Vertical and Horizontal

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横向的英语单词

横向的英语单词单词：horizontal1.1 词性：形容词1.2 释义：水平的；横向的1.3 英文释义：Parallel to the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical.1.4 相关词汇：horizontally（副词），horizontality（名词），vertical （反义词，垂直的）---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自拉丁语“horizontem”，意为“地平线”。

2.2 趣闻：在古代建筑中，确定建筑物的水平方向至关重要，工匠们会利用一些简单的工具如水平仪的雏形来确保墙壁、地面等结构是水平的，这与“horizontal”所表达的概念紧密相关，而不准确的水平定位可能会导致建筑结构不稳定甚至倒塌。

---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：- horizontal line：水平线例句：Draw a horizontal line on the paper.翻译：在纸上画一条水平线。

- horizontal position：水平位置例句：The book is in a horizontal position on the table.翻译：书在桌子上呈水平放置。

- horizontal axis：水平轴例句：The data is plotted along the horizontal axis.翻译：数据沿着水平轴绘制。

---4 实用片段（1）. “Look at that painting. The artist has used a lot of horizontal lines to create a sense of calm and stability.” I sa id to my friend as we stood in the art gallery.翻译：“看那幅画。

画家运用了许多水平线来营造一种平静和稳定的感觉。

android layout_gravity 和 android gravity 的区别

1.gravity 这个英文单词是重心的意思，在这里就表示停靠位置的意思。

android:layout_gravity 和android:gravity 的区别从名字上可以看到，android:gravity是对元素本身说的，元素本身的文本显示在什么地方靠着换个属性设置，不过不设置默认是在左侧的。

android:layout_gravity是相对与它的父元素说的，说明元素显示在父元素的什么位置。

比如说button：android:layout_gravity 表示按钮在界面上的位置。

android:gravity表示button上的字在button上的位置。

可选值这两个属性可选的值有：top、bottom、left、right、center_vertical、fill_vertical、center_horizontal、fill_horizontal、center、fill、clip_vertical。

而且这些属性是可以多选的，用“|”分开。

默认这个的值是：Gravity.LEFT对这些属性的描述：出自：/guide/topics/resources/drawable-res ource.html/reference/android/graphics/drawable /ClipDrawable.htmlValue Descriptiontop Put the object at the top of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的顶部，不改变其大小.bottom Put the object at the bottom of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的底部，不改变其大小.left Put the object at the left edge of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的左侧，不改变其大小.right Put the object at the right edge of its container, not changing its size.将对象放在其容器的右侧，不改变其大小.center_vertical Place object in the vertical center of its container, not changing its size.将对象纵向居中，不改变其大小.垂直对齐方式：垂直方向上居中对齐。

飞行员座椅位置调整你是否正确就座？

飞行员座椅位置调整你是否正确就座？翻译一篇文章：Are You Properly Seated?来自《Safety first #25 January 2018》/are-you-properly-s你是否正确的坐着？Are You Properly Seated?飞行员在飞行时最佳座位位置可不是随便的。

它是详细分析和设计的结果，为操纵飞机的飞行员（PF）和监控飞机的飞行员（PM）提供了最佳的就座位置，以安全舒适地操纵飞机。

可能很多人会感到惊讶，像飞行员座椅位置调整这样简单的事情，可以在飞机安全飞行中发挥关键作用。

这就是在标准操作程序（SOP）的“推出和启动前”部分，必须密切关注座椅调整阶段，对飞行员为什么特别重要的原因。

本文将介绍视觉参考点的原理以及它如何在空中客车飞机驾驶舱的设计中发挥关键作用。

它还将说明坐在正确位置的飞行员，是如何避免相对于座椅位置调整不佳的情况下操作飞机的潜在后果的。

▌适航认证要求CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS法规要求飞机制造商提供一种方法，帮助飞行员精确定位，并让他们在座位上获得最佳视角。

这在EASA CS 25.773和FAA FAR 25.773有明确要求的。

飞行员身高从1.58米（5英尺2英寸）至1 91米（6英尺3英寸），可轻松接近驾驶舱内所有飞机的控制装置，这是EASA CS 25.777规定的。

该要求确保设计适合绝大多数飞行员。

当为任何驾驶舱提供参考点设计时，将考虑这些要求。

它通常被称为设计目视位置，也称为视觉参考点。

▌视觉参考点THE EYE REFERENCE POINT现代飞机驾驶舱围绕视觉参考点建造。

睛参考点用于确定驾驶舱窗户的大小，并界定所有控制开关，显示器和仪表的位置。

当飞行员与视觉基准点对准时，他们将处于操纵飞机的最佳位置。

▌优化视野An optimized field of view当飞行员将自己与视觉参考点对齐时，驾驶舱的设计使得前面板上的所有仪表和显示器都在其视野范围内（图1）。

英语作业word 界面介绍

那个⒈界面的组成部分。

Interface components标题栏title bar菜单栏menu bar工具栏toolbar标尺rulers工作区workspace状态栏status bar垂直、水平工具栏vertical and horizontal bar⒉介绍各组成部分。

Introduced components（1）标题栏应用窗口最上端的部分称为标题栏。

左侧的文字指示当前打开文件的文件名，右侧是三个按钮，分别为【最小化】按钮、【最大化】按钮和【关闭】按钮。

The top part of the application window is called the title bar .the left side of the text indicates the current file name to open the right are threebuttons .respectively [Minimize] button,[Maximize]button and [Close]button.（2）菜单栏菜单栏共包含有以下几个子功能menu bar contains the following sub-total functionality文件file 编辑edit 视图view 插入insert 格式style工具tools 表格form 窗口window 帮助help（3）工具栏工具栏包括了一系列的常用菜单命令，使用各种工具栏中的按钮可以完成大部分的菜单功能。

Toolbar includes a series of commonly used menu commands, use the various buttons on the toolbar to complete most of the menu functions.例如 such as空白文档空白文档是创建一个新建的文档Blank document is used to create a new document打开文件夹是打开一个文件夹Open the folder is open a folder保存文件夹是保存一个文件save a file folder is saved.字体设置是设置字体的样式、大小、颜色、下标、粗细等功能。

VerticalVsHorizontalFDI

Vertical versus horizontal FDIHorizontal FDI, where multi-plant firms duplicate roughly the same activities in multiple countries, has been distinguished from vertical FDI, where firms locate different stages of production in different countries. The bulk of FDI is horizontal rather than vertical. That developed countries are both the source and the host of most FDI suggests that market access is more important than reducing production costs as a motive for FDI.Brainard (1993) reports that foreign affiliates owned by US multinationals export only 13 percent of their overseas production back to the United States, so most production by US multinationals appears to be motivated by the desire to serve markets abroad. Similarly, the US affiliates of foreign multinationals export only 2-8 percent of their US production back to their parents; 64 percent is sold in the US market. The bulk of FDI is attracted to big markets, rather than to cheap labor (or other factors of production). The large volume of two-way FDI flows also seems to fit horizontal FDI models better than vertical ones.Standard models of horizontal FDI revolve around the trade-off between plant-level fixed costs and trade costs (see Markusen, 1984). When the potential host country is small, the potential savings in trade costs (with accrue per unit of exports to the country) are insufficient to offset the fixed costs of setting up a production facility there; hence, exports are chosen over FDI as the method for serving the market abroad. However, when a host country is large enough for the fixed costs of the plant to be offset by the trade costs saved, FDI is chosen over exports. Bigger market size of the host country, smaller plant-level fixed costs (smaller plant-level scale economies), and larger trade costs are more conducive to horizontal FDI. The proximity-concentrationhypothesis (see separate entry) refers to the common tenet that FDI occurs when the benefits of producing in a foreign market outweigh the loss of scale economies that could be reaped if produced in only one plant (in the firm’s home country). See also separate entries on fixed costs & FDI, market size & FDI, and trade costs & FDI for more on the impact of each on FDI.FDI may exist to avoid not only actual trade costs but feared trade costs as well. FDI, such as by Japanese firms into the EU in electronics and into the Unites States in autos, may be motivated more by fear of impending trade barriers (anti-dumping duties or voluntary export restraints) than by any barriers in place at the time of the investments.When the choice between FDI and exports involves a simple trade-off between trade costs and fixed costs, an interesting implication is that no firm should simultaneously engage in both FDI and exports. Even for the exact value of trade costs where the trade costs times the number of units exported equals the plant-level fixed costs, when the firm is exactly indifferent between FDI or exports, the firm will either pay the fixed costs to build the plant and serve the market exclusively through FDI, or not build the plant and serve the market only through exports.Unlike horizontal FDI, with vertical FDI firms engage in both FDI and exports. Whereas in horizontal FDI models, the two countries are often envisioned as being of similar size, in vertical FDI models, the home country is usually thought of as being much larger than the host country. Thus, the horizontal FDI framework is more representative of a pair of developed countries, whereas the vertical FDI framework is like a developed source country and a developing host country. In horizontal FDImodels, the question is how best to serve the host market (abroad), whereas in vertical FDI models, the question is typically how best to serve the domestic market.Standard models of vertical FDI involve deciding where to locate production to minimize costs. Headquarter services are located in the home country; production of the good can be located with the headquarters in the home country or separated and located abroad. Production costs are assumed to be lower in the host country than at home. Hence the trade-off is between the lower costs of producing abroad and the need to pay trade costs to bring the goods back home. FDI occurs if the cost savings from producing abroad are greater than the trade costs incurred. Lower trade costs should encourage vertical FDI but discourage horizontal FDI. As trade costs fall, vertical FDI occurs for smaller differences in factor prices. In a simple setup where only one unit of labor is required to produce the good in either country, vertical FDI occurs if the wage difference across countries is greater than the trade costs. As vertical FDI is often called international outsourcing/offshoring (see separate entry), the production cost savings minus the trade costs can be called the gain from offshoring.Anyone fearing that, as trade costs fall, all production will shift to from rich countries such as the United States to poorer countries such as China or Mexico (where wages are lower) should bear in mind that the United States remains the largest recipient of FDI inflows. Also, the comparison is not of wage levels alone, but efficiency wages – labor costs per unit of production. If wages elsewhere are one-tenth US wages but workers are less than one-tenth as productive, labor there is not truly less expensive.The knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise (see separate entry) is an overarching model that includes both horizontal and vertical FDI as special cases. Ithas been used to test for evidence in support of horizontal versus vertical FDI. Most findings have been more supportive of horizontal FDI, but other research (such as Braconier et al, 2005) has emphasized that vertical FDI does indeed occur and is important to the host countries in which it occurs (sales by affiliates are large relative to GDP). Both horizontal and vertical FDI can occur in Markusen and Venables (2005) -- the split between market-oriented and export platform activity depends mostly on trade costs, and factor endowments influence whether specialize in components or assembly.Given that the bulk of FDI is horizontal in nature, and that horizontal FDI is motivated by avoiding trade costs (tariff-jumping), the trends in the 1990 were rather perplexing. Dramatic reductions in trade costs due to trade negotiations and technological change occurred together with substantial growth in FDI (outpacing the fast growth in world trade). Neary (2007) has put forth two potential explanations. He shows that cross-border mergers can be encouraged by reductions in trade costs. As mergers & acquisitions are quantitatively more important than greenfield investments (building from scratch), falling trade costs can be consistent with expansions in horizontal FDI. He also argues that horizontal FDI in trading blocks can be encouraged by trade liberalization within the trade block. When trade costs fall within the block, outside firms invest in one country as a means for serving the entire trade block. For example, a US firm may produce in Ireland to serve all of Europe, or a German firm may produce in Canada to serve all of North America. These are examples of export-platform FDI, discussed below. Which explanation is most empirically relevant remains to be determined.Export-Platform FDIExport-platform FDI is FDI motivated by a desire to export rather than to serve the local market. Vertical FDI is export-platform FDI where the exports are sent back to the home market. However, there is an increasing trend toward export-platform FDI where the exports are sent to third markets. The rise of trade blocks with low internal trade barriers but higher external barriers may contribute to this trend. Multinationals are establishing production subsidiaries within a trade block and using that plant to serve the entire block. To the degree that the host country is small relative to the overall size of the trade block, the vast bulk of production will be exported to other countries in the trade block.Motta and Norman (1996) find that improved market access within a trade block leads to export-platform FDI in this manner. As an additional benefit, since FDI into the block becomes more attractive to outside firms, due to firms being better able to reach the majority of markets within the block through exports from one plant, the subsidies required to entice firms to locate in the block will be reduced. Instead of considering only the market size of a potential host country, firms now consider the broader, regional market that can be easily reached from the country. As trade blocks are often formed on a regional basis, avoiding artificial trade barriers (such as tariffs) and natural trade barriers (transport costs) tend to go hand in hand.Kumar (1998) emphasized the need to distinguish between export-platform FDI oriented toward the home market versus that oriented toward third countries. FDI for export back to the home market occurs to take advantage of cheaper factors of production elsewhere, and only trade costs between the home and host country matter. However,FDI for export to third countries is critically dependent on the ease of access to the third countries, and the trade costs back to the home market matter little.Ekholm et al (2007) further distinguish between three types of export-platform FDI. Home country export-platform FDI involves export back to the parent. Third-country export-platform FDI involves export to another large country (not home or host). With global export-platform FDI, the host plant exports to both the home country and the third country. When the home and the host countries form a free trade area, the outcome can be that the inside firm engages in home (or global) export-platform FDI, while the outsider firm opts for the third-country approach. Fitting this scenario, the North American affiliates of US multinationals concentrate on exports back home, whereas affiliates in Europe concentrate on exports to third countries. See also Yeaple 2003. With NAFTA, Mexico has seen increases in the share of production by affiliates of multinationals (both US and from elsewhere) sent to the United States.Using data for US outbound FDI to OECD countries from 1980-2000, Blonigen et al (2004) find evidence consistent with export-platform FDI in Europe. When measures of market potential (size of proximate third country markets) are included, they find a clear negative relationship between FDI into proximate countries. This pattern of substitution between industrialized countries in Europe provides strong evidence of export-platform FDI. Ireland is the most successful EU economy in attracting export-platform FDI.The implications of export-platform FDI need further study. For example, when MNEs use the host country as an export-platform, local firms are often not competitors (unless also exporting) and thus the MNEs need not worry about restricting technologyspillovers. As there is less risk of damaging local competitors, local governments may view export-platform FDI more favorably than FDI for the purpose of serving the local market. While there are potential employment gains from both, export-platform FDI does not generate the gains in consumer surplus that market-access motivated FDI would.See also: fixed costs & FDI, knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise, market size & FDI, outsourcing/offshoring,proximity-concentration hypothesis, trade costs & FDIFurther ReadingBlonigen, Bruce A., Ronald B. Davies, Glen R. Waddell, and Helen T. Naughton. 2004.“FDI in Space: Spatial Autoregressive Relationships in Foreign DirectInvestment.” NBER Working Paper No. 10939./papers/w10939.pdf Finds evidence consistent with exportplatform FDI in Europe.Braconier, Henrik, Pehr-Johan Norback, and Dieter Urban. 2005. “Multinational Enterprises and Wage Costs: Vertical FDI Revisited.” Journal of InternationalEconomics 67(2): 446-70. Evidence in support of vertical FDI.Brainard, S. Lael. 1993. “An Empirical Assessment of the Factor Proportions Explanation of Multinational Sales.” NBER Working Paper No. 4583./papers/w4583.pdf Finds little support for factor proportion motivation for FDI.Ekholm, Karolina, Rikard Forslid, and James R. Markusen. 2007. “Export-Platform Foreign Direct Investment.” Journal of the European Economic Association 5(4): 776-95. Examines conditions under which three different types of export platform FDI arise: back to MNE’s home country, to a third country, or globally (to both). Kumar, Nagesh. 1998. “Multinational Enterprises, Regional Economic Integration, and Export-Platform Production in the Host Countries: An Empirical Analysis for the US and Japanese Corporations.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of WorldEconomics 134(3): 450-83. Contrasts the determinants of production for exportback to MNE’s home market to those for export to third-country markets. Markusen, James R. 1995. “The Boundaries of Multinational Enterprises and the Theory of International Trade.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(2): 169-89. Excellent review of empirical evidence on multinational firms.———. 1984. “Multinationals, Multi-plant Economies, and the Gains from Trade.”Journal of International Economics 16(3-4): 205-26. The original. Markusen, James R., and Anthony J. Venables. 2005. “A Multi-Country Approach To Factor-Proportions Trade and Trade Costs.” NBER Working Papers No. 11051./papers/w11051.pdf Model where both horizontal andvertical FDI occur.Motta, Massimo, and George Norman. 1996. “Does Economic Integration Cause Foreign Direct Investment?” International Economic Review 37(4): 757-83. Threecountry, three firm model showing how improved market access within a regionleads to export-platform FDI as outside firms invest in the region.Neary, J. Peter. 2008. “Trade Costs and Foreign Direct Investment.” International Review of Economic and Finance, forthcoming. Provides two explanations for howfalling trade costs can generate increased FDI, as seen in the data.Yeaple, Stephen Ross. 2003. “The Complex Integration Strategies of Multinationals and Cross Country Dependencies in the Structure of Foreign Direct Investment.”Journal of International Economics 60(2): 293-314. Describes how strategies ofmultinationals are richer than just horizontal or just vertical FDI.Amy Glass, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University。

AE内置插件中英文对照

AE内置插件中英文对照一，Adjust主要都是一些调整参数的滤镜，主要包括以下滤镜：01，Brightness＆Contrast用于调整亮度和对比度02，Channel MixerChannel Mixer用于通道混合，可以用当前彩色通道的值来修改一个彩色通道。

应用Channel Mixer可以产生其它颜色调整工具不易产生的效果；或者通过设置每个通道提供的百分比产生高质量的灰阶图；或者产生高质量的棕色调和其它色调图像；或者交换和复制通道。

Red／Green／Blue－Red／Green／BIue／Const分别表不不同的颜色调整通道，Const用来调整通道的对比度。

参数以百分比表示，表明增强或减弱该通道的效果。

其默认的参数为Red－Red Green－Green Blue－Blue都是1O0％，其它为 O％，表示初始的RGB通道值。

最下方的Monochrome选项是可以将图像应用为灰阶图03，Color BalanceColor Balance用于调整色彩平衡。

通过调整层中包含的红、绿、蓝的颜色值，颜色平衡. 效果控制参数Shadow Red／Blue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的阴影范围平衡。

Midtone Red／BIue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的中问亮度范围平衡。

Hilight Red／Blue／Green Balance用于调整 RGB彩色的高光范围平衡。

Preserve Luminosity选项用于保持图像的平均亮度，来保持图像的整体平衡。

04，CurvesCurves用于调整图象的色调曲线，通过改变效果窗口的Curves曲线来改变图象的色调。

也可以用Level完成同样的工作，但是Curves的控制能力更强。

05，Channel用于选择要进行调控的通道，可以选RGB彩色通道，Red红色通道、Green绿色通道、Bule蓝色通道和Alpha透明通道分别进行调控。

PROE野火5.0之曲面造型（styleisdx）新功能

PROE 野火5.0之曲面造型(style isdx) 新功能Styling window (Note: styling features are super features, and there can be father son relationships between common features)4 window points, select 4 window icon switch. 1 window changes, 4 windows are updated simultaneously.1 new 4 NEWThe CTRL +D key is restored to the standard four window viewStandard four lookAdjust the window, drag the window, the boundary cross line, adjust the size of each windowSelect the graphic of the activity plane and select the datum plane (the drawing plane attribute).Facing the right side of the plane the direction of the moving plane (the point of view attribute).The inner plane diagram is in the same column as the movable plane. The same plane construction method, but the same characteristics as modeling. The constructed datum plane changes into active plane in real time. Note: the difference between free curve and the plane curve, the reference slide within the "reference" can change the active plane, "offset" can offset existing activities to establish a new plane moving plane, while the internal surface in a more flexible way to establish a new plane activities.Environment settings modeling preferencesMolding curveThe free curve creates a curve icon, draws a line, ends the middle key, then draws another line, and the middle key ends... To complete the green tick curve (or press button), black tick exit featureDrag into 3D. By editing the curve icon, you can drag it into a 3D curve, while a flat curve does not. Before dragging, you'd better set the moving plane and make it look straight.Plane curveNot 3DCos curveDo not cross the boundary without crossing the boundary between the surfaces (the boundary of the surface will have the geometry of the surface) and the boundary between the surfaces (regardless of whether the surface is merged).An inner boundary that can cross a boundary but can cross a boundary to blend a surface or a curved surface.The drag plug allows one to pull one, more, or more points online (in conjunction with Ctrl) at one time.And directional control and coordinate control can be implemented.Direction control points on the slide: free, horizontal, vertical, vertical.The coordinates of control points (both absolute and relative to the direction of the axis defined Si). Check the relative, in a certain direction, enter a value, continuous press ENT, can realize continuous relative movement.Soft point control if the insertion point with the lock point (with Shift crawl) is a soft reference point, cannot coordinate control, can only use soft point editing type: length ratio, length, parameter (usually not only length ratio can be offset from the plane), and the lock lock to point (the point is no longer mobile freedom), link (when crawling into the surface and solid surface or datum, the point to point type grid display, soft switch to link).Remove soft point, select soft point, right key, disconnect.A curve conversion can only convert curves to free or flat surfaces, and cannot be converted into Cos attributes.Delete the curve modeling environment, double-click any curve to the right button, delete the curve.Extension curve, Shift+Alt point, line selection end drag. The extension is in the upper slider of the point: free, tangent, and curvature.Usually extends near the target and matches the Shift lock point.Cut the curve and delete the endpoint.Cut the curve, select the insertion point, the right key, and the segmentation. The split two curves have father son relation, and the segmentation point becomes the soft point of the subsystem.Endpoint combination curve Shift drag a curve to lock another curve (or lock to another curve near the end, and then set the soft point editing type "lock point to another automatically lock the ends of the curve), right click, combination.Offset curve Cos curve offset or normal surface offset in surface: modeling offset curve. Note: CosThe curve is referenced to the two surface, and the resulting offset of the surface will be offset by different directions, the normal surfaceThe offset will not; the offset is allowed to be greater than the minimum radius; delete the curve: right click "Edit"Definition, deletion, reference, or reset reference. The offset curve is the original Cos curve and the reference surfaceSubsystem.The selection of loading curve shape characteristics curve outside (can Ctrl more) and other, from a reference curve, V (loading curve become free curve). The loading curve has nothing to do with the original curve.Surface line support surfaces: IGES, Pro/E surfaces, surfaces within the same modeling feature, etc..Curve form: Cos or freedom. Cos can be converted into freedom afterwards.Father son relationship: drag Shift to tow the points at the ends and re lock the points to the curveIn addition to the father and son relation of the surface.Vertical and horizontal directions: press Ctrl to select the surface again to change the direction of the vertical and horizontal directions.The construction steps of modeling, curve from surface to surface, left click tickThe falling curve is similar to the Pro/E projection curve. For the original curve and the reference surface of the subsystem.Plane curve, move the copy is only applicable to modeling characteristics of free curve, circle and arc.The pair of plane curves does not violate the plane constraint.Motion and copy functions can be translated, rotated, scaled, or geometrically variable. A curve that has a soft point constraint (which can be removed if necessary) cannot be freely controlled, and when it is copied, it can be checked to "disconnect"". A plane curve can be translated, rotated, or scaled only on its plane.Translation: precise control using relative coordinates.Rotation: can input each shaft rotation angle.Scaling: allows locking of proportional values (proportionally).Control rod: can enter absolute or relative position coordinates; can input relative rotation angle; willThe control rod is positioned at the center of the cover frame or aligned with the movable plane; the curve rotates around the center of the control rod; the control lever rod can be moved, and the end of the control rod can be rotated to rotate.Conversion mode: Select (allow cover box, zoom curve, control lever translation and rotation curve) and cover frame (only allow box frame zoom curve).Mode of movement: freedom; horizontal / vertical (relative to the active plane); normal (relative to the active plane, but must be active, the plane is in a non positive state before it becomes effective).Zoom mode: reverse (one-way); Center (i.e., two-way).The proportion of updates to a soft point, and the overall scale of the curve is scaled.Location: curve, icon, tick, tick, scale, updateCondition: there are at least two soft points in the curve.Must be soft dragging.Must be free or flat curve, Cos curve cannot be renewed in proportion.The proportion of copy editors, copy, according to the proportion of selected curve (default check disconnected), drag the arrow replication curve (ratio of movement can cancel the option on the skateboard "unification" and "unified" height control. After you uncheck, change to equal height copy To B.The main difference with replication: you can match Shift, drag arrows, catch, locate, and use the unified function".Tangent constraint: natural (natural to edit to make the re set of constraints) and free, fixed angle, horizontal and vertical (horizontal and vertical reference plane, usually value) method (to start to choose a reference plane collector surface), the current alignment (tangent plane or parallel to another fall in the curve the symmetric (two), the average value of the tangent angle, explicit single arrow) and tangent (from paternal tangent angle value, explicit single arrow) andcurvature (from tangent angle value and the value of paternal length, four lines tangent to the surface (arrow) and tangent to the surface, do not show the arrow. Curvature of a surface or curvature of a surface can preserve the properties of a plane curve And the surface curvature (tangent curvature continuity to the surface, four line arrow), tangent draft; length (tangent vector length), angle (tangent projection in reference plane angle), height (tangent and the reference surface elevation, can only specify the free curve for elevation, tangent draft height is not available, will be converted into slope, slope) how to understand? Drag constraint: free, length, projection angle + elevation angle. Note: drag constraints affect only the tangents that are currently directly dragged by the mouse.Select display curvature shape feature, right click to edit the definition of curvature diagrams, to check the "save the selected curve (Ctrl optional multiple) - curvature check box (optional curvature box definition, set the curvature cable precision, accuracy refers to the cable density) to edit the curve, adjusting the curvature, the hidden" save the analysis "to show the" save the analysis box set shows that the curvature line again, re adjust the curvature of a curve.The keys are repeated in the styling environment by pressing a middle key or performing a double rotation icon, meaning repeating the menu instructions just now. For example, setting the base level, creating curves or editing curves, etc..Ctrl + D default view.The curve symmetry must make the curve be symmetrical to the designated base plane, except the coordinate point must be symmetrical,The tangent of the points at both ends should also be set symmetrically, in which the parameters to be adjusted are length, angle, and height. Special attention to angle symmetry input: when the input tangent angle at one end, and the other end of negative input can be, ENTER, the system will deduct 360 for the final calculation.A complete regeneration of the two curve can be established from the soft point father son relationship. When modifying the parent curve, the regeneration icon is shown in yellow and needs to be turned green to be fully regenerated. Note: the segmentation curve is also the case.。

测绘工程专业英语翻译Unit4

Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement （角度和方向测量）Horizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying.（水平角和竖直角是测量的基本测量工作）It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms beforedescribing angle and direction measurement.（在描述角度和方向测量之前，有必要熟悉【be familiar with 熟悉】几个【certain 某些】基本术语的含义【meaning 】）The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.（这里讨论的这些术语与地球的真实形状有关【have reference to 与……有关】）Basic Terms （基本术语）A vertical line at any point A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.（地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向是过该点的重力方向】）It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point. （如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended 暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume 呈现】的方向即重力方向。

有关纵横双向解决情态动词之烦恼的探析中英文对照

有关纵横双向解决情态动词之烦恼的探析中英文对照On the analysis of vertical and horizontal two-way solve troubles of modal verbs in Chinese and English情态动词用法的复习整理一直是广大师生都感到棘手的问题。

英语教学实践教育每一位教师，复习既然为高考服务，就应当首先符合高考要求。

长期的教学活动表明：只有让知识系统化并让学生接受，才能达到最佳教学效果。

语法教学尤应如此。

Review of modal verbs are finishing has been the broad masses of teachers and students all feel thorny problem. Education in English teaching practice every teacher, review since the service for the college entrance examination, should conform to the requirements of the college entrance examination in the first place. Long-term teaching activity shows that only by making more systematic knowledge and let students accept and can achieve the best teaching effect. Grammar teaching should be the case.关键词：情态动词用法系统化Keywords: systematic modal verbs are used对学生语言能力的培养是平时一点一滴的积累造就的。

气象科技英语翻译

Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere.The gaseous envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal inhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity.Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used most commonly in the meteorological literature.According to a publication of the 就像海洋中的鱼一样,人类被局限在大气中一个非常狭窄的层次之内。

虽然地球的大气层在水平方向上的不均匀性比在垂直高度上的不均匀性要小得多。

但它确确实实在水平和垂直两个方向上都是不均匀的。

纵横家对纵横的解释

纵横家对纵横的解释英文回答：The term "Vertical and Horizontal" (縱橫), as interpreted by the Vertical and Horizontalists (縱橫家), refers to a comprehensive philosophy and set of strategies that encompass the realms of politics, diplomacy, andsocial interaction. This philosophy arose during the Warring States period of ancient China, a time of intense political and ideological turmoil. The Vertical and Horizontalists, as their name suggests, believed that there were two primary orientations in which to approach statecraft and social dynamics: the "vertical" and the "horizontal."The "vertical" (縱), or "longitudinal," orientation emphasizes the hierarchical relationships within society and the importance of establishing and maintaining clear lines of authority and order. According to the Vertical and Horizontalists, a stable and prosperous society requires astrong central government that exercises effective control over its territory and its people. This verticalorientation also extends to the realm of diplomacy, as it advocates for a strong and united front in dealing with foreign powers.The "horizontal" (橫), or "lateral," orientation, onthe other hand, focuses on the interconnections and relationships between different groups and factions within society. The Vertical and Horizontalists recognized thatthe strength and stability of a state ultimately depend on the cooperation and support of its various elements, including nobles, merchants, farmers, and artisans. Thus, they advocated for a more inclusive and conciliatory approach to governance, one that sought to balance the interests of different groups and foster social harmony.These two orientations, the vertical and the horizontal, are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary. The Vertical and Horizontalists believed that a successful leader must be able to wield both orientations effectively, depending on the specific circumstances. In times of crisisor conflict, a strong vertical orientation may be necessary to impose order and restore peace. However, in more peaceful and stable times, a horizontal orientation may be more appropriate, as it can foster cooperation and build consensus.The Vertical and Horizontal philosophy has had alasting impact on Chinese political thought and strategy. Its emphasis on both hierarchy and cooperation has served as a guiding principle for many Chinese leaders throughout history. The Vertical and Horizontalists' insights into the complexities of human interaction have also proven valuable in the realms of diplomacy, negotiation, and social engineering.中文回答：縱橫家對縱橫的解釋。

horizontal vertical transverse logitudinal 单词用法区别

horizontal vertical transverse logitudinal 单词用法区别摘要：一、横向词汇概述二、纵向词汇概述三、横向与纵向词汇的用法区别四、实例解析五、总结与建议正文：在英语中，horizontal、vertical、transverse 和logitudinal 都是形容词，用于表示不同方向。

下面我们将详细探讨这些词汇的用法区别，并通过实例进行解析，以便帮助大家更好地理解和运用这些词汇。

一、横向词汇概述Horizontal 意为“水平的”，常用于描述与地面平行的方向。

例如：1.The floor is horizontal.地板是水平的。

二、纵向词汇概述Vertical 意为“垂直的”，常用于描述与地面垂直的方向。

例如：2.The wall is vertical.墙壁是垂直的。

三、横向与纵向词汇的用法区别1.Horizontal 和vertical 都可以用于描述方向，但horizontal 表示的是与地面平行的方向，而vertical 表示的是与地面垂直的方向。

2.Transverse 和logitudinal 则用于描述物体或线条在不同方向上的交叉或延伸。

四、实例解析3.The bridge is built across the river, which means it is transverse.桥梁横跨河流，这意味着它是横向的。

4.The train is traveling along the track, which means it is logitudinal.火车沿着轨道行驶，这意味着它是纵向的。

五、总结与建议了解horizontal、vertical、transverse 和logitudinal 这四个词汇的用法区别，可以帮助我们在描述方向时更加精确。

在实际应用中，注意观察物体的特征和背景，选择合适的词汇进行描述。

ww-jm-TPS

Transactions of the Philological Society Volume103:2(2005)121–146VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION INLANGUAGE EVOLUTION1By W ILLIAM S-Y.W ANG a AND J AMES W.M INETT ba Chinese University of Hong Kong and Academia Sinica,Taiwan,b Chinese University of Hong KongA BSTRACTIt has been observed that borrowing within a group of genetically related languages often causes the lexical similar-ities among them to be skewed.Consequently,it has been proposed that borrowing can sometimes be inferred from such skewing.However,heterogeneity in the rate of lexical replacement,as well as borrowing from other languages,can also give rise to skewed lexical similarities.It is important, therefore,to determine to what degree skewing is a statisti-cally signiﬁcant indicator of borrowing.Here,we describe a statistical hypothesis test for detecting language contact based on skewing of linguistic characters of arbitrary type.Signiﬁ-cant probabilities of correct detection of contact are main-tained for various contact scenarios,with low false alarm probability.Our experiments show that the test is fairly robust to substantial heterogeneity in the retention rate,both across characters and across lineages,suggesting that the method can provide an objective criterion against which claims of signi-ﬁcant skewing due to contact can be tested,pointing the way for more detailed analysis.1This work has been supported in part by grants1224⁄02H and1127⁄04H awarded by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers of an earlier draft of this paper for their constructive criticism.We are also grateful to Drs.Jinyun Ke and Feng Wang,and Miss Joyce Cheung for their helpful comments.Additional supplementary material can be found at /transactions.aspÓThe Philological Society2005.Published by Blackwell Publishing,9600Garsington Road,Oxford OX42DQ and350Main Street,Malden,MA02148,USA.1.I NTRODUCTIONThe tree diagram allows the hierarchy of language splits that are hypothesized to have taken place in a language stock to be displayed clearly and simply.However,the underlying assumption that languages split discretely into two (or more)lineages,each evolving independently thereafter by vertical transmission only,is far from realistic.As Schmidt recognized when he proposed the Wellentheorie ,languages often do not split nearly so cleanly as supposed in the Stammbaumtheorie .Furthermore,innovations that arise in one language may come to be acquired by other nearby languages with which it comes into contact.When such horizontally transmitted innovations are incorrectly interpreted as vertically transmitted innovations,and are used to infer a language tree,the topology of the tree provides a warped representation of the genetic relationships.In order to prepare tree diagrams that accurately reﬂect only the genetic relationships among a set of languages,the two main mechanisms by which innovations come to be shared must be distinguished,and the horizontal transmission ﬁltered out.Alternatively,if a hybrid picture of the evolution of a set of languages is sought,comprising both modes of transmission,the tree diagram must be discarded and replaced by a network diagram on which are marked both the lines of descent by vertical transmission and the contact events involving horizontal transmis-sion.One method of distinguishing vertical and horizontal transmis-sion,which can be traced back to Hu bschmann’s (1875)work on Armenian,is to stratify the correspondences between two lineages and to recognize that only the oldest stratum can possibly reﬂect the vertically transmitted signal.This idea has been taken up by Wen (1940),and more recently by Sagart &Xu (2001),to resolve contact among Sino-Tibetan languages,and forms part of the Distillation Procedure for reconstruction recently proposed by Wang (2004).Other,more quantitative approaches to detecting horizontal transmission have also been proposed.One such class of methods is based on cladistics.For example,Warnow and Ringe,and their colleagues,have promoted the use of cladistic methods in linguisticTRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103,2005122WANG&MINETT–VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION123 classiﬁcation,publishing a number of papers(e.g.,Warnow et al. 1995;Ringe et al.2002)in which they apply their own implemen-tation of the maximum compatibility method to reﬁne the classi-ﬁcation of Indo-European.In their approach,determination of the optimal position of each sub-group is undertaken by seeking the topologies—there might be more than one—that are compatible with the greatest number of characters.The remaining,incompat-ible characters are viewed as having been subject to non-genetic processes,such as borrowing,and are not used to determine the optimal topologies.Application of the computational technique answer set programming to the automatic assessment of contact-induced innovations that are optimal within the Warnow-Ringe paradigm is currently under investigation(Erdem et al.2003; Brooks et al.2005),and shows promising results.Minett&Wang(2003)have described another cladistic method for detecting borrowed characters.In this method,the optimal trees are sought according to the maximum parsimony criterion.Each innovation is assumed to arise independently only once,hence instances of some innovation after itsﬁrst occurrence are considered to be due to contact.The method has been applied to detect lexical borrowing among representative dialects of each of the seven main sub-groups of Chinese.More tests must be performed to check that these cladistic methods are indeed detecting contact-induced change and not leading toward plausible, but spurious,inferences.Methods based on lexicostatistics have also been attempted.A number of Africanists,including Hinnebusch(1999)and Heine (1971)before him,have noted that the lexical similarities between sub-families of closely genetically related languages tend to be approximately equal when only genetic eﬀects have inﬂuenced the languages,but tend to be diﬀerent when borrowing or other non-genetic eﬀects have inﬂuenced them.This observation has led Hinnebusch(1996)to propose a lexicostatistical concept for identifying languages that have come into contact by looking for skewing in the lexical similarities among them—s kewing is just the diﬀerence that is observed between the similarities of one language with respect to two other languages;a more formal deﬁnition of skewing is given in Section2.Hinnebusch cites a comment by Heine (1974:17),regarding possible contact among three Nilotic languages,which we repeat here to illustrate the concept (Hinnebusch,1999:177):The Nilotic languages Samburu and Nandi share 9.9percent lexical resemblances on the basis of the 200-word list.The percentage between Masai and Nandi,on the other hand,amounts to 15.7.These two languages have been in close contact over the last few centuries.It seems reasonable to assume that the diﬀerence of 5.8percent between Samb-uru ⁄Nandi and Masai ⁄Nandi is a result of the process of borrowing which took place between Masai and Nandi.The claim that the 5.8%diﬀerence,or skewing ,between the lexical similarities observed for Samburu ⁄Nandi and Masai ⁄Nandi is due to borrowing between Masai and Nandi is certainly intuitively appealing.However,notwithstanding the fact that Masai and Nandi are known to have come into contact recently,an alternative explanation for the skewing noted by Heine might simply be that Masai has been more conservative than Samburu since splitting from it,thereby causing the lexical similarity between Masai ⁄Nandi to exceed that between Samburu ⁄Nandi.Another possible explan-ation is that Samburu might have come into contact with some other language,causing some lexical items that had hitherto been cognate with lexical items in Nandi to be replaced,so reducing the lexical similarity for Samburu ⁄Nandi.Chen (2000)has proposed a lexicostatistical method for identi-fying whether a pair of languages have come into contact.The method,called rank analysis ,divides the lexical items into groups,or ranks ,that are known (or assumed)to have diﬀerent average rates of replacement,and works with the lexical similarities between the languages in each of those ranks.In its simplest implementa-tion,universal rank analysis ,the Swadesh basic words are grouped into two ranks:Rank 1,consisting of the Swadesh 100word-list (Swadesh,1955),and Rank 2,the remaining words of the Swadesh 200word-list (Swadesh,1951).The lexical similarity between the pair of languages is then calculated for each rank.Based on the assumption that the Rank 1words are more conservative and less susceptible to borrowing than the Rank 2words,the two languagesTRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103,2005124WANG&MINETT–VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION125 are inferred to be genetically related only if the Rank1similarity exceeds the Rank2similarity;otherwise,the shared resemblances are inferred to have come about through ed in conjunction with stratiﬁcation,whereby the rank analysis is applied only to the oldest detected stratum,the method may prove to be a powerful tool for detecting horizontal transmission.However,it is not yet clear how accurate this method is.Several other lexicostatistical methods for detecting horizontal transmission have also been developed:For example,both Sankoﬀ(1972)and Embleton(1981;1986)have extended the traditional implementation of lexicostatistics to account for both heterogene-ous retention rates and borrowing,modelling the borrowing between languages in terms of their geographic neighbourhood. However,these methods do not in themselves allow the detection of horizontal transmission.Rather,they use estimates of the borrow-ing rates between neighbouring languages to improve the classiﬁ-cation produced by the lexicostatistical analyses.In his study of the settlement of Taiwan,Wang(1989)postulated that patterns in the lexicostatistical error matrix(the absolute diﬀerence between the input lexical distances and the distances reconstructed from the optimal lexicostatistical tree)are indicative of horizontal transmission.While this approach has produced suggestive results,its eﬃcacy is yet to be veriﬁed.In addition to developing a cladistic method for detecting contact,Minett&Wang(2003)also proposed a lexicostatistical approach to detecting contact,hypothesizing that branches of negative length in the trees built by distance-based tree-building algorithms,such as Neighbor-Joining(Saitou and Nei,1987),are indicative of contact.This hypothesis,however,turned out to be false.Yet another approach,suggested by Cavalli-Sforza et al.(1994) for detecting admixture among human populations,is to use bootstrapping in conjunction with an arbitrary tree-building algorithm.Bootstrapping works by generating multiple trees,with one or more randomly selected languages removed from the analysis each time.The stability of the topologies so produced are then examined—clusters of languages that are grouped together for many bootstrap samples are considered to be representative ofvalid genetic relationships.But when a language is unstable in the sampling,shifting from one sub-grouping to another,it is consid-ered likely that that language has come into contact with other languages.The multiple allegiances of such a language may perhaps be identiﬁed by examining for which bootstrap samples it shifts sub-group.This method has been applied to Indo-European by Ogura and Wang (1996)with some success,correctly detecting the heavy lexical borrowing by English from both French and the Scandina-vian languages.It is also important to mention the split decomposition method for phylogenetic analysis (Bandelt &Dress,1992).The majority of classiﬁcation algorithms that have been applied to historical linguistics constrain the topologies that are produced to be trees.However,as we have mentioned,horizontal transmission cannot be shown on a language tree,and actually warps the tree away from representing genetic relationships accurately.Vertically transmitted characters and horizontally transmitted characters,if not distin-guished,tend to produce contradictory sub-groupings on the tree —in other words,they tend to be incompatible.The split decompo-sition method,however,does not constrain the topology to be a tree,but transforms the characters into a set of splits to construct a so-called splits graph .Only when the characters are compatible —suggesting that there has been no horizontal transmission —does the split decomposition method construct a tree;otherwise,a tree-like network is constructed.As more characters become subject to horizontal transmission,so the departure from a tree topology becomes more pronounced.Our aim in this paper is to place Hinnebusch’s idea for using skewing to detect language contact on ﬁrm ground by deriving a statistical hypothesis test that can detect contact under idealized conditions at prescribed levels of signiﬁcance,and to investigate its level of performance under several less-idealized conditions.The paper is laid out as follows.Section 2summarizes the skewing concept and our implementation of Hinnebusch’s method for detecting contact among an arbitrary number of genetically related languages.In Section 3,we show results for a number of contact scenarios that illustrate the robustness of the test.Some concluding remarks are given in Section 4.TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103,2005126WANG&MINETT–VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION127 2.T HE SKEWING METHOD FOR DETECTING LANGUAGE CONTACTThe skewing method for inferring language contact outlined by Hinnebusch is a similarity-based lexicostatistical method.In a standard lexicostatistical approach,the lexical similarity of two languages is calculated by counting the proportion of some set of pre-selected meanings for which the corresponding glosses appear to be reﬂexes of the same nguages having a greater lexical similarity are considered to be more closely genetically related than languages having a lesser lexical similarity.There are a number of theoretical problems with the lexicosta-tistical method:Sometimes,no word can found to express a particular meaning.At other times,multiple words are found to correspond to a certain meaning—which word should the linguist use to encode the character?However,looking at these problems from the viewpoint of statistics,the lexical similarity calculated for any two languages is simply an estimate of their similarity based on noisy data.As long as there are not too many such noisy characters and the linguist adopts a consistent approach to handling them,we believe that the lexical similarity can still be a useful tool for estimating how closely related are two languages.Also,Blust(2000) has reminded us that use of lexicostatistics can lead to incorrect classiﬁcations when the retention rate across lineages is heteroge-neous.While it is true that lexicostatistics can perform poorly,even for only slight heterogeneity in the retention rate,it remains an important question as to when and how often lexicostatistics performs poorly.We emphasise,however,that in the skewing method described here,no attempt is made to actually classify languages using lexicostatistics.2.1.SkewingIn order to explain more clearly what we mean by skewing and how skewing might be used to detect language contact,weﬁnd it convenient to make use of certain concepts used in cladistics.In cladistics,a character can be deﬁned,rather loosely,as some feature of the taxa being classiﬁed,here languages,that allows them to be categorized on the basis of the diﬀerent character states thatselected characters manifest.Suppose that character state data is available for two sets of languages that are known to be members of two distinct,genetically related sub-groups of some language family,but for which the genetic relationships within each of the two sub-groups are unknown.Our aim is to formalize Hinnebusch’s method into a statistical hypothesis test that can be used to infer whether there has been contact between the languages in two such sub-groups.We begin by deﬁning the skewing between two sibling languages,A and B,with respect to a third language,C,as the similarity of A and C minus the similarity of B and C.The similarity measure can be simply the usual lexical similarity that is adopted in lexicosta-tistical studies (e.g.,as in Dyen et al.1992)or some other measure of similarity based on characters of arbitrary type.If contact has occurred between,say,recipient language A and donor language C,A will tend to have a higher similarity with C than does B,resulting in positive skewing between A and B with respect to C.This tendency for contact to induce positive skewing forms the basis of the skewing method.As Hinnebusch (1999:184)observes,‘‘lan-guages which group together lexicostatistically will tend to have a numerical symmetry with other noncontiguous languages in the comparison set if in fact the grouped languages form a genetic group.’’In other words,we would expect languages within one sub-group of languages to exhibit little skewing with respect to languages of another,related sub-group of languages.When,nonetheless,skewing is observed,language contact is one possible cause.We also deﬁne the aggregate skewing of a language,A,with respect to another language,C,as the average skewing between A and each of its siblings with respect to C.The potential use of skewing as an indicator of language contact is best explained by means of an example.Consider the lexical similarities shown in Table 1among eight Bantu dialects:four Mijikenda dialects (Chonyi,Giriyama,Duruma and Digo)and four Comorian dialects (Ngazija,Mwali,Nzuani and Maore),all members of the Sabaki sub-group of Bantu (data from Hinnebusch,1999).Calculation of the aggregate skewing for the Mijikenda dialect Digo with respect to each of the Comorian dialects is summarizedTRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103,2005128in Table 2.So,for example,the aggregate skewing of Digo with respect to Ngazija is )3per cent.Proceeding in this way,we can calculate the aggregate skewing for each of the Mijikenda dialects with respect to each of the Comorian dialects and vice versa ,the results for which are shown in Table 3.Notice that the aggregate skewing is not symmetric.For example,the skewing of Digo with respect to Ngazija,)3per cent,does not equal that of Ngazija with respect to Digo,)1⁄3per cent.This is because the former value is obtained by summing the skewing for Digo and Ngazija over all the Mijikenda dialects while the latter value is obtained by summing over all the Comorian dialects.These values indicate that Digo is lexically less similar to Ngazija than are the other Mijikenda dialects,but that Ngazija is about as similar to Table 1.Lexical similarities among two sub-groups of Nilotic languages,after Hinnebusch (1999).LexicalMijikenda:Comorian:Similarity (%)Chonyi Giriyama Duruma Digo Ngazija Mwali Nzuani Maore Chonyi10081786859605959Giriyama100776660585960Duruma1007060585859Digo10056545659Ngazija100817780Mwali1008384Nzuani10083Maore 100Table 2.An example of the calculation of aggregate skewing.Aggregate skewing is calculated for the Mijikenda dialect Digo with respect to four Comorian dialects.Comorian:(%)Ngazija Mwali Nzuani Maore Chonyi56–59¼)354–60¼)656–59¼)359–59¼0Giriyama56–60¼)454–58¼)456–59¼)359–60¼)1Duruma56–60¼)454–58¼)456–58¼)259–59¼0d S Comorian Digo )3)4)2)1⁄3WANG &MINETT –VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION 129Digo as are the other Comorian dialects.Digo is also negatively skewed with respect to both Mwali and Nzuani.One possible cause is that Digo has borrowed from a separate sub-group.Indeed,Hinnebusch suggests that this is so,arguing that Digo has come into heavy contact with Swahili.If this is indeed the case,negative skewing would seem to indicate contact with some language outside the group.However,an alternative explanation —one based only on the skewing data —is simply that Digo is less conservative than the other Mijikenda dialects,causing it to exhibit fewer similarities with the Comorian dialects than its Mijikenda siblings.This would also account for the relatively low similarity of Digo with its siblings (shown in Table 1).Examining Table 3we see large magnitude positive skewing for Maore with respect to Digo,+3per cent,and for Chonyi with respect to Mwali,+3per cent.If then contact between two languages tends to induce positive skewing,these values imply possible contact between Maore and Digo,and between Chonyi and Mwali.But what is the probable direction of transmission?Consider the case of Chonyi and Mwali.If the direction of transmission were from Mwali to Chonyi,we would expect some of Table 3(a).Aggregate skewing percentages of the Mijikenda dialects with respect to the Comorian dialects.d S Comorian MijikendaNgazija Mwali Nzuani Maore Chonyi +1⁄3+3+1)1⁄3Giriyama +1+2⁄3+1+1Duruma+1+2⁄30)1⁄3Digo )3)4)2)1⁄3Table 3(b).Aggregate skewing of the Comorian dialects with respect to the Mijikenda dialects.d S MijikendaComorianChonyi Giriyama Duruma Digo Ngazija)1⁄3+1+1)1⁄3Mwali+1)1)1)3Nzuani)1⁄3)1)1)1⁄3Maore )1⁄3+1+1⁄3+3TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103,2005130Table4.Parameters values used to generate pseudo-random character state data in the absence of contact.Number of languages in sub-group K1:5 Number of languages in sub-group K2:5 Time depth of family:2 Time depth of sub-groups:1 Retention rate:90% Number of characters:100 the character states acquired from Mwali by borrowing to also be present in the other Comorian dialects.Therefore,in addition to positive skewing of Chonyi with respect to Mwali,we would also expect to observe at least some positive skewing of Chonyi with respect to the other Comorian dialects.On the other hand,if the direction of transmission were from Chonyi to Mwali,we would not expect the lexical similarity between Chonyi and Mwali’s Comorian siblings to be aﬀected.Consequently,we would not expect any signiﬁcant positive skewing of Chonyi with respect to the other Comorian dialects.Examining Table3,it is apparent that horizontal transmission from Mwali into Chonyi is the more probable scenario.But of course,the skewing might be caused simply by heterogeneity of the retention rates.2.2.Distribution of Aggregate Skewing—no contactWe proceed by deriving the distribution of aggregate skewing when there is no contact between the two sub-groups.Pseudo-random character state data are generated for ten languages that have split into two sub-groups,each sub-group comprisingﬁve languages.2 The parameter values chosen for this experiment are summarized in Table4;there is no contact.Note that the retention rate is set to be homogeneous—both across lineages and across characters—at 90%.We estimate the distribution of aggregate skewing by Monte-Carlo simulation,observing the relative frequency of diﬀerent 2The algorithm used to generate the pseudo-random character state data is described in Appendix A in the supplementary material,available at http:// /More/philsoc/Transactions/html.values of aggregate skewing in multiple runs of the algorithm.Figure 1shows the distribution of aggregate skewing for all pairs of languages observed over 1000runs with the parameters speciﬁed in Table 4—both the frequency (the vertical bars)and the cumulative frequency (the curve)of aggregate skewing are shown in the ﬁgure.Notice that the aggregate skewing is approximately Gaussian distributed with zero mean.2.3.Distribution of Aggregate Skewing —contactWe now examine how the distribution of skewing changes when there is contact between the two sub-groups by injecting borrowing of various degrees between a single donor language and a single recipient language,one language in each sub-group.For the ﬁrst such set of runs,the parameter values of the algorithm are set to those values speciﬁed in Table 4;the contact rate is set to 10%.Figures 2&3summarize the results of this experiment:Figure 2shows the distribution of aggregate skewing for the pairs of languages that have not come into contact;Figure 3shows the distribution of aggregate skewing of the recipient languagewithrespect to the donor language.In both cases,the distribution of aggregate skewing is roughly Gaussian.For the pairs of languages that have not come into contact,the mean level of aggregate skewing is)0.1%(Figure2),only slightly lower than the zero-mean skewing observed under the no-contact scenario(cf.Figure1). However,due to the contact between the donor and recipient languages,we expect these two languages to exhibit positive aggregate skewing.In fact,the observed mean level of aggregate skewing of the recipient language with respect to the donor language is+3.3%(Figure3).Weﬁnd then that language contact tends to induce positive aggregate skewing between the donor and recipient,but does not greatly aﬀect the aggregate skewing for languages that have not come into contact.2.4.Hypothesis test for detecting language contactThe aboveﬁndings point to a method for identifying languages that have come into contact—positive aggregate skewing tends to indicate language contact.But what amount of aggregate skewing is a signiﬁcant indicator of contact?As Figure1indicates,when there is no contact,less than5%of language pairs have aggregate skewing of+3.7%or greater;but slightly more than5%of language pairs have aggregate skewing of+3.6%or greater. Hence,for a5%probability of false alarm(the signiﬁcance), language contact can be inferred whenever the aggregate skewing exceeds the threshold value,h,of+3.7%.Looking back at Figure2,which shows the distribution of aggregate skewing among language pairs which have not come into contact when contact has occurred between some other language pair,we observe that6.0% of language pairs exhibit signiﬁcant skewing that exceeds the threshold,only slightly greater than the speciﬁed level of signiﬁ-cance of5%.This is further evidence(for this set of parameters at least)that contact between a single pair of languages does not induce signiﬁcant aggregate skewing between other language pairs. From Figure3,we observe signiﬁcant aggregate skewing of the recipient language with respect to the donor language with frequency42.2%.Thus we can correctly infer contact between a single pair of languages with probability roughly42%as long as weare prepared to accept 6%chance of incorrectly inferring contact between a pair of languages between which no contact has occurred.3.R ESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe now examine the performance of the method described in Section2for inferring contact in a variety of contact situations. One thousand pseudo-random data sets are generated for each experiment detailed below.In each case,the observed distribution of aggregate skewing is determined so that the probabilities of incorrectly inferring contact,the false alarm rate,and of correctly inferring contact,the detection rate,can be estimated. Experiment1:The examples given in Section2were implemented based on the assumption that the sub-group time depth,as well as the time depth of the entire family,were assumed to be known, allowing an appropriate threshold value to be calculated.Here we consider the eﬀect of setting the threshold based on an incorrect evaluation of the sub-group time depth.The sub-group time depth is set successively to0.25,0.50,…,1.75,while the contact rate is set to10%.However,for each value of the actual sub-group time depth,the performance is assessed for a threshold optimised for each value of the assumed,or nominal,sub-group time depth.Thus, in most cases,the chosen threshold is not optimised for the actual value of the sub-group time depth.Figure4shows the resultant performance for10%contact:(a) the detection rate,and(b)the false alarm rate.Examining the detection rate curves,we observe that for each value of the nominal sub-group time depth the detection rate is roughly constant for all actual values of the sub-group time-depth(although there is a slight dependence on the actual time depth for the more extreme values of the nominal time depth).This means that a reasonably accurate assessment of the detection rate can be obtained based on just the nominal sub-group time depth—the greater its value,the greater the detection rate.Examining now the false alarm rate curves in Figure4(b),we see that the false alarm rate certainly does depend on the values of both the actual sub-group time depth and the nominal sub-group time。

关于交通安全英语作文带翻译

关于交通安全英语作文带翻译The road and strips of vertical and horizontal in the city. And speeding cars on the road, but also for the city's busy, but, in this vibrant road, but there are a lot of people at the expense of life because of the traffic accident.Traffic accidents are often caused by human's do not obey the traffic rules. Traffic accidents can be avoided. As long as do not run a red light, crossing guardrails, speeding... And so on. Do this can avoid a lot of traffic accidents.Winter vacation, I do the bus to school. Found quite a few people in violation of the traffic accident, some in order to quickly reach the bus,don't walk "zebra crossing", inclined wearing the road; Some learn from comrade liu, whether it brutally, also don't see warnings on the guardrail, directly leap barriers, car passed from their side, very dangerous.On the bus, I found that some drivers drive careless: car didn't stop, the door opened the first; Or the door open, the gas has been on; Beside some drivers and people talking while driving. Who also don't see the full car slogan: for you and others safety, please don't chat with the driver! And the driver in order to catch time, gas be exploded. Left to play a round of right to play a round, make car and pirate ships have no difference.This example, there are too many people the confidence to oneself, little imagine, because too confident and traffic accidents often happen. Life is only once! Want to drive a car driver and the people walking on the road, pay attention to safety. Because life is more important than mount tai.马路，一条条的纵横在城市中。

多功能滑动旋转编码器说明书

267Power Push SlideRotary Encoders Jog Shuttle Telephone -hook Detector Vibration Sensors Dual-in-line Package TypeMulti ControlDevicesTACTHighly convenient, compact operable in both vertical and horizontal directions.ApplicationsA wide variety of operation components is possible based on the application.Dip soldering is possible.FeaturesFor detection mechanisms in DVD players, audio players,and VCRsFor detecting tray sizes of photo copiersOperating life1mA 5V DC0.3N max.500m max. / 1 max.100,000 cyclesRating max. Resistive load ItemsSpecificationsContact resistanceInitial performance / After lifetime Operating force100,000 cycles 1mA 5V DCWithout loadWith loadTypical SpecificationsProducts LinePoles115.26.82Positions12345678Drawing No.Products No.Terminal pitchmm100Minimum packingunit pcs.Snap-inTerminal styleSPVF110100SPVF120100SPVF130100SPVF140100SPVF210200SPVF220200SPVF230200SPVF2402009SPVF350100For other detailed specifications, see P.300Two-way Operation Type Detector SwitchSPVF Series268Power Push Slide Rotary Encoders Jog Shuttle Telephone -hook DetectorVibration Sensors Dual-in-line Package Type Multi Control Devices TACTON starting positionTotal travel position4.52.84-14.76.36.85910.71.15.2ø15.81.23.5 5.44-1.14-1ø155ON starting positionTotal travel position4.52.84-14.75.756.2910.71.15.2 ø15.81.23.5 5.44-1.14-1ø151235.44-1.14-1ø1545.44-1.14-1ø15510.71.16.8ø17.41.23.562.84-16.27.88.359ON starting positionTotal travel position74-1.14-1ø15Unit : mmDimensionsStyleNo.PC board mounting hole dimensionsTwo-way Operation Type Detector Switch SPVF Series5.25.8ON starting positionTotal travel position 4.513.62.84-115.2595.72.61.710.71.1ø11.23.5ON starting positionTotal travel position4.52.84-17.89.9510.7597.214.710.71.1ø11.23.55.25.8269Power Push Slide RotaryEncoders Jog Shuttle Telephone -hookDetectorVibration Sensors Dual-in-line Package TypeMulti Control Devices TACTUnit : mmDimensionsStyleNo.PC board mounting hole dimensions610.71.16.8ø17.41.23.562.84-16.27.257.759ON starting positionTotal travel position74-1.14-1ø157810.71.16.8ø17.41.23.5615.12.84-116.7595.72.61.7Total travel position ON starting position4-1.154-17ø14-1.154-17ø110.71.16.8ø17.41.23.562.84-19.311.4512.25914.77.2Total travel positionON starting position95-ø16.8510.7583421Terminal No.1234123Terminal No.123Circuit DiagramTwo-way Operation Type Detector Switch SPVF Series9.95Total travel positionON starting position3.251.15.32.72.958.3842-ø111.48.683-152-15.57.4199.50.7300Power Push Slide Rotary Encoders Jog Shuttle Telephone -hook Detector Vibration Sensors Dual-in-line Package Type Multi Control Devices TACTSeriesItemsOperating temperature rangeRating max. Resistive loadElectrical performanceMechanical performance DurabilityEnvironmental performanceInitial contact resistance Insulation resistance Voltage proof Robustness ofterminal Robustness ofactuator SolderabilityOperating life without loadOperating life with loadColdDry heat Damp heatResistancetosolderingheatManual solderingDip soldering Reflow solderingVibration Products SpecificationsSPPB0.1A 30VDC 0.1A 30V DC50,000cycles 2 max.50,000cycles 2 max.SPVE SPPW8 10 to 60 0.1A 30VDC 0.1A 12VDC 1 max.1 max.500m max.3N for 1 min.3Nfor 1 min.10N10N20 2 for 96h25 2 for 96h20 2for 96h100,000cycles 2 max.0.1A 30V DC 100,000cycles 2 max. 0.1A 12V DC 50,000cycles 1 max.2 max.SPVM 1mA 5V DC 1N for 1 min.5N50,000cycles 5 max.1mA 5V DC 50,000cycles 5 max.260 5 ,5 1s255 5 ,5 1s350 10 , 3s 10 350 5 , 3s max.100M min.100V DC 100V AC for 1 min.0.5N for 1 min.5N230 5 , 3 0.5s85 2 for 96h40 2 , 90 to 95%RH for 96h50,000cycles 1 max.Please see P.300350 5 , 3s max.300 5 , 5s max.10 to 55 to 10Hz/min., the amplitude is 1.5mm for all the frequencies,in the 3 direction of X, Y and Z for 2 hours respectively500m max.SPVF 3N for 30 s 3N for 1 min.1N10N5N 40 2 for 96h100,000cycles 1 max.1mA 5V DC 100,000cycles 1 max.260 5 ,5 1s260 5 ,5 1s300 10 , 3s 10 SSCT SSCU 0.1A 12V DC 20m max.70m max.100M min.250V DC 250V AC for 1 min.20 2 for 96h10,000cycles 40m max.10,000 cycles 100m max. 0.1A 12V DC 10,000cycles 60m max. 0.1A 12V DC 10,000cycles 150m max.350 10 ,3s100.5N for 1 min.5NSPVP1mA 5V DC 5 max.100M min.100V DC 100V AC for 1 min.50,000cycles 10 max.1mA 5V DC 50,000cycles10 max.350 5 , 3s max.Please see P.302Detector Switches。

解剖学平面

解剖学平面平面的定义是经过人体全部或部分作一切割(假设的或真正的)所形成的扁平的面。

放射线造影时要用许多平面作为参考点,有助于为人体一些区域定位,得以有规可循。

放射学体位摆置所用的主要解剖学平面如下:Longitudinal Plane纵切面沿人体全部或部分的长轴(纵轴)切成的面。

站立位时此面称为垂直面(Vertical),与水平位垂直。

Transverse Plane横切面通过人体全部或部分横切(与长轴成直角)而成。

站立位时此面称为水平面(Horizontal),即与水平线平行。

Midsagittal MedianPlane中矢状面或正中面由前向后沿人体正中线并沿颅骨矢状缝切成的纵切面。

Sagittal Plane矢状面由前向后在矢状缝的两侧与中矢状面或正中面平行切成的纵切面。

Coronal Plane 冠状面通过头部与人体全部或部分沿颅骨冠状缝或与之平行从一边到另一边长切成的纵切面。

冠状缝位于额骨之后向颅骨两侧延伸。

Transpyloric Plane 经幽门面在第九肋软骨水平从一边到另一边横切人体所成的横切面。

此面约位于胸骨上缘(胸骨上切迹) 与耻骨联合(两块耻骨的前上部会合处)之间的中点。

顾名思义此面应切经胃幽门。

Midcoronal(Midaxillary) Plane中冠状或腋中面通过头部与人体沿头的冠状缝并向下延伸切成的纵切面。

体部术语学Anterior 前在前(向人体或体内某结构的前方); 有时称为腹侧(Ventral)。

Posterior 后在后(向人体或体内某结构的后方); 有时称为背侧(Dorsal)。

Medial 内侧向人体的中线。

Lateral 外侧离人体的中线(向一边)。

Proximal近侧接近附着点或起源处; 在肢体上, 最接近躯干。

Distal远侧离附着点或起源处较远; 在肢体上, 距躯干最远。

Cephalad, Cephalic, Superior 头向向着头或在某结构的上部。

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Auto-infection means that the parasite originates on the host that it is infecting. It has no need to travel to that host. This is the equivalent of an immigrant's progeny populating an island. Clearly, auto-infection can occur only after there has been a successful allo-infection.
In this gene-for-gene relationship, there are six pairs of genes numbered 1 to 6. This host has three of these genes, namely genes 1,3, & 5, and these genes are the equivalent of the tumblers or ‘wards’ of a lock, which prevent an illicit key from turning the lock.
Max
A B C
0 1 2 3 12 13 23 123
Min
This diagram represents three potato cultivars that have no vertical resistance genes at all. Consequently, they are susceptible to all races of the blight fungus. However, cultivar A is less susceptible (or more resistant) than cultivar B, which is more resistant than cultivar C. Differences in this kind of resistance are parallel to the
Host 1 3 5
This parasite has matching genes 1, 3, & 5, and these genes are the equivalent of slots in a key which allow the key to turn a lock in spite of the wards. When the ‘key’ of the parasite fits the ‘lock’ of the host, the ‘door’ of resistance is opened, and the vertical resistance is matched. It then fails to operate, and is said to have ‘broken down’.
Why Two Kinds of Resistance?
Because there are two kinds of infection
Infection is the contact made by
one parasite individual with one host individual for the purpose of parasitism
Allo-infection means that the parasite originates away from its host, and that it has to travel to that host. This is the equivalent of an immigrant arriving in an island. Clearly, the first infection of any host must be an allo-infection
Examples of Stable Protection
Insecticides Natural pyrethrins Fungicides Bordeaux mixture Host Resistance Horizontal resistance
The Terms ‘Vertical’ and ‘Horizontal’
Max Resistance
R2
Min
0
1
2
3 12 13 23 123
This second diagram represents a potato cultivar that has the vertical resistance gene R2 to potato blight. This cultivar is susceptible to any race of the blight fungus that carries gene 2, and it is resistant to any race that lacks gene 2.
Vertical Resistance and the Gene-for-Gene Relationship
The Host
Each resistance gene is equivalent to a tumbler in a lock
The Parasite
Each parasitism gene is equivalent to a notch in a key
This is because all plants have horizontal resistance. But many plants have no vertical resistance.
We will deal with vertical resistance first but, because it is a somewhat complicated subject. Some viewers may prefer to skip to horizontal resistance, beginning in Slide No. 35
Max
R1
Min
0
Max
1
2
3 12 13 23 123
R2
Resistance
Min
0
1
2
3 12 13 23 123
When the two diagrams are compared, it will be seen that differences in this kind of resistance are parallel to the vertical axis of the diagram, and this prompted Vanderplank to call it vertical resistance.
OPBF Presentation 1
Vertical and Horizontal Resistance Explained
Presentation by Raoul Robinson
This presentation is the first in a planned series. Its purpose is to explain plant breeding to organic farmers, seed savers, and to both amateur and participatory plant breeders.
Examples of Unstable Protection
Insecticides DDT-resistant houseflies Fungicides Metalaxyl-resistant blight of potatoes Host Resistance Vertical resistance
These terms were coined by the late J.E. Vanderplank, who was possibly the most important plant pathologist who ever lived. The terms are derived from his classic diagrams that define the two kinds of host resistance.
Protection may be Stable or Unstable
A stable protection does not break down to new strains of the parasite. It is an enduring protection. An unstable protection does break down to new stains of the parasite. It is an ephemeral protection.
Think of allo-infection being the equivalent of cross-pollination Think of auto-infection being the equivalent of self-pollination
Vertical resistance can control allo-infection only Auto-infection can be controlled only by horizontal resistance But horizontal resistance can also control allo-infection
Max
R1ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Min
0
1
2
3 12 13 23 123
This diagram represents a potato cultivar that has the vertical resistance gene R1 to the potato blight fungus Phytophthora infestans The level of resistance is measured on the vertical axis, with maximum at the top, and minimum at the bottom. The eight races of the blight fungus that are possible with three genes (i.e., Genes 1, 2, & 3) are shown on the horizontal axis. These include one race with no genes, three races with one gene, three races with two genes, and one race with three genes. This cultivar is susceptible to any race that carries gene 1, and it is resistant to any race that lacks gene 1.