substructures B of B.Which structures B are hereditarily tractable?Communicated by:Pavol Hell Question1.2A weak near-unanimity term is deﬁned to be one that satisﬁes the following identities:f(x,...,x)=x and f(x,y,....y)=f(y,x,y,....y)=...=f(y,...,y,x).Is CSP(B)tractable for any(ﬁnite)structure B which is preserved by a weak near-unanimity term?Communicated by:Benoit Larose,Matt Valeriote Question1.3A constraint language1S is called globally tractable for a problem P,if P(S)is tractable,and it is called(locally)tractable if for everyﬁnite L⊆S,P(L)is tractable.These two notions of tractability do not coincide in the Abduction problem(see talk by Nadia Creignou).•For which computational problems related to the CSP do these two notions of tractability coincide?•In particular,do they coincide for the standard CSP decision problem?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou 1That is,a(possibly inﬁnite)set of relations over someﬁxed set.1Question1.4(see also Question3.5)It has been shown that when a structure B has bounded pathwidth duality the corresponding problem CSP(B)is in the complexity class NL (see talk by Victor Dalmau).Is the converse also true(modulo some natural complexity-theoretic assumptions)?Communicated by:Victor Dalmau Question1.5Is there a good(numerical)parameterization for constraint satisfaction problems that makes themﬁxed-parameter tractable?Question1.6Further develop techniques based on delta-matroids to complete the com-plexity classiﬁcation of the Boolean CSP(with constants)with at most two occurrences per variable(see talk by Tomas Feder).Communicated by:Tomas Feder Question1.7Classify the complexity of uniform Boolean CSPs(where both structure and constraint relations are speciﬁed in the input).Communicated by:Heribert Vollmer Question1.8The microstructure graph of a binary CSP has vertices for each variable/value pair,and edges that join all pairs of vertices that are compatible with the constraints.What properties of this graph are suﬃcient to ensure tractability?Are there properties that do not rely on the constraint language or the constraint graph individually?2Approximability and Soft ConstraintsQuestion2.1Is it true that Max CSP(L)is APX-complete whenever Max CSP(L)is NP-hard?Communicated by:Peter Jonsson Question2.2Prove or disprove that Max CSP(L)is in PO if the core of L is super-modular on some lattice,and otherwise this problem is APX-complete.The above has been proved for languages with domain size3,and for languages contain-ing all constants by a computer-assisted case analysis(see talk by Peter Jonsson).Develop techniques that allow one to prove such results without computer-assisted analysis.Communicated by:Peter Jonsson Question2.3For some constraint languages L,the problem Max CSP(L)is hard to approximate better than the random mindless algorithm on satisﬁable or almost satisﬁable instances.Such problems are called approximation resistant(see talk by Johan Hastad).Is a single random predicate over Boolean variables with large arity approximation resistant?What properties of predicates make a CSP approximation resistant?What transformations of predicates preserve approximation resistance?Communicated by:Johan Hastad2Question2.4Many optimisation problems involving constraints(such as Max-Sat,Max CSP,Min-Ones SAT)can be represented using soft constraints where each constraint is speciﬁed by a cost function assigning some measure of cost to each tuple of values in its scope.Are all tractable classes of soft constraints characterized by their multimorphisms?(see talk by Peter Jeavons)Communicated by:Peter Jeavons 3AlgebraQuestion3.1The Galois connection between sets of relations and sets of operations that preserve them has been used to analyse several diﬀerent computational problems such as the satisﬁability of the CSP,and counting the number of solutions.How can we characterise the computational goals for which we can use this Galois connection?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou Question3.2For any relational structure B=(B,R1,...,R k),let co-CSP(B)denote the class of structures which do not have a homomorphism to B.It has been shown that the question of whether co-CSP(B)is deﬁnable in Datalog is determined by P ol(B),the polymorphisms of the relations of B(see talk by Andrei Bulatov).Let B be a core,F the set of all idempotent polymorphisms of B and V the variety generated by the algebra(B,F).Is it true that co-CSP(B)is deﬁnable in Datalog if and only if V omits types1and2(that is,the local structure of anyﬁnite algebra in V does not contain a G-set or an aﬃne algebra)?Communicated by:Andrei Bulatov Question3.3Does every tractable clone of polynomials over a group contain a Mal’tsev operation?Communicated by:Pascal Tesson Question3.4Classify(w.r.t.tractability of corresponding CSPs)clones of polynomials of semigroups.Communicated by:Pascal Tesson Question3.5Is it true that for any structure B which is invariant under a near-unanimity operation the problem CSP(B)is in the complexity class NL?Does every such structure have bounded pathwidth duality?(see also Question1.4)Both results are known to hold for a2-element domain(Dalmau)and for majority operations(Dalmau,Krokhin).Communicated by:Victor Dalmau,Benoit Larose3Question3.6Is it decidable whether a given structure is invariant under a near-unanimity function(of some arity)?Communicated by:Benoit Larose Question3.7Let L be aﬁxedﬁnite lattice.Given an integer-valued supermodular func-tion f on L n,is there an algorithm that maximizes f in polynomial time in n if the function f is given by an oracle?The answer is yes if L is a distributive lattice(see“Supermodular Functions and the Complexity of Max-CSP”,Cohen,Cooper,Jeavons,Krokhin,Discrete Applied Mathemat-ics,2005).More generally,the answer is yes if L is obtained fromﬁnite distributive lattices via Mal’tsev products(Krokhin,Larose–see talk by Peter Jonsson).The smallest lattice for which the answer is not known is the3-diamond.Communicated by:Andrei Krokhin Question3.8Find the exact relationship between width and relational width.(It is known that one is bounded if and and only if the other is bounded.)Also,what types of width are preserved under natural algebraic constructions?Communicated by:Victor Dalmau 4LogicQuestion4.1The(basic)Propositional Circumscription problem is deﬁned as fol-lows:Input:a propositional formulaφwith atomic relations from a set S,and a clause c.Question:is c satisﬁed in every minimal model ofφ?It is conjectured(Kirousis,Kolaitis)that there is a trichotomy for this problem,that it iseither in P,coNP-complete or inΠP2,depending on the choice of S.Does this conjecturehold?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou Question4.2The Inverse Satisfiability problem is deﬁned as follows: Input:aﬁnite set of relations S and a relation R.Question:is R expressible by a CNF(S)-formula without existential variables?A dichotomy theorem was obtained by Kavvadias and Sideri for the complexity of this problem with constants.Does a dichotomy hold without the constants?Are the Schaefer cases still tractable?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou4Question4.3Let LFP denote classes of structures deﬁnable inﬁrst-order logic with a least-ﬁxed-point operator,let HOM denote classes of structures which are closed under homomorphisms,and let co-CSP denote classes of structures deﬁned by not having a homomorphism to someﬁxed target structure.•Is LFP∩HOM⊆Datalog?•Is LFP∩co-CSP⊆Datalog?(forﬁnite target structures)•Is LFP∩co-CSP⊆Datalog?(forω-categorical target structures)Communicated by:Albert Atserias,Manuel BodirskyQuestion4.4(see also Question3.2)Deﬁnability of co-CSP(B)in k-Datalog is a suﬃcient condition for tractability of CSP(B),which is sometimes referred to as having width k. There is a game-theoretic characterisation of deﬁnability in k-Datalog in terms of(∃,k)-pebble games(see talk by Phokion Kolaitis).•Is there an algorithm to decide for a given structure B whether co-CSP(B)is deﬁnable in k-Datalog(for aﬁxed k)?•Is the width hierarchy strict?The same question when B isω-categorical,but not necessarilyﬁnite?Communicated by:Phokion Kolaitis,Manuel BodirskyQuestion4.5Find a good logic to capture CSP with“nice”(e.g.,ω-categorical)inﬁnite templates.Communicated by:Iain Stewart 5Graph TheoryQuestion5.1The list homomorphism problem for a(directed)graph H is equivalent to the problem CSP(H∗)where H∗equals H together with all unary relations.•It is conjectured that the list homomorphism problem for a reﬂexive digraph is tractable if H has the X-underbar property(which is the same as having the bi-nary polymorphism min w.r.t.some total ordering on the set of vertices),and NP-complete otherwise.•It is conjectured that the list homomorphism problem for an irreﬂexive digraph is tractable if H is preserved by a majority operation,and NP-complete otherwise. Do these conjectures hold?Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Pavol Hell5Question5.2“An island of tractability?”Let A m be the class of all relational structures of the form(A,E1,...,E m)where each E i is an irreﬂexive symmetric binary relation and the relations E i together satisfy the following‘fullness’condition:any two distinct elements x,y are related in exactly one of the relations E i.Let B m be the single relational structure({1,...,m},E1,...,E m)where each E i is the symmetric binary relation containing all pairs xy except the pair ii.(Note that the relations E i are not irreﬂexive.)The problem CSP(A m,B m)is deﬁned as:Given A∈A m,is there a homomorphism from A to B m?When m=2,this problem is solvable in polynomial time-it is the recognition problem for split graphs(see“Algorithmic Graph Theory and Perfect Graphs”,M.C.Golumbic, Academic Press,New York,1980)When m>3,this problem is NP-complete(see“Full constraint satisfaction problems”,T.Feder and P.Hell,to appear in SIAM Journal on Computing).What happens when m=3?Is this an“island of tractability”?Quasi-polynomial algorithms are known for this problem(see“Full constraint satisfaction problems”,T. Feder and P.Hell,,to appear in SIAM Journal on Computing,and“Two algorithms for list matrix partitions”,T.Feder,P.Hell,D.Kral,and J.Sgall,SODA2005).Note that a similar problem for m=3was investigated in“The list partition problem for graphs”, K.Cameron,E.E.Eschen,C.T.Hoang and R.Sritharan,SODA2004.Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Pavol Hell Question5.3Finding the generalized hypertree-width,w(H)of a hypergraph H is known to be NP-complete.However it is possible to compute a hypertree-decomposition of H in polynomial time,and the hypertree-width of H is at most3w(H)+1(see talk by Georg Gottlob).Are there other decompositions giving better approximations of the generalized hypertree-width that can be found in polynomial time?Communicated by:Georg Gottlob Question5.4It is known that a CSP whose constraint hypergraph has bounded fractional hypertree width is tractable(see talk by Daniel Marx).Is there a hypergraph property more general than bounded fractional hypertree width that makes the associated CSP polynomial-time solvable?Are there classes of CSP that are tractable due to structural restrictions and have unbounded fractional hypertree width?Communicated by:Georg Gottlob,Daniel Marx Question5.5Prove that there exist two functions f1(w),f2(w)such that,for every w, there is an algorithm that constructs in time n f1(w)a fractional hypertree decomposition of width at most f2(w)for any hypergraph of fractional hypertree width at most w(See talk by Daniel Marx).Communicated by:Daniel Marx6Question5.6Turn the connection between the Robber and Army game and fractional hypertree width into an algorithm for approximating fractional hypertree width.Communicated by:Daniel Marx Question5.7Close the complexity gap between(H,C,K)-colouring and (H,C,K)-colouring (see talk by Dimitrios Thilikos)Find a tight characterization for theﬁxed-parameter tractable(H,C,K)-colouring problems.•For the(H,C,K)-colouring problems,ﬁnd nice properties for the non-parameterisedpart(H−C)that guaranteeﬁxed-parameter tractability.•Clarify the role of loops in the parameterised part C forﬁxed-parameter hardnessresults.Communicated by:Dimitrios Thilikos6Constraint Programming and ModellingQuestion6.1In a constraint programming system there is usually a search procedure that assigns values to particular variables in some order,interspersed with a constraint propagation process which modiﬁes the constraints in the light of these assignments.Is it possible to choose an ordering for the variables and values assigned which changes each problem instance as soon as possible into a new instance which is in a tractable class? Can this be done eﬃciently?Are there useful heuristics?Question6.2The time taken by a constraint programming system toﬁnd a solution toa given instance can be dramatically altered by modelling the problem diﬀerently.Can the eﬃciency of diﬀerent constraint models be objectively compared,or does it depend entirely on the solution algorithm?Question6.3For practical constraint solving it is important to eliminate symmetry,in order to avoid wasted search eﬀort.Under what conditions is it tractable to detect the symmetry in a given problem in-stance?7Notes•Representations of constraints-implicit representation-eﬀect on complexity•Unique games conjecture-structural restrictions that make it false-connectionsbetween deﬁnability and approximation•MMSNP-characterise tractable problems apart from CSP7•Migrate theoretical results to tools•What restrictions do practical problems actually satisfy?•Practical parallel algorithms-does this align with tractable classes?•Practically relevant constraint languages(”global constraints”)•For what kinds of problems do constraint algorithms/heuristics give good results?8。

计算机的专业英语选择

Multiple 11. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit are:hardware output devices storage devices software2. Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface, and run applications are known as:application programs operating systemsstorage systems utility programs3. A browser is an example of a:basic application specialized programsystem application utility program4. Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this type of computer is capable of great processing speeds and data storage.mainframe media center midrange netbook5. The smallest type of microcomputer:netbook handheld midrange tablet PC6. RAM is a type of:computer memory network secondary storage7. Unlike memory, this type of storage holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off.primary RAM ROM secondary8. The type of file created by word processors to save, for example, memos, term papers, and letters.database document presentation worksheet9. The change in connectivity that uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.cloud computing high definition network USB10. The largest network in the world is [the]:Facbeook Internet Web USBMultiple 21. The network that connects computers all over the world.CERN Internet LAN Web2. The rules for exchanging data between computers.DSL protocols Web WWW3. Client-based e-mail accounts require this special program to be installed on your computer.e-mail client hyperlink Java utility4. Communities of individuals who share a common interest typically create Facebook:clients groups pages profiles5. E-mail that does not require an e-mail program installed on a user's computer is known as:blog podcast Webmail utility6. A very well-known microblog.LinkedIn MySpace Twitter Wikipedia7. These programs continually look for new information and update search services’ database programs.filters IM spiders wikis8. A type of search engine that submits requests to other search engines, organizes their responses, eliminates duplicate responses, orders hits, and then provides an edited list.directory search ISPmetasearch engine specialized search engine9. This is the Internet’s equivalent to traditional cash.digital cash e-commerce icash Internetdollars10. Using file transfer utility software, you can copy files to your computer from specially configured servers on the Internet. This is called:downloading filtering blogging uploadingMultiple 31. This type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.application general purpose system utility2. A rectangular area that can contain a document, program, or message.dialog box form frame window3. Programs that create text-based documents.DBMS suites spreadsheets word processors4. Programs that organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budgets and financial reports.DBMS suites spreadsheets word processors5. In a spreadsheet, the intersection of a row and column creates a:cell formula function label6. A collection of related data that is the electronic equivalent of a file cabinet.cell database document table7. A database tool that will quickly rearrange a table’s records according toa selected field.filter sort spreadsheet word processor8. Programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations.DBMS presentation graphics spreadsheet word processor9. The primary disadvantage of this type of package is that the capabilities of each function are not as extensive as in individual programs.integrated office software utility10. A type of suite stored at a server on the Internet and available anywhere through Internet access.cloud integrated office utilityMultiple 41. These specialized graphics programs combine text and graphics to create publications of professional quality.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs2. Also known as drawing programs.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs3. Graphics programs used to create and edit vector images.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs4. An essential multimedia feature that allows user participation.Flash interactivity immersion raster5. Special programs used to create multimedia presentations.desktop publishing programs Flash editorsimage editors multimedia authoring programs6. A widely used interactive animation application from Adobe.ACTION Flash Fuzzy WYSIWYG7. Programs for Web site design and HTML coding are called Web page editors orapps HTML editors VR programs Web editors8. This area of artificial intelligence is also known as expert systems.acoustics knowledge-based systems robotics virtual reality9. A type of artificial intelligence that uses a database to provide assistance to users.acoustics expert systems robotics virtual reality10. Another name for the database used in expert systems that contains specific facts and rules.access table expert table knowledge base rule baseMultiple 51. What type of software works with users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details?dapplication desktop Linux system2. The programs that convert programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process are language:converters linguists managers translators3. The ability to switch between different applications stored in memory is called:diversion multitasking operational interferenceprogramming4. Graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function:app icon image software5. This operating system feature is controlled by a mouse and changes shape depending on its current function.dialog box menu mouse pointer6. The operating system based on Linux, designed for Netbook computers, and focused on Internet connectivity through cloud computing:Chrome Mac Unix Windows7. The mobile operating system developed by Apple and originally called iPhone OS:Android BlackBerry OS IOS Mac OS8. A utility program that makes copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged:Backup and Restore Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Compactor9. A troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files, frees up valuable disk space, and improves system performance:Backup and Restore Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Compactor 10. Windows makes it easy to update drivers with Windows:Backup Restore Driver UpdateMultiple 61. This container houses most of the electrical components for a computer system.carrier package system board system unit TV tuner2. Similar to notebooks, this system unit specializes in on-the-go Web browsing and e-mail access.chassis desktop media center netbook3. Computers can only recognize this type of electronic signal.analog bus digital maximum4. The main or motherboard is also known as the:computer board processor mobile system system board5. How many bytes can a 32-bit-word computer access at one time?1 48 166. In a microcomputer system, the central processing unit is contained on a single:bus chip module RAM7. This type of memory divides large programs into parts and stores the parts on a secondary storage device.direct expanded random-access virtual8. Also known as NIC, this adapter card is used to connect a computer to a:AIA expansion graphics network9. This provides a pathway to connect parts of the CPU to each other.bus Plug and Play wired wireless10. Older ports that have largely been replaced by faster, more flexible ports are called:buses expandable legacy renderedMultiple 71. Most keyboards use an arrangement of keys known as:Alpha Daisy OptiKey QWERTY2. The device that controls a pointer displayed on the monitor.cord mouse printer scanner3. Also known as a roller ball, this device controls the pointer by rotatinga ball with your thumb.trackball joystick cordless mouse stylus4. The type of screen that can be touched with more than one finger and supports zooming in and out by pinching and stretching your fingers.digital dynamic multitouch OLED5. Flatbed and document are types of:headsets HDTVs monitors scanners6. Device used by banks to automatically read those unusual numbers on the bottom of checks and deposit slips.MICR FDIC OMR UPC7. The most widely used audio-input device.mouse VR microphone TFT8. The monitor feature that specifies how often a displayed image is updated.aspect ratio dot pitch refresh rateresolution rate9. Handheld, book-sized devices that display text and graphics.e-book readers HDTV lasers whiteboards10. This technology allows television stations to broadcast their programming directly to smartphones, computers, and digital media players.CRT HDTV LED Mobile DTVMultiple 81. RAM is sometimes referred to as:primary storage ratio active memoryread only memory secondary storage2. The actual physical material that holds the data and programs.primary storage media disk access3. Measures how tightly these charges can be packed next to one another on the disk.density cylinders tracks sectors4. When a read/write head makes contact with the hard disk’s surface, it causesa head:crash land pit scratch5. This hard-disk performance enhancement anticipates data needs.disk caching file compression file decompression RAID6. This type of storage uses pits and lands to represent 1s and 0s.cloud hard disk optical solid state7. DVD stands for:digital versatile disc digital video datadynamic versatile disc dynamic video disc8. USB drives are also known as:flash drives optical drives ports universal state bus9. An organizational strategy to promote efficient and safe use of data across the networks.cloud dynamic data mission statemententerprise storage system RAID10. A mass storage device that provides access to data archived on tapes.file system NAS RAID system tape libraryMultiple 91. The concept related to using computer networks to link people and resources.connectivity GPS TCP/IP Wi-Fi2. A high-frequency transmission cable that delivers television signals as well as connects computers in a network.coaxial hi def 3-D twisted pair3. A short-range radio communication standard that transmits data over short distances of up to approximately 30 feet.Bluetooth broadband DSL TCP/IP4. The speed with which a modem transmits data is called its:digital velocity dynamic rate modular rating transfer rate5. The bandwidth typically used for DSL, cable, and satellite connections to the Internet.baseband broadband medium band voiceband6. Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric address called a(n):IP address DNS broadcast packet7. Sometimes referred to as a LAN adapter, these expansion cards connect a computer to a network.PCMCIA NIC server VPN8. A device that allows one LAN to be linked to other LANs or to larger networks.IDS network gateway PAN switch9. Typically using Wi-Fi technology, these wireless access points are typically available from public places such as coffee shops, libraries, bookstores, colleges, and universities.hotspots extranets PANs LANs10. Star, tree, and mesh are three types of network:topologies protocols strategies devicesMultiple 101. The three primary privacy issues are accuracy, property, and:access ethics ownership security2. To easily get names, addresses, and other details about a person using only his or her telephone number, government authorities and others use a(n):adware cookie keystroke logger reverse directory worm3. Browsers store the locations of sites visited in a:history menu tool bar firewall4. The browser mode that eliminates history files and blocks most cookies.detect insert privacy sleep5. The information that people voluntarily post in social networking sites, blogs, and photo- and video-sharing sites is used to create their:access approval firewall online identity phish6. Computer criminals who specialize in stealing, trading, and using stolen credit cards over the Internet are known as:carders card scammers cyber traders identity thieves7. Programs that come into a computer system disguised as something else are called:Trojan horses viruses Web bugs zombies8. The use of the Internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post content intended to hurt or embarrass another person is known as:cyber-bullying online harassmentsocial media discrimination unethical communication9. Special hardware and software used to control access to a corporation’s private network is known as a(n):antivirus program communication gatefirewall spyware removal program10. To prevent copyright violations, corporations often use:ACT DRM VPN WPAMultiple 111. Which of the basic organizational functions records all financial activity from billing customers to paying employees?accounting marketing production research2. What managerial level has information flow that is vertical, horizontal, and external?top supervisory middle foreman3. Which computer-based information system uses data from TPS and analytical tools to support middle managers?ESS MIS DSS TPS4. Accounts payable refers to money the company owes its suppliers for materials and services it has:created exported inventoried received5. What accounting activity keeps track of all summaries of all transactions?balance sheet general ledgerincome statement inventory control6. What accounting statement lists the overall financial condition of an organization?balance sheet general ledgerincome statement inventory control7. What type of report is produced at regular intervals?demand exception inventory periodic8. A DSS consists of four parts: user, system software, decision models, and:application software data operating systemspreadsheets9. What type of worker is involved with the distribution, communication, and creation of information?executive foreman information knowledge10. What type of program is designed to schedule, plan, and control project resources?auditing dtp project managers schedulersMultiple 121. Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events are:data occurrences records tables2. The most basic logical data element such as a single letter, number, or special character is known as a:character element phrase record3. Each record in a database has at least one distinctive field, called the:key field structure type view4. One element of database security is to provide only authorized users with:classes nodes passwords relations5. The bridge between the logical and physical views of the data is provided by:DBMS records SQL tables6. Highly trained computer specialists who interact with the data administration subsystem are known as:DBMS data modelers database administrators relational specialists7. In a network database, each child node may have more than one parent node; this is known as a:hierarchy many-to-many relationshipparent relationship relational relationship8. Connections between parent nodes and child nodes are provided by:characters DBA objects pointers9. Two of the most significant advantages of multidimensional databases over relational databases are processing speed and:conceptualization control format objectification10. Object-oriented databases organize data by classes, attributes, methods, and:objects relations space timeMultiple 131. An information system is a collection of hardware, software, people, procedures, and:data DBMS specialists system analysts2. What is the first phase in the systems life cycle?needs analysis preliminary investigationsystems analysis systems design3. Which phase in the systems life cycle involves installing the new system and training people?preliminary investigation systems analysissystem design systems implementation4. This phase in the systems life cycle is concerned about determining system requirements not in design.preliminary investigation systems analysissystem design systems implementation5. Which systems analysis tool shows the relationship between input and output documents?checklist data flow decision table grid chart6. These tools relieve the systems analysts of many repetitive tasks, develop clear documentation, and, for larger projects, coordinate team member activities.automated systems life cycle CASEdata flow analyzers flow charts7. Which systems life cycle phase is concerned with economic, technical, and operational feasibility?preliminary investigation systems analysissystems design systems implementation8. What type of feasibility evaluates whether the people within the organization will embrace or resist a new system?behavioral economic operational techinical9. Which approach to conversion begins by trying out a new system in only one part of an organization?direct pilot parallel phased10. An alternative to the systems life cycle approach using powerful development software, small specialized teams, and highly trained personnel.AAD CASE prototyping RADMultiple 141. A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to process:data direct logic hardware software2. The major processing steps identified in a top-down program design are called:assembly instructions modules logic3. The programming logic structure in which one program statement follows another.concatenation loop repetition selection4. One of the best ways to code effective programs is to use the three basic logic structures to create:content-markup programs modular languagespseudocode structured programs5. Which step in the six-step programming procedure involves desk checking and searching for syntax and logic errors?program design program documentationprogram maintenance program test6. Which step in the six-step programming procedure is the final step?program design program documentationprogram test program maintenance7. Unlike traditional systems development, this software development approach focuses less on the procedures and more on defining the relationships between previously defined procedures.2GL context-markup module object-oriented8. Natural languages are considered to be a:high-level language low-level languagemid-level language procedural language9. A compiler converts the programmer’s procedural language program, called the source code, into a machine language code, called the:interpreter code object codestructured code top-down code10. The 4GL languages that enable nonprogrammers to use certain easily understood commands to search and generate reports from a database.query application generator C11 COBOLMultiple 151. People who react to technology by thinking computers are magic boxes capable of solving all kinds of problems that computers really can’t handle are:cynics frustrated naïve proactive2. The type of person that looks at technology in a positive realistic way is:cynical proactive naïve frustrated3. Books, journals, and trade associations are the best sources to help you:develop personal contacts develop specialtieslook for innovative opportunities maintain your computer competency 4. If your career is in marketing, it makes sense to develop a specialty in:database desktop publishingprogramming systems analysis and design5. What computer professional repairs and installs computer components and systems?computer technician data entry workerdesktop publisher software engineer6. What computer professional designs, tests, and researches encryption procedures?cryptographer network administratorprogrammer software engineer7. What computer professional uses database management software to determine the most efficient ways to organize and access data?cryptographer database administratorprogrammer software engineer8. What computer professional oversees the work of programmers, computer specialists, systems analysts, and other computer professionals?information systems manager network managersoftware engineer technical writer9. What computer professional creates, tests, and troubleshoots computer programs?network manager programmersoftware engineer technical writer10. What computer professional plans and designs information systems?network manager programmersoftware engineer systems analyst。

计算机专业英语选择

Multiple 11. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit are:hardware output devices storage devices software2. Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface, and run applications are known as:application programs operating systemsstorage systems utility programs3. A browser is an example of a:basic application specialized programsystem application utility program4. Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this type of computer is capable of great processing speeds and data storage.mainframe media center midrange netbook5. The smallest type of microcomputer:netbook handheld midrange tablet PC6. RAM is a type of:computer memory network secondary storage7. Unlike memory, this type of storage holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off.primary RAM ROM secondary8. The type of file created by word processors to save, for example, memos, term papers, and letters.database document presentation worksheet9. The change in connectivity that uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.cloud computing high definition network USB10. The largest network in the world is [the]:Facbeook Internet Web USBMultiple 21. The network that connects computers all over the world.CERN Internet LAN Web2. The rules for exchanging data between computers.DSL protocols Web WWW3. Client-based e-mail accounts require this special program to be installed on your computer.e-mail client hyperlink Java utility4. Communities of individuals who share a common interest typically create Facebook:clients groups pages profiles5. E-mail that does not require an e-mail program installed on a user's computer is known as:blog podcast Webmail utility6. A very well-known microblog.LinkedIn MySpace Twitter Wikipedia7. These programs continually look for new information and update search services’ database programs.filters IM spiders wikis8. A type of search engine that submits requests to other search engines, organizes their responses, eliminates duplicate responses, orders hits, and then provides an edited list.directory search ISPmetasearch engine specialized search engine9. This is the Internet’s equivalent to traditional cash.digital cash e-commerce icash Internetdollars10. Using file transfer utility software, you can copy files to your computer from specially configured servers on the Internet. This is called:downloading filtering blogging uploadingMultiple 31. This type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.application general purpose system utility2. A rectangular area that can contain a document, program, or message.dialog box form frame window3. Programs that create text-based documents.DBMS suites spreadsheets word processors4. Programs that organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budgets and financial reports.DBMS suites spreadsheets word processors5. In a spreadsheet, the intersection of a row and column creates a:cell formula function label6. A collection of related data that is the electronic equivalent of a file cabinet.cell database document table7. A database tool that will quickly rearrange a table’s records according toa selected field.filter sort spreadsheet word processor8. Programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations.DBMS presentation graphics spreadsheet word processor9. The primary disadvantage of this type of package is that the capabilities of each function are not as extensive as in individual programs.integrated office software utility10. A type of suite stored at a server on the Internet and available anywhere through Internet access.cloud integrated office utilityMultiple 41. These specialized graphics programs combine text and graphics to create publications of professional quality.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs2. Also known as drawing programs.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs3. Graphics programs used to create and edit vector images.desktop publishing programs image editorsimage galleries illustration programs4. An essential multimedia feature that allows user participation.Flash interactivity immersion raster5. Special programs used to create multimedia presentations.desktop publishing programs Flash editorsimage editors multimedia authoring programs6. A widely used interactive animation application from Adobe.ACTION Flash Fuzzy WYSIWYG7. Programs for Web site design and HTML coding are called Web page editors orapps HTML editors VR programs Web editors8. This area of artificial intelligence is also known as expert systems.acoustics knowledge-based systems robotics virtual reality9. A type of artificial intelligence that uses a database to provide assistance to users.acoustics expert systems robotics virtual reality10. Another name for the database used in expert systems that contains specific facts and rules.access table expert table knowledge base rule baseMultiple 51. What type of software works with users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details?dapplication desktop Linux system2. The programs that convert programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process are language:converters linguists managers translators3. The ability to switch between different applications stored in memory is called:diversion multitasking operational interferenceprogramming4. Graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function:app icon image software5. This operating system feature is controlled by a mouse and changes shape depending on its current function.dialog box menu mouse pointer6. The operating system based on Linux, designed for Netbook computers, and focused on Internet connectivity through cloud computing:Chrome Mac Unix Windows7. The mobile operating system developed by Apple and originally called iPhone OS:Android BlackBerry OS IOS Mac OS8. A utility program that makes copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged:Backup and Restore Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Compactor9. A troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files, frees up valuable disk space, and improves system performance:Backup and Restore Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Compactor 10. Windows makes it easy to update drivers with Windows:Backup Restore Driver UpdateMultiple 61. This container houses most of the electrical components for a computer system.carrier package system board system unit TV tuner2. Similar to notebooks, this system unit specializes in on-the-go Web browsing and e-mail access.chassis desktop media center netbook3. Computers can only recognize this type of electronic signal.analog bus digital maximum4. The main or motherboard is also known as the:computer board processor mobile system system board5. How many bytes can a 32-bit-word computer access at one time?1 48 166. In a microcomputer system, the central processing unit is contained on a single:bus chip module RAM7. This type of memory divides large programs into parts and stores the parts on a secondary storage device.direct expanded random-access virtual8. Also known as NIC, this adapter card is used to connect a computer to a:AIA expansion graphics network9. This provides a pathway to connect parts of the CPU to each other.bus Plug and Play wired wireless10. Older ports that have largely been replaced by faster, more flexible ports are called:buses expandable legacy renderedMultiple 71. Most keyboards use an arrangement of keys known as:Alpha Daisy OptiKey QWERTY2. The device that controls a pointer displayed on the monitor.cord mouse printer scanner3. Also known as a roller ball, this device controls the pointer by rotatinga ball with your thumb.trackball joystick cordless mouse stylus4. The type of screen that can be touched with more than one finger and supports zooming in and out by pinching and stretching your fingers.digital dynamic multitouch OLED5. Flatbed and document are types of:headsets HDTVs monitors scanners6. Device used by banks to automatically read those unusual numbers on the bottom of checks and deposit slips.MICR FDIC OMR UPC7. The most widely used audio-input device.mouse VR microphone TFT8. The monitor feature that specifies how often a displayed image is updated.aspect ratio dot pitch refresh rateresolution rate9. Handheld, book-sized devices that display text and graphics.e-book readers HDTV lasers whiteboards10. This technology allows television stations to broadcast their programming directly to smartphones, computers, and digital media players.CRT HDTV LED Mobile DTVMultiple 81. RAM is sometimes referred to as:primary storage ratio active memoryread only memory secondary storage2. The actual physical material that holds the data and programs.primary storage media disk access3. Measures how tightly these charges can be packed next to one another on the disk.density cylinders tracks sectors4. When a read/write head makes contact with the hard disk’s surface, it causesa head:crash land pit scratch5. This hard-disk performance enhancement anticipates data needs.disk caching file compression file decompression RAID6. This type of storage uses pits and lands to represent 1s and 0s.cloud hard disk optical solid state7. DVD stands for:digital versatile disc digital video datadynamic versatile disc dynamic video disc8. USB drives are also known as:flash drives optical drives ports universal state bus9. An organizational strategy to promote efficient and safe use of data across the networks.cloud dynamic data mission statemententerprise storage system RAID10. A mass storage device that provides access to data archived on tapes.file system NAS RAID system tape libraryMultiple 91. The concept related to using computer networks to link people and resources.connectivity GPS TCP/IP Wi-Fi2. A high-frequency transmission cable that delivers television signals as well as connects computers in a network.coaxial hi def 3-D twisted pair3. A short-range radio communication standard that transmits data over short distances of up to approximately 30 feet.Bluetooth broadband DSL TCP/IP4. The speed with which a modem transmits data is called its:digital velocity dynamic rate modular rating transfer rate5. The bandwidth typically used for DSL, cable, and satellite connections to the Internet.baseband broadband medium band voiceband6. Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric address called a(n):IP address DNS broadcast packet7. Sometimes referred to as a LAN adapter, these expansion cards connect a computer to a network.PCMCIA NIC server VPN8. A device that allows one LAN to be linked to other LANs or to larger networks.IDS network gateway PAN switch9. Typically using Wi-Fi technology, these wireless access points are typically available from public places such as coffee shops, libraries, bookstores, colleges, and universities.hotspots extranets PANs LANs10. Star, tree, and mesh are three types of network:topologies protocols strategies devicesMultiple 101. The three primary privacy issues are accuracy, property, and:access ethics ownership security2. To easily get names, addresses, and other details about a person using only his or her telephone number, government authorities and others use a(n):adware cookie keystroke logger reverse directory worm3. Browsers store the locations of sites visited in a:history menu tool bar firewall4. The browser mode that eliminates history files and blocks most cookies.detect insert privacy sleep5. The information that people voluntarily post in social networking sites, blogs, and photo- and video-sharing sites is used to create their:access approval firewall online identity phish6. Computer criminals who specialize in stealing, trading, and using stolen credit cards over the Internet are known as:carders card scammers cyber traders identity thieves7. Programs that come into a computer system disguised as something else are called:Trojan horses viruses Web bugs zombies8. The use of the Internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post content intended to hurt or embarrass another person is known as:cyber-bullying online harassmentsocial media discrimination unethical communication9. Special hardware and software used to control access to a corporation’s private network is known as a(n):antivirus program communication gatefirewall spyware removal program10. To prevent copyright violations, corporations often use:ACT DRM VPN WPAMultiple 111. Which of the basic organizational functions records all financial activity from billing customers to paying employees?accounting marketing production research2. What managerial level has information flow that is vertical, horizontal, and external?top supervisory middle foreman3. Which computer-based information system uses data from TPS and analytical tools to support middle managers?ESS MIS DSS TPS4. Accounts payable refers to money the company owes its suppliers for materials and services it has:created exported inventoried received5. What accounting activity keeps track of all summaries of all transactions?balance sheet general ledgerincome statement inventory control6. What accounting statement lists the overall financial condition of an organization?balance sheet general ledgerincome statement inventory control7. What type of report is produced at regular intervals?demand exception inventory periodic8. A DSS consists of four parts: user, system software, decision models, and:application software data operating systemspreadsheets9. What type of worker is involved with the distribution, communication, and creation of information?executive foreman information knowledge10. What type of program is designed to schedule, plan, and control project resources?auditing dtp project managers schedulersMultiple 121. Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events are:data occurrences records tables2. The most basic logical data element such as a single letter, number, or special character is known as a:character element phrase record3. Each record in a database has at least one distinctive field, called the:key field structure type view4. One element of database security is to provide only authorized users with:classes nodes passwords relations5. The bridge between the logical and physical views of the data is provided by:DBMS records SQL tables6. Highly trained computer specialists who interact with the data administration subsystem are known as:DBMS data modelers database administrators relational specialists7. In a network database, each child node may have more than one parent node; this is known as a:hierarchy many-to-many relationshipparent relationship relational relationship8. Connections between parent nodes and child nodes are provided by:characters DBA objects pointers9. Two of the most significant advantages of multidimensional databases over relational databases are processing speed and:conceptualization control format objectification10. Object-oriented databases organize data by classes, attributes, methods, and:objects relations space timeMultiple 131. An information system is a collection of hardware, software, people, procedures, and:data DBMS specialists system analysts2. What is the first phase in the systems life cycle?needs analysis preliminary investigationsystems analysis systems design3. Which phase in the systems life cycle involves installing the new system and training people?preliminary investigation systems analysissystem design systems implementation4. This phase in the systems life cycle is concerned about determining system requirements not in design.preliminary investigation systems analysissystem design systems implementation5. Which systems analysis tool shows the relationship between input and output documents?checklist data flow decision table grid chart6. These tools relieve the systems analysts of many repetitive tasks, develop clear documentation, and, for larger projects, coordinate team member activities.automated systems life cycle CASEdata flow analyzers flow charts7. Which systems life cycle phase is concerned with economic, technical, and operational feasibility?preliminary investigation systems analysissystems design systems implementation8. What type of feasibility evaluates whether the people within the organization will embrace or resist a new system?behavioral economic operational techinical9. Which approach to conversion begins by trying out a new system in only one part of an organization?direct pilot parallel phased10. An alternative to the systems life cycle approach using powerful development software, small specialized teams, and highly trained personnel.AAD CASE prototyping RADMultiple 141. A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to process:data direct logic hardware software2. The major processing steps identified in a top-down program design are called:assembly instructions modules logic3. The programming logic structure in which one program statement follows another.concatenation loop repetition selection4. One of the best ways to code effective programs is to use the three basic logic structures to create:content-markup programs modular languagespseudocode structured programs5. Which step in the six-step programming procedure involves desk checking and searching for syntax and logic errors?program design program documentationprogram maintenance program test6. Which step in the six-step programming procedure is the final step?program design program documentationprogram test program maintenance7. Unlike traditional systems development, this software development approach focuses less on the procedures and more on defining the relationships between previously defined procedures.2GL context-markup module object-oriented8. Natural languages are considered to be a:high-level language low-level languagemid-level language procedural language9. A compiler converts the programmer’s procedural language program, called the source code, into a machine language code, called the:interpreter code object codestructured code top-down code10. The 4GL languages that enable nonprogrammers to use certain easily understood commands to search and generate reports from a database.query application generator C11 COBOLMultiple 151. People who react to technology by thinking computers are magic boxes capable of solving all kinds of problems that computers really can’t handle are:cynics frustrated naïve proactive2. The type of person that looks at technology in a positive realistic way is:cynical proactive naïve frustrated3. Books, journals, and trade associations are the best sources to help you:develop personal contacts develop specialtieslook for innovative opportunities maintain your computer competency 4. If your career is in marketing, it makes sense to develop a specialty in:database desktop publishingprogramming systems analysis and design5. What computer professional repairs and installs computer components and systems?computer technician data entry workerdesktop publisher software engineer6. What computer professional designs, tests, and researches encryption procedures?cryptographer network administratorprogrammer software engineer7. What computer professional uses database management software to determine the most efficient ways to organize and access data?cryptographer database administratorprogrammer software engineer8. What computer professional oversees the work of programmers, computer specialists, systems analysts, and other computer professionals?information systems manager network managersoftware engineer technical writer9. What computer professional creates, tests, and troubleshoots computer programs?network manager programmersoftware engineer technical writer10. What computer professional plans and designs information systems?network manager programmersoftware engineer systems analyst。

feflow示例

feflow⽰例File-new-add maps，建⽴新⽂件。

安装⽂件夹中wasy→feflow→dome→exercise→standard→import+export，选择图形⽂件。

点击各个default，demo-wells的default在点击之后右击demo-wells，选择covert to→supermesh point绘图顺序可以⽤⿏标拖动到主⼲道其他位置（这可能是必须的因为模型区域多边形可能覆盖在其他来源之上）。

最上⼀层的图形绘制于顶部。

在图形名前⾯的复选框选择checked/unchecked来显⽰或不显⽰图形。

这样所有图形⽀⼲Checking/unchecking的复选框变成visible/invisible。

地形图的下载主要是提供⼀个区域环境。

进⼀步来说，它可以在开始接下来的操作之前关闭。

确保其他图形是可见的。

超⽹超⽹最简单的情况包括⼀个定义的模型外围边界。

此外，诸如抽⽔井位置，不同属性的区域的限制，或河流的快速流动等这样的⼏何图形的特征可以被囊括其中，⽤有限单元⽹格表⽰。

此外，超⽹中特殊的多边形，线状和点状可以⽤来表⽰后⾯的边界条件或材料特性的分布。

正如以上所述，超⽹可以包括3种不同类型：多边形，线形和点状。

最后，⼀个多边形被⽤于定义模型边界条件。

编辑⼯具在编辑栏（mesh editor toolbar）之中。

外边界多边形可以直接从地图model-area中词啊在。

在maps⾯板上，打开⼀张图形的快捷菜单（右击图形名称）选择covert to→supermesh polygons。

第⼀个超⽹多边形可以利⽤图中信息，在图中⾃动⽣成。

此后，⼀个有效的超⽹形成了。

它可以⽣成⼀个有限元⽹格。

然⽽，此例中超⽹的另两个特征⼀定存在：井的位置和污染源的⾯积。

井的位置井的位置也可以在图中直接输⼊。

打开图demo-wells的快捷菜单，然后选择convert to →supermesh points。

SIWAREX WT231 weighing终端说明书

Stand-aloneOverviewPlatform and hopper scales / SIWAREX WT231 weighing terminalPlatform and hopper scales / SIWAREX WT231 weighing terminal2/70SIWAREX WT231 weighing terminalThe SIWAREX WT231 is a weighing terminal for industrial use.Siemens standard components are installed in a stainless steelenclosure with numerous connection options. This ensures the tried and tested SIWAREX quality for stand-alone solutions and is alsoideal for hopper scales and platform scales.SIWAREX WT231 offers the following key advantages:•Complete solution – no configuration in SIMATIC required•Fast and easy commissioning due to intuitive operating concept •Stainless steel enclosure permits applications in many diverse environments•Integrated terminals for up to 4 load cells (1 … 4 mV/V)•Flexible connection to different systems through diverse choice of interfaces:-Four digital inputs (24 V DC)-Four digital outputs (24 V DC)-One analog output (0/4 … 20 mA)-RS 485 interface and Modbus RTU•High resolution of load cell signal of up to ± 4 million parts •Comprehensive diagnostics functions•All diagnostic and error messages, as well as all scale parameters,in plain text•Recovery point for simple restoration of all parameters•Automatic calibration is possible without the need for calibration weights•Simulation mode•Three freely programmable limit valuesSIWAREX WT231 is the optimum solution wherever strain gauge sensors, such as load cells, force sensors or torque measuring shafts, are used for measuring tasks. The following are typical SIWAREX WT231 applications:•Non-automatic weighing instruments •Fill-level monitoring of silos and bins •Measuring of crane and cable loads•Load measuring for industrial elevators and rolling mills•Force measuring, hopper scales, platform scales and crane scalesSIWAREX WT231 is a stand-alone weighing terminal based on the tried and tested Siemens SIWAREX WP231 products and theSiemens SIMATIC KTP 400 touch display. Along with a connection board and a wide-range power supply, these components are preinstalled in a compact, stainless steel enclosure.The enclosure can be wall mounted and has 9 cable entries, of which 5 are equipped with cable glands at the factory. A variety of interfaces support the integration into the plant environment.The SIWAREX WT231 is preconfigured with the SIWAREX "Ready-for-use" software. This means that no further commissioning isrequired in SIMATIC.The primary task of SIWAREX WT231 is the measurement and conversion of sensor voltage into a weight value. Up to three interpolation points are used for the weight calculation. The signal can also be digitally filtered if required.Weighing functionsThere are commands available for zeroing and taring. Up to three different tare default values can be activated. The SIWAREX WT231is calibrated at the factory. This means the scale can be automatically adjusted without adjustment weights, and modules can be replaced without the need to readjust the scale.Monitoring and control of the scale signals and statesIn addition to weight determination, the SIWAREX WT231 monitorstwo freely programmable limits (optionally min/max) as well as the empty range. A violation of the limit values is signaled.SIWAREX WT231 operating view "Limit values"SoftwareThe touch panel is preconfigured with the SIWAREX "Ready-for-use"software. This gives the user interface a clear structure and makes it intuitive to operate: English, German, French and Chinese versions are available. The structured menu-based operation facilitates the operation of the scale and supports the user through guided commissioning.A variety of diagnostics options is also offered: Using the trace function, weighing histories can be recorded and exported. A further option also makes it possible to simulate the behavior of the scale.The service tool "SIWATOOL V7", which is included in the optional configuration package, is required for reading out this trace data. In addition, using SIWATOOL a scale backup can be created and reimported whenever required. This means that in the event of a fault,the WT231 can be replaced within seconds, without the need for recalibration.Siemens WT 10 · 2022Stand-aloneWeighing Electronics© Siemens AG 2022Stand-alonePlatform and hopper scales / SIWAREX WT231 weighing terminal2/71Integration in the plant environmentUsing the onboard RS 485 interface and the Modbus RTU protocol,the SIWAREX WT231 can be connected to a wide range of different automation systems or to a PC.Four digital inputs, four digital outputs und one analog output are also available. Direct, straightforward further processing of alarms or status messages is thus made possible.Siemens WT 10 · 2022Weighing ElectronicsStand-alonePlatform and hopper scales / SIWAREX WT231 weighing terminal2/72Siemens WT 10 · 2022Weighing Electronics。

bx_digital V2 单声道手册说明书

bx_digital V2 mono manualIndex1. What is bx_digital V2 mono? 32. Features of the bx_digital V2 mono: 33. Overview and Details 33.1. EQ-Section 43.2. Input Gain and Output Gain 43.3. The Brainworx logos in the GUI 43.4. Auto Listen, EQ on/off, Phase Reverse 43.5. Window switch 63.6. Level LEDs 63.7. Bass Shift 63.8. Presence Shift 63.9. De-Esser 73.10. EQ-Panel 7Mouse Wheel - Control: 73.11. Bypass 73.12. Settings (A/B/C/D) 8 3.13. Manual & Help 8bx_digital V2 mono manual 1. What is bx_digital V2 mono?bx_digital V2 mono is an 11-band EQ and De-Esser.It is based upon the “modern classic” bx_digital V2 and the analog bx1 EQ.bx_digital V2 now offers additional features that neither the original bx1 analog EQ nor the v1 plug-in offered.t Details: see chapter 2.2. Features of the bx_digital V2 mono:bx1:• 7-band mastering quality EQ with Shelving, Bell and Pass-Filters.• Auto Listen” Mode• Input and Output Gain to adjust levels• Filter section includes Lo-Shelving, H i-Shelving, full-parametric Bell type, new …anti cruh“ Lo-Pass & H i-Pass filters. All 7 bands have been adjusted in frequency-range and type-selection by international mix- and mastering engineers to help you get professional results for your mixes instantly.• New mouse wheel control (place the cursor above any knob and use the mouse wheel…)bx2:• 4 more EQ bands (in the Shifter EQs)• Image Shifters for your bass frequencies and high frequencies. Tune your lo-end and hi-end of your mix for a …bigger“ overall sound with …more air“ at the same time and control potential harsh frequencies in your mixes.• De-Esser/dynamic EQs. Solo buttons let you listen to what you cut away separated from the mix.EQ-Panel:• shows up to 11 bands of EQ3. Overview and Details bx_digital V2 mono - Screenshotbx_digital V2 mono manual3.1. EQ-Section7 Bands, 5 of them with G (Gain),f (Frequency) and Q (Quality) pots,plus Hi-Pass and Lo-Pass filters• LF: switchable from shelving (1st order) to peak via Q-pot • LMF: peak • MF: peak • HMF: peak• HF: switchable from shelving (1st order) to peak via Q-pot • Lo-Pass: 1st order (…anti crush“ anaog style filters)• Hi-Pass: 1st order (…anti crush“ anaog style filters)Please notice that each EQ band can be activated and bypassed (on/off) individ-ually by clicking the labeled buttons. A bright name indicates ON.= off= on3.2. Input Gain and Output Gain• Gain In: Input Gain adjustment • Gain Out: Output Gain adjustment3.3. The Brainworx logos in the GUIClick them to get credit info, release versions, etc.3.4. Auto Listen, EQ on/off, Phase Reverse•EQ on/off:H ere you can switch ALL EQ bands on or off, this will not bypass the De-Esser, though.t If you need to bypass the whole bx_digital please use the dedicated Bypassswitch in the top left corner or use your audio sequencer´s plug-in bypass.• Phase Reverset If you need to change the channel´s phase please use the phase reversebutton. This can be very helpful when mixing drums, etc.bx_digital V2 mono manual•AUTO LISTEN MODE(s):One of the new features of bx_digital V2 mono and a powerful tool to select proper center frequencies in audio material that is hard to judge (Tom Toms, Vocals, Bass sounds, etc.).•The AUTO LISTEN POP-UP MENU:When you click on the letters next to the blue Auto Listen LED a pop-up menu will appear. In this menu you may choose which Auto Solo Listening features you want to use. 3 different functions of each EQ band can be switched to Auto Listen Mode:t “Q f G” (initial setting):Will make bx_digital V2 mono auto solo all EQ features each time you click on either a G (Gain), f (Frequency) or Q (Quality) knob. t “- f -”:For example will only enable the Auto Listen features for the f (Frequency) knobs, but not automate G & Q, and so on…AUTO LISTEN MODE “Q”This auto listen mode will boost or cut the respective EQ band´s gain to either (+12dB with positive Gain settings and “zero”) or (-12dB with negative Gain settings) whenever the Q knob is being clicked or touched (via a touch sensitive controller). As soon as you release the EQ band´s Q knob the gain setting will jump back to the actual G (Gain) setting. Clipping is avoided automatically.Notice that the temporarily EQ setting of the AUTO LISTEN MODE is always being displayed in ORANGE color while the actual EQ band´s gain setting is still being displayed in RED color.t You HEAR the ORANGE setting when you see it.t Mouse wheel control:Notice that changing knobs using the mouse wheel (just place the cursor above any knob of bx_digital V2 mono and turn the wheel!) will not engage the Auto Listen Mode. This is a nice way to avoid bypassing the Auto Listen Mode for small changes that you prefer to do without this mode.Whenever bx_digital boosts AUTO bands to +12 dB temporarily the overall output volume is always being controlled and adjusted intelligently to avoid clipping automatically!Auto listen “Q” with Auto listen “Q” withpositive gainNEGATIVE gainAUTO LISTEN MODE “f”This auto listen mode will play a very steep (narrow) and inversed notch filter sound of the actual audio signal as long as you click a knob or grab a (touch sensitive) controller pot or fader.This lets you hear the center frequency you are searching for exactly – and all this without the multiple mouse clicks or controller moves that needed to be done without the Auto Listen feature.t Gain up to the max, Q to a very narrow setting, sweep through thefrequencies, re-adjust the Q, re-adjust the gain, etc… you know what we´re talking about… :-)bx_digital V2 mono manualAUTO LISTEN MODE “G”This AUTO LISTEN MODE finally is pretty easy to explain… as long as you click a Gain knob (or grab a touch sensitive controller pot or fader) all other bands of that EQ will be bypassed. This way all you hear is the touched EQ band solo-ed, without other EQ bands eventually effecting / overlaying your EQ setting.This may or may not be wanted, so remember: you have the choice to activate or deactivate each and every AUTO feature (Q, f or G) or any combination of these 3 features using the Auto Listen pop up menu. (see -12- above)The Auto Listen Mode can be switched off using the blue LED.3.5. Window switchYou may hide the graphic EQ curves if you want to save some screen space (we know bx_digital is not a small plug-in…), or if you simply prefer EQ-ing without seeing the EQ curves. Just click the “arrow” symbol.3.6. Level LEDsWe have included a digital level control in bx_digital V2 mono that the hardware does not have. Red LEDs indicate potentially distorted signals in the respective signal-path and should be avoided…3.7. Bass ShiftThe Bass Shift is an …intelligent“ EQ band for the bass frequencies of your mix. We call it Bass Shift because 2 different frequencies will be …shifted“ against each other with the turn of just one knob. The frequencies have been pre-set and cannot be changed. If you are looking for a sweepable Bass- (and Presence-) Shifter please check out bx_hybrid (available individually).The Bass Shift EQ can be used to easily adjust the overall bass sound of your recordings in a professional yet easy & fast way… turning the Bass Shift to the right will …push“ your bass down one octave by boosting one part of your bass frequencies while at the same time cutting other (higher) bass frequencies. Turning the BASS SHIFT to the left will cause the opposite…t Please check the EQ panels to actually see what you are doing whenworking with the Bass Shift!Turning your BASS SHIFT to the right will result in a more …indirect“ and …deep soft“ bass sound, while turning to the left will result in a …dryer“ bass sound. t A lot of contemporary pop & rock productions can be enhanced with…phatter“ guitar / keys sounds by turning the Bass Shift to the right up to 2 or 3, and the same setting will make your bass drums sound huge!3.8. Presence ShiftA similar function to what the Bass Shift EQ does to your bass signals for the high end of your recordings.Turning the Presence Shift EQ to the right will put more …air“ into your signals without making them harsh!bx_digital V2 mono manualt The Presence Shift boosts frequencies above the ones that usually causesibilance problems with voices.3.9. De-EsserThe bx_digital De-Esser works with dynamic EQs that you can adjust to the needs of your mix. With the Solo button of the De-Esser section it is possible to listen to only the frequencies that you want to filter out of your mix.•Solo the De-Esser on the bx2 panel. Turn up the De-Esser knob until you start hearing some high frequencies. Adjust the frequency to be filtered with the …f DSR“ knob and set the De-Esser knob to a value where the De-Esser will deduct as many high frequencies as you need to be filtered out.• Use the De-Esser´s LEDs to control the De-Esser´s gain deduction.3.10. EQ-PanelThe EQ panel show you all the EQ curves of bx_digital V2 mono. Unlike a lot of other EQ plug-ins we have not included any possibility to change your EQ settings via the graphic panel, and we did that on purpose.There are simply too manyEQ-bands (if you keep in mind that the BASS SHIFT and PRESENCE SHIFT are displayed additionally to the 7 …regular“ EQ bands.Otherwise we feel that mixing, mastering and recording music (the main appli-cations for bx_digital) is all about making cautious changes to your mix (unless the mix you work on was completely screwed up…), and when we tested bx_digital EQ-ing in the panels often led us to making pretty big changes very quickly.In the end we also wanted to give you the “feel“ of the hardware as authentically as possible, so we decided to make the EQ panel only a visual control tool for what you do with the knobs of the bx_digital – or your mouse:Mouse Wheel - Control:It is possible to use the mouse wheel to control all knobs of the EQ! Just place the cursor above any knob and turn the mouse wheel up or down… no clicking needed ever…This is also a very cool alternative when working with Auto Listen Modes. In case you want to make some changes using the Auto Listen Mode and some without just use the mouse wheel for the latter – and the Auto Listen Mode will not be engaged.t Type in exact values:Please notice that it is also very easy to type in exact values to any parameter of the bx_digital by simply clicking on the text fields below each knob. This makes it particularly comfortable to tune your EQ-bands to certain frequencies.3.11. BypassWith the BYPASS button you can bypass the whole bx_digital plug-in to compare your original mix and your corrections /improvements with the bx_digital.bx_digital V2 mono manual3.12. Settings (A/B/C/D)You can store up to 4 Settings of bx_digital V2 without using the audio sequencer´s “Preset window” (most of them are not really fast and intuitive to use…).Start with one Setting (A by default), copy it to B (press “copy”, click B, click “Paste”, done!), then compare A and B. The same goes for C and D, of course. Also, you can Reset single Settings.Using Automation in mixing can be helpful to get the maximum out of your mixes. Maybe your mix needs different EQ-settings for various parts of the song?Settings are the way to go…t Presets: (in your audio sequencer host program)It´s still a good and professional idea to store one preset for every song that you mix, even if you use settings, maybe even make folders for certain projects, albums, etc.All 4 Settings of bx_digital V2 mono will be stored with each preset!This way you can easily recall any preset you made to change settings after you checked your mixes on other stereo systems (outside the studio). Keep in mind: if YOU don´t do it…. your customers WILL! :-)3.13. Manual & HelpPress Manual to open the PDF version of the manual which will be saved on your computer during installation.Help will open a small splash screen in the plug-in window with links to help resources.ENJOY WORKING WITH bx_digital V2 mono!Hitdorfer Straße 1040764 Langenfeld Germany***********************www.brainworx-music.de 。

A3979

AGND and PGND must beconnected together externallyDescriptionThe A3979 is a complete microstepping motor driver withbuilt-in translator, designed as a pin-compatible replacement for the successful A3977, with enhanced microstepping (1/16 step) precision. It is designed to operate bipolar stepper motors in full-, half-, quarter-, and sixteenth-step modes, with an output drive capacity of up to 35 V and ±2.5 A. The A3979 includes a fixed off-time current regulator that has the ability to operate in Slow, Fast, or Mixed decay modes. This current-decay control scheme results in reduced audible motor noise, increased step accuracy, and reduced power dissipation.The translator is the key to the easy implementation of the A3979. It allows the simple input of one pulse on the STEP pin to drive the motor one microstep, which can be either a full step, half, quarter, or sixteenth, depending on the setting of the MS1 and MS2 logic inputs. There are no phase-sequence tables, high-frequency control lines, or complex interfaces to program. The A3979 interface is an ideal fit for applications where a complex microprocessor is unavailable or is overburdened.Internal synchronous-rectification control circuitry is provided to improve power dissipation during PWM operation. Internal circuit protection includes: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, UVLO (undervoltage lockout), and crossover-current protection. Special power-on sequencing is not required.The A3979 is supplied in a low-profile (height ≤1.20 mm), 28-pin TSSOP with exposed thermal pad. The package is lead (Pb) free, with 100% matte tin leadframe plating.Features and Benefits▪ ±2.5 A, 35 V output rating ▪ Low R DS(On) outputs: 0.28 Ω source, 0.22 Ω sink, typical ▪ Automatic current decay mode detection/selection ▪ 3.0 to 5.5 V logic supply voltage range ▪ Slow, Fast or Mixed current decay modes ▪ Home output▪ Synchronous rectification for low power dissipation ▪ Internal UVLO and thermal shutdown circuitry ▪ Crossover-current protectionMicrostepping DMOS Driver with TranslatorPackage: 28 lead TSSOP (suffix LP) with exposed thermal padPin-out DiagramA3979VCP PGNDVREG STEP OUT2B RESET SR VBB2PFD RC1AGND REF RC2VDD OUT2A MS2MS1SENSE2SENSE1HOME DIR OUT1A ENABLE OUT1B CP2CP1SLEEP VBB1Not to scaleSelection GuidePart Number PackingA3979SLPTR-T4000 pieces per reelAbsolute Maximum RatingsLoad Supply Voltage V BB35VOutput Current I OUT Output current rating may be limited by duty cycle,ambient temperature, and heat sinking. Under any set ofconditions, do not exceed the specified current rating or ajunction temperature of 150°C.±2.5ALogic Supply Voltage V DD7.0VLogic Input Voltage Range V IN t W > 30 ns–0.3 to V DD + 0.3V t W < 30 ns–1 to V DD + 1VSense Voltage V SENSE0.5V Reference Voltage V REF V DD V Operating Ambient Temperature T A Range S–20 to 85°C Junction T emperature T J(max)150°C Storage Temperature T stg–55 to 150°CFunctional Block DiagramELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS at T A= 25°C, V BB = 35 V, V DD = 3.0 to 5.5 V (unless otherwise noted)Characteristics Symbol Test Conditions Min.Typ.1Max.Units Output DriversLoad Supply Voltage Range V BB Operating8–35V During Sleep mode0–35VOutput Leakage Current2I DSS V OUT = V BB–<1.020μA V OUT = 0 V–<1.0–20μAOutput On Resistance R DS(On)Source driver, I OUT = –2.5 A–0.280.335ΩSink driver, I OUT = 2.5 A–0.220.265ΩBody Diode Forward Voltage V F Source diode, I F = –2.5 A–– 1.4V Sink diode, I F = 2.5 A–– 1.4VMotor Supply Current I BB f PWM < 50 kHz ––8.0mA Operating, outputs disabled–– 6.0mA Sleep mode––20μAControl LogicLogic Supply Voltage Range V DD Operating 3.0 5.0 5.5VLogic Supply Current I DD f PWM < 50 kHz ––12mA Outputs off––10mA Sleep mode––20μALogic Input Voltage V IN(1)0.7×V DD––V V IN(0)––0.3 ×V DD VLogic Input Current2I IN(1)V IN = 0.7 × V DD–20<1.020μA I IN(0)V IN = 0.3 × V DD–20<1.020μAReference Input Voltage Range V REF Operating0–V DD V Reference Input Current I REF–0±3μAHOME Output Voltage V HOME(1)I HOME(1) = –200 μA0.7×V DD––V V HOME(0)I HOME(0) = 200 μA––0.3×V DD VMixed Decay Mode Trip Point V PFDH–0.6 ×V DD–V V PFDL–0.21×V DD–VGain (G m) Error3E G V REF = 2 V, Phase Current = 38.27%––±10% V REF = 2 V, Phase Current = 70.71%––±5.0% V REF = 2 V, Phase Current = 100.00%––±5.0%STEP Pulse Width t W1––μs Blank Time t BLANK R T = 56 kΩ, C T = 680 pF7009501200ns Fixed Off-Time tOFFR T = 56 kΩ, C T = 680 pF303846μs Crossover Dead Time t DT Synchronous rectification enabled100475800ns Continued on the next page...1Typical data are for initial design estimations only, and assume optimum manufacturing and application conditions. Performance may vary forindividual units, within the specified maximum and minimum limits.2Negative current is defined as coming out of (sourcing from) the specified device pin.3E G= ( [ V REF / 8] – V SENSE ) / ( V REF / 8 ).ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS, continued at T A = 25°C, V BB = 35 V, V DD = 3.0 to 5.5 V (unless otherwise noted)Thermal Shutdown Temperature T JSD –165–°C Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis T JSDHYS –15–°C UVLO Enable Threshold V UVLO Increasing V DD 2.452.7 2.95V UVLO HysteresisV UVLOHYS0.050.10–VCharacteristicsSymbol Test Conditions Min.Typ.1Max.Units CharacteristicSymbolTest Conditions*Value Units Package Thermal ResistanceR θJATwo-layer PCB with 3.8 in.2 of copper area on each sideconnected with thermal vias and to device exposed pad 32ºC/W High-K PCB (multilayer with significant copper areas, based on JEDEC standard)28ºC/W*Additional thermal information available on Allegro Web site.THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS may require derating at maximum conditions, see application informationTemperature (°C)P o w e r D i s s i p a t i o n , P D (W )0.00.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.01.01.520406080100120140160Timing Requirements(T A = +25°C, V DD = 5 V, Logic Levels are V DD and Ground)A.Minimum Command Active TimeBefore Step Pulse (Data Set-Up Time)..... 200 nsB.Minimum Command Active TimeAfter Step Pulse (Data Hold Time)............ 200 nsC.Minimum STEP Pulse Width...................... 1.0 μsD.Minimum STEP Low Time......................... 1.0 μsE.Maximum Wake-Up Time......................... 1.0 ms Figure 1. Logic Interface Timing DiagramTable 1. Microstep Resolution Truth TableMS1MS2Microstep Resolution Excitation ModeL L Full Step 2 PhaseH L Half Step1-2 PhaseL H Quarter Step W1-2 PhaseH H Sixteenth Step4W1-2 PhaseDevice Operation. The A3979 is a complete micro-stepping motor driver with a built-in translator for easy operation with minimal control lines. It is designed to operate bipolar stepper motors in full-, half-, quarter-, and sixteenth-step modes. The currents in each of the two output full-bridges (all of the N-channel MOSFETs) are regulated with fixed off-time PMW (pulse width modulated) control circuitry. At each step, the current for each full-bridge is set by the value of its external current-sense resistor (R S1or R S2), a reference voltage (V REF), and the output voltage of its DAC (which in turn is controlled by the output of the translator).At power-on or reset, the translator sets the DACs and the phase current polarity to the initial Home state (shown in figures 2 through 5), and the current regulator to Mixed decay mode for both phases. When a step command signal occurs on the STEP input, the translator automatically sequences the DACs to the next level and current polarity. (See table 2 for the current-level sequence.) The microstep resolution is set by the combined effect of inputs MS1 and MS2, as shown in table 1.While stepping is occurring, if the next output level of the DACs is lower than the immediately preceeding output level, then the decay mode (Fast, Slow, or Mixed) for the active full bridge is set by the PFD input. If the next DAC output level is higher than or equal to the preceeding level, then the decay mode for that full bridge will be Slow decay. This automatic current-decay selection improves microstep-ping performance by reducing the distortion of the current waveform due to back EMF of the motor.RESET Input ( ¯R¯¯E¯¯S¯¯E¯¯T¯ ). The ¯R¯ ¯E¯ ¯S¯ ¯E¯ ¯T¯input (active low) sets the translator to a predefined Home state (shown in figures 2 through 5), and turns off all of the DMOS out-puts. The HOME output goes low and all STEP inputs are ignored until the ¯R¯ ¯E¯ ¯S¯ ¯E¯ ¯T¯input is set to high.Home Output (HOME). The HOME output is a logic output indicator of the initial state of the translator. At power-on, the translator is reset to the Home state (shown in figures 2 through 5).Step Input (STEP). A low-to-high transition on the STEP input sequences the translator and advances the motor one increment. The translator controls the input to the DACs and the direction of current flow in each winding. The size of the increment is determined by the combined state of inputs MS1 and MS2 (see table 1).Microstep Select (MS1 and MS2). The input on terminals MS1 and MS2 selects the microstepping format, as shown in table 1. Any changes made to these inputs do not take effect until the next rising edge of a step command signal on the STEP input.Direction Input (DIR).The state of the DIR input deter-mines the direction of rotation of the motor. Any changes made to this input does not take effect until the next rising edge of a step command signal on the STEP input.Internal PWM Current Control. Each full bridge is controlled by a fixed–off-time PWM current-control circuit that limits the load current to a desired value, I TRIP . Initially, a diagonal pair of source and sink MOS outputs are enabled and current flows through the motor winding and the current sense resistor, R S x. When the voltage across R S x equals the DAC output voltage, the current-sense comparator resets the PWM latch. The latch then turns off either the source MOS-FETs (when in Slow decay mode) or the sink and source MOSFETs (when in Fast or Mixed decay mode).The maximum value of current limiting is set by the selec-tion of R S and the voltage at the V REF input with a transcon-ductance function approximated by:I TRIP max = V REF/8R SThe DAC output reduces the V REF output to the cur-rent-sense comparator in precise steps (see table 2 for% I TRIP max at each step).I TRIP = (% I TRIP max/100) I TRIP maxIt is critical that the maximum rating (0.5 V) on either the SENSE1 and SENSE2 pins is not exceeded. For full step-ping, V REF can be applied up to the maximum rating of V DD because the peak sense value is 0.707 × V REF/ 8. In all other modes, V REF should not exceed 4 V.Functional DescriptionFixed Off-Time. The internal PWM current-control cir-cuitry uses a one-shot timer to control the duration of time that the MOSFETs remain off. The one shot off-time, t OFF, is determined by the selection of external resistors, R T x , and capacitors, C T x, connected from each R C x timing terminal to ground. The off-time, over a range of values of C T = 470 pF to 1500 pF and R T = 12 kΩ to 100 kΩ is approximated by:t OFF = R T C TRC Blanking. In addition to the fixed off-time of the PWM control circuit, the CTx component sets the compara-tor blanking time. This function blanks the output of the current-sense comparators when the outputs are switched by the internal current-control circuitry. The comparator outputs are blanked to prevent false overcurrent detection due to reverse recovery currents of the clamp diodes, or to switching transients related to the capacitance of the load. The blank time t BLANK can be approximated by:t BLANK= 1400C TCharge Pump (CP1 and CP2). The charge pump is used to generate a gate supply greater than that of VBB for driving the source-side DMOS gates. A 0.22 μF ceramic capacitor should be connected between CP1 and CP2 for pumping purposes. In addition, a 0.22 μF ceramic capacitor is required between VCP and VBB, to act as a reservoir for operating the high-side DMOS gates.V REG(VREG). This internally-generated voltage is used to operate the sink-side DMOS outputs. The VREG pin must be decoupled with a 0.22 μF capacitor to ground. V REG is internally monitored, and in the case of a fault condition, the DMOS outputs of the device are disabled.Enable Input (¯E¯¯N¯¯A¯¯B¯¯L¯¯E¯). This active-low input enables all of the DMOS outputs. When set to a logic high, the outputs are disabled. The inputs to the translator (STEP, DIR, MS1, and MS2), all remain active, independent of the ¯E¯¯N¯¯A¯¯B¯ ¯L¯¯E¯ input state.Shutdown. During normal operation, in the event of a fault, such as overtemperature (excess T J) or an undervolt-age on VCP, the outputs of the device are disabled until the fault condition is removed.At power up, and in the event of low V DD, the undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuit disables the drivers and resets the translator to the Home state.Sleep Mode( ¯S¯¯L¯¯E¯¯E¯¯P¯). This active-low control input is used to minimize power consumption when the motor is not in use. It disables much of the internal circuitry includ-ing the output DMOS FETs, current regulator, and charge pump. Setting this to a logic high allows normal operation, as well as start-up (at which time the A3979 drives the motor to the Home microstep position). When bringing the device out of Sleep mode, in order to allow the charge pump (gate drive) to stabilize, provide a delay of 1 ms before issu-ing a step command signal on the STEP input.Percent Fast Decay Input (PFD). When a STEP input signal commands a lower output current than the previous step, it switches the output current decay to either Slow, Fast, or Mixed decay mode, depending on the voltage level at the PFD input. If the voltage at the PFD input is greater than 0.6 × V DD, then Slow decay mode is selected. If the voltage on the PFD input is less than 0.21 × V DD , then Fast decay mode is selected. Mixed decay mode is selected when V PFD is between these two levels, as described inthe next section. This terminal should be decoupled with a 0.1 μF capacitor.Mixed Decay Operation. If the voltage on the PFD inputis between 0.6 × V DD and 0.21 × V DD, the bridge operates in Mixed decay mode, as determined by the step sequence (shown in figures 2 through 5). As the trip point is reached, the device goes into Fast decay mode until the voltageon the RCx terminal decays to the same level as voltage applied to the PFD terminal. The time that the device oper-ates in fast decay is approximated by:t FD = R T C T ln (0.6V DD/V PFD)After this Fast decay portion, the device switches to Slow decay mode for the remainder of the fixed off-time period.Synchronous Rectification. When a PWM off-cycle is triggered by an internal fixed–off-time cycle, load current recirculates according to the decay mode selected by the control logic. The A3979 synchronous rectification feature turns on the appropriate MOSFETs during the decay of the current, and effectively shorts out the body diodes with the low R DS(On) driver. This reduces power dissipation significantly and eliminates the need for external Schottky diodes for most applications. The synchronous rectification can be set to either Active mode or Disabled mode:• Active Mode. When the SR input is logic low, Active mode is enabled and synchronous rectification can occur. This mode prevents reversal of the load current by turning off synchronous rectification when a zero current level is detected. This prevents the motor winding from conduct-ing in the reverse direction.• Disabled Mode. When the SR input is logic high, syn-chronous rectification is disabled. This mode is typi-cally used when external diodes are required to transfer power dissipation from the A3979 package to the external diodes.Layout. The printed circuit board on which the device is mounted should have a heavy ground plane. For optimum electrical and thermal performance, the A3979 should be soldered directly onto the board.The load supply terminals, VBB x, should be decoupled with an electrolytic capacitor (>47 μF is recommended), placed as close to the device as possible.To avoid problems due to capacitive coupling of the high dv / dt switching transients, route the bridge-output traces away from the sensitive logic-input traces.Always drive the logic inputs with a low source impedance to increase noise immunity.Grounding. The AGND (analog ground) terminal and the PGND (power ground) terminal must be connected together externally.All ground lines should be connected together and be as short as possible. A star ground system, centered under the device, is an optimum design.The copper ground plane located under the exposed thermal pad is typically used as the star ground.Current Sensing. To minimize inaccuracies caused by ground-trace IR drops in sensing the output current level, the current-sense resistors, R S x, should have an independent ground return to the star ground of the device. This path should be as short as possible.For low-value sense resistors, the IR drops in the printed cir-cuit board sense resistor traces can be significant and should be taken into account.The use of sockets should be avoided as they can introduce variation in R S x due to their contact resistance.Allegro MicroSystems recommends a value of R S given byR S = 0.5/I TRIP maxThermal Protection. This internal circuitry turns offall drivers when the junction temperature reaches 165°C, typical. It is intended only to protect the device from failures due to excessive junction temperatures and should not imply that output short circuits are permitted. Thermal shutdown has a hysteresis of approximately 15°C.Applications InformationPhase 2IOUT2BDirection = H(%)Phase 1I OUT1ADirection = H(%)STEP Input HOME OutputPhase 2I OUT2BDirection = H(%)Phase 1I OUT1ADirection = H(%)STEP Input HOME OutputPhase 2I OUT2ADirection = H(%)Phase 1I OUT1ADirection = H(%)STEP Input HOME OutputFigure 4. Decay Modes for Quarter-Step IncrementsFigure 3. Decay Modes for Half-Step IncrementsFigure 2. Decay Mode for Full-Step IncrementsFigure 5. Decay Modes for Sixteenth-Step IncrementsPhase 2I OUT2BDirection = H(%)Phase 1I OUT1ADirection = H(%)STEP Input HOME OutputTable 2. Step Sequencing SettingsHome microstep position at Step Angle 45º; DIR = H; 360° = 4 full stepsTerminal List TableNumber Name Description 1SENSE1Sense resistor for Bridge 12HOME Logic Output3DIR Logic input4OUT1A Output A for Bridge 15PFD Mixed decay setting6RC1Analog input for fixed off-time for Bridge 1 7AGND Analog Ground8REF Current trip reference voltage input9RC2Analog input for fixed off-time for Bridge 2 10VDD Logic supply11OUT2A Output A for Bridge 212MS2Logic input13MS1Logic input14SENSE2Sense resistor for Bridge 215VBB2Load supply for Bridge 216SR Logic inputinput17¯R¯¯E¯¯S¯¯E¯¯T¯ Logic18OUT2B Output B for Bridge 219STEP Logic input20VREG Regulator decoupling21PGND Power Ground22VCP Reservoir capacitor23CP1Charge pump capacitor 124CP2Charge pump capacitor 2251OUT1B Output B for Bridge 1input26¯E¯¯N¯¯A¯¯B¯¯L¯¯E¯ Logic27¯S¯¯L¯¯E¯¯E¯¯P¯ Logicinput28VBB1Load supply for Bridge 1LP Package, 28-pin TSSOPA Terminal #1 mark areaBFor reference only(reference JEDEC MO-153 AET)Dimensions in millimetersDimensions exclusive of mold flash, gate burrs, and dambar protrusionsExact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shownReference land pattern layout (reference IPC7351 SOP65P640X120-29CM);All pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all adjacent pads; adjust as necessaryto meet application process requirements and PCB layout tolerances; whenmounting on a multilayer PCB, thermal vias at the exposed thermal pad landcan improve thermal dissipation (reference EIA/JEDEC Standard JESD51-5)PCB Layout Reference ViewExposed thermal pad (bottom surface)CC+0.05–0.06Copyright ©2005-2008, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.The products described here are manufactured under one or more U.S. patents or U.S. patents pending.Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. reserves the right to make, from time to time, such de p ar t ures from the detail spec i f i c a t ions as may be required to per-mit improvements in the per f or m ance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that the information being relied upon is current.Allegro’s products are not to be used in life support devices or systems, if a failure of an Allegro product can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system.The in f or m a t ion in c lud e d herein is believed to be ac c u r ate and reliable. How e v e r, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. assumes no re s pon s i b il i t y for its use; nor for any in f ringe m ent of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.For the latest version of this document, visit our website:。

KD Scientific 电子注射泵说明书

S Y R I N G E P U M P S S O A D V A N C E D,T H E Y’R E S I M P L E!MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED EXTREMELY LOW FREE FLOW PULSE RATES|EASY SYRINGE LOADING FAST FORWARD/FAST REVERSE CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE FLOW RATE ACROSS THE FLOW RATE RANGE|MICROSTEPPING MOTOR VIRTUALLY ELIMINATES PULSING AUTOMATIC SHUTOFF WHEN PRESET VOLUME DISPENSED|AUTOTRACK VOLUME DISPENSE VOLUME DISPLAYED|SYRINGE LIBRARY EASY SETUPP r e c i s i o n F l o w D e l i v e r yEasy to Read Backlit LCDPower Failure IndicationSimple Syringe Installation, Quick Release Drive NutPrevent Syringe Damage–Guide Rod ClampDurable Construction Welded SeamsStall IndicationAutomatic Shutoff Volume Dispense ModeRapidAdjustments, Fast Forward/ReverseFast Set-up,Built-in Syringe Size TableComputer Control RS232InterfaceEffortless Drag Free AdjustmentNetwork up to 99PumpsPumpDirection DisplayedEasy Data Entry, Full NumericKeypadHands-Free Operation,TTL InterfaceKD Scientific pumps are acknowledged as the industries highest valued solution for delivering precise and smooth flow in research, pilot plants and production applications.KD Scientific is Recognized Worldwide for:•Quality, accuracy and reliability at economical prices • A broad line of syringe pumps from the most basic to advanced programmable pumps • A commitment to delivering the highest level of customer satisfaction & technical supportThe KD Scientific Advantage:•High precision flow delivery for maximum reproducibility •Pulseless Flow – great for pulse sensitive applications •Easy to Use – menu driven set up •Remote Control – interface to computer/foot pedal/valves•Reliable – thousands of units inoperation worldwide with performance you can count on •All pumps available in CE marked versionsKDS 200 SeriesAll the features of a KDS 100 plus...KDS 100 SeriesIt’s that fast...and that simple!123Setup is as easy as 1-2-3.Select syringefrom displayed table.Enter volume to be dispensed.Enter flow rate,then press “start” button.So Advanced, They’re SimpleK D S 2250Four-SyringeNanoliterInfusion PumpEach syringe can be sized differently and is clamped independently.• Multiple syringe holder–Four syringes, up to 10 ml each• Separate clamping accommodates different sizes• Syringes may be positioned independently for sequen-tial dispensing by the pusher block.K D S 1101Two-SyringeNanoliter PumpOur Two-Syringe Nanoliter Pump is ideal for micro-dialysis and similar applications which require virtu-ally pulseless flow at very low flow rates.•Holds 2 syringes, up to 10 ml each or, a single syringe up to 60 ml •Minimum flow 1 nanoliter/hr. (10 ml syringe)K D S 1100Single-Syringe Infusion PumpThis inexpensive Single Syringe Infusion Pump combines precision and simplicity with outstanding ease of use and exceptional durability.• Single syringe 10 µl to 60 ml, any manufacturer • Wide flow range up to 519 ml/hrI n f u s i o n P u m p sINFUSION PUMPSKD SCIENTIFIC INFUSION PUMPS ARE IDEAL FOR DELIVERING ACCURATE AND PRECISE AMOUNTS OF FLUIDS FOR A MULTITUDE OF APPLICATIONS INCLUDING INJECTION OF CALIBRANT INTO A MASS SPECTROMETER OR REACTION CHAMBER , LONG TERM DRUG DELIVERY TO ANIMALS ANDGENERAL INFUSION APPLICATIONS . CUSTOMERS USE THEKDS 100 /KDS 200 SYRINGE PUMPS MORE THAN ANY OTHER FOR THEIR OUT -STANDING RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE . THE KDS 100 SERIESPUMPS GIVE CUSTOMERS THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR INFUSING FLUIDS . ALTERNATIVELY , THE KDS 200 SERIES GIVES THE CUS -TOMERS ADVANCED FEATURES WITHRS232AND TTL INTERFACES . ALLKDS 200 SERIES PUMPS CAN BE DAISY CHAINED TOGETHER TO CREATE A PUMPING NETWORK .K D S 2200Two-Syringe Infusion PumpThis feature-laden Two-Syringe Infusion Pump combines a broad speed range and holds a wide range of syringe sizes to meet the requirements of virtually any laboratory application.• Minimum flow 0.001 µl/hr with 10 µl syringe•Holds one or two syringes, 10 µl to 140 ml each K D S 2220Multi-SyringeInfusion PumpKDS 220 Multi-Syringe Infusion Pump is ideal for applications requiring multiple syringes. This pump has been modified to hold up to 10 syringes.• Multiple syringe holder:–One to ten syringes, up to 10 ml –One to six syringes, 20 ml - 60 ml –One to four syringes, 100 ml - 140 mlK D S 2210Two-SyringeInfusion/Withdrawal PumpThe KDS 210 offers you more advanced features than any otherinfusion/withdrawal pump in its price range -- including five operating modes plus independent rate and volume settings for both infusion and withdrawal.• Holds two syringes, 10 ml to 140 ml each• Multiple mode selection:–Infusion, Withdrawal, Infusion then Withdrawal, Withdrawal then Infusion, Continuous CycleK D S 2230Multi-SyringeInfusion/Withdrawal PumpIdeal for applications requiring multiple syringes, the KDS 230 is an adapta-tion of the KDS 210. The pump has been modified to hold up to 10 syringes.• Multiple syringe holder:–One to ten syringes, up to 10 ml–One to six syringes, 20 ml - 60 ml –One to four syringes, 100 ml - 140 ml• Multiple mode selection:–Infusion, Withdrawal, Infusion then withdrawal, Withdrawal then Infusion,Continuous CycleK D S 3310Nanoliter Syringe PumpThe KDS 310 Reversible Nano Pump is used exclusively with micro syringes. Small size, remote pump head and a rugged mounting arm make it ideal for use with micromanipulator, stereotaxic and other clamping devices.• Mini size pump •Remote pump head• 1 to 100 µl syringe•Minimum flow of 0.01 µl/minuteINFUSION/WITHDRAWAL PUMPSINFUSE AND WITHDRAW CAPABILITIES PROVIDE MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY FOR VARIED APPLICATIONS . THIS FEATURE PERMITS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS AUTO -MATIC WITHDRAWAL OF SAMPLES AND UNATTENDED FILLING OF SYRINGES AT VERY LOW FLOW RATES . THE UNIQUE KDS 310 OFFERS A REMOTE PUMP HEAD , WHICH IS PERFECT WHEN SPACE IS LIMITED . THE SMALL SIZE AND EXCEPTIONAL LOW FLOW RATE CAPABILITY ALLOWS DIRECT MOUNTING OF THE KDS 310 ON A STEREOTAXIC MANIPULATORS WITHOUT THE NEED FOR LONG NARROW TUBING WHICH IS BOTH DIFFICULT TO USE AND REQUIRES LARGER VOLUMES OF VALUABLE FLUIDS .I n f u s i o n /W i t h d r a w a l P u m p sN E Wphone 508.429.6809I w w w.k d s c i e n t i f i c.c o m I fax 508.893.0160K D S 2270Continuous CycleSyringe Pump(Formerly KDS 210C)The KDS 270 can hold up to four syringes and can cycle continuously back and forth in a push-pull action.As two syringes are infusing, two syringes are with-drawing at the same rate. At the end of the set volume the direction is automatically reversed and the next cycle begins. With the use of 3-way valves, the pump can empty and refill syringes for a continuous dispense. • Holds four syringes, 10 ml to 60 ml each. With larger syringes the full volume may not be useable. [60 ml syr - 40 ml use-able, 30 ml syr - full]P u s h -P u l l P u m p sC o n t i n u o u s C y c l e S y r i n g e P u m pK D S 2260Four-Syringe Push-Pull PumpThis KDS pump provides simultaneous infusion and withdrawal with opposing syringes on a single drive.Note: When not used in push/pull mode, the pump has all the fea-tures of KDS 210• Holds up to four syringes, 10 ml to 60 ml each. With large syringes, the full volume may not not be usable.K D S 1120Two-Syringe Push-Pull PumpThis pump provides simultaneous infusion and withdrawal at the same rate with opposing syringes on the same drive screw. The Push/Pull mode is designed for one cycle only.• Holds two syringes 10 µl to 10 ml each • Minimum flow 0.003 µl/hr (10 µl syringe)PUSH-PULL SYRINGE PUMPSTHESE PROVEN KDS PUMPS PROVIDE SIMULTANEOUS INFUSIONANDWITHDRAWALWITHOPPOSINGSYRINGES ON A SINGLE DRIVE . THEKDS 120 ANDKDS 260 ARE ADAPTATIONS OF THE KDS 100 AND KDS 210, RESPECTIVELY . EACH HAS BEEN MODIFIEDTO HOLD AN ADDITIONAL SYRINGE SO THAT AS ONE SYRINGE INFUSES , THE SECOND SYRINGE WITHDRAWS AT THE SAME RATE .Keypad programmable option now available with all KDS 200 Series syringe pumps...Lets you program right from the keypad.Simply follow a few menu-driven prompts and in just minutes you can cus-tomize a program to: control the pump from seconds to days, change flow rates, pause, ramp rates up or down automatically, control outputs and respond to external TTL signals.Each step offers these options:1.Time duration, from one second up to 12 hours2.Travel direction – Infuse or withdraw (where available)3.Beginning flow rate (µl/hr to ml/min range)4.End flow rate (µl/hr to ml/min range)5.Pause – Waits for an external trigger to start6.Status of output TTL pins7.Loop option – Loops back to any previous step and repeats the intermediate steps. Two separate loops available.8.Set the count in the loop cycle. Steps may be repeated up to 100 times.9.Program stored in non volatile memory.Unlike other programmable pumps, there’s no need to enter time increments or decrements between start and end flow rates. KDS pumps provide a smooth, linear transition automatically.A program is divided into eight variable time periods called steps. A step can be up to 12 hours long and may be changed without affecting the other steps.FootswitchRemotely start/stop the KDS 200 series pumps with this footswitch. Plugsdirectly to the TTL interface on the KD 200series of pumps.Daisy Chain CableConnect multiple pumps together. Daisy chain up the 99 KDS 200series pumps through the daisy chain cable. Simply connect the first pump to the second pump with one cable and use additional cables to chain the pumps together. Each pump can be given a remote address. Communication to each pump can be done through the RS232 interface.RS232 Cable9 pin female connector with phone jack interface to KDS 200 series pumps.K D S 3330Emulsifier PumpThe model KDS 330 is designed to emulsify viscous fluids/suspensions by forcing them back and forth through a micro-emulsifying needle. The pump eliminates the fatigue and time required to manually prepare the emulsion. The KDS 330 is ideal to prepare an adjuvant/antigen mixture to the correct viscosity ready for injection.The pump is based on the KDS 210 in continuous mode for cycling back and forth and is specifically designed for a 10 cc glass syringe and emulsion needle.• Simple control using a keypad, menu selection and a LCD display • Volume setting and automatic cycling • Rate setting• Settings stored in memory • Stall detectionTime (HR: MIN: SEC)Flow Rate µl/hrEndphone 508.429.6809I w w w.k d s c i e n t i f i c.c o m I fax 508.893.0160K e y p a d P r o g r a m m a b l e P u m p sS p e c i a l t y P u m p A c c e s s o r i e sN E WP u m p S p e c i f i c a t i o n s(All pumps available in CE mark version)Audible alarm option available with all pumps. Keypad programmable option available with all 200 Series pumps.NOTE: KD SCIENTIFIC SYRINGE PUMPS ARE FOR LABORATORY USE ONLY. THEY HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED BY THE FDA FOR CLINICAL USE ON HUMANS. All models available 115/230 VAC 50/60 Hz and with CE mark. All specifications subject to change at any time.* Pump head dimensions. ** Using 1 µl syringe.P U M P S W I T H A P U R P O S E.84 October Hill Road, Holliston, MA 01746phone508.429.6809fax508.893.0160e-mail inf o@kdscientif w w w.k d s c i e n t i f i c.c o m。

BUILT TO PERFORM 项目器移动 BUILT TO PERFORM 项目器移动

PowerLite 3LCD ProjectorsBright projector solutions for smaller venues.XGA Resolution PowerLite 1940W shownKeep presentations shining bright, even in ambient light, with the PowerLite 1930, 1940W, 1950 and 1960. Offering 3x Brighter Colors 1 than competitive models, Epson 3LCD projectors ensure bright, vivid presentations. Designed for corporate, education and house of worship use, this family of bright, feature-packed solutions projects vibrant images in virtually any setting. These sleek projectors can be easily carried between meeting rooms and classrooms or can be installed in small- to medium-size venues. Need widescreen, larger-than-life images? Select the PowerLite 1940W with WXGA resolution. Award-winning Faroudja ® DCDi ® technology, featured on all these models, reduces noise and enhances sharpness, creating smooth video images. And, Split Screen 3 enables you to conveniently display content from two different sources simultaneously. This family of PowerLite projectors truly is a bright solution for your presentation needs.Projectors at a glanceBright projector solutions forsmaller venues.Model:PowerLite 1930PowerLite 1940W PowerLite 1950PowerLite 1960Color Brightness:4200 lumens 24200 lumens 24500 lumens 25000 lumens 2White Brightness:4200 lumens 24200 lumens 24500 lumens 25000 lumens 2Resolution:XGAWXGAXGAXGAProjected screen image is simulated.Amazing image quality3x Brighter Colors with Epson 1Brilliant image quality requires high color brightness (color light output), and Epson 3LCD projectors have 3x Brighter Colors than leading competitive projectors 1.One brightness measurement (lumens) is not enough. A projector’s specification needs to show both high color brightness and high white brightness. If color brightness is lower than white brightness, images may be dark, dull and lose detail. If not provided, be sure to ask for a projector’s color brightness specification.3LCD, the #1 projection technology in the world, has:• B oth high color brightness and high white brightness• 3 chips for up to 3x Brighter Colors 1 than 1-chip DLP projectors• 25% lower power consumption for lower energy costs 5 • 25 years of road-tested reliability• A nationwide study reveals that 9 out of 10 people prefer images from 3LCD projectors 6Award-winning Faroudja DCDi Cinema for advanced video qualityFaroudja DCDi Cinema is a video enhancement technology, used primarily for filmviewing, that produces exceptional image quality without introducing artifacts. Faroudja developed DCDi (Directional Correlational Deinterlacing) to reduce jagged images by using a unique algorithm. This algorithm, in combination with the technology’s decoding, deinterlacing and enhancement features, won an Emmy ® Award from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.Advanced color adjustmentsFor special projection material such as high-quality photographs or artwork, users can adjust the hue, saturation and brightness for six colors, RGBCMY(Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta and Yellow).Actual photographs of projected images from an identical signal source. Price, resolution and white brightness are similar for both projectors (Epson 3LCD and 1-chip DLP competitor). Both projectors are set to their brightest mode.COMPETITORColor brightness significantly lower than white brightnessEPSONHigh color brightness andhigh white brightnessCOLOR BRIGHTNESS 2WHITE BRIGHTNESS DcDi onDcDi offAward-winning Faroudja DcDi CinemaDICOM Simulation Mode 4DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) is a standard for handling, storing, printing and transmitting medical imaginginformation. The projector’s DICOM Simulation Mode enables users to reproduce images with an advanced grayscale level that simulates DICOM Part 14. This mode is ideal for viewing grayscale medical images, such as X-rays, for training andSplit Screen 3 featureProject two images (video or still) side-by-side from two different sourcessimultaneously. You can choose from three layout options, swap the images/display sizes, choose the source for the audio and even display closed captioning if the source signal includes it.Convenientpresentation toolsAdvanced network toolsNormal ModeDICOMSimulation ModeLayout Option 1: 50-50% Split Screen Main image on the left Layout Option 3: Main image on the rightkeystonekeystoneMonitor/control projectors remotelyEasily monitor and control networked Epson projectors using the included EasyMP ® software.• Schedule remote power on/off functionality; saves energy, money and time • Check the status of each projector as part of your maintenance routine • Access maintenance alerts for connected projectors, right from your office • C restron RoomView ® enabled — monitor and control your projector with your existing RoomView softwareMessage Broadcasting 7• B roadcast customized images/alerts over the network for announcements or instructions• S end messages to up to 1024 projectors simultaneously (message will overwrite the current screen content if the projector is being used, unless this function is disabled by the presenter)• If the projector is off, Message Broadcasting will turn it on and display the messageEasy to useEpson simple setup• U SB Plug ‘n Play — simply connect your PC to the projector and start presenting • 1.6x optical zoom — offers great positioning flexibility to fit large or small rooms • A /V Mute Slide — control your presentation; it’s right at your fingertips• S leep Mode — set from 1 to 30 minutes to save energy when the A/V Mute Slide is closed or no signal is detected• D irect Power On/Off — power the projector on and off with the flip of a wall switch • I nstant Off ® — no cool down time required, so it is ready to shut down when you areDigital DisplayPort and HDMI connectivityDisplayPort and an HDMI digital display interface enable the projector to easily project digital content including video and audio. Both are compatible with the latest laptops, Blu-ray Disc ®, DVD and other media players. Future-proof your digital content.1 Compared to leading 1-chip DLP business and education projectors based on NPD data, July 2011 through June 2012. Color brightness (color light output) measured in accordance with IDMS 15.4. Color brightness willvary depending on usage conditions.2 Color brightness (color light output) and white brightness (white light output) will vary depending on usage conditions. Color light output measured in accordance with IDMS 15.4; white light output measured in accordancewith ISO 21118.3 Consult your user manual for input combinations.4 This projector does not meet the DICOM standard Part 14 and should not be used as a medical diagnostic device.5 Data source: , Jan. 2014. Average of 1243 shipping models for which the manufacturers provided lumens and total power data, all resolutions and brightness levels. Energy efficiency was measured aswattage per lumen. It was measured for both 3LCD and 1-chip projectors in each of six brightness segments. 3LCD projectors averaged less required electricity per lumen in each of the six segments.6 9 out of 10 people preferred images from leading 3LCD projectors over leading 1-chip DLP business and education projectors. Leading projectors selected according to NPD data as of July 2013. Based on independentU.S. research conducted by Radius Research (July 2013).7 Works only with Epson projectors that support presentation over the network capability.8 Lamp life will vary depending upon mode selected, environmental conditions and usage. Lamp brightness decreases over time. 9 See our website for convenient and reasonable recycling options at /recycle10SmartWay is an innovative partnership of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that reduces greenhouse gases and other air pollutants and improves fuel efficiency.PC-free presentations, including PDFsJust plug your USB hard drive into the USB port, and you are ready to displaydocuments and images stored on your USB drive. Present a slideshow without having to connect to a PC. Compatible with the following file formats: PDF , JPEG, BMP , GIFand PNG.Contrast Ratio (Normal, Dynamic Mode) Up to 3000:1Color Reproduction Up to 1 billion colors Lamp Type 245 W UHE Lamp Life 8Up to 4000 hours (ECO Mode) Up to 2500 hours (Normal Mode)Brightness Uniformity (typical) 89%Pixel Arrangement Cross stripeProjection LensScreen Throw Ratio Range 1.38 – 2.24Size (projected distance) 1930: 30" – 300" 1940W: 29" – 280" 1950: 30" – 300" 1960: 30" – 300"TypeManual zoom/focus F-number: 1.51 – 1.99Focal Length 18.2 mm – 29.2 mm Zoom Ratio Optical zoom 1.0 – 1.6Keystone CorrectionVertical: -30 degrees to +30 degrees Horizontal: -30 degrees to +30 degreesVideoVideo StandardsAnalog: NTSC/NTSC4.43/PAL/M-PAL/N-PAL/ PAL60/SECAM HDMI: 480i/576i/480p/576p/720p/1080i/1080p Video Processing3D Y/C separation, 3D noise reduction, mosquito noise reduction DCDi – Directional Correlational Deinterlacing Motion-compensated Interlace-Progressive conversion (2:2, 3:2 film detection) Closed captioningNetworkingConnectivityWired: Integrated 10/100 MbpsRemote Control and Management EasyMP MonitorDuet and Device DiscoveryCrestron Integrated Partner and RoomView PJLinkOtherSpeaker: 10 W monoAudio Output: 3.5 mm jackOperating Temperature 41 ° to 95 °F (5 ° to 35 °C)Power Supply Voltage 100 – 240 V ±10%, 50/60 Hz AC Power Consumption 1930 – 298 W 1940W – 311 W 1950 – 353 W 1960 – 353 W3.8 W standby (Network on) 0.5 W standby (Network off)Fan Noise29 dB (ECO Mode) 37 dB (Normal Mode)SecurityKensington-style lock provision, anchor (metal) bar for security lock or cableDimensions (W x D x H)Excluding feet14.8" x 10.7" x 3.6" (377 x 271 x 93 mm)Weight8.5 lb (3.9 kg)Remote ControlFeaturesColor mode, brightness, contrast, tint, color saturation, sharpness, input signal, sync, source search, Split Screen 3Operating AngleFront: Upper/lower 0 to +16 degrees Left/Right: N/A Rear: N/AOperating Distance 39" – 138"Specifications and terms subject to change without notice. EPSON, EasyMP , Instant Off and PowerLite are registered trademarks, EPSON Exceed Your Vision is a registered logomark and Better Products for a Better Future is a trademark of Seiko Epson Corporation. PrivateLine is a registered trademark, Built to Perform is a trademark and Epson Connection is a service mark of Epson America, Inc. SmartWay is a service mark of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. All other product and brand names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Epson disclaims any and all rights in these marks. Copyright 2014 Epson America, Inc. CPD-40827 03/14SupportThe Epson Connection SMPre-sales supportU.S. and Canada 800-463-7766 Internet website Service ProgramsTwo-year projector limited warranty, 90-day limited lamp warranty, Epson Road Service program and PrivateLine ® dedicated toll-free support (U.S. and Canada only)What’s in the BoxA PowerLite projector, power cable, computer cable, projector remote control, batteries, user manual CD, Quick Setup Sheet, monitor and control CDEco FeaturesEnergy-efficient 3LCD light engine RoHS compliant Recyclable product 9Epson America, Inc. is a SmartWay SM Transport Partner 10Ordering Information Product NamePowerLite 1930 V11H506020 PowerLite 1940W V11H474020 PowerLite 1950 V11H491020 PowerLite 1960V11H473020AccessoriesGenuine Epson lamp (1930)V13H010L74 Genuine Epson lamp (1940W, 1950, 1960) V13H010L75 Replacement air filterV13H134A41 Replacement remote control 1566064 Universal projector ceiling mountELPMBPJF Adjustable suspended ceiling channel kit ELPMBP01 False ceiling plate kit ELPMBP02 Kensington security lock ELPSL01 Carrying caseV12H001K65PowerLite 1940W shownComposite Video Computer 1Monitor OutComputer 2HDMI Display P ort 10 W SpeakerRS-232cLANUSB (Type A)USB (Type B)Audio 2Audio R & L Audio 1 Audio Out PowerKensington ® Security Lock Port。

Abbott WorkMate Claris

RECORDING AND MONITORING — TABLE OF CONTENTS1456789ORDERING INFORMATIONWorkMate Claris ™ Systems include: Advanced Electrophysiology Signal Processing Computer, Signal Conditioning Unit with ClearWave ™ Software Signal Acquisition Technology, Integrated 4-Channel EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator, High-Resolution LCD Monitors (Real Time, Review/Control and Slave), Laser Printer, Primary and Bedside Carts, All Associated Cables .WorkMate Claris ™ SystemPRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• ClearWave ™ Software Signal Acquisition Technology provides 32-bit digital electrogram acquisition .• The WorkMate Claris ™ System puts everything you need to complete your study right at your fingertips . Hot keys are built in to all features of the WorkMate Claris ™ System, making it even easier to use the features you need .• The EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator can be used in a standalone capacity or as a fully integrated component of the WorkMate Claris ™ System, providing integrated annotations and the ability to output up to four pacing channels . Fully programmable protocols and accommodations for multiple users create a custom stimulation interface for each specific operator .• Ablation window displays real-time measurements in both graph and numerical form for supported radiofrequency and cryoablation generators .• The WorkMate Claris ™ System features real-time analysis intervals that include R-R, A-A, V-V, V-A, stimulation and pressures waveforms .• Connectivity with existing IT systems is easy, powerful and cost-effective . The WorkMate Claris ™ System uses existing ITinfrastructure to minimise the complexities and costs associated with a network solution .DESCRIPTIONThe WorkMate Claris ™ System is a highly sophisticated yet simple-to-use workstation that provides electrogram acquisition while serving as the technology platform for the seamless integration with other systems andproducts used in the EP lab .™™H700124WorkMate Claris ™ System 56-Channel System with EP-4™Cardiac StimulatorRECORDING AND MONITORINGRECORDING AND MONITORINGWorkMate Claris™Service Parts and CablesH700134Claris 12 Lead ECG Cable Set, Radiolucent (EU)ORDERING INFORMATIONContents: EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulators include: EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator, Touch Screen Stimulator Control, All Associated Cables .EP-4™ Cardiac StimulatorPRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• The EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator functions as an integrated component with the WorkMate Claris ™ System or as a standalone stimulation system• With six separate users each having nine standard and 10 user-definable protocols, the EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator provides maximum versatility• Operators can control the stimulation protocol through a touch screen, keyboard, mouse or the WorkMate Claris ™ System • Direct AC power reduces the risk of a battery failure during operationDESCRIPTIONThe EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator features high-speedprocessing capabilities, an intuitive user interface and anarray of time-saving key command shortcuts .H403023EP-4™ Cardiac StimulatorH21911EP-4™ Cardiac Stimulator Touch ScreenRECORDING AND MONITORINGORDERING INFORMATIONWorkMate ™ Scribe ™ Modules include: Touch Screen LCD Monitor, Vital Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse Input Devices, Peer-to-Peer Direct LAN Connection to the WorkMate Claris ™ System .WorkMate ™ Scribe ™ ModulePRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• Electronic monitoring for easy charting and monitoring of patient vital signs and procedure parameters remotely • Ablation window for review of radiofrequency and cryoablation data • Charting window specific for patient care documentation • Review and real-time electrograms• Procedure log synced with the WorkMate Claris ™ System • Patient monitoring via the physiologic monitoring device • Patient physiological data window• Medications window to document medications given • Single patient record for EP caseDESCRIPTIONThe WorkMate ™ Scribe ™ Module is an integrated real-timereview station for the WorkMate Claris ™ System that allows aseparate user to review and edit patient study data stored onthe WorkMate Claris ™ System and document patient care dataduring an EP study .™™H700119WorkMate ™ Scribe ™Module 220 V with Vitals MonitorRECORDING AND MONITORINGORDERING INFORMATIONWorkMate ™ Unity ™ ModulePRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• WorkMate ™ Unity ™ HL7‡ Module: Query hospital information systems using HL7‡ interface for patient demographic data to eliminate manual data entry time and reduce the potential for errors• At the end of the study, transmit HL7‡ encoded reports to the electronic medical records or any HL7‡ compliant system • WorkMate ™ Unity ™ DICOM Module: Store and retrieve procedure data onto a PACS to reduce time spent saving cases onto external media, such as DVDs, and archiving the external media in accordance with hospital policies • WorkMate ™ Unity ™ Review Module: Review archived patient data online, eliminating storage space constraints and disk integrityconcerns and allowing sensitive data to be secured within the hospital IT environment • Contact your Abbott representative for hardware requirementsDESCRIPTIONWorkMate ™ Unity ™ Modules enable the WorkMate Claris ™ System to connect and communicate with IT resources withinthe hospital .™™H700147WorkMate ™ Unity ™ HL7‡ Module H700148WorkMate ™ Unity ™ DICOM ModuleH702321WorkMate ™ Unity ™ SW v1.1 Kit (available in single license, 10 license or site license)ORDERING INFORMATIONWorkMate ™ ImageSync ™ Module includes: Image inputs for two additional sources . Sources may be VGA or DVI .WorkMate ™ ImageSync ™ Advanced Image Acquisition ModulePRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• Easily access clinical images during a procedure, such as from the EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System, the EnSite Precision ™ Cardiac Mapping System or the ViewMate™ Ultrasound System• Correlate image data with recorded electrograms • Visualise catheter locations in relation to the associated electrograms• Easily review cases on one system only — no need to turn on other systems to retrieve critical images • Create comprehensive slides detailing multiple aspects of an EP procedure occurring concurrently • Access up to two additional color video inputs (VGA or DVI); the WorkMate Claris ™ System offers standard imaging capability and includes two composite black-and-white image inputsDESCRIPTIONThis WorkMate Claris ™ System upgrade option allowsconnections to advanced imaging modalities . This imaging connection enables the creation of color images or loops that are correlated to the patient data acquired with the WorkMate Claris ™System .™™ORDERING INFORMATIONSoftware Installation CD, EnSite ™ Derexi ™ Software Entitlements, Ethernet ‡ Cable, Ethernet ‡ Isolator, Instructions for Use . Prerequisites for the EnSite ™ Derexi ™ Module Kit include: EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System with version 2 .0 .1 or higher and WorkMate Claris ™ System with version 1 .1 or higher .EnSite ™ Derexi ™ ModulePRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS• Automated transfer of patient demographics into EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System from WorkMate Claris ™ System• Data synchronisation between EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System and WorkMate Claris ™ System mapping points and recorded segments of data• Comprehensive case reports — EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System snapshot images are included in the WorkMate Claris ™ System case report • Review of patient data from either system — updates both EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System and WorkMate Claris ™ System to appropriate time segments for comprehensive clinical reviewDESCRIPTIONThe EnSite ™ Derexi ™ Module is designed to provide seamless communication between the EnSite ™ Velocity ™ Cardiac Mapping System and WorkMate Claris ™ System to improvelab efficiency and manage case information .™™RECORDING AND MONITORINGORDERING INFORMATIONThe system consists of the SensiTherm ™ monitor and one probe with multiple thermocouple electrodes .SensiTherm ™ EsophagealTemperature Monitoring SystemPRODUCT HIGHLIGHTSSensiTherm ™ Monitor:• Three independent digital temperature readings allow monitoring of separate esophageal locations • Readings are accurate to within 0 .5 degree Celsius • Monitor displays temperature changes within one second SensiTherm ™ Probe:• U nique multi-thermocouple design permits rapid, simultaneous temperature assessment of three sites in the esophageal lumen • Five olive-shaped 11 F electrodes designed for sensing cardiac electrical potentials • Distal and proximal electrodes can provide transesophageal pacing of the left atrium • Three center electrodes capable of recording esophageal temperatures • 7 F probe size designed for patient comfort • Silicone tip facilitates easy insertionDESCRIPTIONThe SensiTherm ™ Esophageal Temperature Monitoring System enables physicians to monitor the temperature of the esophagusduring left atrial ablation procedures .26155STSensiTherm ™ Esophageal Temperature ProbeRECORDING AND MONITORINGRecording and Monitoring — Page 9 29763-EM-CAG-0317-0013(1) | Information contained herein intendedfor audiences from outside the United States only.©2019 Abbott. All Rights Reserved.Recording and Monitoring — Page 1029763-EM-CAG-0317-0013(1) | Information contained herein intended for audiences from outside the United States only. ©2019 Abbott. All Rights Reserved. Abbott The Corporate Village, Da Vincilaan 11 Box F1, 1935 Zaventem, Belgium, Tel: +32 2 774 68 11CAUTION: This product is intended for use by or under the direction of a physician. Prior to use, reference Instructions for Use, inside the product carton (when available) or at or for more detailed information on Indications, Contraindications, Warnings, Precautions and Adverse Events.™ Indicates a trademark of the Abbott group of companies.‡ Indicates a third party trademark, which is property of its respective owner.© 2019 Abbott. All Rights Reserved.29763-EM-CAG-0317-0013(1) | Information contained herein intended for audiences from outside the United States only.。

sikuli入门教程学习

Environment（IDE）。
配置Python环境
02
在Sikuli IDE中，选择"File"->"New Python Project"，
然后选择合适的Python解释器进行配置。
测试运行
03
创建一个简单的Python脚本，运行测试以确保Sikuli
安装成功。
04
Sikuli基本操作
创建屏幕对象
处理系统级操作
Sikuli库还可以实现要更高的权限和更加复杂的处理方式。
06
Sikuli常见问题与解决方案
图像匹配问题
总结词
图像匹配是Sikuli的核心功能之一，但在实际使用中可能会遇到匹配不准确或无法找到匹配项的问题。
详细描述
当使用Sikuli进行图像匹配时，可能会出现由于图像质量、光线条件、背景干扰等因素导致匹配失败的情况。为了解决这个问题，可以尝试调整图像的搜索范围、使用更精确的匹配算法或增加匹配容错率。
安装Java
Sikuli基于Java开发，因此需要先安装Java运行环境（JRE）。
安装Sikuli
解压下载的安装包，按照提示进行安装。
环境变量配置
将Sikuli的路径添加到系统环境变量中，以便在命令行中运行Sikuli命令。
环境配置
打开Sikuli IDE
01
安装完成后，打开Sikuli Integrated Development
区域和模式匹配
区域匹配是指将屏幕上的某个区域与指定的图像进行匹配，以确定该区域是否符合要求。
模式匹配则是将屏幕上的多个区域与多个指定的图像进行匹配，以确定这些区域是否符合特定的布局或排列。

24slide

public void run() { for (int i = 1; i <= lastNum; i++) { System.out.print(" " + i); Thread.yield(); } }
Every time a number is printed, the print100 thread is yielded. So, the numbers are printed after the characters.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6
4
Example: Using the Runnabel Interface to Create and Launch Threads
3
Creating Tasks and Threads
ng.Runnable TaskClass
// Client class public class Client { ... public void someMethod() { ... // Create an instance of TaskClass TaskClass task = new TaskClass(...); // Create a thread Thread thread = new Thread(task); // Start a thread thread.start(); ... } ... }
«interface»
ng.Runnable ng.Thread