March 12, 2014 – Today Carl C. Icahn released the following open letter to stockholders of eBay Inc
Time Warner
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On February 23, 2006, Turner South, a regional sports and entertainment network in the south, was sold to News Corp's Fox Cable Networks group. The network later became SportSouth. On September 12, 2006, Time Inc. announced that Time4 Media, a group of men's interest magazines including Popular Science and Outdoor Life was to be put up for sale. The sale included 18 publications (including three parenting-related titles), with the eventual buyer being the Bonnier Magazine Group. In the fall of 2006, the Atlanta Braves were sold to Liberty Media in a deal that returned vast amounts of Liberty-owned Time Warner stock back into the company's folds. This sale was made official on May 17, 2007. In the summer of 2008, the Reader's Digest Association sold QSP to Time Warner subsidiary Time Inc. for $110 million.[28] In March 2009, Time Warner Cable was divested from the company in a spin-out.[29] On August 26, 2010, in Chile, Time Warner Company took the full control of Chilevisió a channel owned by Chile's President n, Sebastiá Piñ n er
湖北省黄冈市2024_2025学年高三英语上学期9月调研考试试题含听力含解析
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
3.非选择题的作答:用黑色墨水的签字笔干脆答在答题卷上的每题所对应的答题区域内。答在试题卷上或答题卷指定区域外无效。
4.考试结束,监考人员将答题卷收回,考生自己保管好试题卷,评讲时带来。
第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)
做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】W: Helen, have you finished reading the book Mr Smith recommended ?
M: Oh, Jane, I didn’t read straight through the way you read a novel. I just covered a few chapters which interested me most.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
8. What style of swimming does the man like best?
A. The freestyle stroke.B. The breast stroke.C. The back stroke.
9. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers?
A. He was ill.B. He was helpless.C. He was frightened.
考研英语阅读每日一篇
考研阅读精选:在教师言论自由的时代2011年09月08日10:57 来源:新东方在线【发表评论】摘要:《新东方考研英语历年真题详解及复习指南》同源泛读,新东方名师精选,每日一篇好文章,能有效帮助考研的同学培养语感,建立良好的英语阅读环境,有助于考研英语阅读成绩的提高。
『曾经,在课下吸烟、跳舞、不去教堂会让教师丢掉工作;如今,他们会因为在脸谱上发表的言论而被停职,甚至辞退。
』When Teachers Talk Out of School在教师言论自由的时代June 3rd 2011 | from The New York TimesIN 1927, a schoolteacher in Secaucus, N.J., named Helen Clark lost her teaching license. The reason? Somebody had seen her smoking cigarettes after school hours. In communities across the United States, that was a ground for dismissal. So was card-playing, dancing and failure to attend church. Even after Prohibition ended, teachers could be dismissed for drinking or frequenting a place where liquor was served.Today, teachers can be suspended, and even fired, for what they write on Facebook.Just ask Christine Rubino, the New York City math teacher who may soon be dismissed for posting angry messages about her students. Last June, just before summer vacationbegan, a Harlem schoolgirl drowned during a field trip to a beach. Ms. Rubino had nothing to do with that incident, but the following afternoon, she typed a quick note on Facebook about a particularly rowdy group of Brooklyn fifth graders in her charge.“After today, I’m thinking the beach is a good trip for my class,” she wrote. “I hate their guts.”One of Ms. Rubino’s Facebook friends then asked, “Wouldn’t you throw a life jacket to little Kwami?”“No, I wouldn’t for a million dollars,” Ms. Rubino replied. She was pulled from the classroom in February and faced termination hearings; the case is now with an arbitrator.Ms. Rubino’s online outburst was only the latest example of its kind. In April, a first-grade teacher in Paterson, N.J., was suspended for writing on her Facebook page that she felt like a “warden” overseeing “future criminals.”Such teachers have become minor Internet celebrities, lauded by their fans for exposing students’ insolent manners and desultory work habits. Their backers also say that teachers’ freedom of speech is imperiled when we penalize theirout-of-school remarks.But these defenders have it backward. The truly scary restrictions on teacher speech lie inside the schoolhouse walls, not beyond them. And by supporting teachers’right to rant against students online, we devalue their status as professionals and actually make it harder to protect real academic freedom in the classroom.Last October, a federal appeals court upheld the dismissal of an Ohio high-school teacher who had asked students to report about books that had been banned from schools and libraries. The exercise wasn’t in the official curriculum, and parents had complained about their children reading some of the banned books.Three years before that, the courts allowed an Indiana school board to fire a teacher who told her students that she had honked her car horn in support of a rally against the war in Iraq. The reason was the same: she had deviated from the “approved”curriculum.Meanwhile, in Wisconsin and elsewhere, state legislatures are moving to restrict or eliminate teachers’ collective bargaining rights. That means unions will have a more difficult time defending teachers’ freedom of speech.So the rest of us need to make a fresh case for why teachers should have this freedom. And the answer starts, paradoxically, with the limits they should impose on themselves.All professionals restrict their own speech, after all, reflecting the special purposes and responsibilities of their occupations. A psychologist should not discuss his patients’ darkest secrets on a crowded train, which would violate the trust and confidence they have placed in him. A lawyer should not disparage her clients publicly, because her job is to represent them to the best of her ability.And a teacher should not lob gratuitous barbs at her students, which contradicts her own professional duty: to teach the skills and habits of democracy. Yes, teachers have a responsibility to transmit the topics and principles of the prescribed curriculum. But they also need to teach democratic capacities — including reason,debate and tolerance — so our children learn to think on their own.Teachers won’t be able to model those skills if our schools and courts continue to muzzle them. But the same democratic imperative also demands that teachers responsibly restrict what they say, just as other professionals do.考研阅读精选:自嘲缘何有益?2011年09月08日10:59 来源:新东方在线【发表评论】摘要:《新东方考研英语历年真题详解及复习指南》同源泛读,新东方名师精选,每日一篇好文章,能有效帮助考研的同学培养语感,建立良好的英语阅读环境,有助于考研英语阅读成绩的提高。
2014全球亿万富豪排行榜完整版
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Ka-shing男性85310持平中国香港多元化经营白手起家21马克·扎克伯格/MarkZuckerberg男性29285增加美国Facebook白手起家22列罗/MicheleFerrero男性88265增加意大利巧克力继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜23卡尔·阿尔巴切特/KarlAlbrecht男性94250减少德国零售白手起家23阿里科·丹格特/AlikoDangote男性56250增加尼日利亚水泥,糖,面粉白手起家25卡尔·伊坎/CarlIcahn男性78245增加美国投资白手起家26乔治·索罗斯/GeorgeSoros男性83230增加美国对冲基金白手起家27大卫·汤姆森/DavidThomson男性56226增加加拿大媒体继承28呂志和/Lui CheWoo男性84220增加中国香港赌场白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜29瓦茨/DieterSchwarz男性74211增加德国零售继承并发展30阿尔瓦利德·本·塔拉勒·阿苏德王子/PrinceAlwaleedBinTalalAlsaud男性58204增加沙特阿拉伯投资白手起家31马尔斯/ForrestMars男性82200增加美国糖果继承31杰奎琳·马尔斯/Jacqueline Mars女性74200增加美国糖果继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜31约翰·马尔斯/JohnMars男性77200增加美国糖果继承34豪尔赫·保罗·雷曼/JorgePauloLemann男性74197增加巴西啤酒白手起家35李兆基/LeeShau Kee男性86196减少中国香港多元化经营白手起家36西奥·阿尔巴切特/TheoAlbrecht男性63193增加德国阿尔迪,商人乔继承并发展36史蒂夫·鲍尔默/SteveBallmer男性57193增加美国微软白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜38莱昂纳多·戴尔·维吉奥/Leonardo DelVecchio男性78192增加意大利眼镜白手起家39莱恩·布拉瓦特尼克/LenBlavatnik男性56187增加美国多元化经营白手起家40穆克什·安巴尼/MukeshAmbani男性56186减少印度石化、石油和天然气继承并发展40阿利舍尔·乌斯马诺夫/AlisherUsmanov男性60186增加俄罗斯钢铁,电信,投资白手起家42菲尔·耐特/PhilKnight男性76184增加美国耐克白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜42托/MichaelOtto男性70184增加德国零售,房地产继承并发展42孙正义/Masayoshi Son男性56184增加日本互联网,电信白手起家45柳井正/TadashiYanai男性65179增加日本零售白手起家46吉娜·莱因哈特/GinaRinehart女性60177增加澳大利亚采矿继承并发展47米哈伊尔·弗里德曼/MikhailFridman男性49176增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家48迈克尔·戴尔/MichaelDell男性49175增加美国戴尔白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜49苏珊娜·克拉腾/SusanneKlatten女性51174增加德国宝马,医药继承50阿比盖尔·约翰逊/AbigailJohnson女性52173增加美国资金管理继承并发展51维克多·维克塞尔伯格/ViktorVekselberg男性56172增加俄罗斯金属,能源白手起家52拉克希米·米塔尔/LakshmiMittal男性63167增加印度钢铁继承并发展53弗拉基米尔·利辛/Vladimir Lisin男性57166增加俄罗斯钢铁,运输白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜54郑裕彤/ChengYu-tung男性88162增加中国香港多元化经营白手起家55约瑟夫·萨夫拉/JosephSafra男性75160增加巴西银行白手起家56保罗·艾伦/PaulAllen男性61159增加美国微软,投资白手起家57列昂尼德·米赫尔松/LeonidMikhelson男性58156增加俄罗斯天然气,化工白手起家58安妮·考克斯·钱伯斯/AnneCoxChambers女性94155增加美国媒体继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜58特博纳/IrisFontbona女性71155减少智利采矿继承58弗朗索瓦·皮诺特/FrancoisPinault男性77155增加法国零售白手起家61穆罕默德·阿毛迪/Mohammed AlAmoudi男性67153增加沙特阿拉伯石油,多元化经营白手起家61阿齐姆·普莱姆基/AzimPremji男性68153增加印度软件继承并发展61格纳迪·季姆琴科/GennadyTimchenko男性61153增加俄罗斯石油和天然气白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜64王健林/WangJianlin男性59151增加中国大陆房地产白手起家65查尔斯·厄尔根/CharlesErgen男性61150增加美国Dish网络白手起家66斯特芬·科万特/StefanQuandt男性47149增加德国宝马继承67利阿·莫塔·维拉斯科/GermanLarreaMotaVelasco男性60147减少墨西哥采矿继承并发展68哈罗德·哈姆/HaroldHamm男性68146增加美国石油和天然气白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜69唐纳德·布伦/DonaldBren男性81144增加美国房地产白手起家69雷伊·达里奥/RayDalio男性64144增加美国对冲基金白手起家71乔治·舍弗勒/GeorgSchaeffler男性49143增加德国滚珠轴承继承并发展72路易斯·卡洛斯·萨米恩托/LuisCarlosSarmiento男性81142增加哥伦比亚银行白手起家73塞尔日·达索/SergeDassault男性88140增加法国航空继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜73罗纳德·佩雷尔曼/RonaldPerelman男性71140增加美国杠杆收购白手起家73威尔·乔布斯/LaurenePowellJobs女性49140增加美国苹果,迪斯尼继承76瓦吉特·阿列克佩罗夫/VagitAlekperov男性63136减少俄罗斯卢克石油公司白手起家76约翰·弗雷德里克森/JohnFredriksen男性69136增加塞浦路斯航运白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜78鲁珀特·默多克/RupertMurdoch男性82135增加美国媒体白手起家78约翰·保尔森/JohnPaulson男性58135增加美国对冲基金白手起家80马化腾/MaHuateng男性42134增加中国大陆网络媒体白手起家81杰拉尔德·卡文迪什·格罗夫纳/GeraldCavendishGrosvenor男性62130增加英国房地产继承并发展82帕朗吉·密斯特里/Pallonji Mistry男性84128增加爱尔兰建筑施工继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜82乔安娜·科万特/JohannaQuandt女性87128增加德国宝马继承82迪利普·桑哈维/DilipShanghvi男性58128增加印度医药白手起家82杰克·泰勒/JackTaylor男性91128增加美国公司(Enterprise Rent-A-Car)白手起家86郭炳江、郭炳联/Thomas&RaymondKwok男性/126减少中国香港房地产继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜86弗拉基米尔·波塔宁/VladimirPotanin男性53126减少俄罗斯金属白手起家88雷纳托·阿克梅托夫/RinatAkhmetov男性47125减少乌克兰钢铁,煤炭白手起家88詹姆斯·西蒙斯/JamesSimons男性75125增加美国对冲基金白手起家90巴伊雷斯·冈萨雷斯/AlbertoBailleresGonzalez男性82124减少墨西哥采矿继承并发展91李彦宏/LiRobin男性45121增加中国大陆互联网搜索白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜92贝尔塔雷利/ErnestoBertarelli男性48120增加瑞士生物科技,投资继承并发展92汉斯·劳辛/HansRausing男性87120增加瑞典包装继承94宗庆后/ZongQinghou男性68116持平中国大陆饮料白手起家95郭鹤年/RobertKuok男性90115减少马来西亚多元化经营白手起家95大卫·鲁宾和西蒙·鲁宾/David &SimonReuben男性71115增加英国投资,房地产白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜97/DhaninChearavanont男性74114减少泰国食品继承并发展97安德烈·梅尔尼琴科/AndreyMelnichenko男性41114减少俄罗斯煤炭炭,化肥白手起家97施至成/Henry Sy男性89114减少菲律宾多元化经营白手起家100格尔曼·汗/GermanKhan男性52113增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家100阿南达·克里斯南/AnandaKrishnan男性75113减少马来西亚电信白手起家102李健熙/LeeKun-Hee男性72111减少韩国三星继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜102希夫·纳达/ShivNadar男性68111增加印度信息技术白手起家102缪西娅·普拉达/MiucciaPrada女性64111减少意大利普拉达继承并发展102亚历杭德罗·桑托·多明戈·达维拉/Alejandro SantoDomingoDavila男性37111减少哥伦比亚啤酒继承并发展106史蒂夫·科恩/SteveCohen男性58110增加美国对冲基金白手起家106皮特·凯尔纳/PetrKellner男性49110增加捷克共和国银行,保险白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜106黄志达兄弟/Robert& PhilipNg男性/110增加新加坡房地产继承并发展109安德鲁·比尔/AndrewBeal男性61109增加美国银行,地产白手起家109米哈伊尔·普罗霍罗夫/MikhailProkhorov男性48109减少俄罗斯投资白手起家111莫尔达索夫/AlexeyMordashov男性48105减少俄罗斯钢铁,投资白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜111魏斯/Hansjoerg Wyss男性79105增加瑞士医疗器械白手起家113菲利浦·安舒茨/PhilipAnschutz男性74104增加美国投资白手起家113夏琳·德卡瓦略·海内肯/Charlene deCarvalho-Heineken女性59104减少荷兰喜力继承113克尔·库恩/Klaus-MichaelKuehne男性76104增加德国航运继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜113斯德法诺·佩斯纳/StefanoPessina男性72104增加意大利药店继承并发展117谢尔盖·加利茨基/SergeiGalitsky男性46103增加俄罗斯零售白手起家117李河君/LiHejun男性46103新上榜中国大陆可再生能源白手起家119克伊尔德·科尔克·克里斯蒂安森/KjeldKirkKristiansen男性66102增加丹麦乐高玩具继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜119马塞尔·赫尔曼·泰列斯/MarcelHerrmannTelles男性64102增加巴西啤酒白手起家121查尔斯·巴特/CharlesButt男性76101增加美国超市继承并发展122欣杜贾兄弟/HindujaBrothers男性/100增加英国多元化经营继承并发展122乔治·凯泽/GeorgeKaiser男性71100持平美国石油与天然气,银行继承并发展122马云/JackMa男性49100增加中国大陆电子商务白手起家122黄嘉儿/CarriePerrodo女性63100新上榜法国继承继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜122史蒂夫·施瓦茨曼/StephenSchwarzman男性67100增加美国私募股权投资白手起家122陈颂雄/PatrickSoon-Shiong男性62100增加美国医药白手起家122大卫·泰珀/DavidTepper男性56100增加美国对冲基金白手起家129乔治·阿玛尼/GiorgioArmani男性7999增加意大利时尚白手起家130理查德·金德/RichardKinder男性6995减少美国管道白手起家130蔡衍明/TsaiEng-Meng男性5795减少中国台湾食品,饮料继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜132翰逊/EdwardJohnson男性8393增加美国资金管理继承并发展132三木谷浩史/HiroshiMikitani男性4993增加日本网络零售白手起家132豪斯/SamuelNewhouse男性8693增加美国媒体继承并发展132埃里克·施密特/EricSchmidt男性5893增加美国谷歌白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜136迪特里希·梅特舒兹/DietrichMateschitz男性6992增加奥地利红牛白手起家137罗曼·阿布拉莫维奇/RomanAbramovich男性4791减少俄罗斯钢铁,投资白手起家137托·马里尼奥/JoaoRobertoMarinho男性6091增加巴西媒体继承并发展137何塞·罗伯托·马里尼奥/JoseRobertoMarinho男性5891增加巴西媒体继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜137尔埃努·马里尼奥/RobertoIrineuMarinho男性6691增加巴西媒体继承并发展141西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼/SilvioBerlusconi男性7790增加意大利媒体白手起家141苏旭明/CharoenSirivadhanabhakdi男性6990减少泰国饮料白手起家141海默/AlainWertheimer男性6590家族财富分割法国香奈儿继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜141特海默/GerardWertheimer男性6390家族财富分割法国香奈儿继承141弗拉基米尔·叶夫图申科夫/VladimirYevtushenkov男性6590增加俄罗斯电信白手起家146卡洛斯·阿尔贝托·斯库彼拉/CarlosAlbertoSicupira男性6689增加巴西啤酒白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜147库兹米切夫/AlexeiKuzmichev男性5188增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家147伊莲·马歇尔/ElaineMarshall女性7188增加美国多元化经营继承147托马斯·彼得菲/ThomasPeterffy男性6988增加美国折扣经纪白手起家147哈索·普拉特纳/HassoPlattner男性7088减少德国软件白手起家147德米特里·雷波诺列夫/DmitryRybolovlev男性4788减少俄罗斯化肥白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜152路德维希·默克尔/LudwigMerckle男性4986增加德国医药继承并发展153约翰逊/AntoniaJohnson女性7085减少瑞典多元化经营继承并发展153米高·嘉道理/MichaelKadoorie男性7285减少中国香港多元化经营继承153汉克·梅杰和道格·梅杰/Hank &DougMeijer男性/85增加美国超市继承并发展153唐纳德·纽豪斯/DonaldNewhouse男性8485增加美国媒体继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜153盖伦·韦斯顿/GalenWeston男性7385增加加拿大零售继承并发展158刘銮雄/JosephLau男性6284增加中国香港房地产白手起家158埃伦·穆斯克/ElonMusk男性4284增加美国特斯拉汽车公司白手起家160利纳斯·普里戈/RicardoSalinasPliego男性5883减少墨西哥零售,传媒继承并发展160奥古斯特·冯·芬克/AugustvonFinck男性8383增加德国投资继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜162泽维尔·尼尔/XavierNiel男性4682增加法国互联网,电信白手起家162皮埃尔·奥米迪亚/PierreOmidyar男性4682减少美国电子港湾(Ebay)白手起家162安德列·斯科奇/AndreiSkoch男性4882增加俄罗斯钢铁白手起家165刘易斯-德莱弗斯/MargaritaLouis-Dreyfus女性5081增加瑞士商品继承166皮埃尔·卡斯特/PierreCastel男性8780新上榜法国酒白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜167贝斯尼尔/Emmanuel Besnier男性4379增加法国奶酪继承并发展168让-克劳德·德科/Jean-ClaudeDecaux男性7677增加法国广告白手起家168大卫·杜菲尔德/DavidDuffield男性7377增加美国商业软件白手起家168吉姆·肯尼迪/JimKennedy男性6677增加美国媒体继承并发展168布莱尔·帕里-奥克登/BlairParry-Okeden女性6377增加美国媒体继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜168士/ReinholdWuerth男性7877增加德国紧固件白手起家173黄惠忠/R. BudiHartono男性7376减少印度尼西亚银行,烟草继承并发展173约翰·鲁伯特/JohannRupert男性6376增加南非奢侈品继承并发展173雅克·施维雅/JacquesServier男性9276回归榜单法国医药白手起家173蔡万才/TsaiWan-Tsai男性8476减少中国台湾金融白手起家177詹姆斯·古德纳特/JamesGoodnight男性7175减少美国软件白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜177查尔斯·约翰逊/CharlesJohnson男性8175增加美国资金管理白手起家177里奥纳德·劳德/LeonardLauder男性8075减少美国雅诗兰黛继承并发展177约翰·马龙/JohnMalone男性7275增加美国有线电视白手起家177约翰·默纳德/JohnMenard男性7475增加美国零售白手起家177克劳斯·茨奇拉/KlausTschira男性7375持平德国软件白手起家183文森特·博罗雷/VincentBollore男性6174增加法国投资继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜184黄惠祥/MichaelHartono男性7473减少印度尼西亚烟草,银行继承并发展184吉姆·帕蒂森/JimPattison男性8573增加加拿大多元化经营白手起家186约翰·格拉夫/JohannGraf男性6772增加奥地利博彩白手起家186珀费提与乔治·珀费提/Augusto& GiorgioPerfetti男性/72增加意大利糖果继承并发展186海因茨·赫尔曼·蒂勒/HeinzHermannThiele男性7272增加德国刹车白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜186吴光正/PeterWoo男性6872减少中国香港房地产白手起家190何享健/HeXiangjian男性7171增加中国大陆家电白手起家191库玛尔·博拉/KumarBirla男性4670减少印度商品继承并发展191格雷姆·哈特/GraemeHart男性5870增加新上榜新西兰投资白手起家191迪特马·霍普/DietmarHopp男性7370增加德国软件白手起家191拉尔夫·劳伦/RalphLauren男性7470持平美国拉尔夫劳伦白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜191艾亚尔·奥佛/EyalOfer男性6370增加以色列地产,航运继承并发展196艾利·布罗德/EliBroad男性8069增加美国投资白手起家196多根/CharlesCadogan男性7669增加英国房地产继承196理查德·迪沃斯/RichardDeVos男性8769增加美国安利白手起家196苏莱曼·克里莫夫/SuleimanKerimov男性4769减少俄罗斯投资白手起家196魏建军/WeiJianjun男性5069增加中国大陆汽车白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜196杨惠妍/YangHuiyan女性3269增加中国大陆房地产继承202郑梦九/ChungMong-Koo男性7568增加韩国现代继承202扬·库姆/JanKoum男性3868新上榜美国WhatsApp白手起家202达斯汀·莫斯科维茨/DustinMoskovitz男性2968增加美国Facebook白手起家205海默/NickyOppenheimer男性6867增加南非钻石继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜205纳塞夫·萨维里斯/NassefSawiris男性5367增加埃及建筑施工继承并发展207滝崎武光/TakemitsuTakizaki男性6866增加日本传感器白手起家208米奇·阿里森/MickyArison男性6465增加美国嘉年华游轮继承并发展208奥列格·德里帕斯卡/OlegDeripaska男性4665减少俄罗斯铝,公用事业白手起家208列昂尼德·费顿/LeonidFedun男性5765减少俄罗斯卢克石油公司白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜208詹姆斯·帕克/JamesPacker男性4665增加澳大利亚赌场继承并发展212·里维拉/EvaGonda deRivera女性/64减少墨西哥饮料继承212何超琼/PansyHo女性5164增加中国香港赌场继承并发展212郭令灿/QuekLengChan男性7064增加马来西亚银行,地产继承并发展215吉·阿庞特& 拉斐拉·阿庞特/Gianluigi& RafaelaAponte7363回归榜单瑞士航运白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜215丹宁·阿瓦拉/DannineAvara女性5063增加美国管道继承215德拉希/PatrickDrahi男性5063新上榜法国电信白手起家215斯科特·邓肯/ScottDuncan男性3163增加美国管道继承215米兰内·弗朗茨/MilaneFrantz女性4463增加美国管道继承215伊凡·格拉森伯格/IvanGlasenberg男性5763减少澳大利亚采矿白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜215赫伯特·科勒/HerbertKohler男性7563增加美国管道装置继承并发展215保罗&吉安菲利斯·马里奥·洛卡/Paolo &Gianfelice MarioRocca男性/63增加意大利管道制造继承并发展215兰达·威廉姆斯/RandaWilliams女性5263增加美国管道继承224S.特鲁特·凯西/S.TruettCathy男性9262增加美国福来鸡快餐店白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜224翰逊/RupertJohnson男性7262增加美国资金管理白手起家224萨姆纳·雷德斯通/SumnerRedstone男性9062增加美国媒体白手起家227彼得·艾文/PyotrAven男性5861增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家227托马斯·弗里斯特/ThomasFrist男性7561增加美国医疗保健白手起家227大卫·格芬/DavidGeffen男性7161增加美国电影,音乐白手起家227弗拉克/RichardLeFrak男性6861增加美国房地产继承排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜227伊斯坎德尔·马克穆多夫/IskanderMakhmudov男性5061减少俄罗斯采矿,金属,机械白手起家227而特加·梅拉/SandraOrtegaMera女性4561新上榜西班牙扎拉继承227陈永栽/LucioTan男性7961增加菲律宾多元化经营白手起家234帕吉欧·贝尔特利/PatrizioBertelli男性6860减少意大利奢侈品白手起家234陈丽华/ChanLaiwa女性7360增加中国大陆房地产白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜234费拉瑞特·加尔切夫/FilaretGalchev男性5060减少俄罗斯建筑材料白手起家234詹姆斯·欧文/JamesIrving男性8560家族财富分割加拿大多元化经营继承并发展234丹尼斯·奥布莱恩/DenisO'Brien男性5560增加爱尔兰电信白手起家234伊拉·雷纳尔特/IraRennert男性7960减少美国投资白手起家240里昂·布莱克/LeonBlack男性6258增加美国私募股权投资白手起家240盖尔·库克/GayleCook女性8058增加美国医疗器械白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜240查尔斯·施瓦布/CharlesSchwab男性7658增加美国折扣经纪白手起家240丹尼斯·华盛顿/DennisWashington男性7958增加美国建筑业,采矿业白手起家244伊萨克·安迪可/IsakAndic男性6057增加西班牙服装零售白手起家244张东文夫妇/JinSook &Do WonChang5957增加美国时装零售白手起家244许家印/Hui KaYan男性5557减少中国大陆房地产白手起家244许荣茂/Hui WingMau男性6357增加中国香港房地产白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜244帕特里克·麦卡文/PatrickMcGovern男性7657增加美国媒体白手起家244苏尼尔·米塔尔/SunilMittal男性5657减少印度电信白手起家244伊丹·奥佛/IdanOfer男性5857减少以色列钻井,航运继承并发展244约恩·罗辛/JornRausing男性5457增加瑞典继承继承244莱斯利·卫克斯奈/LeslieWexner男性7657增加美国零售白手起家253雷·李·亨特/RayLee Hunt男性7156持平美国石油,房地产继承并发展。
英美节日ppt
In 1620, the settlers, or Pilgrims, After a tempestuous two-month voyage they landed at in icy November, what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. During their first winter, over half of the settlers died of[1] starvation or epidemics. Those who survived began sowing in the first spring.
Christmas is a religious festival. it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus. The name christmas is short for christ's mass. a mass is a kind of church service.
Easter (复活节)
Easter, anniversary of the Resurrection of Christ, observed on the first Sunday after a full moon on or after 21 March.
The white Easter lily has come to capture the glory of the holiday. The word "Easter" is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring. A festival was held in her honor every year at the vernal equinox (春分).
A soldier's diary
This site contains the diary, memoirs[ˈmemwɑ:(r)]回忆录,photographs,and other memorabilia[ˌmemərəˈbɪliə]大事记of an Illinois伊利诺伊州soldier inthe Civil War.The diary was started on August 28, 1863.MARCH TO THE SEA(The 93rd was part of the First Brigade, Third Division, 15th Army Corps on the right wing of Sherman's March to the Sea. This Army cut a 50 mile wide path through central Georgia, destroying everything in its way. It operated without supply lines or communication. This bold movement was undoubtedly a major factor in the collapse of the Confederacy. The Moses diary entries recounted hard marches but relatively few encounters with the enemy.)November 14, 1864This evening we are in camp on the west side of Atlanta. We marched about 15 miles to day. Atlanta is a nice town and some very strong forts in it. To day I seen Howard Hanes (Howard Haines of the 26th Illinois). We are now in our old corps. This evening we will draw some cloathing.November 15, 1864Last night we drawed some cloathing. I drawed one over coat, a pair of pants, two pairs of drawers, two pairs of socks. We did not get our cloathing till after nighttime. This morning the 15 corps moved out.November 16, 1864Last evening we marched very hard. We left Atlanta at noon and marched till 1 in the night. We got to the division and in the morning we had to get up and march at 6 again. Oh but I am tired. To day we marched about 20 miles. I am very tired this evening. We are in camp at McDonough to night.November 17, 1864To day we marched 20 miles. We come through Jackson a prety nice town. To day our regiment was train guard. We marched very hard to day.November 18, 1864This morning we marched 5 miles. Then we got to the Ocamulgo (Ocmulgee) river and there we had nothing to cross over but an old fery boat and only 50 could get on at a time. We were the second reg that crossed over. The caverly crossed this morning. We are now in camp about one mile from the river. We got here at 10 A M and now we lay. Still we are prety tyred. A little rest will come good to us.November 19, 1864This morning the caverly passed by. They go ahead to day. Last night I was safe guard at a housee. We got our super and breakfast. We marched 12 miles.November 20, 1864To day we marched very hard. We marched 10 miles and come to Clinton a small village. We are now within 12 miles of Macon. The caverly have been skirmishing with the rebles through here. We are now in camp a mile from Clinton. This evening the caverly dashed in on the part of Macon that is on the west side of the river. They took the town.November 21, 1864To day we marched 12 miles. We got on the rong road and had to march back about two miles. We run into the 17 corps and had to turn back again. This evening we got in camp prety early. It rained all day to day.November 22, 1864This morning we march again. To day we got to gordon station. There is a railroad junction here.November 23, 1864This morning we lay in camp yet. Last night all of the troops here wont be (unidentified) up the railroad. Last evening we heard heavy canonading in our rear probely at Macon.November 24, 1864This morning we still lay in camp at Gordon station but are waiting for order to go. Last evening the 26th Ill of the 2nd Brigade went out to the river. To day we marched out about a mile and formed a line of batle in case the reble caverly should make a dash (unidentified) . We have layed here two days at Gordon. November 25, 1864To day we left gordon about 9 P M and got to Irwinton at round dawn. We come 12 miles. To day I rode in the Ambulance. I had the Chills again. The 1st Division is in camp.November 26, 1864To day we marched 13 miles. We got to camp about 1 P M. We are now in camp in a field three miles from Oconee river. There lots of troops camp on this side of the river. Our reg was in the lead. We had to furnish 10 pickets to day. Quite a lot for our rgt.November 27, 1864Today we crossed the Oconee river and got on the rong road. Then we had to turn back again. We marched 8 miles to day. We are now in camp at Irwin cross roads the whole of the 15 corps.November 28, 1864To night we are in camp 15 miles from where we were last night. We marched prety hard. The 2nd Div was next to us. The 17th is on our left. To day our reg was rear guard and did not get to camp till after dark.November 29, 1864This morning we started out at 7 and marched very hard. We marched 18 miles to day. We come over a very nice contry. Very nice pine timber but the land is very sandy.November 30, 1864We got to camp at sun down. We come over very sandy contry but very nice pine timber. The contry through this part is very thinly settled.December 1, 1864To day we marched over very swampy ground and very mudy. We marched 8 miles to day.December 2, 1864This morning we leave at 6. We was on guard at the suply train. We still marched through very swampy ground. We are now in camp. We marched 12 miles to day. This evening we draw rations. We draw half rations crakers sugar. We get lots of meet.December 3, 1864To day we lay over. I believe the 17 corps is crossing the ogagee (Ogeechee) river. To day we get some swet potatoes that they foraged in the contry.December 4, 1864To day we marched prety hard. We marched 15 miles and over very swampy ground and very sandy land. We got to camp at 8 P M.December 5, 1864To day I was on a forage detail. We got lots of potatoes and meat. To day we marched 18 miles. To day the advance had a little skirmish with the rebles. December 7, 1864This morning we marched at 8 A M for parts unknown to us. To day we marched 12 miles over very swampy ground. We had to wade through a swamp to our knees.December 8, 1864To day we lay over again. We are one mile from th Ogega (Ogeechee) river. To day I have the fever again. I feel awful sick.December 9, 1864To day we crossed the Ogeega river. We marched 12 miles. To day we heard heavy canonading toward Savanah.December 10, 1864To day we marched 10 miles and come on the rebles. Our reg was sent out regunortering (reconnoitering). We went 2 miles and throwed out skirmish and advanced but found nothing. We could see the rebles camp. After we returned the rebles throwed two shells at us but done no harm.December 11, 1864To day we lay under fire. We are close to the rebles. There is a large swamp between us so that we can do nothing more then skirmish with them. Last night the left wing went out skirmishing and to day the right wing goes out. We had one man wounded of Co (unidentified) caverly. (The 93rd was involved in heavy skirmishing here about 6 miles from Savannah. According to the regimental history, they had one killed and two wounded).December 12, 1864Last night we marched till 10 o clock. We were taken off of the skirmish line and marched 6 miles and camped in a plowed field. It was very cold. Gen howards ( General O. O. Howard in charge of the right wing of the March) headquarters here also. To day we leave again. We are now in camp. We come 5 miles and crossed the railroad.December 13, 1864We are still in camp this morning but do not know how long we will stay here. To day we lay still again. To day our men charged fort McAllerta (Fort McAllister) and took the first line of works. They charged about half after 4 the result I do not know.December 14, 1864To day we still lay in camp. The report is that our men hold fort McAllester this morning. (The capture of the fort is very important as Sherman's Army has now reached the coast and the Federal Navy can support them.)December 15, 1864We are still in camp at Millens station this morning. There was very heavy canonading to the left of us. I supose it was the 2nd Division of the 15th corps. The results I know not.。
全新版大学英语1第二版课件Unit1PPT课件
Detailed Reading
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
— September 1957 Detailed Reading Enrolled at Liverpool College of Art.
— August 23, 1962 Married college girlfriend Cynthia Powell (divorced 1968).
— February 19, 1963 Please Please Me reached Number One in the U.K. charts.
Questions about the Song and the Texts
This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
SARSAS White Paper v10 March 12, 2015
SARSAS White Paper v10 March 12, 2015March 12, 2015 Contact: Jack Sanchez *********************530-888-0281 SARSAS White Paper: Auburn Ravine High Potential for Salmon Restoration The beautiful foothill and valley stream known as Auburn Ravine flows 33 miles from the Cityof Auburn through the City of Lincoln, and into the Sacramento River at Verona. We are confident that Auburn Ravine has the potential to sustain a much larger population of wild salmon and steelhead than it does at present. The Facts In the fall of 2012, after a partial barrier to salmon migration at the Lincoln Gauging Station was removed, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CFW) conducted a survey of Fall Run Chinook Salmon (FRCS) in Auburn Ravine. As a result of that survey, they published a conservative estimate that about 160 salmon were able to reach spawning areas above the Lincoln Gauging Station. They counted 45 actual spawning redds in the streambed, each consisting of one or more nests. Of those 45 redds, 3 were observed above Hemphill Dam which is about 2.5 miles upstream from Lincoln. Using CFWs ratio of about 3.6salmon per redd, we can estimate that approximately 11salmon made it past the Hemphill Dam. This means that in the1/ 14fall of 2012, which was a good high water timeframe, about 7% of the salmon got over Hemphill Dam. The section of Auburn Ravine from Lincoln upstream to Hemphill Dam has marginal-to-fair spawning areas. The 5-mile section fromHemphill Dam up to Gold Hill Damhas good-to-excellent spawning areas. The section from Gold Hill Dam to the City of Auburn is about 4 miles long and has excellent spawning areas.The ability of these areas of Auburn Ravine to support large numbers of salmon and steelhead is supported by surveys conducted by CFW in 2004 and 2005. The Potential If the Hemphill Dam could be removed or remediated, salmon could migrate as far as the Gold Hill Dam which would give them almost twice as much spawning area as they have now. Factoring in the higher quality of the spawning gravels above Hemphill Dam, we estimate that the annual salmon migration could be quadrupled to 640 within 4 years. Similarly, if salmon could also get above the Gold Hill Dam, the high quality spawning and rearing areas in that section could increase the return rate in Auburn Ravine to about 1,000 per year by the eighth year after salmon are able to get past both Hemphill and Gold Hill dams on a regular basis. We had two unconfirmed sightings of steelhead this season below Hemphill Dam, and one sighting a few years ago above it. Thereare historical reports of salmon and steelhead migrating the entire length of Auburn Ravine. Map of Auburn Ravine from the City of Auburn through Lincoln to Verona. The Goal Save Auburn Ravine Salmon and Steelhead (SARSAS) is an all-volunteernon-profit 501(C)3 corporation whose mission is to enhance salmon and steelhead populations in Auburn Ravine with the ultimate goal of restoring them to their entire historic range within the watershed, including two parks in the center of Auburn (Ashford Park andthe Auburn School Park Preserve). The Problem Adult salmon swimming upstream to spawn need to have obstacles that block their way removed or remediated. Young salmon swimming downstream to reach the ocean need to have fish screens installed on all canals so they will not be sent on dead-end trips into fields, golf courses, and community landscaping systems. They also need modifications to the diversion dams that will allow them to feel the pull of current downstream, and a good flow of water in Auburn Ravine to help them get to the Sacramento River. Success to Date When SARSAS was founded in 2007, salmon and steelhead faced many barriers as they attempted to migrate upstream from the Sacramento River. There were 7 seasonal diversion dams3/ 14below Lincoln that were not consistently removed on October 15 as required by regulations, and the Nevada Irrigation District (NID) Gauging Station in Lincoln blocked migration except at very high water levels after winter storms. Diversion dam showing boards that can be removed during spawning season. SARSAS worked with Loren Clark of Placer County, Placer Legacy, and several state and federal agencies and particularly with NOAA Special Agent Don Tanner to get the owners and operators of the 7 seasonal dams to remove these barriers from October 15 to April 15 each year. However, most of these dams still sweepmany young salmonmigrating to the Pacific Ocean out into irrigation ditches each spring where they die in hot stagnant water. While these diversion dams are not owned by NID, these dams are used to convey water for NIDs partners so we are asking NID to work with their partners to eliminate the damage these diversions are causing. The one diversion that has already had a fish screen installed is on the Scheiber property west of the new Highway 65 Bridge. The owner of that property, Albert Scheiber, arranged to have a self-cleaning rotary cone screen installed at the intake to the diversion on his property. Further downstream at the Aitken Ranch, Brad Arnold of South Sutter Water District has a plan to install similar screeningat the intake to the Pleasant Grove canal by October 2015. None of the diversion dams have been modified to help young salmon find their way past them and on down toward the ocean. Examples of self-cleaning rotary screens for irrigation canal intakes. Community Support After the seasonal dams began to be consistently removed each October,SARSAS established the Calling Back the Salmon Celebration at McBean Park in Lincoln in 2010. Community organizations joined with federal and state agencies, and local, regional and national environmental groups to celebrate the return of salmon to Auburn Ravine. Ty Gorre and Bill Jacobson performed a Native American Calling Back the Salmonceremony as salmon swam into Lincolns Auburn Ravine Park. Overthe next 2 years, the Celebration grew significantly. As the Celebration continued to grow, SARSAS collaborated with the Wildlife Heritage Foundation of Lincoln to take over management of the event. The celebration continuesto grow. In 2014, attendance totaled nearly 1,000 people (not counting the SARSAS team and the dozens of other organizations that providedbooths at the event). The celebration is now called the Salmon Celebration and is scheduled this year for Saturday, October 4 at McBean Park.5/ 14Lincoln Gauging Station Remediated Once the flashboard dams were removed each fall, salmon reached the NID Gauging Station in Lincoln. In 2011 Placer Legacy, Dry Creek Conservancy, Granite Bay Fly Casters, the Nevada Irrigation District (NID), and other groups raised funds to install a fish passage project at the Gauging Station in Auburn Ravine Park in Lincoln. This fish passage allowed salmon access to 2.5 miles of marginal-to-fair spawning gravels from there up to Hemphill Dam where further upstream migration is severely limited. Fish Passage system installed at Lincoln Gauging Station. Hemphill Dam Major Blockage Based on CFWs ratio of slightly more than 3.5 salmon per redd, and their observation of 3 redds above Hemphill Dam in 2012,it is reasonable to assume that about 11 salmon were able to surmount the 8 foot high Hemphill Dam to reachthe prime spawning gravels upstream. This is supported by video taken that year by SARSAS near Stonewood Road in Newcastle (see video at e to see the 12 to 18 Kokanee during the September-October spawning season. Visitors to Taylor Creek viewing migrating salmon. (Photo courtesy of US Forest Service.) How do these figures apply to Auburn and Lincoln? Highway 80 runs right through Auburn. Lincoln is only 7 miles from Highway 80. When hundreds of salmon are spawning in theparks of Lincoln and Auburn, Highway 80 travelers will be able to make easy side-trips to see them. These people will discover the beautiful cities of Lincoln and Auburn and patronize local businesses as a result. It is not unreasonable to predict that Auburn and Lincoln will become as popular, or more popular, than Taylor Creek, given their proximity to Sacramento and the Bay Area, and the fact that the wild Chinook (King) salmon that come up Auburn Ravine are great leapers and are twice as big as the average Kokanee. Next Steps Before this dream can be realized, three actionsneed tooccur. Each is dependent on the Nevada Irrigation District. Hemphill Dam must be made passable for salmon and steelhead. Gold Hill Dam must be made passable for salmon and steelhead. Diversions at those sites, and the seasonal diversions downstream from Lincoln need to be screened to prevent diversion of young salmon and steelhead into irrigation ditches, and modified to help young salmon find their way downstream toward the ocean. At Hemphill, an infiltration gallery upstream of the dam site could allow removal of the dam. It would allow both upstream and downstream migration, and allow continued water deliveries to NIDs customers from the Hemphill Canal. An alternative7/ 14might be to install a series of riffles and pools below Hemphill Dam similar to the design that was used at the Lincoln Gauging Station. Thiswould involve raising the stream bed below the HemphillDam to within about one foot of the existing sill and then creating a seasonal notch at the appropriate place in the sill. A fish ladder around the dam is also an option. At Gold Hill, the steeper gradient of the stream in this area, and the nearly impassible terrain on its south side will present greater challenges. The existing Gold Hill Canal possibly could be modified on the north side of the streamand become part of a seasonal fish ladder. An infiltration gallery should be considered. Since the Gold Hill Dam, at present, has zero storage capacity, an alternative solution would be to move the entrance to the Gold Hill canal upstream to a location where a new low impact diversion structure could be constructed. This change would allow for removal of the Gold Hill Dam. Funding In addition to existing grant programs, and the new Prop 1 (Water Bond) funding, consideration should be given to the probable value of the gold deposits presently trapped above both Hemphill Dam and Gold Hill Dam. Historically, Auburn Ravine was very rich in gold deposits, so the cost of any contract to remove the sediment behind each dam should considerthe potential value of the gold that could be extracted during that process. The net value of any gold extracted should be used to offset payments to the contractors, and contracts should stipulate that if the value of the gold extracted exceeds the bid price, the excess will be returned pro rata to the funding organizations. Present and Future SARSAS operations. Current projects include: o Restoration of North Ravine o Educational Outreach Program o Citizen Science Program o Environmental Outreach Program The North Ravine Restoration Program is under the supervision of Robert Hane.North Ravine is the largest tributary of Auburn Ravine and the one closest to Auburn. It joins Auburn Ravine a quarter mile below Wise Powerhouse and the Auburn Wastewater Treatment Plant. Robert works in conjunction with Damion Ciotti from the Auburn office of Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). FWS provided $7,000 to initiate the restoration. With the help of the California Conservation Corp and volunteers from The Sierra Native Alliance, three sections of the ravine were cleared of Himalayan blackberries and other invasive plants. Robert is working in conjunction with Jeff Darlington of Placer Land Trust to createa public parkforviewing the migrating steelhead9/ 14and salmon that will spawn in NorthRavine once fish passage is completed atNIDs two dams currently blocking upstream migration. The descendants of wild steelhead are still resident in North Ravine. More funding may be in the offing from FWS and the Placer Land Trust (PLT) to complete Roberts vision of a comprehensive restoration of North Ravine. North Ravine will become another area in Auburn where the public may enjoyobserving salmon. The second program is the Judge William Newsom SARSAS Educational Outreach Program to the Youth in the Auburn Community. The Program is named after a man well-connected to Auburn. Judge Newsom is a retired state appeals court judge, administrator of the Getty family trust, and the father of former San Francisco Mayor and current Lieutenant Governor of California Gavin Newsom. In 1975, Jerry Brown appointed Newsom to the Superior Court bench in Auburn, CA Placer County and later to the state Court of Appeals in San Francisco, where he served until 1995. SARSAS sends its teachers and volunteers to Auburn schoolsto educateour youth about salmon and the numerousbenefits of having salmon in the streams located in the Auburn community. Soon, these young citizens will be pillars of the community equipped with a firm grasp of what it means to have suchprecious natural resourceslike salmon in our community. The third program is our SARSAS Citizen Science Program (CSP), which is modeled on the century old Audubon Christmas Bird Count. This program was the brainchild of SARSAS volunteer, Phil Robertson. A grant was obtained from Patagonia, Inc. by SARSAS Board Member, Steve Hubbard. The program was developed by James Haufler who now also coordinates it. James leads a team of 20 volunteers who gather data each week at designated sites on Auburn Ravine. The team records data including turbidity, temperature, flow levels, and the quantities of any salmon and steelhead they observe. This Auburn Ravine data is then posted at ponent will begin in September 2015 with SARSAS presenting the Patagonia film entitled Damnation, which outlines the history of dam building and its effects on fisheries in the US. The film presentationat the Old Auburn State Theater in conjunction with Auburn Placer Performing Arts Center (APPAC) will be followed by a question and answer session. Replication on other streams SARSAS believes that the progress it is making to help salmon and steelhead thrive in Auburn Ravine will inspire other similar organizations touse the SARSAS model to enhance migration and spawning successes on other streams in California.11/ 14Thiswill produce a remarkable gift to the ecology and to peopleof California now and for generations to come. Since manytributaries to the Sacramento/San Joaquin Rivers arepartially,and sometimes totally,blockedby diversion dams,salmon and steelhead currentlycannot spawn in themin anysignificantnumbers. Other organizationsusing the SARSASmodel for Auburn Ravine can open their streams to salmon andsteelhead which will have significant benefits for all Californians. Unemployed commercial fishermen will be back intheir boats. Sport fishing businesses will be rejuvenated. Anutritious food source will be protected. And Californianswill have done something to help themselves, their children,the fish, and the environment. Conclusion SARSAS is askingall agencies (public and private), and the citizens of Placer,Sutter, and Nevada Counties to collaborate to eliminate impediments to salmon and steelhead migration in Auburn Ravine.If salmon are saved by the people of California working cooperatively, not only will the gift to our fellow citizensbe significant, but the gift to our children will be of historicmagnitude and nothing less than heroic. As Norman Macleanwrotein A River Runs Through It: Eventually, all things merge intoone, and a river runs through it. ... I am haunted by waters.Chinook Salmon Attempting to Surmount the 8 foot high Hemphill Dam. (Photograph by Phil Robertson) See the following page for what YOU can doto help salmon and steelhead thrive in the entire length of Auburn Ravine. What YOU can do to help salmon and steelhead thrive in the entire length of Auburn Ravine: 1. Send a tax deductible donation to SARSAS at PO Box 4269, Auburn, CA 95604. 2. Go to monly known as The Domes. 4. Contact SARSAS President and Founder, Jack Sanchez (e-mail: **********************,phone: 530-888-0281) to volunteer to work on any of the SARSAS projects mentioned above or to assist with: Grant research and/or grant writing. Community events and/or presentations. Web site design and/or operations. Social media engagement (Facebook, Twitter, etc.). Taking meeting minutes at SARSAS General Meetings or Board Meetings. Leading tours of Auburn Ravine sites. Writing documents like this and/or improving this document. Attending meetings of city councils, water agencies, etc. Creating new SARSAS projects to support watershed health, and the diversity of the riparian environment in general. Taking photos or video to support of any of the above. Etc., etc., etc. Acknowledgements: Authors: Jack Sanchez, James13/ 14Haufler, Steve Hubbard Editors: Gary Mapa, Roger Bryan, Phil Robertson Photos: Phil Robertson, Steve Hubbard, U.S. Forest Service Auburn Ravine Map courtesy of Gene Davis, Regional Water Quality Control Board Photo diagram of rotary screens courtesy of Rocko Brown, ESA | Environmental Hydrology Copyright SARSAS, Inc., 2015。
河南省郑州市金水区2023-2024学年七年级下学期期末考试英语试题
河南省郑州市金水区2023-2024学年七年级下学期期末考试英语试题一、阅读理解Summer vacation is coming. We are looking for some young volunteers (志愿者) aged 11 to 15 to join us at the zoo! This will be a great time for you to learn more about animals and make new friends!1.Who can take part in the volunteer work ?A.An 8-year-old boy.B.A 10-year-old girl.C.A 13-year-old student.D.A 23-year-old teacher.2.Which number should you call if you want to volunteer for the panda house?A.63257986.B.83695683.C.86759821.D.68539073.3.If you are good at singing and dancing, what can you do at the zoo?A.Join the animal stage.B.Look after baby pandas.C.Clean the giraffe house.D.Make videos for the animals.4.When can the volunteers help clean the giraffe house?A.At 9: 00 a.m. on July 3rd.B.At 3: 00 p.m. on July 5th.C.At 2: 30 p.m. on August 2nd.D.At 10: 20 a.m. on August 9th.5.What can we know from the text?A.You can help the elephants and birds take a shower.B.The volunteers in the video center can speak English.C.You can feed the baby pandas with your favorite food.D.It’s easy for the young volunteers to clean the giraffe house.Giuseppe was a clever frog. He always thought he knew everything. That was why he never asked for anyone’s advice or cared about their opinions!One day, Giuseppe was very happy and he went into the forest to play. After playing for some hours, he wanted to go home. “I’ll take the long way back to the pond (池塘),” he thought. “Who knows what I will find along the way?”He walked down the road. But before long, he lost his way. Just then, a butterfly came by. “Oh, hello, Giuseppe!” the butterfly said. “You’re quite far from the pond. Do you want me to show you the way?” “Oh no, I’m fine!” he told the butterfly. It was getting quite dark. Giuseppe met a rabbit. “What’s a little frog like you doing in the forest at this time of night? Do you want any help?” the rabbit asked. “Oh no, I am…looking at the stars!” Giuseppe said and hurried away.Now the forest was really dark and quiet. No animals came by. Giuseppe couldn’t find his way home. He had to spend a rainy and windy night under a mushroom.“If I were really clever, I would have listened to others!” Giuseppe thought.6.What does the underlined word “opinions” mean in the text?A.Ideas.B.Questions.C.Interests.D.Stories.7.Why did the frog take the long way back to the pond?A.Because it was the fastest way home.B.Because his parents asked him to go this way.C.Because he could meet his friends on the road.D.Because he wished to meet something interesting.8.Which word can best describe the butterfly and the rabbit?A.Funny.B.Helpful.C.Clever.D.Shy.9.What happened at the end of the story?A.The frog got lost in the forest.B.The frog found his way to the pond.C.The frog spent the night at the rabbit’s home.D.The frog enjoyed looking at the stars by himself.10.What can we learn from the story ?A.Enjoy the beauty along the road.B.Learn to take advice from others.C.A friend in need is a friend indeed.D.Never be afraid to try something new.Do you know the 2024 Olympic Games will take place in Paris from July 26th to August 11th this year? It is also known as the 33rd Summer Olympic Games. Paris will be the second city in the world to host the Summer Olympics three times, following London.Say hello to “The Phryges”. They are the mascots (吉祥物) of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. And they are two lovely caps. The two look a lot like each other.They are colored in red,white and blue.These are the colors of the flag of France (法国).The Phrygian cap has a long history. In the 1790s, a picture of a woman named Marianne stood for France. She wore a red Phrygian cap. From then on, this cap has been a symbol of freedom in France.We will see “Games Wide Open” for the Olympic Games Paris 2024. There are outdoor games in the center of Paris, the Marathon for All (全民马拉松) and some new races (比赛) during the games, so that everyone can join them.It is a game for the world to come and enjoy the sports together.11.How does the writer begin the text?A.By telling a story.B.By showing a saying.C.By asking a question.D.By giving an example.12.Which city has already hosted the Olympic Games three times?A.Beijing.B.London.C.Paris.D.Sydney. 13.What can we know about “The Phryges”?A.They have a long history from 1790.B.They are colored in red, white and black.C.They are two cute caps that look different.D.They are the mascots of the 2024 Olympic Games. 14.How will this Olympic Games show “Games Wide Open”?a.The games will be very exciting then.b.Everyone in Paris can join the Marathon.c.There are outdoor games in the center of Paris.d.People can join some new races during the game.e.The players from all over the world will come to Paris.A.b,d,e B.a,b,dC.a,c,c D.b,c,d15.In which part of the newspaper can we read the text?A.Life and health.B.Travel and food.C.Sports and history.D.People and nature.More than 3, 000 years ago, in Henan’s Anyang, the people of the Shang Dynasty lived there. This place now is known as the Yinxu. It is one of the oldest archaeological sites (考古遗址) in China.Lately, a new building of the Yinxu Museum opened its doors. It can help us learn about how people lived a long time ago.The museum has nearly 4, 000 relics (文物). Lots of them are oracle bones. They have early Chinese words written on them. These bones tell us many things about the time of the Shang, such as the weather, the farming and the king’s family. For example, there are the stories of a Shang prince (王子) written on about 600 pieces of bone. They tell us that he once learned to dance and showed for his mom and dad. The Shang people liked animals. You can find “birds”, “pigs” and other animals in the museum.There are also bronze (青铜制的) things in the museum. Bronze is yellow at first. But as time passes, the air makes it turn green. They show us how good the Shang people were at making things and how nice their lives were. How smart they were!根据材料内容判断下列句子的正T、误F。
November 12
November 12, 2011I'm speaking to you from the primary flight controy of the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson in San Diego. This is one of the biggest ships in the Navy, and on Friday it was home to one of the most unique college basketball games I’ve eve r seen. It also gave members of our military and our veterans a chance to unwind a little bit, and on this Veterans Day, I want to take this opportunity to thank all our men and women in uniform for their service and their sacrifice. But this day isn’t just about thanking our veterans. It’s about rededicating ourselves to serving our veterans as well as they’ve served us. And right now, that’s never been more important. Last month, I announced that, as promised, we will end the war in Iraq by the end of the year. Many of our military families will be welcoming loved ones home for the holidays. At the same time, we’ve begun to wind down the war in Afghanistan. And in the next five years, over a million servicemembers will transition back into civilian life –joining the 3 million who have already done so over the last decade.These are men and women who have served with distinction in some of the most dangerous places on the planet. But for many of them, the challenges don’t end when they take off the uniform. Today, more than 850,000 veterans remain unemployed. And too many are struggling to find a job worthy of their talents and experience.That’s not right. We ask these men and women to leave their families and their jobs and risk their lives to fight for our country. The last thing they should have to do is fight for a job when they get home.To give our veterans the opportunities they’ve earned, I’ve directed the federal government to lead by example –and already, we’ve hired 120,000 veterans. We’ve also c hallenged private companies to hire or train 100,000 post-9/11 veterans or their spouses by the end of 2013. So far, many patriotic companies have answered the call, hiring more than 16,000 Americans. And yesterday, thanks to the hard work of Michelle and Dr. Jill Biden, companies announced their commitment to train or hire 125,000 more over the next two years.But we still need to do more. That’s why, as part of the American Jobs Act, I called on Congress to pass a Returning Heroes Tax Credit, which would give businesses a tax break for each unemployed veteran they hire; and a Wounded Warriors Tax Credit, which would give businesses a tax break for hiring an unemployed veteran with a disability related to their service in uniform. These proposals will go a long way towards putting our veterans back to work. And on Thursday, I was pleased to see the Senate put partisanship aside and come together to pass these tax credits. After all, standing up for our veterans isn’t a Democratic responsibility or a Republic an responsibility –it’s an American responsibility. It’s one that all of us have an obligation to meet. And the House should pass this bill as soon as possible so I can sign it into law. As Commander-in-Chief, I want every veteran to know that America will always honor your service and your sacrifice –not just today, but every day. And just as you fought for us, we’re going to keep fighting for you – for more jobs, for more security, for the opportunity to keep your families strong and America competitive in the 21st century.So to all our veterans – thank you for your service. God bless you. And may God bless the United States of America.。
2014全球亿万富豪排行榜完整版
排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道1比尔·盖茨/Bill Gates男性58760增加美国微软白手起家2卡洛斯·斯利姆·埃卢/Carlos Slim Helu男性74720减少墨西哥电信白手起家3阿曼西奥·奥特加/Amancio Ortega男性77640增加西班牙零售白手起家4沃伦·巴菲特/Warren Buffett男性83582增加美国伯克希尔哈撒韦白手起家5拉里·埃里森/Larry Ellison男性69480增加美国甲骨文白手起家6查尔斯·科赫/Charles Koch男性78400增加美国多元化经营继承并发展6大卫·科赫/David Koch男性73400增加美国多元化经营继承并发展8谢尔登·阿德尔森/Sheldon Adelson男性80380增加美国赌场白手起家9克里斯蒂·沃尔顿/Christy Walton女性59367增加美国沃尔玛继承10吉姆·沃尔顿/Jim Walton男性66347增加美国沃尔玛继承11利利安·贝当古/Liliane Bettencourt女性91345增加法国欧莱雅继承12斯蒂芬·佩尔森/Stefan Persson男性66344增加瑞典H&M继承并发展13艾丽斯·沃尔顿/Alice Walton女性64343增加美国沃尔玛继承14罗伯森·沃尔顿/S. Robson Walton男性70342增加美国沃尔玛继承15伯纳德·阿诺特/Bernard Arnault男性64335增加法国路威酩轩继承并发展16迈克尔·布隆伯格/Michael Bloomberg男性72330增加美国彭博白手起家17拉里·佩奇/Larry Page男性40323增加美国谷歌白手起家18杰夫·贝索斯/Jeff Bezos男性50320增加美国亚马逊白手起家19谢尔盖·布林/Sergey Brin男性40318增加美国谷歌白手起家20李嘉诚/Li Ka-shing男性85310持平中国香港多元化经营白手起家21马克·扎克伯格/Mark Zuckerberg男性29285增加美国Facebook白手起家22米歇尔·费列罗/Michele Ferrero男性88265增加意大利巧克力继承并发展23卡尔·阿尔巴切特/Karl Albrecht男性94250减少德国零售白手起家23阿里科·丹格特/Aliko Dangote男性56250增加尼日利亚水泥,糖,面粉白手起家25卡尔·伊坎/Carl Icahn男性78245增加美国投资白手起家26乔治·索罗斯/George Soros男性83230增加美国对冲基金白手起家27大卫·汤姆森/David Thomson男性56226增加加拿大媒体继承28呂志和/Lui Che Woo男性84220增加中国香港赌场白手起家29迪特尔·施瓦茨/Dieter Schwarz男性74211增加德国零售继承并发展30阿尔瓦利德·本·塔拉勒·阿苏德王子/Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud 男性58204增加沙特阿拉伯投资白手起家福利斯特31杰奎琳·马尔斯/Jacqueline Mars女性74200增加美国糖果继承2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜31约翰·马尔斯/John Mars男性77200增加美国糖果继承34豪尔赫·保罗·雷曼/Jorge Paulo Lemann男性74197增加巴西啤酒白手起家35李兆基/Lee Shau Kee男性86196减少中国香港多元化经营白手起家36西奥·阿尔巴切特/Theo Albrecht男性63193增加德国阿尔迪,商人乔继承并发展36史蒂夫·鲍尔默/Steve Ballmer男性57193增加美国微软白手起家38莱昂纳多·戴尔·维吉奥/Leonardo Del Vecchio男性78192增加意大利眼镜白手起家39莱恩·布拉瓦特尼克/Len Blavatnik男性56187增加美国多元化经营白手起家40穆克什·安巴尼/Mukesh Ambani男性56186减少印度石化、石油和天然气继承并发展40阿利舍尔·乌斯马诺夫/Alisher Usmanov男性60186增加俄罗斯钢铁,电信,投资白手起家42菲尔·耐特/Phil Knight男性76184增加美国耐克白手起家42迈克尔·奥托/Michael Otto男性70184增加德国零售,房地产继承并发展42孙正义/Masayoshi Son男性56184增加日本互联网,电信白手起家45柳井正/Tadashi Yanai男性65179增加日本零售白手起家46吉娜·莱因哈特/Gina Rinehart女性60177增加澳大利亚采矿继承并发展47米哈伊尔·弗里德曼/Mikhail Fridman男性49176增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家48迈克尔·戴尔/Michael Dell男性49175增加美国戴尔白手起家49苏珊娜·克拉腾/Susanne Klatten女性51174增加德国宝马,医药继承50阿比盖尔·约翰逊/Abigail Johnson女性52173增加美国资金管理继承并发展51维克多·维克塞尔伯格/Viktor Vekselberg男性56172增加俄罗斯金属,能源白手起家52拉克希米·米塔尔/Lakshmi Mittal男性63167增加印度钢铁继承并发展53弗拉基米尔·利辛/Vladimir Lisin男性57166增加俄罗斯钢铁,运输白手起家54郑裕彤/Cheng Yu-tung男性88162增加中国香港多元化经营白手起家55约瑟夫·萨夫拉/Joseph Safra男性75160增加巴西银行白手起家56保罗·艾伦/Paul Allen男性61159增加美国微软,投资白手起家57列昂尼德·米赫尔松/Leonid Mikhelson男性58156增加俄罗斯天然气,化工白手起家58安妮·考克斯·钱伯斯/Anne Cox Chambers女性94155增加美国媒体继承58伊里斯·冯特博纳/Iris Fontbona女性71155减少智利采矿继承58弗朗索瓦·皮诺特/Francois Pinault男性77155增加法国零售白手起家61穆罕默德·阿毛迪/Mohammed Al Amoudi男性67153增加沙特阿拉伯石油,多元化经营白手起家61阿齐姆·普莱姆基/Azim Premji男性68153增加印度软件继承并发展61格纳迪·季姆琴科/Gennady Timchenko男性61153增加俄罗斯石油和天然气白手起家64王健林/Wang Jianlin男性59151增加中国大陆房地产白手起家2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道65查尔斯·厄尔根/Charles Ergen男性61150增加美国Dish网络白手起家66斯特芬·科万特/Stefan Quandt男性47149增加德国宝马继承67格尔曼·拉利阿·莫塔·维拉斯科/German Larrea Mota Velasco男性60147减少墨西哥采矿继承并发展68哈罗德·哈姆/Harold Hamm男性68146增加美国石油和天然气白手起家69唐纳德·布伦/Donald Bren男性81144增加美国房地产白手起家69雷伊·达里奥/Ray Dalio男性64144增加美国对冲基金白手起家71乔治·舍弗勒/Georg Schaeffler男性49143增加德国滚珠轴承继承并发展72路易斯·卡洛斯·萨米恩托/Luis Carlos Sarmiento男性81142增加哥伦比亚银行白手起家7373罗纳德·佩雷尔曼/Ronald Perelman男性71140增加美国杠杆收购白手起家73劳伦娜·鲍威尔·乔布斯/Laurene Powell Jobs女性49140增加美国苹果,迪斯尼继承76瓦吉特·阿列克佩罗夫/Vagit Alekperov男性63136减少俄罗斯卢克石油公司白手起家76约翰·弗雷德里克森/John Fredriksen男性69136增加塞浦路斯航运白手起家78鲁珀特·默多克/Rupert Murdoch男性82135增加美国媒体白手起家78约翰·保尔森/John Paulson男性58135增加美国对冲基金白手起家80马化腾/Ma Huateng男性42134增加中国大陆网络媒体白手起家81杰拉尔德·卡文迪什·格罗夫纳/Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor男性62130增加英国房地产继承并发展82帕朗吉·密斯特里/Pallonji Mistry男性84128增加爱尔兰建筑施工继承并发展82乔安娜·科万特/Johanna Quandt女性87128增加德国宝马继承82迪利普·桑哈维/Dilip Shanghvi男性58128增加印度医药白手起家82杰克·泰勒/Jack Taylor男性91128增加美国(Enterprise86郭炳江、郭炳联/Thomas & Raymond Kwok男性/126减少中国香港房地产继承86弗拉基米尔·波塔宁/Vladimir Potanin男性53126减少俄罗斯金属白手起家88雷纳托·阿克梅托夫/Rinat Akhmetov男性47125减少乌克兰钢铁,煤炭白手起家88詹姆斯·西蒙斯/James Simons男性75125增加美国对冲基金白手起家90阿尔贝托·巴伊雷斯·冈萨雷斯/Alberto Bailleres Gonzalez男性82124减少墨西哥采矿继承并发展91李彦宏/Li Robin男性45121增加中国大陆互联网搜索白手起家92埃内斯托·贝尔塔雷利/Ernesto Bertarelli男性48120增加瑞士生物科技,投资继承并发展92汉斯·劳辛/Hans Rausing男性87120增加瑞典包装继承9495郭鹤年/Robert Kuok男性90115减少马来西亚多元化经营白手起家95大卫·鲁宾和西蒙·鲁宾/David & Simon Reuben男性71115增加英国投资,房地产白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜97谢国民/Dhanin Chearavanont男性74114减少泰国食品继承并发展97安德烈·梅尔尼琴科/Andrey Melnichenko男性41114减少俄罗斯煤炭炭,化肥白手起家97施至成/Henry Sy男性89114减少菲律宾多元化经营白手起家100格尔曼·汗/German Khan男性52113增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家100阿南达·克里斯南/Ananda Krishnan男性75113减少马来西亚电信白手起家102李健熙/Lee Kun-Hee男性72111减少韩国三星继承并发展102希夫·纳达/Shiv Nadar男性68111增加印度信息技术白手起家102缪西娅·普拉达/Miuccia Prada女性64111减少意大利普拉达继承并发展102亚历杭德罗·桑托·多明戈·达维拉/Alejandro Santo Domingo Davila男性37111减少哥伦比亚啤酒继承并发展106史蒂夫·科恩/Steve Cohen男性58110增加美国对冲基金白手起家106皮特·凯尔纳/Petr Kellner男性49110增加捷克共和国银行,保险白手起家106黄志祥与黄志达兄弟/Robert & Philip Ng男性/110增加新加坡房地产继承并发展109安德鲁·比尔/Andrew Beal男性61109增加美国银行,地产白手起家109米哈伊尔·普罗霍罗夫/Mikhail Prokhorov男性48109减少俄罗斯投资白手起家111汉斯约格·魏斯/Hansjoerg Wyss男性79105增加瑞士医疗器械白手起家113菲利浦·安舒茨/Philip Anschutz男性74104增加美国投资白手起家113夏琳·德卡瓦略·海内肯/Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken女性59104减少荷兰喜力继承113克劳斯-迈克尔·库恩/Klaus-Michael Kuehne男性76104增加德国航运继承并发展113斯德法诺·佩斯纳/Stefano Pessina男性72104增加意大利药店继承并发展117谢尔盖·加利茨基/Sergei Galitsky男性46103增加俄罗斯零售白手起家117李河君/Li Hejun男性46103新上榜中国大陆可再生能源白手起家119克伊尔德·科尔克·克里斯蒂安森/Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen男性66102增加丹麦乐高玩具继承并发展119马塞尔·赫尔曼·泰列斯/Marcel Herrmann Telles男性64102增加巴西啤酒白手起家122欣杜贾兄弟/Hinduja Brothers男性/100增加英国多元化经营继承并发展122乔治·凯泽/George Kaiser男性71100持平美国石油与天然气,银行继承并发展122马云/Jack Ma男性49100增加中国大陆电子商务白手起家122黄嘉儿/Carrie Perrodo女性63100新上榜法国继承继承122史蒂夫·施瓦茨曼/Stephen Schwarzman男性67100增加美国私募股权投资白手起家122陈颂雄/Patrick Soon-Shiong男性62100增加美国医药白手起家122大卫·泰珀/David Tepper男性56100增加美国对冲基金白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜129乔治·阿玛尼/Giorgio Armani男性7999增加意大利时尚白手起家130理查德·金德/Richard Kinder男性6995减少美国管道白手起家130蔡衍明/Tsai Eng-Meng男性5795减少中国台湾食品,饮料继承并发展132爱德华·约翰逊/Edward Johnson男性8393增加美国资金管理继承并发展132三木谷浩史/Hiroshi Mikitani男性4993增加日本网络零售白手起家132塞缪尔·纽豪斯/Samuel Newhouse男性8693增加美国媒体继承并发展132埃里克·施密特/Eric Schmidt男性5893增加美国谷歌白手起家136迪特里希·梅特舒兹/Dietrich Mateschitz男性6992增加奥地利红牛白手起家137罗曼·阿布拉莫维奇/Roman Abramovich男性4791减少俄罗斯钢铁,投资白手起家137何塞·罗伯托·马里尼奥/Jose Roberto Marinho男性5891增加巴西媒体继承并发展137罗伯托·伊尔埃努·马里尼奥/Roberto Irineu Marinho男性6691增加巴西媒体继承并发展141西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼/Silvio Berlusconi男性7790增加意大利媒体白手起家141苏旭明/Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi男性6990减少泰国饮料白手起家分割141杰拉德·韦特海默/Gerard Wertheimer男性6390家族财富分割法国香奈儿继承141弗拉基米尔·叶夫图申科夫/Vladimir Yevtushenkov男性6590增加俄罗斯电信白手起家146卡洛斯·阿尔贝托·斯库彼拉/Carlos Alberto Sicupira男性6689增加巴西啤酒白手起家147阿列克谢·库兹米切夫/Alexei Kuzmichev男性5188增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家147伊莲·马歇尔/Elaine Marshall女性7188增加美国多元化经营继承147托马斯·彼得菲/Thomas Peterffy男性6988增加美国折扣经纪白手起家147哈索·普拉特纳/Hasso Plattner男性7088减少德国软件白手起家147德米特里·雷波诺列夫/Dmitry Rybolovlev男性4788减少俄罗斯化肥白手起家152路德维希·默克尔/Ludwig Merckle男性4986增加德国医药继承并发展153米高·嘉道理/Michael Kadoorie男性7285减少中国香港多元化经营继承153汉克·梅杰和道格·梅杰/Hank & Doug Meijer男性/85增加美国超市继承并发展153唐纳德·纽豪斯/Donald Newhouse男性8485增加美国媒体继承并发展153盖伦·韦斯顿/Galen Weston男性7385增加加拿大零售继承并发展158刘銮雄/Joseph Lau男性6284增加中国香港房地产白手起家158埃伦·穆斯克/Elon Musk男性4284增加美国特斯拉汽车公司白手起家160里卡多·萨利纳斯·普里戈/Ricardo Salinas Pliego男性5883减少墨西哥零售,传媒继承并发展排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜160奥古斯特·冯·芬克/August von Finck男性8383增加德国投资继承162泽维尔·尼尔/Xavier Niel男性4682增加法国互联网,电信白手起家162皮埃尔·奥米迪亚/Pierre Omidyar男性4682减少美国电子港湾(Ebay)白手起家162安德列·斯科奇/Andrei Skoch男性4882增加俄罗斯钢铁白手起家166皮埃尔·卡斯特/Pierre Castel男性8780新上榜法国酒白手起家167伊曼纽尔·贝斯尼尔/Emmanuel Besnier男性4379增加法国奶酪继承并发展168让-克劳德·德科/Jean-Claude Decaux男性7677增加法国广告白手起家168大卫·杜菲尔德/David Duffield男性7377增加美国商业软件白手起家168吉姆·肯尼迪/Jim Kennedy男性6677增加美国媒体继承并发展168布莱尔·帕里-奥克登/Blair Parry-Okeden女性6377增加美国媒体继承168雷诺德·福士/Reinhold Wuerth男性7877增加德国紧固件白手起家173黄惠忠/R. Budi Hartono男性7376减少印度尼西亚银行,烟草继承并发展173173雅克·施维雅/Jacques Servier男性9276回归榜单法国医药白手起家173蔡万才/Tsai Wan-Tsai男性8476减少中国台湾金融白手起家177詹姆斯·古德纳特/James Goodnight男性7175减少美国软件白手起家177查尔斯·约翰逊/Charles Johnson男性8175增加美国资金管理白手起家177里奥纳德·劳德/Leonard Lauder男性8075减少美国雅诗兰黛继承并发展177约翰·马龙/John Malone男性7275增加美国有线电视白手起家177约翰·默纳德/John Menard男性7475增加美国零售白手起家177克劳斯·茨奇拉/Klaus Tschira男性7375持平德国软件白手起家183文森特·博罗雷/Vincent Bollore男性6174增加法国投资继承并发展184黄惠祥/Michael Hartono男性7473减少印度尼西亚烟草,银行继承并发展184吉姆·帕蒂森/Jim Pattison男性8573增加加拿大多元化经营白手起家186约翰·格拉夫/Johann Graf男性6772增加奥地利博彩白手起家186奥古斯都·珀费提与乔治·珀费提/Augusto & Giorgio Perfetti男性/72增加意大利糖果继承并发展186海因茨·赫尔曼·蒂勒/Heinz Hermann Thiele男性7272增加德国刹车白手起家186吴光正/Peter Woo男性6872减少中国香港房地产白手起家190何享健/He Xiangjian男性7171增加中国大陆家电白手起家191库玛尔·博拉/Kumar Birla男性4670减少印度商品继承并发展191格雷姆·哈特/Graeme Hart男性5870增加兰投资白手起家2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道191迪特马·霍普/Dietmar Hopp男性7370增加德国软件白手起家191拉尔夫·劳伦/Ralph Lauren男性7470持平美国拉尔夫劳伦白手起家191艾亚尔·奥佛/Eyal Ofer男性6370增加以色列地产,航运继承并发展196艾利·布罗德/Eli Broad男性8069增加美国投资白手起家196理查德·迪沃斯/Richard DeVos男性8769增加美国安利白手起家196苏莱曼·克里莫夫/Suleiman Kerimov男性4769减少俄罗斯投资白手起家196魏建军/Wei Jianjun男性5069增加中国大陆汽车白手起家196杨惠妍/Yang Huiyan女性3269增加中国大陆房地产继承202郑梦九/Chung Mong-Koo男性7568增加韩国现代继承202扬·库姆/Jan Koum男性3868新上榜美国WhatsApp白手起家202达斯汀·莫斯科维茨/Dustin Moskovitz男性2968增加美国Facebook白手起家205尼基·奥本海默/Nicky Oppenheimer男性6867增加南非钻石继承205纳塞夫·萨维里斯/Nassef Sawiris男性5367增加埃及建筑施工继承并发展207滝崎武光/Takemitsu Takizaki男性6866增加日本传感器白手起家208米奇·阿里森/Micky Arison男性6465增加美国嘉年华游轮继承并发展208奥列格·德里帕斯卡/Oleg Deripaska男性4665减少俄罗斯铝,公用事业白手起家208列昂尼德·费顿/Leonid Fedun男性5765减少俄罗斯卢克石油公司白手起家208詹姆斯·帕克/James Packer男性4665增加澳大利亚赌场继承并发展212何超琼/Pansy Ho女性5164增加中国香港赌场继承并发展212郭令灿/Quek Leng Chan男性7064增加马来西亚银行,地产继承并发展215吉安路易吉·阿庞特& 拉斐拉·阿庞特/Gianluigi & Rafaela Aponte7363回归榜单瑞士航运白手起家215丹宁·阿瓦拉/Dannine Avara女性5063增加美国管道继承215斯科特·邓肯/Scott Duncan男性3163增加美国管道继承215米兰内·弗朗茨/Milane Frantz女性4463增加美国管道继承215伊凡·格拉森伯格/Ivan Glasenberg男性5763减少澳大利亚采矿白手起家215赫伯特·科勒/Herbert Kohler男性7563增加美国管道装置继承并发展215保罗&吉安菲利斯·马里奥·洛卡/Paolo & Gianfelice Mario Rocca男性/63增加意大利管道制造继承并发展215兰达·威廉姆斯/Randa Williams女性5263增加美国管道继承224S.特鲁特·凯西/S. Truett Cathy男性9262增加美国福来鸡快餐店白手起家2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道224鲁珀特·约翰逊/Rupert Johnson男性7262增加美国资金管理白手起家224萨姆纳·雷德斯通/Sumner Redstone男性9062增加美国媒体白手起家227彼得·艾文/Pyotr Aven男性5861增加俄罗斯石油,银行,电信白手起家227227大卫·格芬/David Geffen男性7161增加美国电影,音乐白手起家227理查德·勒弗拉克/Richard LeFrak男性6861增加美国房地产继承227伊斯坎德尔·马克穆多夫/Iskander Makhmudov男性5061减少俄罗斯采矿,金属,机械白手起家227桑德拉·奧而特加·梅拉/Sandra Ortega Mera女性4561新上榜西班牙扎拉继承227陈永栽/Lucio Tan男性7961增加菲律宾多元化经营白手起家234帕吉欧·贝尔特利/Patrizio Bertelli男性6860减少意大利奢侈品白手起家234陈丽华/Chan Laiwa女性7360增加中国大陆房地产白手起家234费拉瑞特·加尔切夫/Filaret Galchev男性5060减少俄罗斯建筑材料白手起家234詹姆斯·欧文/James Irving男性8560家族财富分割234丹尼斯·奥布莱恩/Denis O'Brien男性5560增加爱尔兰电信白手起家234伊拉·雷纳尔特/Ira Rennert男性7960减少美国投资白手起家240里昂·布莱克/Leon Black男性6258增加美国私募股权投资白手起家240盖尔·库克/Gayle Cook女性8058增加美国医疗器械白手起家240查尔斯·施瓦布/Charles Schwab男性7658增加美国折扣经纪白手起家240丹尼斯·华盛顿/Dennis Washington男性7958增加美国建筑业,采矿业白手起家244张东文夫妇/Jin Sook & Do Won Chang5957增加美国时装零售白手起家244许家印/Hui Ka Yan男性5557减少中国大陆房地产白手起家244许荣茂/Hui Wing Mau男性6357增加中国香港房地产白手起家244帕特里克·麦卡文/Patrick McGovern男性7657增加美国媒体白手起家244伊丹·奥佛/Idan Ofer男性5857减少以色列钻井,航运继承并发展244约恩·罗辛/Jorn Rausing男性5457增加瑞典继承继承244莱斯利·卫克斯奈/Leslie Wexner男性7657增加美国零售白手起家253雷·李·亨特/Ray Lee Hunt男性7156持平美国石油,房地产继承并发展253斯坦利·克朗克/Stanley Kroenke男性6656增加美国体育,不动产白手起家253郑鸿标/Teh Hong Piow男性8356持平马来西亚银行白手起家256迈克尔·阿什利/Michael Ashley男性4955增加英国体育用品零售白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜256卡洛斯·巴尔格洛尼和亚历杭德罗·巴尔格洛尼/Carlos and Alejandro Bulgheroni 男性/55持平阿根廷石油和天然气继承并发展256杰弗里·希尔德布兰德/Jeffery Hildebrand男性5455持平美国石油白手起家256亚瑟·欧文/Arthur Irving男性8455家族财富分割加拿大石油继承并发展256刘永行/Liu Yongxing男性6555减少中国大陆农业综合企业白手起家256托马斯·史密德海尼/Thomas Schmidheiny男性6855持平瑞士水泥继承并发展256布鲁诺·施罗德/Bruno Schroder男性8155增加英国银行继承263郭台铭/Terry Gou男性6354增加中国台湾电子产品白手起家263谢尔盖·波波夫/Sergei Popov男性4254减少俄罗斯银行白手起家263斯蒂芬·罗斯/Stephen Ross男性7354增加美国房地产白手起家263迈尔可·斯科尔林/Melker Schorling男性6654增加瑞典投资白手起家267埃默里科·阿莫林/Americo Amorim男性7953增加葡萄牙能源,投资继承并发展267安德斯·霍尔希·波维森/Anders Holch Povlsen男性4153增加丹麦零售继承并发展267史蒂夫·韦特海默/Stef Wertheimer男性8753增加以色列工具白手起家270玛丽亚·亚松森·阿兰布鲁沙巴拉/Maria Asuncion Aramburuzabala女性5052增加墨西哥啤酒继承270安德鲁·弗雷斯特/Andrew Forrest男性5252减少澳大利亚采矿白手起家270菲利普·格林和克里斯蒂娜·格林/Philip & Cristina Green6152增加英国零售白手起家270肯·格里芬/Ken Griffin男性4552增加美国对冲基金白手起家270毕齐纳·伊万尼舍维里/Bidzina Ivanishvili男性5852减少格鲁吉亚投资白手起家270卡尔-海因茨·基普/Karl-Heinz Kipp男性9052增加德国零售白手起家270黄祖耀/Wee Cho Yaw男性8552增加新加坡银行继承并发展278杰奎琳·迪马雷斯/Jacqueline Desmarais女性8551新上榜加拿大金融服务继承278芬恩·罗辛/Finn Rausing男性5951持平瑞典继承继承278柯尔斯顿·罗辛/Kirsten Rausing女性6151持平瑞典包装继承281阿尼尔·安巴尼/Anil Ambani男性5450减少印度多元化经营继承并发展281理查德·布兰森/Richard Branson男性6350增加英国维珍白手起家281安东尼奥·德·瓦勒·鲁伊斯/Antonio Del Valle Ruiz男性7550新上榜墨西哥化工白手起家281大卫·格林/David Green男性7250增加美国零售白手起家281斯泰因·埃里克·哈根/Stein Erik Hagen男性5750增加挪威零售白手起家281布鲁斯·哈勒/Bruce Halle男性8350增加美国轮胎白手起家281米奇·贾格迪安尼/Micky Jagtiani男性6250增加印度零售继承并发展281亨利·克拉维斯/Henry Kravis男性7050增加美国私募股权投资白手起家2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道281郭炳湘/Walter Kwok男性6350分割281乔·刘易斯/Joe Lewis男性7750增加英国投资白手起家281戈登·摩尔/Gordon Moore男性8550增加美国英特尔白手起家281281乔治·罗伯茨/George Roberts男性7050增加美国私募股权投资白手起家281哈里·特里古波夫/Harry Triguboff男性8150增加澳大利亚不动产投资白手起家295毒岛邦雄/Kunio Busujima男性8849持平日本博彩白手起家295海因斯-霍斯特·戴希曼/Heinz-Horst Deichmann男性8749增加德国鞋业继承并发展295阿尔伯特·弗雷利/Albert Frere男性8849增加比利时投资白手起家295弗里茨·戈登斯迈迪恩/Frits Goldschmeding男性8049增加荷兰短工中介白手起家295埃里温·豪布/Erivan Haub男性8149增加德国零售继承并发展295萨维特里·金达尔/Savitri Jindal女性6349减少印度钢铁继承295乔治·卢卡斯/George Lucas男性6949增加美国电影《星球大战》白手起家295赛鲁斯·普纳瓦拉/Cyrus Poonawalla男性7249增加印度疫苗继承并发展295罗伯特·罗琳/Robert Rowling男性6049持平美国投资继承并发展295沙希·鲁雅、拉维·鲁雅兄弟/Shashi & Ravi Ruia男性/49减少印度多元化经营继承并发展305阿卜杜拉·本·艾哈迈德·古赖尔/Abdulla bin Ahmad Al Ghurair男性/48增加阿联酋多元化经营继承并发展305劳伦斯·格拉夫/Laurence Graff男性7548增加英国钻石首饰白手起家305保利娜·麦克米兰·凯纳斯/Pauline MacMillan Keinath女性8048增加美国嘉吉公司继承305布鲁斯·柯夫纳/Bruce Kovner男性6948增加美国对冲基金白手起家305安·沃尔顿·克伦克/Ann Walton Kroenke女性6548增加美国沃尔玛继承305惠特尼·麦克米伦/Whitney MacMillan男性8548增加美国嘉吉公司继承305格温多琳·松泰姆·迈耶/Gwendolyn Sontheim Meyer女性5248增加美国嘉吉公司继承305莉泽洛特·佩尔松/Liselott Persson女性6448增加瑞典H&M继承305胡安·罗伊格/Juan Roig男性6448减少西班牙超市继承并发展305卡尔·拉斯切克/Karl Wlaschek男性9648持平奥地利零售白手起家305张志东/Zhang Zhidong男性4248增加中国大陆网络媒体白手起家305丹尼尔·齐夫/Daniel Ziff男性4248增加美国投资继承305德科·齐夫/Dirk Ziff男性4948增加美国投资继承305罗伯特齐夫/Robert Ziff男性4748增加美国投资继承319莎丽·阿里森/Shari Arison女性5647增加以色列嘉年华游轮继承319弗兰克·洛伊/Frank Lowy男性8347减少澳大利亚商场白手起家排名姓名性别年龄净资产(亿美元)财富变化国籍财富来源创富渠道2014福布斯全球亿万富豪榜319塞尔吉奥·曼特伽扎/Sergio Mantegazza男性8647增加瑞士旅游白手起家319阿农·米尔臣/Arnon Milchan男性6947增加以色列电影制作白手起家319霍斯特·鲍尔曼/Horst Paulmann男性7947减少智利零售白手起家319吴聪满/Andrew Tan男性6147增加菲律宾多元化经营白手起家325迈克·阿登努加/Mike Adenuga男性6046减少尼日利亚电信,石油白手起家325皮埃尔·贝龙/Pierre Bellon男性8446增加法国食品服务继承并发展325黛安·亨德里克斯/Diane Hendricks女性6746增加美国建材白手起家328马吉德·弗泰伊姆/Majid Al Futtaim男性/45增加阿联酋房地产,零售继承并发展328詹姆斯·戴森/James Dyson男性6645增加英国真空吸尘器白手起家328迈克尔·赫茨/Michael Herz男性7045减少德国咖啡继承328沃尔夫冈·赫茨/Wolfgang Herz男性6345减少德国咖啡继承328柯克·科克里安/Kirk Kerkorian男性9645增加美国赌场,投资白手起家328李在镕/Jay Y. Lee男性4545增加韩国三星继承328特雷弗·里斯-琼斯/Trevor Rees-Jones男性6245持平美国石油和天然气白手起家328迪特尔·斯纳贝尔/Dieter Schnabel男性6845减少德国化工继承并发展328林恩·舒斯特曼/Lynn Schusterman女性7545增加美国资继承并发展328约翰·A.索布拉托/John A. Sobrato男性7445增加美国房地产白手起家328孙大卫/David Sun男性6245增加美国计算机硬件白手起家328杜纪川/John Tu男性7345增加美国计算机硬件白手起家340芭芭拉·卡尔森·盖奇/Barbara Carlson Gage女性7144增加美国酒店,餐馆继承并发展340冈特·赫兹及其家族/Guenter Herz & Family男性7344增加德国咖啡继承并发展340罗结/Luo Jye男性8844增加中国台湾轮胎白手起家340玛丽莲·卡尔森·尼尔森/Marilyn Carlson Nelson女性7444增加美国酒店,餐馆继承并发展340科尔茨·沃伦/Kelcy Warren男性5844增加美国管道白手起家345保罗·都铎·琼斯/Paul Tudor Jones男性5943增加美国对冲基金白手起家345山姆威尔·卡拉佩特延/Samvel Karapetyan男性4843增加俄罗斯房地产开发白手起家345李深静/Lee Shin Cheng男性7443减少马来西亚棕榈油,房地产白手起家345梁稳根/Liang Wengen男性5743减少中国大陆制造业白手起家345丹·奥尔森/Dan Olsson男性6743新上榜瑞典多元化经营继承并发展345埃马努埃莱 ·萨普托/Emanuele (Lino) Saputo男性7743持平加拿大奶酪继承并发展345王传福/Wang Chuanfu男性4843增加中国大陆电池,汽车白手起家。
Traditions and customs
Boxing Day
December 26 It is usually spent in front of the TV, recovering from Christmas Day. Servants go from house to house with collecting boxes.
The Boat Race
In March A rowing race between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. On the river Thames in London (7,2 km).
Pancake Day
In March The last day before Lent. Pancake race-running while holding a pancake in a frying pan. Competitors have to throw it in the air and catch it again in the pan.
New Year’s Eve
December 31 Traditionally Scottish celebration. At midnight everybody joins hands and sings Auld Lang Syne.
Halloween
October 31 A pagan festival celebrates the return of the souls that visit their former houses. People dress up as witches, ghosts etc. Houses are decorated with pumpkins.
智利抗震规范
NCh433
Index
5.8 Seismic actions on the structure 5.9 Seismic deformations 5.10 Separations between buildings or building parts 5.11 Drawings and calculation report
38
A.4 General provisions for repair methods
38Βιβλιοθήκη A.5 Requirements that must be met by the construction process of the
structural rehabilitation
39
A.6 Necessity of rehabilitation for buildings without damages
the seismic movement
6
4.3 Classification of buildings and structures according to their importance,
occupancy and failure risk
6
4.4 Seismic instruments
7
5
37
A.1 General
37
A.2 Evaluation of the seismic damage and structural rehabilitation decisions
37
A.3 Requirements to be met by the structural rehabilitation project
6
黄石专版2022九年级英语全册Unit13We'retryingtosavetheearth综合测试
After seven years of tests, on October 2nd, 2019, a machine called System 001/B came out. It successfully caught and collected a large amount of plastic rubbish floating in the ocean.
According to a report of the government, the fishermen said they would give up fishing along the Yangtze River to protect the “mother river”. Chinese officer Han Zheng said that more support should be given to the fishermen to help them find new jobs and places to live in.
died.
“Everyone has heard 15 the Great Wall of China,”says Li Li.“But have
you heard of the Green Wall of China?That’s the biggest tree planting 16 of all.”
The Gobi Desert in the north of China was 17 every year.So in 1978,a tree planting
《Carnival》课件
Test 3
During carnival, people walked round the street_w__e_a_ri_n_g_(wear) masks to do something __i_n_secret withoutbe_in_g__re_c_og_n_iz_e_d(recognize). So many
5. If the masks come off, the m_a_g_ic__ is lost.
Test 2
Think of carnival, and you think of crowds, confusion and excitement(excite). People saw carnival __a_s_the last chance to have fun __a_t _ the end of the winter season. _H__a_v_i_n_g_(have) fun meant eating, drinking and _d_r_e_ss_i_n_g_(dress) up. At the _b_e_g_in_n_i_n_g (begin), it lasted (for) just one day. ___A__s time passed, it continued for weeks__o_n_ end.
Holi
This is a festival of color, which marks the beginning of spring in India.
Thanksgiving Day
(The 4th Thursday of November)
This is when Americans remember the hard times when they first arrived in the country.
Critique,Social media and information society (1-59)
Critique, Social Media and the Information SocietyIn times of global capitalist crisis we are witnessing a return of critique in the form of a surging interest in critical theories (such as the critical political economy of Karl Marx) and social rebellions as a reaction to the commodifi cation and instrumentalization of everything. On one hand, there are overdrawn claims that social media (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc.) have caused uproars in countries like Tunisia and Egypt. On the other hand, the question arises as to what actual role social media play in con-temporary capitalism, crisis, rebellions, the strengthening of the commons, and the potential creation of participatory democracy. The commodifi ca-tion of everything has resulted also in a commodifi cation of the commu-nication commons, including Internet communication that is today largely commercial in character.This book deals with the questions of what kind of society and what kind of Internet are desirable, how capitalism, power structures and social media are connected, how political struggles are connected to social media, what current developments of the Internet and society tell us about poten-tial futures, how an alternative Internet can look like, and how a participa-tory, commons-based Internet and a co-operative, participatory, sustainable information society can be achieved.Christian Fuchs is Professor of Social Media Research at the University of Westminster’s Communication and Media Research Institute.Marisol Sandoval is a Lecturer in Culture, Policy and Management at City University, London.Routledge Studies in Science, Technology and Society1 Science and the Media Alternative Routes in Scientifi c CommunicationMassimiano Bucchi2 Animals, Disease and Human SocietyHuman-Animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine Joanna Swabe3 Transnational Environmental PolicyThe Ozone LayerReiner Grundmann4 Biology and Political Science Robert H. Blank and Samuel M. Hines, Jr.5 Technoculture and Critical TheoryIn the Service of the Machine? Simon Cooper6 Biomedicine as Culture Instrumental Practices, Technoscientifi c Knowledge, and New Modes of LifeEdited by Regula Valérie Burri and Joseph Dumit7 Journalism, Science and Society Science Communication between News and Public Relations Edited by Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi8 Science Images and Popular Images of ScienceEdited by Bernd Hüppauf and Peter Weingart9 Wind Power and Power PoliticsInternational PerspectivesEdited by Peter A. Strachan,David Lal and David Toke10 Global Public Health VigilanceCreating a World on AlertLorna Weir and Eric Mykhalovskiy 11 Rethinking DisabilityBodies, Senses, and ThingsMichael Schillmeier12 BiometricsBodies, Technologies, BiopoliticsJoseph Pugliese13 Wired and MobilizingSocial Movements, NewTechnology, and Electoral PoliticsVictoria Carty14 The Politics of BioethicsAlan Petersen15 The Culture of ScienceHow the Public Relates to ScienceAcross the GlobeEdited by Martin W. Bauer, RajeshShukla and Nick Allum16 Internet and SurveillanceThe Challenges of Web 2.0 andSocial MediaEdited by Christian Fuchs, KeesBoersma, Anders Albrechtslundand Marisol Sandoval17 The Good Life in a TechnologicalAgeEdited by Philip Brey, AdamBriggle and Edward Spence18 The Social Life ofNanotechnologyEdited by Barbara Herr Harthornand John W. Mohr19 Video Surveillance and SocialControl in a ComparativePerspectiveEdited by Fredrika Björklund andOla Svenonius20 The Digital Evolution of anAmerican IdentityC. Waite21 Nuclear Disaster at FukushimaDaiichiSocial, Political andEnvironmental IssuesEdited by Richard Hindmarsh22 Internet and EmotionsEdited by Tova Benski andEran Fisher23 Critique, Social Media and theInformation SocietyEdited by Christian Fuchs andMarisol SandovalCritique, Social Media and the Information SocietyEdited by Christian Fuchs andMarisol SandovalNEW YORK LONDONFirst published 2014by Routledge711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017Simultaneously published in the UKby Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RNRoutledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business© 2014 Taylor & FrancisThe right of Christian Fuchs and Marisol Sandoval to be identified as theauthors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individualchapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced orutilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, nowknown or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or inany information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writingfrom the publishers.Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks orregistered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanationwithout intent to infringe.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record has been requested for this book.ISBN13: 978-0-415-84185-6 (hbk)ISBN13: 978-0-203-76407-7 (ebk)Typeset in Sabonby IBT Global.Printed and bound in the United States of Americaby IBT Global.SFI label applies to the text stockContentsList of Figures ix List of Tables xi 1 Introduction: Critique, Social Media and the InformationSociety in the Age of Capitalist Crisis 1 CHRISTIAN FUCHS AND MARISOL SANDOVALPART ICritical Studies of the Information Society2 Critique of the Political Economy of Informational Capitalismand Social Media 51 CHRISTIAN FUCHS3 Potentials and Risks for Creating a Global SustainableInformation Society 66 WOLFGANG HOFKIRCHNER4 Critical Studies of Contemporary Informational Capitalism:The Perspective of Emerging Scholars 76 SEBASTIAN SEVIGNANI, ROBERT PREY, MARISOL SANDOVAL, THOMASALLMER, JERNEJ A. PRODNIK AND VERENA KREILINGER5 Social Informatics and Ethics: Towards the Good Informationand Communication Society 91 GUNILLA BRADLEYPART IICritical Internet- and Social Media-Studies6 Great Refusal or Long March: How to Think Aboutthe Internet 109 ANDREW FEENBERGviii Contents7 Producing Consumerism: Commodities, Ideologies, Practices 125GRAHAM MURDOCK8 Social Media?: The Unsocial Character of Capitalist Media 144MARISOL SANDOVAL9 The Global Worker and the Digital Front 165NICK DYER-WITHEFORD10 Alienation’s Returns 179MARK ANDREJEVIC11 Social Media and Political Participation: Discourse andDefl ection 191 PETER DAHLGREN12 “The Architecture of Participation”: For Citizens orConsumers? 203 TOBIAS OLSSONPART IIICritical Studies of Communication Labour13 Precarious Times, Precarious Work: A Feminist PoliticalEconomy of Freelance Journalists in Canada and theUnited States 219 CATHERINE MCKERCHER14 Flight as Fight: Re-Negotiating the Work of Journalism 231MARGARETA MELIN15 Marx is Back, but Will Knowledge Workers of theWorld Unite? On the Critical Study of Labour, Media andCommunication Today 248 VINCENT MOSCOContributors 261 Index 268Figures1.1 Number of articles published about Marx and Marxism thatare listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index in ten yearintervals. 10 1.2 Average number of annually published articles in ten yearintervals about Marx and Marxism that are listed in theSocial Sciences Citation Index. 10 1.3 Share of the global gross market value of OTC derivatives inworld GDP (in %). 301.4 Global advertising revenue, by medium 2007–2011. 332.1 A typology of information society theories. 54 5.1 Convergence and complexity. 95 5.2 The convergence theory of ICTs, society and human beings. 96 5.3 Societal self-production. 97 14.1 The interplay between strategies and tactics in the fi eld ofjournalism. 235Tables1.1 Annual Growth of Labour Productivity in the G7 andOECD Countries, 1971–2011 23 1.2 Adjusted Wage Share as Percentage of GDP at CurrentMarket Prices 25 1.3 The Development of the Profi t Share in the EU 15 Countries 26 1.4 The Development of the Profi t Share in the UK 26 1.5 The Development of the Profi t Share in the USA 27 1.6 Capital Taxes, Percentage of GDP at Market Prices 29 1.7 Share of the Financial Industry in the Total Economy’sValue Added (in Current Prices) of Selected Countries 30 7.1 The Consolidation of Commodity Culture 130 14.1 The Dichotomised Gender Logic of Journalism 234 14.2 The Career of Thirty-Three UK Journalists from1992 to 2012 2401 IntroductionCritique, Social Media and theInformation Society in the Age ofCapitalist CrisisChristian Fuchs and Marisol Sandoval1.1. INFORMATION SOCIETY?This book presents contributions that analyse the societal dimension of the media critically. Although the contributions do not necessarily share the assumption that we live in an information society, they all express an interest in analysing media and information in their societal context, i.e. in relationship to the interaction of economy, politics and culture, and the power structures and patterns of stratifi cation and inequalities that shape contemporary capitalist societies. There are many labels that one can use to describe contemporary society and many of them, such as capitalism, describe today’s society in a more critical manner than the notions of the information or knowledge society that have all too often been captured by dominant interests in order to advance neoliberal policies. Nonetheless it is true that media, knowledge work and information technologies play a certain role in many contemporary societies and that the notion of the information society should therefore not simply be rejected, but critically assessed. Information is one of several relevant dimensions of contemporary society. Just like we can say that we live in informational capitalism, we can also say that we live in fi nance capitalism, hyperindustrial capitalism, crisis capitalism, etc (Fuchs 2012a). Informational capitalism signifi es the extent to which the contemporary global economy and society are information- and media-based. This degree varies and can be measured in various ways. To speak of this tendency as informational capitalism means to neither reject nor glorify the information society discourse and to acknowledge that the contemporary information economy is shaped by a contradiction between productive forces and relations of production: It is capitalist at the level of the relations of production and to a certain degree informational on the level of the productive forces (Fuchs 2012a).In 1968, six years before the publication of Daniel Bell’s (1974) book The coming of post-industrial society that was path-breaking for the informa-tion society discourse (i.e. in a time before the high rise of the information society hypothesis), Theodor W. Adorno (1968/2003) gave an introductory keynote talk on the topic of “Late capitalism or industrial society?” at the2Christian Fuchs and Marisol Sandovalannual meeting of the German Sociological Association. He said that the “fundamental question of the present structure of society” is “about the alternatives: late capitalism or industrial society”. It is aboutwhether the capitalist system still predominates according to its model, however modifi ed, or whether the development of industry has ren-dered the concept of capitalism obsolete, together with the distinction between capitalist and noncapitalist states and even the critique of cap-italism. In other words, the question is whether it is true that Marx is out of date. (1968/2003, 111)Adorno pointed out dichotomous answers to this question (either/or) “are themselves predicaments modelled on dilemmas taken from an unfree soci-ety” (1968/2003, 113).Adorno gave an answer to the question that took into account the impor-tance and relation of the productive forces and the relations of production in the capitalist mode of production:In terms of critical, dialectical theory, I would like to propose as an initial, necessarily abstract answer that contemporary society undoubtedly is an industrial society according to the state of its forces of production. Indus-trial labor has everywhere become the model of society as such, regard-less of the frontiers separating di ering political systems. It has developed into a totality because methods modeled on those of industry are nec-essarily extended by the laws of economics to other realms of material production, administration, the sphere of distribution, and those that call themselves culture. In contrast, however, society is capitalist in its rela-tions of production. People are still what they were in Marx’s analysis in the middle of the nineteenth century [ . . . ] Production takes place today, as then, for the sake of profi t. (1968/2003, 117)Paraphrasing Adorno and transferring his question and answer to a time that is shaped by information society discourse, one can hypothesize that a fun-damental question of the present structure of society is about the alternatives: capitalism or information society. In terms of critical, dialectical theory, we would like to propose as an initial, necessarily abstract answer that contem-porary society is an information society according to the state of its forces of production. In contrast, however, contemporary society is capitalist in its relations of production. People are still what they were in Marx’s analysis in the middle of the nineteenth century. Production takes place today, as then, for the sake of profi t and for achieving this end it to a certain extent makes use of knowledge and information technology in production.Productive forces and relations of production are interlocking phe-nomena, they contain each other. The informational forces of production (knowledge labour, information technology, science, theoretical knowledge)Introduction 3 and the capitalist class relations should not be seen as polar opposites and the discussion about the existence or non-existence of an information soci-ety should neither be reduced to the level of the productive forces nor to the level of the relations of production. The fi rst reduction will result in the assumption that we live in a new society, the information society, the second reduction will result in the response that nothing has changed and we still live in a capitalist society. The informational forces of production (just like the non-informational ones) are mediated by class relations, which means that the establishment of information technologies (as part of the instruments of production) and knowledge work (which is characterized by a composition of labour, where mental and communicative features domi-nate over manual features) as features of economic production are strategies for advancing surplus value exploitation, the reduction of variable and con-stant capital. Capital thereby hopes to achieve higher profi t rates. The idea that the notion of society can today solely be constructed by reference to the informational forces of production is an ideological illusion. The counter-claim that nothing has changed because we still live in a society dominated by capitalist class relations is an understandable reaction and a strategy of ideology critique. A dialectical analysis cannot leave out that there are cer-tain changes taking place that are intended to support the deepening of the class structure, but also contain what Marx termed Keimformen (germ forms of an alternative society). That the development of the informational productive forces is itself contradictory and comes in confl ict with the capi-talist relations of production can be observed by phenomena such as fi le sharing on the Internet, the discussions about intellectual property rights, the emergence of pirate parties in the political landscape of advanced capi-talist countries, or the popularity of free software (Fuchs 2008, 2009). Marx predicted the emergence of informational productive forces as the result of the development of fi xed capital, i.e. the increasing technical and organic composition of capital that is characterized by an increase of the role of technology in production at the expense of living labour power.The development of fi xed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production, and to what degree, hence, the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the general intellect and been transformed in accordance with it. To what degree the powers of social production have been produced, not only in the form of knowledge, but also as immediate organs of social practice, of the real life process. (Marx 1857/1858, 706)Marx argued that by technological development “the entire production process” becomes “the technological application of science” (1857/1858, 699). The “transformation of the production process from the simple labour process into a scientifi c process [ . . . ] appears as a quality of fi xed4Christian Fuchs and Marisol Sandovalcapital in contrast to living labour” (1857/1858, 700). So for Marx, the rise of informational productive forces was immanently connected to capital’s need for fi nding technical ways that allow accumulating more profi ts. That society has to a certain degree become informational is just like the dis-course about this circumstance a result of the development of capitalism.1.2 SOCIAL MEDIA?By using the term “social media” in the title of this book, we want to sig-nify several things that are refl ected in the contributions in this volume:•All media stand in the context of society. Neglecting the analysis of the media together with society often results in deterministic, admin-istrative research.•Contemporary media on the one hand are, as the contributions in this book show, entangled in numerous forms with the commodity form and private property. On the other hand they also have certain poten-tials and germ forms of advancing the social character of production and ownership.•Special consideration is given in this book to what are today often misleadingly called “social media”: blogs (e.g. Blogspot, Wordpress), social networking sites (e.g. Facebook), microblogs (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, Weibo), wikis (e.g. Wikipedia, WikiLeaks), user-generated content and fi le sharing sites (e.g. YouTube, the Pirate Bay). This does not mean that we share the social media hype that mainly is aimed at attracting investors and often celebrates contemporary capitalist cul-ture as participatory, democratic and creative without giving enough consideration to realities of precarity, exploitation, inequalities and power asymmetries. But it means that we think the analysis of the mentioned kind of media is important, should be taken seriously and conducted in a critical way that goes beyond hype and ideology. What is social about social media? The discussions about these terms started when Tim O’Reilly (2005) introduced the term “web 2.0” in 2005. Although O’Reilly surely thinks that “web 2.0” denotes actual changes and says that the crucial fact about it is that users, as a collective intel-ligence, co-create the value of platforms like Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, or Craigslist in a “community of connected users” (O’Reilly and Battelle 2009, 1), he later admitted that the term was mainly created for identify-ing the need of new economic strategies of Internet companies after the “” crisis, in which the bursting of fi nancial bubbles caused the col-lapse of many Internet companies. In a paper published fi ve years after the creation of the term “web 2.0”, O’Reilly stated that this category was “a statement about the second coming of the Web after the dotcom bust” andIntroduction 5 that it was used at a conference that was“designed to restore confi dence in an industry that had lost its way” (O’Reilly and Battelle 2009, 1). This is just another formulation for saying that “web 2.0” is a capitalist marketing ideology aimed at attracting venture capital investments for newly founded Internet companies.Michael Mandiberg argues that the notion of “social media” has been associated with multiple concepts: “the corporate media favorite ‘user-generated content’, Henry Jenkin’s media-industries-focused ‘convergence culture’, Jay Rosen’s ‘the people formerly known as the audience’, the politically infused ‘participatory media’, Yochai Benkler’s process-oriented ‘peer-production’, and Tim O’Reilly’s computer-programming-oriented ‘Web 2.0’” (Mandiberg 2012, 2).The question of if and how social the web is or has become, depends on a profoundly social theoretical question: What does it mean to be social? Are human beings always social or only if they interact with others? In sociologi-cal theory, there are di erent concepts of the social, such as Émile Durkheim’s social facts, Max Weber’s social action, Karl Marx’s notion of collaborative work (as also employed in the concept of computer-supported collaborative work—CSCW), or Ferdinand Tönnies’s notion of community (Fuchs 2010). Depending on which concept of sociality one employs, one gets di erent answers to the questions regarding if the web is social or not and if sociality is a new quality of the web or not. Community aspects of the web have cer-tainly not started with Facebook, which was founded in 2004, but was already described as characteristic of 1980s bulletin board systems like The WELL. Collaborative work (e.g. the co-operative editing of articles performed on Wikipedia) is rather new as a dominant phenomenon on the world wide web (WWW), but not new in computing. The concept of CSCW became the sub-ject of a conference series that identifi es multiple dimensions of sociality (such as cognition, communication, and co-operation), based on which the continu-ities and discontinuities of the development of the Internet can be empirically studied. The fi rst ACM Conference on CSCW was held in Austin, Texas, in December 1986. Neither is the wiki-concept new itself—the WikiWikiWeb was introduced by Ward Cunningham in 1984. All computing systems, and therefore all web applications and also all forms of media, can be considered as social because they store and transmit human knowledge that originates in social relations in society. They are objectifi cations of society and human social relations. Whenever a human uses a computing system or a medium (also if s/he is alone in a room), then s/he cognizes based on objectifi ed knowledge that is the outcome of social relations. But not all computing systems and web applications support direct communication between humans, in which at least two humans mutually exchange symbols that are interpreted as being mean-ingful. Because Amazon mainly provides information about books and other goods one can buy, it is not primarily a tool of communication, but rather a tool of information, whereas Facebook has in-built communication features that are frequently used (mail system, walls for comments, forums, etc.).6Christian Fuchs and Marisol SandovalThe discussion shows that it is not a simple question to decide if and how social the WWW actually is. Therefore a social theory approach of clarifying the notion of “social media” can be advanced by identifying three social information processes that constitute three forms of sociality (Hofkirchner 2013):* Cognition* Communication* Co-operationAccording to this view, individuals have certain cognitive features that they use to interact with others so that shared spaces of interaction are created. In some cases, these spaces are used not just for communication, but for the co-production of novel qualities of overall social systems and for community-building. The three notions relate to di erent forms of sociality (Fuchs 2010): The notion of cognition is related to Emile Durkheim’s concept of social facts, the communication concept to Max Weber’s notions of social actions and social relations, the co-operation concept to the notions of communities and collaborative work. According to this model, media and online platforms (1) that primarily support cognition (e.g. the websites of newspapers) are social media, (2) that primarily support communication (e.g. e-mail) are social media, and (3) that primarily support community-building and collaborative work (e.g. Wikipedia, Facebook) are social media. This means that social media is a complex term and that there are di erent types of social media. Empirical studies show that the most recent development is that there is a cer-tain increase of the importance of social media on the Internet (Fuchs 2010), which is especially due to the rise of social networking sites such as Facebook, wikis like Wikipedia, and microblogs such as Twitter and Weibo.If one compares lists of the most accessed websites from 1995–2000 to 2006–present for certain countries or the world, the rise of Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Tumblr, Blogspot, Wordpress, and LinkedIn among the most accessed platforms will be evident. These platforms are especially focused on communication, collaboration, community-building and com-munity-maintenance. There is a special focus on the critical study of such platforms in this book, i.e. the analysis of how they stand in the context of power, exploitation, domination, oppression, class, digital labour and ideology, as well as protest and struggles.1.3 CRITIQUEThis book came about as a consequence of the fourth ICTs and Society Conference “Critique, Democracy and Philosophy in 21st Century Infor-mation Society. Towards Critical Theories of Social Media” (Uppsala University. May 2 to 4, 2012, see /events/ uppsala2012/). Its task was to provide an opportunity to discuss and refl ectIntroduction 7 on the role of critique, critical theory, and philosophy in the information society and in relation to the Internet and social media. The conference focused on discussing questions such as:*What are the meanings and roles of critique and critical theory today? *What are the conditions of critique today?*What does it mean to study media and communication critically today? *What does it mean to study digital media and the Internet critically today?In what society do we live today and what is the role of informa-*tion in it?*What is the role of crisis, capitalism, power, struggles, and democracy in contemporary society and how are they connected to digital media?*What kind of theories and what philosophies do we need for under-standing all of these phenomena?*How can we bring about a just society?The ICTs and Society Network () was founded in 2008. It is an international group of scholars that focuses on fostering dis-cussions and networking between scholars who conduct research about the role of ICTs and the Internet in the information society. The fi rst conference took place in June 2008 at the University of Salzburg (Austria), the second in June 2009 at the University of Trento (Italy), the third in July 2010 at the Internet Interdisciplinary Institute of the Open University of Catalonia in Barcelona (Spain). In 2012, the ICTs and Society Conference was held in Sweden at Uppsala University. It was thus far the largest of the four confer-ences: There were approximately 170 attendees, 100 talks in parallel sessions, and 15 keynote talks in 7 plenary sessions. A generous funding of the event by Vetenskapsrådet (The Swedish Research Council) enabled the invitation of the keynote speakers. Besides Uppsala University and the ICTs and Soci-ety Network, scholars from the following institutions were also involved in the organisation of the conference: the European Sociological Association’s Research Network 18: Sociology of Communications and Media Research; tripleC: Communication, Capatilism, and Critique. Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society; the Unifi ed Theory of Information Research Group (Austria); Aarhus University’s Department of Information and Media Studies (Denmark); the Vienna University of Technology’s Institute for Design & Assessment of Technology (Austria); and Jönköping University’s School of Education and Communication (Sweden).Overall, the conference presentations showed a strong interest in critical media and communication studies; a profound engagement with philoso-phy, critical theory, and social theory; and an interest in the critical study of media, communication and digital media in the context of society, capital-ism, and domination. Many conference participants pointed out the large presence of PhD students and younger scholars coming from various coun-tries, who were conducting critical studies of media and communication。
March 12
0312, 2011March is Women’s History Month, a time not only to celebrate the progress that women have made, but also the women throughout our history who have made that progress possible.One inspiring American who comes to mind is Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1961, the former First Lady was unhappy about the lack of women in government, so she marched up to President Kennedy and handed him a three-page list of women who were qualified for top posts in his administration. This led the President to select Mrs. Roosevelt as the head of a new commission to look at the status of women in America, and the unfairness they routinely faced in their lives.Though she passed away before the commission could finish its work, the report they released spurred action across the country. It helped galvanize a movement led by women that would help make our society a more equal place.It’s been almost fifty years since the Roosevelt commission published its findings –and there have been few similar efforts by the government in the decades that followed. That’s why, last week, here at the White House, we released a new comprehensive report on the status of women in the spirit on the one that was released half a century ago.There was a lot of positive news about the strides we’ve made, even in recent years. For example, women have caught up with men in seeking higher education. In fact, women today are more likely than men to attend and graduate from college.Yet, there are also reminders of how much work remains to be done. Women are still more likely to live in poverty in this country. In education, there are areas like math and engineering where women are vastly outnumbered by their male counterparts. This is especially troubling, for we know that to compete with nations around the world, these are the fields in which we need to harness the talents of all our people. That’s how we’ll win the future.And, today, women still earn on average only about 75 cents for every dollar a man earns. That’s a huge discrepancy. And at a time when folks across this country are struggling to make ends meet –and many families are just trying to get by on one paycheck after a job loss –it’s a reminder that achieving equal pay for equal work isn’t just a women’s issue. It’s a family issue.In one of my first acts as President, I signed a law so that women who’ve been discriminated against in their salaries could have their day in court to make it right. But there are steps we should take to prevent that from happening in the first place. That’s why I was so disappointed when an important bill to give women more power to stop pay disparities – the Paycheck Fairness Act –was blocked by just two votes in the Senate. And that’s why I’m going to keep up the fight to pass the reforms in that bill.Achieving equality and opportunity for women isn’t just important to me as President. It’ssomething I care about deeply as the father of two daughters who wants to see his girls grow up in a world where there are no limits to what they can achieve.As I’ve traveled across the country, visiting schools and meeting young people, I’ve seen so many girls passionate about science and other subjects that were traditionally not as open to them. We even held a science fair at the White House, where I met a young woman named Amy Chyao. She was only 16 years old, but she was actually working on a treatment for cancer. She never thought, “Science isn’t for me.” She never thought, “Girls can’t do that.” She was just interested in solving a problem. And because someone was interested in giving her a chance, she has the potential to improve lives.That tells me how far we’ve come. But it also tells me we have to work even harder to close the gaps that still exist, and to uphold that simple American ideal: we are all equal and deserving of the chance to pursue our own version of happiness. That’s what Eleanor Roosevelt was striving toward half a century ago. That’s why this report matters today. And that’s why, on behalf of all our daughters and our sons, we’ve g ot to keep making progress in the years ahead.Thanks for listening.。
英语阅读
March 12, 2014 at 6:27 PM EDT25 years on, still adapting to life tangled up in the WebTwenty-five years have passed since a paper first introduced the concept of the World Wide Web. How do Americans think about the Internet and its impact on their lives? Jeffrey Brown talks to three people who have observed the growth of online life from different angles: Xeni Jardin of Boing Boing, Catherine Steiner-Adair of the Harvard Medical School and Daniel Weitzner from MIT. TRANSCRIPTJUDY WOODRUFF: The World Wide Web turns 25 years old today. The date marks the publication of a paper that originally laid out the concept, which eventually led to the vast system of Internet sites we now use.Jeffrey Brown looks at how it’s changed the world we live in.JEFFREY BROWN: One way to do that is to look at how individual Americans think about the Internet and its impact on their lives.The Pew Research Internet Project did that in a survey just out. Among much else, it finds that 87 percent of American adults now use the Internet, and the number goes up to 97 percent for young adults from 18 to 29. Ninety percent of Internet users say the Internet has been a good thing for them personally, though the number drops to 76 percent when asked if the Internet has been a good thing for society generally, with 15 percent saying it’s been bad for society.And 53 percent of Internet users say the Internet would be, at minimum, very hard to give up.We’re joined by three people who’ve watched the growth of the Internet from different angles. Xeni Jardin is a journalist and editor at the Web blog Boing Boing, which covers technology and culture. Catherine Steiner-Adair is a clinical and consulting psychologist at Harvard Medical School, and author of “The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family Relationships in the DigitalAge.”And Daniel Weitzner teaches computer science and Internet public policy in at MIT. From 2011 to 2012, he was U.S. deputy chief technology officer in the White House.And welcome to all of you.And, Daniel Weitzner, I will start with you, because you worked with Tim Berners-Lee, who — one of the main people that started all this 25 years ago. What has — what surprises you now, sitting here 25 years later, about where we’re at?DANIEL WEITZNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Well, it does surprise me how tremendously the Internet and the Web has grown into every aspect of our lives.I think that a lot of us who were involved in the early days of the Internet and the Web had hoped that it could really reach the whole world. And there’s no question that Tim Berners-Lee, who — whose architecture for the World Wide Web really helped it to grow, had the ambition that it in fact cover the whole world — represent everything in the world. But I think it’s am azing how far we have actually come in that direction.HARI SREENIVASAN: Catherine Steiner-Adair, you look at the interaction between individuals and our technology and with each other, therefore. That has cut both ways, I guess, at least from what we hear from people.What do you see?CATHERINE STEINER-ADAIR, Harvard Medical School: Oh, I think the possibilities for people to connect to one another around the world, or a grandma and a grandchild just across the state or the country, are phenomenal.But I t hink that we have all come to a moment in time where we’re sort of thinking we need to reboot and rethink, are we using thesetools to connect in the best possible way? And we have to outsmart our smartphones, or else they really can take control over us.JEFFREY BROWN: Well, fill that in a little bit. What do you mean take control over us?CATHERINE STEINER-ADAIR: Well, the clearest example is texting and driving.You know, when you’re texting —when you’re driving and your phone goes off, and you have the sense of urgency and something really important might be happening, and you better answer it right away, and that part of our brain gets very quickly engaged and wants to react very fast.And we forget our ambient awareness, our empathy, our connection to the fact that the children we love more than anybody else in the world is sitting next to us in the car, and we’re risking their safety. So we have to get a little smarter about how we react to this technology.Well, Xeni, that’s a very specific example t hat hits us all in our daily lives. Right?XENI JARDIN, Boing Boing: Yes.JEFFREY BROWN: Continue our thinking about pros and cons from your perch.XENI JARDIN: Well, you know, I think the Internet is — talking about the Internet is like talking about whether electricity is good or bad or oxygen is good or bad. It’s just this powerful thing that connects all of us and that has become an invisible part of our lives.And I think we’re all from the last generation that began when there was no Internet. And to really understand where things are going for the future, we might want to have a 14-year-old or 15-year-old at the table.(LAUGHTER)XENI JARDIN: But I can speak personally.JEFFREY BROWN: But they would be looking at their screen, right?(LAUGHTER)XENI JARDIN: Yes, you know, I work with an independent publishing company that wouldn’t have been possible —Boing Boing couldn’t have existed before the Internet as a commercial enterprise. We have been around for 25 years, too.And I can also say that from my experience as a breast cancer patient.I was diagnosed young and didn’t know the first thing about managing this disease. I connected with mentors through the Internet that would have been —these friendships, these mentorships were so important to me. I think they saved my life. And I credit the Internet with that.JEFFREY BROWN: Well, Daniel, what about — this has been a year, for example, where we have learned a lot about privacy issues…DANIEL WEITZNER:That’s right.JEFFREY BROWN: … between Edward Sn owden and as we learn more about the way we’re —the surveillance or the data mining of companies.DANIEL WEITZNER: Right.JEFFREY BROWN: That’s certainly something new and a big part of this.DANIEL WEITZNER:It’s new.And in your category of what’s unexp ected, I do think the Internet and the Web have come to reach into our lives in a much more intrusive way, in fact, a comprehensive way, such that we now have to dealwith the world in which just about everything that we do as individuals is recorded and i t’s visible, not only to ourselves and our friends and our Facebook friends, but to institutions that are interested in us, governments that may be interested, for good or for ill, criminals who can watch what we’re doing and take advantage of us.And so I think that, you know, the Internet is — and the Web has this incredible tension to me between extraordinary individual empowerment — I mean, everything that Xeni and Catherine have said about all the things we’re able to do with the Internet. At the same time, a lot can be done to us and a lot can be observed about us.And I think that, as a society, we’re still really adapting to how to handle all this information in a respectful, fair, and safe manner, how to —and how to make sure that institutions that are large and inherently powerful, whether governments or corporations, have some balance, because their power is being increased in a substantial way because of all this information.JEFFREY BROWN: Well, Catherine Steiner-Adair, pick up on that.How much are people, individuals adapting to that? How much are we even aware of what’s going on? How much concern do you sense from people?CATHERINE STEINER-ADAIR: I think people are becoming increasingly concerned.And one of the good trends I see happening more and more in the schools I work in is that schools are doing more intentional education around social emotional intelligence, teaching kids digital citizenship, teaching the tools of cultural literacy, really helping them understand that multitasking does n’t help you get your homework done well at all, and really trying to help children understand the disinhibiting effects of being on the Internet can lead them to say and do and act in ways that are not their best selves.JEFFREY BROWN: Xeni Jardin, I want to — another theme I want to bring out here is the mix of free information and the commercialization of the Web, because I think that wasn’t — well, you can tell me how much that was part of the original idea, but certainly we’re now in a much more commer cialized space.XENI JARDIN: Yes.Obviously, when the Internet began, this was something that evolved out of the government and out of the public sector, and it wasn’t intended as a big shopping mall. You know, this was something where we could communicate in times of a disaster. Our government could function in times of a disaster.And the history is all but forgotten now, where everything — I hardly go to stores anymore. I buy almost everything from my home off of Amazon or off of Zappos or what have you. I buy digital movies and watch TV digitally and so on.Just as the Internet enables interesting new kinds of independent businesses that wouldn’t have been possible before, this sense of power and commerce consolidated into the hands of a few extraordinarily powerful companies, I think, should be concerning, the fact that, for instance, Google is providing, you know, the fiber to our homes, or Facebook is providing the drones that will fly above delivering wireless Internet.At the same time, they’re conne cting us socially and becoming the platform for commerce, that’s a little weird.DANIEL WEITZNER: You know, this tension of the public and the private, the govern — the commercial and non-commercial was — as Xeni said, was with the Internet from the very beginning.One of the first public policy debates about the Internet was whether to allow commercial traffic on the Internet at all. It was originally a network built for universities and research organizations. And, frankly, a lot of my older colleagues liked it that way.It was their own private playground and it was a very high-minded kind of place. Many of us, though, felt that it was important to open the Internet and the Web up to commercial traffic, in some part because it was the only way we could really imagine the Internet actually being able to spread all around the world.We didn’t think it was either feasible or even a good idea for the government to own the entire Internet. From a civil liberties perspective, we didn’t want a government-owned medium, where the government could then control who could say what on it.JEFFREY BROWN: Right, so different alternatives.DANIEL WEITZNER: So, we inevitably ended up in a situation in which we rely on the commercial marketplace, we rely on private investment to bring much of this infrastructure, much of these services to us.Certainly, at the large end of that, when companies get too big, we have antitrust concerns. But I think that we are inevitably in a situation where this infrastructure that we rely on so much for both public and private goods is operated as a commercial enterprise.JEFFREY BROWN: Catherine Steiner-Adair, where — where —what’s your sense of where we are in this evolution?CATHERINE STEINER-ADAIR: I think one thing that is particularly important to think about — or two things, actually — is that when text replaces tone in the way we communicate.This is the first generation of teenagers to grow up thinking texting is great, and talking on the phone is really weird and intrusive and awkward, that we are really thinking — rethinking about one of our most essential forms of human connection, our capacity to hear one another, and to speech, to read social cues, to look somebody in the eyes.Skyping is great and I love it, but you can’t really l ook into somebody’s eyes the same way when you’re Skyping. And tech can do many things for us, but it can’t teach us how to be alone and be quiet in ourselves. And that’s an important thing.JEFFREY BROWN: Let me —we’re still talking here, right, not text ing.(LAUGHTER)JEFFREY BROWN: So, Xeni, let me just…XENI JARDIN:That’s just because I have my phone in the other room.(LAUGHTER)JEFFREY BROWN: Oh, OK. OK.(LAUGHTER)JEFFREY BROWN: You put it aside for a few minutes. I appreciate it.Well, finish us up here.XENI JARDIN: Yes.JEFFREY BROWN: What’s your sense of where we are in this — same question — the evolution?XENI JARDIN:Well, you know, it’s interesting.What if some of these problems that we’re talking about now are just design limitations? What if the technology that comes, perhaps after we’re gone, allows us to communicate with more nuance, and to drift in and out of that mindfulness and presence, in the same kind of subtle and natural way that we all did before there were TV and phones?DANIEL WEITZNER: You know, as we think about the — how far we have come in 25 years, in the evolution of the technology, in the evolution of our —our social lives built around it, as Catherine issuggesting, I think it’s really important to recognize that the — that all of these technologies, the Web, is really a work in progress, still.It is changing so much. And I think that our goal ought to be to make sure that it’s changing in response to human needs. We see in so many ways that even large commercial services like Facebook and Google, when they do things that anger their users, they know it, and their users react, and, very often, those services change.So, as long as we’re in an environment where that can be that kind of flexibility, I think we will continue to head in the right kind of humane direction.JEFFREY BROWN: All right. We will gather in 25 years and see where we’re at.(LAUGHTER)JEFFREY BROWN: Daniel Weitzner, Catherine Steiner-Adair, and Xeni Jardin, thank you, all three, very much.DANIEL WEITZNER: Thank you.XENI JARDIN: Thank you.CATHERINE STEINER-ADAIR: Thank you.。
ISA 610 (Revised 2013), Using the Work of Internal Auditors
Final Pronouncement
March 2013
International Standard on Auditing
ISA 610 (Revised 2013), Using the Work of Internal Auditors and Related Conforming Amendments
This document was developed and approved by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). This IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard -setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high -quality auditing, assurance, and other related standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national auditing and assurance standards, thereby enhancing the quality and consistency of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession.
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New York, New York, March 12, 2014 – Today Carl C. Icahn released the following open letter to stockholders of eBay Inc.:I believe that the Skype affair, only some of the sordid details of which we recently exposed, represents a complete and utter breakdown in the system of checks and balances that a properly functioning board should provide. Without a strong and independent board that rejects cronyism and is willing to hold management accountable, I believe that eBay stockholders may again suffer a travesty even worse than what was visited upon them when Skype was sold prematurely and $4 billion of upside was lost. I believe strongly that stockholders should vote for our nominees because eBay cries out, like no other company I have ever seen before in my many years on Wall Street, for owner representatives on the board who will act as watchdogs. In my opinion, if this board and management have nothing to hide, then they should have absolutely no objection to having new blood in the boardroom.By the same token, I believe that if nothing untoward went on with the sale of Skype, and if eBay, CEO John Donahoe, director Marc Andreessen and Chairman and founder Pierre Omidyar truly believe, as they have proclaimed (though not, I believe significantly, under oath), that my claims are “false and misleading,” then the board should have absolutely no reason not to respond to the books and records demand we have submitted pursuant to our right as stockholders under Delaware law in a manner that will permit ALL stockholders to see every page of the documentary evidence. Thus far, the company has offered to show us only certain limited amounts of material responding to our inquiries – and has insisted that all documents produced must be subject to confidentiality restrictions. Why, if there is nothing to hide, would records relating to a 5-year old transaction not be permitted to be shared with ALL stockholders?We are not confident, based on John Donahoe’s recent interview with the Financial Times1 - in which he lamented the fact that he had stockholders to answer to – that the truth will be forthcoming without the threat of legal process –which is why we continue to press our books and records demand pursuant to Delaware law. The Financial Times article states: “Mr. Donahoe says that his business should be allowed to innovate without shareholder distractions.” And the article quotes Mr. Donahoe as saying: “Every new Silicon Valley company has a dual class of stock to prevent this issue, because innovation has a long-term time horizon.” In any rational world, dual class stock, whic h is an outrageous scam, would be illegal for public companies. But more importantly, John Donahoemisses the point entirely because the “shareholder distraction” here involves the premature sale of Skype – not innovation with a long-term time horizon. Even more importantly, to me, this attitude of apparent disdain for the rights of the owners of the company (which may be summed up as –“Being a CEO of a public company would be a great job, were it not for those pesky shareholders”) goes a long way toward explaining why the full story of what really happened with Skype seems to us to continue to remain shrouded in the type of fog and mystery often engineered by highly paid public relations consultants and lawyers, the kind of folks who invent undemocratic entrenchment devices like dual class stock so that companies can take stockholder money and then tell them to “sit down and shut up.”It seems to me that we do not know the full story of Skype yet because this board does not believe it should have to explain its failures to the stockholders, who instead should remain silent and be grateful for whatever crumbs we get.MESSAGE TO EBAY’S BOARD: THESE TYPES OF SHENANIGANS MAY FLY IN COUNTRIES WHERE DECISIONS AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE’S LIVES ARE MADE IN SECRET POLITBURO MEETINGS. BUT I BELIEVE ONE OF THE THINGS WHICH MAKES OUR COUNTRY THE GREATEST ON EARTH IS OUR DEMOCRATIC FORM OF GOVERNMENT, WHERE DELIBERATIONS ARE CONDUCTED IN THE LIGHT OF DAY AND OUR LEADERS ARE ACCOUNTABLE TO THE PEOPLE. LEGISLATION SUCH AS THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT ENSURES THAT NOTHING STAYS BURIED FOR LONG. THE WORDS OF JUSTICE LOUIS BRANDEIS ARE JUST AS RELEVANT TODAY AS THEY WERE IN 1913: “PUBLICITY IS JUSTLY COMMENDED AS A REMEDY FOR SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIALDISEASES. SUNLIGHT IS SAID TO BE THE BEST OF DISINFECTANTS; ELECTRIC LIGHT THE MOST EFFICIENT POLICEMAN.”2eBay’s board has stated that our director nominees are “not qualified candidates.” What makes one qualified in their opinion? Being a large stockholder of a direct competitor and interfering, as alleged by the Department of Justice, with eBay’s hiring practices on behalf of said direct competitor (current board nominee, Scott Cook)? Participating in a consortium that buys assets from the company and flips them for a quick and massive profit (current board member, Marc Andreessen)? Failing, as alleged by the SEC, to take steps to ensure that the accounting for stock options was proper and agreeing to disgorgement and civil penalties amounting to over $3.5 million (current board nominee, Fred Anderson)? I have heard nothing of value from John Donahoe or the board in response to our variouscriticisms – just buzz words and consultant speak, as if repeating the mantra “world class” enough times will make it so. I believe that our nominees look mighty attractive when contrasted with these specimens.Over the years, many individuals (including myself) whom we have succeeded in placing on boards through proxy contests have routinely been asked to remain on those boards for multiple terms due to the cooperative and congenial manner with which they comport themselves in the boardroom with their fellow fiduciaries. And I believe it is extremely difficult for one to argue that our strategy of obtaining board representation with the goal of restoring a sense of accountability in the corporate suite (which we attempt to employ not only in our investing activities but also in the management of our controlled operating companies) has not been successful. From the beginning of 2000 through the end of last year, the trading price of the stock of my holding company, Icahn Enterprises L.P., increased1,662%, as compared to 64% for the S&P 500 Index over the same period. It is often the case that only one fresh voice in the boardroom, though he or she may be outvoted in terms of sheer numbers, is all it takes to end years of undue deference to management.I have been so successful with companies over the years because I have brought in the right CEO. Sometimes convincing boards to make changes takes years, but when change ultimately comes the results are often startlingly good. In just the last year, simply examine our successes at Forest Laboratories and Chesapeake Energy. We believe that at the very least, eBay stockholders must send Donahoe and the board a message that we are very unhappy with the current situation at eBay. In addition to the egregious issues surrounding the Skype transaction, it should also be noted that in just the past year eBay has underperformed its peers. Indeed, from January 1, 2013 through our initial involvement on January 10, 2014, Amazon, Visa and MasterCard returned 60%, 48% and 73%, respectively, while eBay stock returned only 2%.In our opinion, eBay and PayPal should immediately be separated. It is my firm belief that if this occurred, there would be a number of bidders willing to pay a large premium for an independent PayPal. However, on the other hand, I fear that if left under the management of eBay it will “wither” (as Elon Musk said). I believe that if it is left as a division of eBay, PayPal may well go the way of other former technology greats such as Blackberry, Dell, Eastman Kodak, Polaroid, Nintendo, Xerox, Sony, Palm, and AOL – the same way that Motorola Mobility may havegone had we not been able to convince Motorola’s board to bring in a new CEO and separate the companies – ultimately resulting in a sale to Google.Sadly in our opinion and the opinion of others eBay does not have years to wait. PayPal is a great company, but it is going to war against strong adversaries such as Google, Apple, Visa, etc. To win a war, you need to have great generals that have proven their competence and loyalty. Unfortunately, it is obvious to us that this is lacking at eBay and PayPal. PayPal must be separated NOW so that great management can be attracted – management that can make the right decision and know when to sell at the right time, not the worst time.Stockholders, please stay tuned. We are looking forward to sharing with you our business rationale for separating PayPal from eBay. Thank you for your continued support.Sincerely,Carl C. Icahn。