A Two-way Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling of Submonthly Zonal-Mean Circulations in the Arctic
英文版高中地理知识点总结
英文版高中地理知识点总结Geography Knowledge Summary for High School Students1. Introduction to Geography- Definition: Geography is the study of the earth's landscapes, people, places, and environments.- Branches: Physical Geography (focuses on the natural environment) and Human Geography (focuses on human activities and their impact on the environment).2. Earth and its Atmosphere- Structure of the Earth: Core, Mantle, Crust; Tectonic Plates, and their movements leading to earthquakes andvolcanic activities.- Atmosphere Layers: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere; Ozone Layer's role in blockingUV radiation.- Climate Zones: Tropical, Temperate, and Polar; factors influencing climate include latitude, ocean currents, and topography.3. Water Cycle and Oceanography- Water Cycle: Processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection (transpiration in plants).- Ocean Currents: Warm and cold currents, their impact on climate, and the role in the distribution of marine life.- Ocean Floor: Features like continental shelves, trenches, and mid-ocean ridges.4. Weather and Climate- Atmospheric Pressure and Wind: High and low-pressure systems, trade winds, and jet streams.- Climate Patterns: Monsoon, maritime, continental, Mediterranean, and polar climates.- Climate Change: Greenhouse effect, global warming, and the impact of human activities on the climate.5. Geology and Earth's Resources- Rock Cycle: Formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.- Earth's Resources: Non-renewable (oil, coal, minerals) and renewable (wind, solar, hydro) resources.- Mining and its Environmental Impact: Techniques of extraction and the resulting pollution and land degradation.6. Physical Landforms- Mountains: Formation through tectonic activity and erosion; examples like the Himalayas and the Andes.- Valleys and Plains: Formation by erosion, glacial activity, and river deposition.- Deserts: Characteristics, distribution, and adaptations of life in arid regions.7. Human Geography- Population Distribution: Factors affecting population density and urbanization.- Cultural Geography: Study of languages, religions, and cultural practices around the world.- Economic Geography: Industrial, agricultural, andservice sectors; globalization and trade patterns.8. Settlement Patterns and Urban Geography- Rural and Urban Settlements: Characteristics, challenges, and planning issues.- Urbanization: Process, impact on the environment, andthe concept of sustainable urban development.- Megacities: Functions, problems, and potential solutions for managing large urban centers.9. Agriculture and Food Production- Agricultural Systems: Subsistence and commercial farming; intensive and extensive agriculture.- Soil Science: Types of soil, soil conservation, and the impact of agriculture on soil health.- Food Security: Issues of production, distribution, and access to food in different regions.10. Environmental Geography- Ecosystems: Biodiversity, ecological balance, and the importance of conservation.- Environmental Issues: Deforestation, pollution, loss of habitats, and species extinction.- Sustainable Development: Principles, practices, and the role of technology and policy.11. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)- Introduction to GIS: A tool for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.- Remote Sensing: Use of satellites and aircraft tomonitor and manage natural resources and environments.- Spatial Analysis: Techniques for understanding patterns and relationships in geographic data.12. Geography and Global Issues- Globalization: Economic, political, and cultural integration and its effects on countries and regions.- International Conflicts: Resource disputes, territorial claims, and the role of geography in conflict resolution.- Disaster Management: Types of natural disasters, preparedness, and response strategies.ConclusionGeography is a multidisciplinary field that providesessential knowledge for understanding the world we live in.It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the physical features of our planet to the complex patterns of human activity. By studying geography, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the environment, cultures, and economies that shape our global community. As the world faces increasing challenges, such as climate change and resource scarcity, the importance of geographic knowledge and skills will only continue to grow.。
环境工程专业英语各单元要求掌握的专业词汇
环境工程专业英语专业词汇学习汇编UNIT 1 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）arsenic/砷化物 1 2brownfield/棕地（注：请注意此概念的含义）carbon dioxide/二氧化碳 3 4 chlorine/氯（气）chlorofluorocarbon/氟氯烃 5 6 contamination/污染Clean Air Act/清洁空气条例7 8 drinking water/饮用水ecological risk/生态风险9 10 ecosystem/生态系统emission/排放（物）11 12endocrine disruptioncompound/ 内分泌干扰素energy-efficiency standard/能效标准13 14 environment/环境environmental engineering/环境工程15 16environmental threat/环境危害exhaust emission control/尾气控制17 18 geochemistry/地球化学greenhouse gas, GHG/温室气体19 20 ground water/地下水habitat/栖息地、居留处21 22landfill leachate/垃圾填埋场渗滤液impact/影响23 24life-cycle assessment/生命周期评价mercury/汞25 26 monitoring/监测MTBE/甲基叔丁基醚27 28 ozone/臭氧pathogen/致病菌（体）2930 PolyChlorinated Biphenyl(PCB)/聚氯联苯pharmaceutical/医药的，制药的31 32 pollutant/污染物power plant/（发）电厂33 34 recalcitrant/难降解的stratosphere/平流层、同温层35 36 surface water/地表水sustainability/可持续性37 38 tetraethyl lead/四乙基铅UNIT 2 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）environmental engineer/环境工程师1 2 renewable/可更新的wastewater/废水、污水 3 4 organic matter/有机物water/水（体） 5 6 adsorption/吸附chronic exposure/长期（慢性）暴露7 8ecology/生态学9 10 micropollutant/微污染物membrane technology/膜技术11 12 nano-particle/pollution/污染13 14 air quality/空气质量volatility/挥发（性、度）15 16chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) /氟氯氢hydrofluorocarbon/氢氟烃17 18 nanotechnology/ozone/臭氧19 20 runoff/（雨水）径流stratosphere/平流层、同温层21 22 pesticide/农药、杀虫剂atmosphere/大气23 24 evapotranspiration/蒸腾refractory/难处理的25 26 biological/生物的global warming/全球变暖27 28 membrane/膜、隔膜industrial wastewater/工业biodegradability/生物可降解性29 30废水municipal wastewater/城市biotic/生物的、生命的31 32污水advanced treatment/高级处abiotic/无生命的、非生物的33 34理degradation/降解、恶化35 36 synthesis/合成、综合redox/氧化还原电位37 38 microorganism/微生物reuse/回用39 40 recycle/再循环、回收criterion, criteria/标准、infrastructure/基础设施41 42指标UNIT 3 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）greenhouse effect/温室效应 1 2 Kyoto Protocol/京都协议atmosphere/大气 3 4 sulphur/硫（磺）precipitation/沉淀、沉降、carbon dioxide/二氧化碳 5 6降雨fossil fuel/矿物染料7 8 air pollution/空气污染nitrous oxide/一氧化二氮（笑9 10 GHG emission/温室气体排放气）halocarbon/卤烃11 12volatile organic/挥发性有机物ozone/臭氧13 14carbon monoxide/一氧化碳（CO）greenhouse gas(GHG)/温室气体15 16 precursor/前体物、母体物thermal radiation/热辐射17 18 troposphere/对流层infrared radiation/红外辐射19 20 volatile/挥发的、挥发性的automobile exhaust fume/汽车尾气21 22 aerosol/气溶胶acid rain/酸雨23 24 methane/甲烷（气）UNIT 4 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）ecological restoration/生态修复1 2ecological integrity/生物完整性renewal/更新 3 4endangered species/频危物种pilot/（中试规模）试验的 5 6biological resource/生物资源hydrology/水文学7 8 mitigation/缓解、减轻in situ/ 原位、就地9 10 topography/地形、地貌ex situ/ 易地、异地11 12demographic growth/人口增长ecosystem management/生态landscape/景观13 14系统管理UNIT 5 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）environmental security/环境安1 2 qualitative/定性的全tributary/支流（的）、辅助的 3 4 quantitative/定量的sustainable development/可持5 6 deforestation/森林砍伐续发展climate change/气候变化7 8 fresh water/淡水water supply/供水9 10 irrigation/灌溉domestic wastewater/生活污degradation/恶化11 12水world health organization desalination/脱盐13 14(WHO)/世界卫生组织combustion/燃烧15 16 water quality/水质pollutant loading/污染物负hydrocarbon/烃类17 18荷perturbation/扰动、干扰19 20 life cycle/生命周期recalcitrant/难处理的21 22 water footprint/水足迹ecological footprint/生态risk assessment/风险评价23 24足迹urbanization/城市化25 26 shortage/短缺deterioration/恶化27 28 nitrogen/氮nutrient/营养物29 30 eutrophication/富营养化aquatic ecosystem/水生态系saltwater intrusion/海水入侵31 32统water scarcity/水短缺33 34 nitrogen loading/氮负荷impact/影响35 36 toxicology/毒理学wetland/湿地37 38 Bio-monitoring/生物监测constructed wetland/人工湿地39 40 metabolize/代谢contaminant/污染物41 42 metabolic/代谢的UNIT 6 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）pentachlorophenol（PCP）/ environmental modeling/环境模拟 1 2五氯酚chemical exposure concentration/3 4 biodegradation/生物降解化学品暴露浓度aquatic chemistry/水化学 5 6 reaeration/复氧water quality criteria/水质标准7 8 discharge/排放（指标）oxygen sag curve（OSC）/氧water quality standard/水质标准9 10垂曲线ammonia/氨11 12 downward/下游、下方向cadmium/镉13 14 aquatic organism/水生生物chromium/铬15 16 dissolved oxygen(do)/溶解氧cyanide/氰化物17 18 rate constant/速率常数acute threshold concentration/急性阈值浓度19 20 kinetic/动力（学）的UNIT 7 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）environmental impactassessment(EIA)/环境影响评价1 2baseline evaluation/本底评价environmental component/环境要素3 4environmental manager/环保经理mitigation measure/减缓措施 5 6 monitoring/监测component assessment/要素评价7 8 baseline survey/本底调查baseline material/本底材料9 10compliance monitoring/跟踪监测baseline information/本底资料11 12 risk assessment/风险评价impact prediction/影响预测13 14 risk management/风险管理environmental assessmentstatement(EAS)/环境影响报告书15 16hazard identification/风险识别cumulative impact/累积影响17 18dose-response assessment/剂量—响应评价environmental riskassessment(era)/环境风险评价19 20exposure population/暴露人群synergistic effect/协同效应21 22 zero discharge/零排放extrapolated data/外延（类推）数23 24 self-purification/自净据environmental management/环境管25 26 emission standard/排放标准理ozone layer/臭氧层27 28 final disposal/最终处置environmental legislation/eco-technology/生态技术29 30环境立法environmental auditing/环cleaner technology/清洁技术31 32境审计life-cycle analysis/生命周期分33 34 byproduct/副产物析hydrosphere/水圈35 36 lithosphere/岩石圈ecological engineering/生hydrodynamics/水动力学、流体力学37 38物工程energy crisis/能源危机39 40 decompose/分解pollution abatement/污染削deteriorate/（使）恶化41 42减UNIT 10 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）natural resource/自然资源 1 2 uranium/铀resource economics/资源经济学 3 4 phosphate/磷potential detrimental/潜在危害 5 6 recyclable/再循环life-support system/生命支持系7 8 environmental economics/环统境经济学renewable resource/可更新资源9 10environmental regulation/环境法规critical threshold/临界阈值11 12intergenerationalfairness/代际公平regenerative capacity/再生能力（容量）13 14species extinction/物种灭绝hydraulic circulation/水力循环15 16 scarcity/稀缺、不足、匮乏iron/铁17 18 unduly/过度地、不适当地aluminum/铝19 20 leaded gasoline/含铅汽油copper/铜21 22 EPA/环境保护局sulfur dioxide/二氧化硫23 24cost-effectiveness/成本-效益coal-burning plant/燃煤电厂25 26 offset policy/补偿政策emission reduction/减排27 28environmental program/环境规划energy-intensive/能源密集型的29 30 environmental tax/环境税UNIT 11 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）analytical chemistry/分析化学 1 2biological monitoring/生物监测human environment/人类环境 3 4physic-chemical principle/物化原理qualitative analysis/定性greenhouse effect/温室效应 5 6分析quantitative analysis/定量chemical structure/化学结构7 8分析molecular structure/分子结organic compound/有机物9 10构physiological effect/生理效应11 12 analyte/分析物lipid solubility/脂溶性13 14 remote sensing/遥感precipitation/沉淀、沉降、沉积15 16 titration/滴定distillation/蒸馏17 18 sample collection/采样validation/验证19 20 lipid/脂electromagnetic radiation/ 21 22 matrix/基质spectrometric/光谱分析23 24 stoichometric/化学计量的gas chromatography(GC)/气mass spectrometric/质谱分析25 26相色谱chemical oxygen demand(cod)/化学27 28 lignin/木（质）素需氧量ultimate BOD(BOD u)/最终生ammonia nitrogen/氨氮29 30化需氧量biological assimilability/可生31 32 polluted water/受污水体物同化性BOD(biological oxygen demand)/33 34 potassium permanganate/高生化需氧量锰酸钾wood-pulping waste/木浆废液（水）35 365-day BOD(BOD5)/5日生化需氧量potassium iodate/碘化钾37 38potassium dichromate/重铬酸钾catalyst/催化剂、促进因素39 40 pyridine/吡啶、氮杂苯aromatic hydrocarbon/芳烃41 42 organic nitrogen/有机氮reduced state/还原态43 44 equivalent weight/当量reducing agent/还原剂45 46 ferrous ion/亚铁离子oxidation-reductionpotential(ORP)/氧化还原电位47 48 hazardous waste/危险废物sulfuric acid/硫酸49 50 nitrate/硝酸盐glucose/葡萄糖51 52 nitrite/亚硝酸盐sulfide/硫化物53 54 zeolite/沸石flame ionization detector(fid)/火焰离子检测器55 56 absorption/吸收hydrogen peroxide/过氧化氢57 58 triethanolamine/三乙醇胺benzene/苯59 60 FICK’s law/菲克定律formaldehyde/甲醛61 62 diffusion rate/扩散速率azo dye/偶氮染料63 64 volatile organiccompound(VOC)/挥发性有机化合物thermal desorption/热脱附65 66 stainless steel/不锈钢analytical chemistry 分析化学biologicalassimilability可生物同化性human environment 人类环境BOD(biologicaloxygen demand)生化需氧量greenhouse effect 温室效应wood-pulpingwaste木浆废液（水）chemicalstructure化学结构potassium iodate 碘化钾organic compound 有机物catalyst 催化剂physiological effect 生理效应aromatichydrocarbon芳烃lipid solubility 脂溶性reduced state 还原态precipitation 沉淀、沉降reducing agent 还原剂distillation 蒸馏oxidation-reductionpotential(ORP)氧化还原电位validation 验证sulfuric acid 硫酸electromagneticradiation电磁幅射glucose 葡萄糖spectrometric 光谱分析sulfide 硫化物massspectrometric质谱分析hazardous waste 危险废物chemical oxygen demand(cod) 化学需氧量Complexation络合，配位（作用）biological monitoring 生物监测ultimateBOD(BODu)最终生化需氧量physic-chemicalprinciple物化原理polluted water 受污水体qualitative analysis 定性分析potassiumpermanganate高锰酸钾quantitativeanalysis定量分析5-day BOD(BOD5) 5日生化需氧量molecular structure 分子结构potassiumdichromate重铬酸钾analyte 分析物pyridine 吡啶、氮杂苯remote sensing 遥感organic nitrogen 有机氮titration 滴定equivalentweight当量samplecollection采样ferrous ion 亚铁离子lipid 脂volatile organiccompound (VOC)挥发性有机化合物matrix 基质nitrate 硝酸盐stoichometric 化学计量的nitrite 亚硝酸盐gaschromatography(GC)气相色谱absorption 吸收lignin 木（质）素reflux 回流ammonia nitrogen 氨氮dilution 稀释UNIT 12 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）receiving water/受纳水体 1 2 primary treatment/一级处理local regulation/地方法规 3 4secondary treatment/二级处理unit operation/单元运行 5 6advanced treatment/高级处理unit process/单元过程7 8tertiary treatment/深度处理preliminary treatment/预处理9 10 grit chamber/沉砂池suspended solid/悬浮固体11 12 sedimentation/沉淀、沉降dissolved solid/溶解固体13 14 conventional secondarytreatment/传统二级处理settable matter/可沉降物15 16 filtration/过滤biodegradable organic matter/可降解有机物17 18 phosphorus/磷disinfection/消毒19 20 microscreen/微滤water reuse/水回用21 22nutrient removal/营养物去除biological nutrientremoval(BNR)/生物脱除磷23 24nitrification-denitrification/ 硝化-反硝化total suspended solid(TSS)/总悬浮固体25 26biological treatmentsystem/生物处理系统point source/点源27 28 non-point source/面源turbidity/浊度29 30coliform bacteria/大肠杆菌（E.coli）process analysis/工艺分析31 32combined sewer/合流制污水管overflow/溢流33 34wastewater treatmentplant(WTP)/污水处理厂clarification/澄清、沉淀35 36membrane bioreactor/膜生物反应器membrane filtration/膜过滤37 38 ultrafiltration/超滤reverse osmosis/反渗透39 40 wastewater treatmentprocess/废水处理工艺bioreactor/生物反应器41 42 coagulation/混凝colloid, colloidal/胶体granular/颗粒（状）的43 44（的）hydrophobic/疏水性的45 46 hydrophilic/亲水性的protein/蛋白质47 48 repelling force/（排）斥力opposite charge/反电荷49 50 zeta potential/ ζ电位van der Waals attractive double layer/双电层51 52force/范德华引力cation; anion/阳离子；阴离colloidal particle/胶体颗粒53 54子positive charge/正电荷55 56 microfloc/微絮体neutralize/（使）中和57 58 flocculation/絮凝alkalinity/碱度59 60 alum/铝盐coagulant/混凝剂61 62 coagulant aid/助凝剂destabilization/脱稳（过rapid mixing(tank)/快混（池）63 64程）iso-electric point/等电点65 66 polyelectrolyte/聚电解质aluminum hydroxide/氢氧化aluminum sulfate/硫酸铝67 68铝bicarbonate alkalinity/重碳酸盐69 70 ortho-phosphate/正磷酸盐碱度precipitate/（使）沉淀、沉降71 72 sludge/污泥dewater, dewatering/（使）脱水73 74 thickening/浓缩calcium carbonate/碳酸钙75 76 polymer/聚合物ferric chloride(fecl3)/三氯化铁77 78 hydrogen bonding/氢键coagulant dosage/混凝剂投量79 80 settling tank/沉淀池slow mixing/慢混81 82 flocculation tank/絮凝池seeding/接种83 84domestic wastewater/生活污水biofilm/生物膜85 86trace organic constituent/微量有机成分municipal collection system/城市污水收集系统87 88 aquatic plant/水生植物suspended growth process/悬浮生长工艺/方法89 90attached growth process/附着生长工艺/方法activated sludge process(ASP)/活性污泥工艺91 92 activated sludge/活性污泥aeration tank/曝气池93 94 contact time/接触时间retention time/停留时间95 96Sludge Volume Index(SVI)/污泥容积指数mixed liquor suspendedsolids(MLSS)/混合液悬浮固体97 98mixed liquor volatilesuspended solids(MLVSS)/混合液悬浮挥发性固体clarifier/澄清池、沉淀池99 100 biomass/生物量gravity settling/重力沉降101 102 treated effluent/处理出水suspended solid/悬浮固体103 104 packing material/填料trickling filter/滴滤池105 106 blower/风机liquid film/液膜107 108 liquid/solid separation/固液分离effluent/出水109 110 waste sludge/剩余污泥UNIT 13 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）cooling water/冷却（用）水 1 2 advanced chemical oxidation/高级化学氧化（处理）process water/工艺（用）水 3 4 electrodialysis/电渗析discharge requirement/排放要求（标准）5 6 distillation/蒸馏carbon adsorption/碳吸附7 8 ion exchange/离子交换chemical precipitation/化学沉淀9 0 treated effluent/处理出水chemical oxidation/化学氧化11 12straining/（机械）过滤、表面过滤protozoan/原生动物13 14 oocyst/卵囊nitrification/硝化15 16filter medium/滤池介质（滤料）pressure differential/压（力）差17 18semipermeable membrane/半透膜osmotic pressure/渗透压19 20 cross-flow filtration/错流过滤concentrate stream/浓液21 22 membrane fouling/膜污染concentration gradient/浓度梯度23 24 feed water/进水phenol/酚25 26 hydrolysis/水解concentration polarization/浓差极化27 28total dissolvedsolid(TDS)/总溶解固体barium/钡29 30 chlorination/氯化（处理）backwashing/反冲洗31 32 chemical cleaning/化学清洗nickel/镍33 34 permeate/透过液（淡液）thermodynamic/热动力学（的）35 36 flux/通量fungi/真菌、霉菌37 38 Advanced Oxidation Process(AOP)/高级氧化（处理）工艺hydroxyl free radical(HO·)/羟基自由基39 40 stripping/吹脱、汽提hydrogen peroxide/过氧化氢（双氧水）41 42 photolysis/光分解ozonation/臭氧化（处理）43 44ultraviolet(UV)/紫外光（线）first-order kinetics/一级动力学45 46 refractory organic compound/难降解（处理）有机物pilot testing/中试研究47 48 steroid/类固醇aliphatic/脂肪族（质）的49 50trichloroethylene/三氯乙烯UNIT 14 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）gaseous pollutant/气态污染物 1 2 dust removal/cyclone/旋风分离器 3 4water quality management/水质管理electrostatic precipitator/静电沉降器5 6 scrubber/洗涤器fabric filter/布袋除尘器（滤布过滤）7 8coal-burning electricgenerating plant/燃煤电厂micropore/微孔9 10 venturi/文丘里管incineration/焚烧11 12 incinerator/焚烧炉dioxin/二恶英13 14 organic acid/有机酸landfill/填埋（场）15 16 PM2.5aldehyde/乙醛17 18 particular matter/颗粒物vehicle exhaust/汽车尾气19 20aerosol particle/气溶胶颗粒butyrate/丁酸盐21 22 pyruvate/丙酮酸盐（酯）phthalate/邻苯二甲酸盐（酯）23 24 hybrid/混合的UNIT 15 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）off-gas/废气 1 2 crude oil/原油chemisorptions/化学吸附（作用） 3 4 flue gas/烟道气desulfurization/脱硫 5 6solid waste disposal/固废处置aqueous solution/水溶液7 8removal efficiency/去除（效）率combustion chamber/燃烧室9 10 incineration/焚烧incinerator/焚烧炉11 12catalytic combustion/催化燃烧catalyst/催化剂13 14 citrate/柠檬酸盐gasification/气化15 16nitrogen-containingcompound/含氮化合物thermal fixation/热固定（化）17 18 power generation/发电algae/藻类19 20 afterburner/二次燃烧dry cleaning/干洗（干法清洗）21 22 epoxy compound/环氧化合物troposphere/对流层23 24stratosphere/平流层、同温层photochemical smog/光化学烟雾25 26 morning rush hour/早高峰期free radical/自由基27 28 halogen/卤素（卤化物）biofilter/生物滤池29 30 bioreactor/生物反应器packed-bed bioreactor/填料床生物反应器31 32biotrickling filter/生物滴滤池scavenge/清除、净化33 34 geothermal/地热的、地温的colony/菌落、菌群35 36 substrate/基质（底物）compost/堆肥、混合肥料37 38 debris/碎片、破碎体UNIT 16 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）residence time/停留时间 1 2 rule of thumb/工作经验auxiliary fuel/辅助燃料 3 4ambient temperature/环境温度cement kiln/水泥窑炉 5 6 viscosity/粘滞度atomization/粉化（作用）7 8fluidized bed incinerator/流化床焚烧炉ignition temperature/点火温度9 10rotary kiln incinerator/转窑焚烧炉multiple-hearth incinerator/多炉膛焚烧炉11 12 carcinogen/致癌剂fly ash/飞灰13 14 teratogen/致畸剂herbicide/除草剂15 16 thyroid/甲状腺environmental law/环境法17 18 hazardous waste/危险废物rodenticide/灭鼠剂19 20 reclamation/回收、回用hospital waste/医院废物21 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)/多环芳烃domestic refuse/生活垃圾23 24 heavy metal/重金属bioaccumulate/生物积累（富集）25 26 inhalation/吸入furan/呋喃27 28 mutagen/诱变剂residue/残留物29 30residual chlorine/余氯、残留的氯UNIT 17 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）refuse disposal/垃圾处置 1 2 runoff/（地表）径流sanitary landfill/卫生填埋 3 4 municipal refuse/城市垃圾greenbelt/绿化带 5 6anaerobic decomposition/厌氧分解anaerobic biological reactor/厌氧生物反应器7 8 aerobic organism/好氧生物potable water/饮用水9 10methane-forming organism/产甲烷菌anaerobic methane production/厌氧产甲烷11 12 open dump/露天垃圾场nitrate/硝酸盐13 14 nitrite/亚硝酸盐volatile fatty acid(VFA)/挥发性脂肪酸15 16total organic carbon(TOC)/总有机碳BOD/COD/ B/C比17 18 organic -N/有机氮total Kjeldahl nitrogen(TKN)/总凯氏氮19 20milligram per liter/ 毫克/升（mg/L）nitrifying bacteria/硝化菌21 22physical/chemical process/物理化学工艺biological treatment/生物处理23 24 aerobic treatment/好氧处理anaerobic treatment/厌氧处理25 26 bio-uptake/生物吸收nitrification/denitrification/硝化-反硝化27 28breakpoint chlorination/折点氯化（法）biochemical treatment/生化处理29 30 butyric/丁酸（盐）的humic acid/腐植酸31 32 fulvic acid/棕黄酸、褐菌酸tannic acid/鞣酸、丹宁酸33 34 anaerobic bacteria/厌氧菌methyl mercury/甲基汞35 36 food chain/食物链solid waste/固废37 38bioconcentrate/（使）生物浓缩UNIT 18 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）noise control/噪声控制 1 2 sound level/声级barrier/屏障 3 4 dB/分贝muffle/消声器 5 6 ventilation/通风noise source/噪声源7 8 light pollution/光污染noise pollution/噪声污染9 10over-illumination/照明过度light trespass/光侵害（扰）11 12electromagnetic field/电磁场leukemia/白血病13 14epidemiological/流行病（学）的UNIT 19 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）phytoremediation/植物修复soil remediation/土壤修复 1 2（法）in situ/原位、就地 3 4 dechlorination/脱氯remediation technology/修复技术 5 6 neutralization/中和（处理）pyrolysis/热解、高温分解biological activity/生物活性7 8（处理）soil washing/洗土（法）（处thermal stripping/热脱附、热吹脱9 10理土壤）contaminated soil/受污土壤11 12 surfactant/表面活性剂biosparging/生物（制剂）喷bioventing/生物通风13 14洒aerobic micro-organism/好biodegradation/生物降解15 16氧微生物bioaugmentation/生物放大17 18 Fenton’s reagent/芬顿试剂ozone generation system/臭contaminated zone/受污带（区）19 20氧发生系统alkene/烯烃21 22 raw water/原水benzene/苯23 24 toluene/甲苯ethylbenzene/乙苯25 26 xylene/二甲苯exothermic/放热的27 28 aquifer/含水层UNIT 20 Vocabulary（要求掌握的专业词汇）hypothesis/假设（定） 1 2 outline/（论文）大纲objective/目标、目的 3 4 analyze/分析conclusion/结论 5 6 summarize/（进行）总结proposal/建议7 8 measurement/手段、方法data/数据、资料9 10 motivation/动机results and discussion/结果与讨11 12 section/部分论figure/图（件）13 14 table/表（格）scheme/（研究）计划15 16 paragraph/段落subheading/副标题17 18 italic/斜体（字）chronological order/按时间顺序19 20 summary/总结emphasis/强调21 22 equation/方程experimental program/试验计划23 24 comparison/比较database/数据库25 26 submit/提交、投稿blacklist/黑名单27 28 editor/编（辑）者cite/引用29 30 copyright/版权manuscript/手稿（初稿）31 32 journal/杂志water research/《水研究》citation/引用、参考文献33 34杂志reference/参考文件、参考资electronic submission/电子稿35 36料word processor/文字处理器37 38 bold face/黑体、粗体subscript/下标39 40 superscript/上标hyphenate/连字符41 42 electronic text电子文档grammar-check/语法检查43 44 spell-check/拼写检查modification/修改45 46 background/背景review paper/综述论文47 48 literature/文献appendix/附录49 50 abbreviation/缩写keyword/关键词51 52 footnote/注释artwork/插图53 54 abstract/摘要black and white version/黑drawing/作图55 56白版本symbol/符号57 58 self-citation/自引corresponding author/通讯periodical/期刊59 60作者acronym/首字母缩写词，如COD、VOCs61 62 nomenclature/术语等caption/（图的）说明文字63 64 layout/版面、排版acknowledgement/致谢65 66 bracket/中括号[ ] parenthesis, curve/小括号( ) 67 68 quotation mark/引号“”。
地质学专业英语词汇
地质学专业英语词汇摘要地质学是一门研究地球的形成、结构、演化和动力学的科学，它涉及到许多专业术语和概念，对于地质学专业的学生和从事地质学相关工作的人员来说，掌握一些基本的地质学英语词汇是非常必要的。
本文从以下几个方面介绍了一些常见的地质学专业英语词汇：地球结构、板块构造、岩石和矿物、地貌和地理、气候变化和大气、自然资源和环境保护、地质灾害等。
每个方面都给出了一些中英文对照的表格，以便于读者对比和记忆。
本文旨在为地质学专业的英语学习提供一些参考和帮助。
1. 地球结构地球是由不同的层次组成的，从内到外分别是内核、外核、地幔和地壳。
不同层次之间有不同的物理性质和化学成分，对地球的演化和运动有重要的影响。
下表列出了一些与地球结构相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere2. 板块构造板块构造是指地球表面由若干个相互移动的岩石板块组成，这些板块之间的相互作用导致了许多重要的地质现象，如大陆漂移、山脉形成、火山喷发、地震等。
下表列出了一些与板块构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文板块构造plate tectonics板块plate大陆板块continental plate海洋板块oceanic plate板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造运动tectonic movement构造应力tectonic stress构造应变tectonic strain构造变形tectonic deformation构造断裂tectonic fracture构造缝合线tectonic suture大陆漂移continental drift大陆碰撞continental collision分裂边界divergent boundary汇聚边界convergent boundary滑动边界transform boundary俯冲带subduction zone3. 岩石和矿物岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的自然固体物质，它们是地球最主要的组成部分。
新视野大学英语第三册 Unit 4 --Vocabulary
Unit 4 Let’s goText A The Surprising Purpose of TravelNew Words:1 groan: v. 呻吟，叹息（~ at/with sth=moan）；发出似呻吟的声音e.g. to groan with pain/pleasure 痛苦地呻吟；高兴得直哼哼We all groaned at his terrible jokes. 他讲的笑话很糟糕，我们都发出不满的抱怨声。
They were all moaning and groaning (=complaining) about the amount of work they had.他们对工作量都怨声载道。
groan under the weight of sth:在某物的折磨（或重压）下呻吟；被某物压得喘不过气来（或无法忍受）groan with sth: 被某物堆满（或摆满、装满、充满）n. 呻吟声，叹息声（=moan）2 console: v. 安慰，抚慰，慰藉（=confort）；consolation: n. 使感到安慰的人（或事）；安慰；慰藉（=comfort）sole: adj. 仅有的，唯一的；独占的，专有的，全权处理的n. 脚掌，脚底板；鞋底，袜底3 burdensome: adj. 负担沉重的，难以承担的，繁重的（=onerous, taxing）troublesome: adj. 令人烦恼的，讨厌的，令人痛苦的（=annoying, irritating）tiresome: adj. 讨厌的，令人厌烦的，烦人的（=irritating）handsome: adj. （男子）英俊的，漂亮的，有魅力的；（女子）健美的；美观的，悦目的；数量大的；大方的，慷慨的，气量大的（=generous）（词源：“hand”+ “-some”，最初意思是“容易处理和使用的”，之后用来指“适合的”，最后演变成目前的意思）fearsome: adj. 很可怕的，十分吓人的quarrelsome: adj. 爱争吵的，好口角的-some: 引起（或易于）…的4 airborne: adj. 升空的，在空中的；空气传播的；空降的e.g. Do not leave your seat until the plane is airborne. 飞机升空时不要离开座位。
科技英语中的主位推进模式及翻译
科技英语中的主位推进模式及翻译陶源【摘要】主位推进理论是系统功能语言学的重要理论,该理论将句子序列作为连贯性的语篇进行研究.科技英语的主位推进模式主要分为持续型、直线型、衍生型三种模式,这些推进模式在科技语篇中交替或混合出现,令阐述的概念及信息逐步完善.而超主位的概念则超越了小句,将语篇中的段落衔接起来,以其预测功能引导读者的思路,推动信息流的发展.基于主位推进的科技语篇分析可以从宏观上把握语篇内部联系和信息节奏,构建出连贯流畅的译文.【期刊名称】《常州工学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2010(028)005【总页数】4页(P81-84)【关键词】主位推进模式;超主位;宏观主位;篇章格律论【作者】陶源【作者单位】大连理工大学外国语学院,辽宁,大连,116024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9在语言的信息、表达和指示三大功能中，科技语篇最为关注的是信息功能，强调篇章逻辑和结构缜密，侧重交流事实。
而主位推进理论作为功能语言学的重要理论，是组织信息、实现语言的语篇元功能(textual metafunction)的一种手段，将句子序列之间的关系作为语篇组织的一个单位。
对科技语篇中主位推进的分析有助于译者了解语篇框架结构，认识篇章内部的层级关系，对文章结构起到深度剖析的作用。
一、主位推进模式布拉格学派马泰休斯在其功能句子观(functional sentence perspective)的研究中首先提出主位(theme)和述位(rheme)的论述[1]，Halliday发展了这一学说，提出“主位结构”的概念[2]。
由于大多数的语篇是由两个或两个以上小句组成的，各个句子不仅从语法和语义上相互联系，前后句子的主位和述位之间也会发生各种有机的联系和变化，形成了主位变化的基本模式。
捷克语言学家Danes第一个把篇章中复杂的主位关系称作“主位推进模式”(thematic progression)，并划分出简单线型、连续型、派生型、分裂述位发展型和跳跃主位发展型等五种类型[3]。
地球系统科学专业英语词汇
地球系统科学专业英语词汇摘要：本文介绍了地球系统科学专业的基本概念和主要研究领域，以及相关的英语词汇和表达。
本文旨在帮助地球系统科学专业的学习者和从事者掌握一些专业术语和常用语，提高英语交流和阅读能力。
一、什么是地球系统科学地球系统科学（Earth System Science，简称ESS）是一门综合性的学科，它研究地球作为一个整体系统的结构、功能、演化和变化，以及人类活动对地球系统的影响和反馈。
地球系统科学涉及多个传统的自然科学领域，如大气科学、海洋科学、地质科学、生物科学、化学、物理等，以及社会科学、经济学、政治学等。
地球系统科学的目标是揭示地球系统的内在规律和机制，预测未来的变化趋势和风险，为人类社会的可持续发展提供科学依据和政策建议。
地球系统科学的英语词汇如下：中文英文地球系统Earth system地球系统科学Earth System Science (ESS)地球系统模式Earth system model (ESM)地球系统组成部分Earth system components地球系统过程Earth system processes地球系统服务Earth system services地球系统反馈Earth system feedbacks地球系统观测Earth system observation地球系统管理Earth system management二、地球系统组成部分地球系统由多个相互联系和相互影响的组成部分构成，主要包括大气层、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈和冰雪圈。
这些组成部分又可以进一步细分为不同的子系统，如大气层可以分为对流层、平流层、中间层、热层等；水圈可以分为海洋、湖泊、河流、地下水等；岩石圈可以分为地壳、上地幔等；生物圈可以分为陆生生物、海洋生物等；冰雪圈可以分为冰川、冻土、雪盖等。
这些组成部分通过物质循环和能量交换实现动态平衡和协调发展。
地球系统组成部分的英语词汇如下：中文英文大气层atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈lithosphere生物圈biosphere冰雪圈cryosphere对流层troposphere平流层stratosphere中间层mesosphere热层thermosphere海洋ocean湖泊lake中文英文河流river地下水groundwater地壳crust上地幔upper mantle陆生生物terrestrial biota海洋生物marine biota冰川glacier冻土permafrost雪盖snow cover三、地球系统过程地球系统过程是指在地球系统内部或者在不同组成部分之间发生的物理、化学或者生物方面的变化或者作用，如辐射、对流、降水、蒸发、光合作用、呼吸作用、板块运动、地震、火山、风化、沉积、生物地球化学循环等。
气象科技英语翻译
Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere.The gaseous envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal inhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity.Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used most commonly in the meteorological literature.According to a publication of the agrological commission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1961, the Earth’s atmosphere, is divided into five main layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere. These layers are bounded by four thin transition regions: the tropospause, the stratospause, the mesospause, the thermospause .The troposphere is the lower layer of the atmosphere between the Earth’s surface and the tropopause. The temperature drops with increasing height in the troposphere, at a mean rate of 6.5 ℃per kilometer (lapse rate). The upper boundary of the troposphere lies at a height of approximately 8 to 12 km in the polar and troposphere contains about 75% of the total 就像海洋中的鱼一样,人类被局限在大气中一个非常狭窄的层次之内。
初一地球科学探索单选题50题
初一地球科学探索单选题50题1. The outermost layer of the Earth is called the ____.A. mantleB. coreC. crust答案：C。
解析：地球最外层是地壳，地幔在中间，地核在地球的中心，所以这里选地壳。
2. Which part of the Earth is the thickest among the following?A. The oceanic crustB. The continental crustC. The upper mantle答案：B。
解析：大陆地壳比海洋地壳厚，而上地幔的厚度小于大陆地壳的厚度，所以在这几个选项里大陆地壳是最厚的。
3. The Earth's core is mainly made up of ____.A. silicon and oxygenB. iron and nickelC. magnesium and iron答案：B。
解析：地球的地核主要由铁和镍组成。
硅和氧是地壳中含量较多的元素，镁和铁不是地核主要的组成成分。
4. The layer between the crust and the core is the ____.A. lithosphereB. mantleC. asthenosphere答案：B。
解析：位于地壳和地核之间的是地幔。
岩石圈包含地壳和上地幔顶部，软流层是地幔中的一部分。
5. The thickness of the Earth's crust varies from about ____ kilometers.A. 5 - 10B. 5 - 70C. 2900 - 6371答案：B。
解析：地球地壳的厚度大约在5到70千米之间。
5 - 10千米范围过小，2900 - 6371千米这个范围是地幔和地核相关的厚度范围。
6. Which of the following statements about the mantle is correct?A. It is the coldest part of the Earth.B. It is mainly solid but can flow slowly.C. It is as thin as the crust.答案：B。
2013-2014学年高一下学期第一次检测英语试题
高一下学期第一次检测英语试题分值：120分考试时间：120分钟2014.04.01第一部分听力：（共两节，20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）第一节(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一个小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What does the woman like best about her college?A. The teachersB. Her classmatesC. The cost2. What will the woman give her mother for Mather’s Day?A. A dressB. Some flowersC. A beautiful card3. Which food does the man NOT want to buy?A. MilkB. Swiss cheeseC. Hamburgers4. When will the man have to be at the airport?A. At 12:15B. 10:15C. 8:155. What does the woman mean?A. She is afraid of telling her boss what she thinksB. She will tell her boss what she thinks laterC. She can earn a higher salary第二节（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
环境卫生学03第三章-大气卫生
气压低 10℃
1000m
膨胀
气压高 20℃
地面
压缩
● 大气稳定度取决于 r 与 rd 的相对值和 r 的绝对值
上升
10℃ 1000 m 5℃
10℃ 1000 m
15℃
rd=1
r=1.5
下 rd=1
降
r =0.5
20℃
气体------SO2、CO、NOX等 蒸汽------汞蒸汽、苯蒸汽
沉降性颗粒物------粒径>100um颗粒物 ● 颗粒物质 总悬浮颗粒物(TSP) ---粒径≤100um颗粒物 （固体、液体） 可吸入尘(IP)(PM10)----粒径≤10um颗粒物
细粒子（PM2.5)----粒径≤2.5um颗粒物
SO2 CO
NO2 HC 灰尘
一般情况 燃烧良好
60 0.23 9.1 0.1
11 3
60
60
1.4
22.7
9.1
3.6
0.5
5
11
11
6
9
（二）生活炉灶和采暖锅炉 (living stove)
● 生活炉灶的排放特点 1、量大 2、燃烧不完全，污染物排放量高 3、无組织排放 4、低空排放，直接影响居民健康
热层 （电离层）
-60℃
0℃
大气结构示意图
------------中间层 -------------
平流层（同温层）
-----------对流层 ------------+60 ℃
1、对流层 (troposphere)
● 包含空气总量的95% ，含有一定量的水 蒸汽、烟尘、微生物等夹杂物
气象常用专业英语词汇
主题词表English Chinese01. 大气atmospheric science 大气科学meteorology 气象学atmosphere 大气atmospheric impurity 大气杂质atmospheric suspended matter 大气悬浮物atmospheric composition 大气成分atmospheric mass 大气质量atmospheric density 大气密度atmospheric subdivision 大气分层homosphere 均质层heterosphere非均质层standard ［pressure］ level 标准层isothermal layer 等温层lower atmosphere 低层大气middle atmosphere 中层大气upper atmosphere 高层大气troposphere 对流层tropopause对流层顶stratosphere 平流层stratopause平流层顶mesosphere 中间层mesopause中间层顶thermosphere 热层exosphere夕卜［逸］层ionosphere 电离层magnetosphere 磁层ozonosphere 臭氧层free atmosphere 自由大气planetary atmosphere 行星大气standard atmosphere（reference atmosphere）标准大气大气）homogeneous atmosphere 均质大气isothermal atmosphere 等温大气polytropic atmosphere 多元大气scale height大气标高meteorological element 气象要素air temperature 气温wet-bulb temperature 湿球温度dry-bulb temperature 干球温度atmospheric pressure 气压standard atmosphere pressure 标准大气压station pressure 本站气压sea-level pressure 海平面气压pressure gradient 气压梯度barometric height formula 压高公式pressure gradient force 气压梯度力Coriolis force科里奥利力water vapor 水［蒸］汽water vapor pressure 水汽压humidity 湿度relative humidity 相对湿度absolute humidity 绝对湿度specifichumidity 比湿mixing ratio 混合比dewpoint ［temperature］露点（温度）depression of the dew point （温度）露点差super-saturated air 过饱和空气saturationspecific humidity 饱和比湿saturationvapor pressure 饱和水汽压saturationdeficit 饱和差cloud 云low cloud 低云middle cloud 中云high cloud 高云cloudamount 云量cloud height 云高cloudgenera 云属cloud etage 云族cloud species云种cloud variety 云类cloud form 云状cirrus, Ci 卷云cirrostratus, Cs 卷层云cirrocumulus, Cc 卷积云altocumulus, Ac高积云altostratus, As 高层云cumulus, Cu积云（参考cumulus humilis, Cu hum 淡积云cumulus congestus, Cu con 浓积云cumulonimbus,Cb 积雨云cumulus fractus, Cu fra 碎积云stratocumulus, Sc 层积云stratus, St 层云nimbostratus, Ns 雨层云stratiform cloud层状云cumuliform cloud 积状云coldcloud 冷云warm cloud 暖云ice cloud 冰云wind 风wind direction 风向wind speed,wind velocity 风速maximum wind speed最大风速extreme wind speed 极大风速wind speed profile 风速廓线wind force 风力wind force scale 风级Beaufort ［wind］ scale 蒲福风级calm 0级风light air 1级风light breeze 2级风gentle breeze 3级风moderate breeze 4级风fresh breeze 5级风strong breeze 6级风near gale 7级风gale 8级风strong gale 9级风storm 10级风violent storm 11级风hurricane 12级风gust 阵风local wind地方性风surface wind 地面风foehn 焚风mountain-valley breeze 山谷风sea-land breeze 海陆风on-shore wind 向岸风off-shore wind 离岸风gorge wind峡谷风predominant wind direction 主导风向prevailing wind 盛行风wind pressure 风压wind energy 风能wind energy resources 风能资源wind energy rose 风能玫瑰［图］visibility 能见度clear sky 晴天partly cloudy 少云cloudy 多云overcast 阴天blue of the sky天空蓝度sky condition天空状况precipitation 降水amount of precipitation 降水量precipitation intensity 降水强度showery precipitation 阵性降水convective precipitation 对流性降水orographic precipitation 地形降水rain 雨rain drop 雨滴rain shadow 雨影glaze雨淞rain day 雨日rainfall ［amount］雨量continuous precipitation 连续性降水intermittent precipitation 间歇性降水showery rain 阵雨freezing rain 冻雨drizzle毛毛雨light rain 小雨moderate rain 中雨heavy rain 大雨torrential rain 暴雨local precipitation 地方性降水orographic rain 地形雨storm风暴sandstorm, duststorm 沙［尘］暴hail storm 雹暴haze 霾dust 浮尘dew 露frost 霜frost point 霜点first frost 初霜latest frost 终霜tornado 龙卷dust devil尘卷风snow 雪sleet雨夹雪showery snow 阵雪snow crystal 雪晶snowflake 雪花snow grains 米雪snowstorm 雪暴snow cover 积雪snowfall ［amount］雪量snow depth 雪深snow day 雪日icing 积冰hail 冰雹thunder 雷thunderstorm 雷暴thunder shower 雷阵雨lightning 闪电fog 雾mist轻雾wet fog湿雾sea fog 海雾ice fog 冰雾frontal fog 锋面雾advection fog 平流雾radiation fog 辐射雾advection-radiation fog 平流辐射雾mixing fog混合雾evaporation fog 蒸发雾supercooled fog 过冷却雾ground fog地面雾upslope fog 上坡雾air-mass fog 气团雾tropical air fog 热带气团雾rime雾淞graupel 霰percentage of sunshine 日照百分率sunshine duration 日照时数duration of possible sunshine 可照时数02. 大气探测atmospheric sounding and observing 大气探测meteorological observation 气象观测surface observation 地面观测visual observation 目测^ background pollution observation 本底污染观测field observation 外场观测conventional observation 常规观测sounding 探空upper air observation 高空观测aircraft sounding 飞机探测rocket sounding 火箭探测radio sounding无线电探空surface data地面资料upper air data高空资料observation site 观测场meteorological platform 气象观测平台automatic meteorological station 自动气象站meteorological instrument 气象仪器screen,instrument shelter 百叶箱thermometer 温度表telethermometer遥测温度表thermograph 温度计geothermometer 地温表surface geothermometer 地面温度表angle geothermometer 曲管地温表tube-typed geothermometer 直管地温表maximum thermometer 最高温度表minimum thermometer 最低温度表mercury thermometer 水银温度表Lyman- a hygrometer 莱曼-a 湿度表bimetallic thermograph双金属片温度计barograph气压计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计mountain barograph 高山气压计barometer气压表aneroid barometer 空盒气压表ship-barometer船用气压表mountain barometer 高山气压表pressure altimeter 气压测高表normal barometer标准气压表mercury barometer 水银气压表Fortin barometer 福丁气压表Kew pattern barometer 寇乌气压表hygrograph 湿度计hygrometer 湿度表psychrometer 干湿表aspirated psychrometer 通风干湿表Assmann psychrometer 阿斯曼干湿表dew-point hygrometer 露点湿度表hair hygrometer毛发湿度表hair hygrograph 毛发湿度计black and white bulb thermometer 黑白球温度表barothermograph气压温度计dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度表wet-bulb thermometer 湿球温度表sunshine recorder 日照计Jordan sunshine recorder 乔唐日照计Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder 康培尔-司托克日照计pyrheliometer直接辐射表pyranometer总辐射表sky radiometer diffusometer 天空辐射表albedometer反照率表pyranometer净辐射表evaporograph 蒸发计evaporation pan小型蒸发器evaporation tank大型蒸发器standard pan标准蒸发器ceiling projector 云幂灯visibility meter,visiometer 能见度表raingauge雨量器pluviograph,recording raingauge 雨量计accumulative raingauge 累计雨量器tilting bucket raingauge 翻斗［式］雨量计electric conductivity raingauge 水导［式］雨量计siphon rainfall recorder 虹吸［式］雨量计wind vane 风向标anemometer 风速表contact anemometer 电接风速表cup anemometer转杯风速表propeller anemometer螺旋桨［式］风速表anemorumbometer 风向风速表anemograph 风速计meteorological rocket 气象火箭sounding rocket 探空火箭weather radar天气雷达meteorological radar 气象雷达lidar激光雷达sodar, acoustic radar 声［雷］达Doppler radar多普勒天气雷达atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感meteorological satellite 气象卫星synoptic data天气资料real time data实时资料radiation transfer equation 辐射传输方程atmospheric transmission model 大气传输模式03. 大气物理学atmospheric physics 大气物理［学］ cloud physics云物理学advection 平流convection 对流aerosol气溶胶cloud droplet-size distribution 云滴谱raindrop size distribution 雨滴谱fog-drop 雾滴cloud droplet 云滴supercooled cloud droplet 过冷云滴drop spectrum 滴谱collision 碰撞coagulation 碰并ice crystal 冰晶ice point 冰点condensation 凝结evaporation 蒸发solidification 凝固deposition 凝华sublimation 升华freezing 冻结condensation nucleus 凝结核salt nucleus 盐核weather modification 人工影响天气cloud dissipation ^肖云salt-seeding盐粉播撒frost prevention 防霜artificial precipitation 人工降水cloud cluster 云团tropical cloud cluster 热带云团cloud system 云系comma cloud system 逗点云系banded cloud system 带状云系vortex cloud system 涡旋云系atmospheric radiation 大气辐射solar radiation 太阳辐射solar constant 太阳常数outgoing long-wave radiation, OLR 向外长波辐射visible light 可见光radiation balance 辐射平衡global radiation 总辐射direct radiation 直接辐射effective radiation 有效辐射scattered radiation 散射辐射diffuse radiation 漫射辐射sky radiation天空辐射upward ［tatal］ radiation 向上［全］辐射downward ［total］ radiation 向下［全］辐射incoming radiation 入射辐射albedo of the earth-atmosphere system 地气系统反照率albedo of underlying surface 下垫面反照率atmospheric counter radiation 大气逆辐射radiance辐射率albedo 反照率planetary temperature 行星温度atmospheric window 大气窗［atmospheric］ absorptivity ［大气］吸收率primary scattering 一次散射Mie scattering 米散射multiple scattering 多次散射Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射sky brightness, sky luminance 天空亮度atmospheric optical thickness, atmospheric optical depth 大气光学厚度［atmospheric］ transparency ［大气］透明度atmospheric optical phenomena 大气光学现象atmospheric turbidity 大气浑浊度mirage蜃景twilight曙暮光aurora australis 南极光aurora borealis 北极光halo 晕solar halo 日晕lunar halo 月晕solar corona 日华lunar corona 月华rainbow 虹secondary rainbow 霓corona 华twilight colors 霞aurora极光glory宝光［环］ magnetic storm 磁暴04. 大气化学atmospheric chemistry 大气化学atmospheric photolysis 大气光解作用atmospheric ozone 大气臭氧atmospheric trace gas 大气痕量气体photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemical smog 光化烟雾precipitation chemistry 降水化学atmospheric background 大气本底［值］atmospheric pollution 大气污染air pollution空气污染primary pollutant 原生污染物secondary pollutant 次生污染物atmospheric cleaning 大气净化floating dust 飘尘dustfall 降尘greenhouse gasses 温室气体atmospheric pollutant 大气污染物smog aerosol烟雾气溶胶ash cloud 烟灰云smog烟雾smoke screen 烟幕acid rain 酸雨smoke 烟smoke plume 烟羽plume rise烟羽抬升fallout沉降物05. 动力气象学dynamic meteorology 动力气象学atmospheric thermodynamics 大气热力学sensible heat 感热latent heat 潜热reversible adiabatic process 可逆绝热过程irreversible adiabatic process 不可逆绝热过程moisture inversion 逆湿thermodynamic equation 热力学方程temperature inversion 逆温turbulence inversion 湍流逆温surface inversion 地面逆温radiation inversion 辐射逆温capping inversion 覆盖逆温subsidence inversion 下沉逆温frontal inversion 锋面逆温inversion layer 逆温层temperature gradient 温度梯度temperature advection 温度平流adiabatic ascending 绝热上升adiabatic sinking 绝热下沉adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic heating 绝热增温pseudo-adiabatic process 假绝热过程diabatic process非绝热过程convective condensation level, CCL 对流凝结高度mixing condensation level 混合凝结高度temperature lapse rate 气温直减率dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热直减率moist adiabatic lapse rate 湿绝热直减率condensation level, CL 凝结高度virtual temperature 虚温dry adiabatic process 干绝热过程moist adiabatic process 湿绝热过程potential temperature 位温equation of motion 运动方程continuity equation 连续方程equation of state 状态方程vorticity equation 涡度方程divergence equation 散度方程hydrostatic equation 流体静力方程 3 -equation 3方程perturbation equation 扰动方程thermal wind equation 热成风方程advective equation 平流方程balance equation 平衡方程baroclinic process 斜压过程geostrophic adjustment 地转适应available potential energy 有效位能geopotential meter 位势米geopotential height 位势高度inertial instability 惯性不稳定free convection level 自由对流高度［atmospheric］ stability ［大气］稳定度static stability静力稳定度absolute stability 绝对稳定absolute instability 绝对不稳定neutral stability 中性稳定conditional instability 条件［性］不稳定barotropic instability 正压不稳定baroclinic instability 斜压不稳定latent instability 潜在不稳定conservation of potential vorticity 位涡守，恒z-coordinate z 坐标p-coordinate p 坐标。
对流层与平流层
对流层对流层（troposphere）位于大气的最低层，集中了约75％的大气质量和90％以上的水汽质量。
其下界与地面相接，上界高度随地理纬度和季节而变化。
在低纬度地区平均高度为17～18公里，在中纬度地区平均为10～12公里，极地平均为8～9公里，并且夏季高于冬季。
对流层中，气温随高度升高而降低，平均每上升100米，气温约降低0.65℃。
气温随高度升高而降低是由于对流层大气的主要热源是地面长波辐射，离地面越高，受热越少，气温就越低。
但在一定条件下，对流层中也会出现气温随高度增加而上升的现象，称之为“逆温现象”。
由于受地表影响较大，气象要素（气温、湿度等）的水平分布不均匀。
空气有规则的垂直运动和无规则的乱流混合都相当强烈。
上下层水气、尘埃、热量发生交换混合。
由于90％以上的水气集中在对流层中，所以云、雾、雨、雪等众多天气现象都发生在对流层。
在对流层内，按气流和天气现象分布的特点又可分为下层、中层和上层。
（1）下层：下层又称扰动层或摩擦层。
其范围一般是自地面到2公里高度。
随季节和昼夜的不同，下层的范围也有一些变动，一般是夏季高于冬季，白天高于夜间。
在这层里气流受地面的摩擦作用的影响较大，湍流交换作用特别强盛，通常，随着高度的增加，风速增大，风向偏转。
这层受地面热力作用的影响，气温亦有明显的日变化。
由于本层的水汽、尘粒含量较多，因而，低云、雾、浮尘等出现频繁。
（2）中层：中层的底界在摩擦层顶，上层高度约为6公里。
它受地面影响比摩擦层小得多，气流状况基本上可表征整个对流层空气运动的趋势。
大气中的云和降水大都产生在这一层内。
（3）上层：上层的范围是从6公里高度伸展到对流层的顶部。
这一层受地面的影响更小，气温常年都在0℃以下，水汽含量较少，各种云都由冰晶和过冷水滴组成。
在中纬度和热带地区，这一层中常出现风速等于或大于30米/秒的强风带，即所谓的急流。
此外，在对流层和平流层之间，有一个厚度为数百米到1～2公里的过渡层，称为对流层顶。
孩子们通过天窗想象到了什么英语作文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：孩子们通过天窗想象到了什么英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What the Children Imagined Through the SkylightAs the school bell rang for our afternoon English lesson, we sluggishly made our way to Mr. Roberts' classroom on the third floor. It was a warm spring day, and most of us would havepreferred to be outside playing rather than cooped up indoors. However, Mr. Roberts always had a few tricks up his sleeve to keep us engaged and make the time fly by.When we entered the classroom, we noticed the blinds were drawn and the lights were off. Puzzled, we took our seats quietly. Mr. Roberts then dimmed the main lights and switched on a small lamp that illuminated a rectangular patch on the ceiling. As our eyes adjusted to the semi-darkness, we realized it was shining on the old skylight set into the ceiling tiles. Suddenly, the glass pane took on an ethereal glow."Today, class, we're going to let our imaginations run wild," Mr. Roberts said in a hushed tone. "Keep your eyes fixed on that skylight and tell me what you see beyond the glass."At first, there were a few snickers from the class clowns, but Mr. Roberts' sincere demeanor silenced them. One by one, we began to narrate the visions that formed in our minds' eyes.Timid Mary spoke first. "I see... clouds. Puffy white clouds drifting lazily across a brilliant blue sky." A few of us nodded, sharing her pedestrian view. But then she continued, "And there... amongst the clouds... I can make out magical creatures! A griffin soars majestically, its lion body and eagle wings outstretched.And over there, a pixie is lounging on a cloud, plucking petals from a flower!"We turned to stare at quiet Mary in amazement. Her rosy cheeks flushed, but she managed a small smile, pleased to have contributed something so fanciful.Emboldened by Mary's imagination, Jonathan raised his hand next. "The clouds are parting, and I can see a medieval castle peeking through! Tall turrets and ramparts, and a thick stone wall surrounding it. A king and queen gaze out from the balcony while knights practice jousting in the courtyard below."Jonathan's detail-rich depiction seemed to spark something in the rest of us. Suddenly, we were all waving our hands frantically, straining to share the make-believe realms that materialized through the skylight's portal."I see a pirate ship!" cried Daniel. "Sailors are swinging from the rigging and scrubbing the decks. The captain is surveying the horizon with his spyglass. And look - dolphins are frolicking alongside the ship!"Not to be outdone, Jessica trumpeted, "A rocket ship is blasting through the clouds! I can see the astronauts buckledinto their seats as they power towards the stars. They're giving me a wave!"On and on it went, with every child's perspective more outlandish and whimsical than the last. Andrew described an exotic jungle canopy with chattering monkeys and jewel-toned macaws. Lily happily recounted watching a powderpuff unicorn frolic with cherubic fairy folk. Tim seemed to be peering into a candyland kingdom with rivers of chocolate and gingerbread forests.For a while, reality was suspended as we traveled to astounding realms limited only by our fertile imaginations. Dinosaurs roamed primordial swamps while cowboys swept across Wild West plains. Pinpricks of light metamorphosed into entire galaxies swirling with cosmic phenomena. Our worries and woes were cast aside as we became explorers, adventurers, dreamweavers.Finally, the enchanting visions began to wind down. Mr. Roberts called on Raj, who had been uncharacteristically quiet this whole time. "Raj, you haven't shared what you see through the skylight yet. What's beyond the glass for you?"Raj was quiet for a moment, seemingly debating whether to reveal his inner thoughts. Then he said softly, "At first, all I sawwere clouds. Plain, ordinary clouds. But the more I listened to everyone else's incredible stories, the more astounded I became.I realized that while my eyes perceived only the simple white puffs outside, my mind's eye was watching all of your vibrant, unrestrained visions unfurl."He paused, then continued, "And I saw that even though we were each looking through the same tiny skylight window, every one of us perceived an entirely unique and amazing universe beyond it. Our imaginations are truly boundless, allowing us to create rich, complex worlds beyond the limits of what we can physically see or experience."We sat in a reverent hush, marveling at the profound insight Raj had voiced so eloquently. Mr. Roberts stood and began applauding. We all joined in, celebrating the profound magic we had summoned that afternoon simply by letting our fancies transcend the imposing skylight glass.As the bell rang to dismiss us, I made a silent pledge to myself to never stop exercising my imagination. To never allow the dull roofs of constraint and conformity to be built over the skylights of my dreams. For in that spellbound classroom, I had learned that infinity resides in our minds, waiting to be explored if we just dare to imagine...篇2What the Children Imagined Through the SkylightAs I sat in the dimly lit classroom, my eyes were inexplicably drawn upwards to the dusty skylight set into the ceiling. Sunlight streamed through the glass panes, casting scattered rays that danced across the room. In that moment, my mind began to wander, transported to worlds beyond the confines of those four walls.The skylight became a portal, beckoning my imagination to soar. I pictured myself drifting upwards, my body weightless, until I breached the boundaries of the glass and emerged into the boundless expanse of the heavens.Suspended in the infinite azure, I gazed down upon the patchwork quilt of fields and forests that blanketed the earth below. Rivers ribboned across the landscape, their waters shimmering like liquid silver. I could discern the miniature forms of houses and barns, toy-like structures dwarfed by the vastness that surrounded them.As I propelled myself higher, the curvature of the planet became apparent, a gentle arc emerging against the inky backdrop of space. The troposphere thinned, giving way to thestratosphere's crystalline clarity. Up here, the world seemed so small, so fragile – a delicate jewel adrift in the cosmic sea.I wondered what secrets lingered in those distant realms, what marvels awaited discovery in the uncharted territories of the universe. Perhaps other worlds spun in perpetual orbits around distant suns, their landscapes as alien and wondrous as anything we could imagine.Suddenly, a streak of light flashed across my field of vision, a meteor blazing a molten trail before winking out of existence. It was a fleeting glimpse of the cosmicFireWorks that must occur with astonishing regularity throughout the heavens, the detritus of ancient celestial cataclysms still hurtling across the vast interstellar void.My reverie was interrupted as the classroom door swung open and our teacher strode in, her footsteps echoing across the floor. As she launched into her lesson, I found my attention wandering once more towards that skylight and the infinite possibilities it represented.At the conclusion of the class, I gathered my books and joined the tide of students flowing out into the hallway. My best friend fell into step beside me, and I couldn't resist sharing the visions that had played out in my mind's eye."While Mrs. Jensen was droning on about verbs, I was drifting through the stratosphere, staring down at the Earth from miles above," I whispered conspiratorially.Molly's eyes widened, and I could see the spark of her own imagination being kindled. "Truly? And what did you see up there?""The most incredible sights," I gushed, scarcely able to find the words to encapsulate the grandeur I had witnessed. "Shooting stars, the curving horizon of the planet itself..." I trailed off, somehow unable to give voice to the profound sense of wonder and insignificance I had experienced amidst the vast, cold majesty of space.Molly was silent for a moment, doubtless envisioning her own cosmic odyssey. At last, she turned to me, eyes shining. "We should do it, you know. We should journey there for real someday – outwards, ever outwards into that glittering ocean of stars."I could only nod, a lump rising in my throat at the prospect. In that instant, I felt a newfound sense of ambition blazing within me, a yearning to cast off the shackles of the mundane and attain something greater. The skylight had unlocked somethingprofound, fueling my imagination and stoking the flames of my curiosity.As we parted ways, I cast one last, lingering glance upwards. The skylight seemed to wink down at me knowingly, its dusty glass concealing infinite galaxies, each one brimming with untold wonders and possibilities. I vowed to feed that nascent spark of wanderlust until it became an all-consuming blaze that would propel me out amongst the stars. The universe beckoned, and I knew I had to answer its call, no matter how arduous the journey.I could already envision myself seated at the controls of a spacecraft, that familiar skylight replaced by a viewscreen affording an unbounded vista of the cosmos. Entire worlds and stars would bloom into existence before my eyes, their secrets ripe for unlocking. Perhaps I would even encounter life forms divergent from any we know, entities as mindboggling and unknowable as the depths of my boyhood daydreams.No longer would I be confined to peering outwards through a dusty pane of glass. The entire universe would be my playground, my classroom, an endless tapestry of mystery to be unraveled and understood. I would be an explorer of the first magnitude, an ambassador from Earth to the furthest corners of creation.As I reflect upon that life-altering moment of imagination, I realize that we are all youthful stargazers peering out at the cosmos, yearning for something greater. Within each of us burn embers of wanderlust, waiting to be stoked into wildfires of ambition that will propel humanity outwards to the stars.All it takes is one glimpse through the skylight, one tantalizing whisper of the unfathomable secrets and splendors that await amongst the stars. Like latent seeds exposed to warmth and light, our dreams blossom outwards, transcending the limits of our terrestrial origins. We are spacefaring beings in our very essence – destined, perhaps, to one day roam amongst the wheeling galaxies.So let your imagination soar, wherever it may lead. Feed your sense of wonder, nurture your curiosity and courageously explore the uncharted territories that beckon. The entire cosmos awaits those intrepid few willing to take the leap and sail outwards amongst the stars. All you need is the determination to step through the skylight and embrace the infinite possibilities that lie beyond.篇3What the Children Imagined Through the SkylightAs the teacher's words faded into the background noise of the classroom, my gaze drifted upwards towards the skylight. The warm spring sunlight filtered through the glass panes, casting a warm glow over the room. In that moment, my mind began to wander, transported to distant realms and fantastical landscapes.I could almost feel the gentle caress of a cool breeze against my skin as I envisioned myself soaring high above the clouds. The vast expanse of the azure sky stretched out before me, dotted with fluffy white clouds that resembled the shapes of animals and mythical creatures. A flock of birds glided gracefully alongside me, their wings outstretched, cutting through the crisp air with effortless elegance.As I looked down, the world below appeared like a patchwork quilt of vibrant greens, browns, and blues. Towering mountains, their peaks capped with pristine snow, pierced the horizon, their majestic presence a testament to nature's raw power. Winding rivers snaked their way through lush valleys, reflecting the sun's rays like shimmering ribbons of liquid gold.In the distance, I spotted a bustling city, its skyscrapers reaching towards the heavens like sentinels of steel and glass. The streets below teemed with life, tiny specks of colorrepresenting the hustle and bustle of countless individuals, each with their own stories and dreams.Suddenly, my reverie was interrupted by the sound of laughter, and I realized that my classmates had also been transported to their own imaginary worlds. Turning to my left, I saw Sarah gazing dreamily at the skylight, her eyes alight with wonder. "I can see a beautiful palace made entirely of ice," she whispered, her voice tinged with awe. "It's like something out of a fairy tale, with towering spires and intricate carvings that glitter in the sunlight."To my right, Jake was grinning from ear to ear, his eyes sparkling with excitement. "I'm soaring over a vast desert, riding on the back of a mighty dragon!" he exclaimed, his arms outstretched as if clutching onto imaginary reins. "The sand dunes stretch out as far as the eye can see, and the wind whips through my hair as we dive and soar through the endless sky."As I listened to my classmates' imaginings, I couldn't help but feel a sense of childlike wonder and excitement. It was as if the skylight had opened a portal to a world of endless possibilities, where our dreams and fantasies could take flight.In that moment, I realized that imagination is a powerful force, capable of transcending the boundaries of reality andtransporting us to realms limited only by the depths of our own creativity. It is a gift that we all possess, a secret door that unlocks the hidden wonders of our minds and allows us to explore the uncharted territories of our innermost thoughts and desires.As the class drew to a close and we reluctantly tore our gazes away from the skylight, I couldn't help but feel a sense of gratitude for that brief glimpse into the boundless realms of our imaginations. It was a reminder that even in the midst of the mundane routines of daily life, there exists a world of wonder and possibility, waiting to be explored by those with the courage and curiosity to let their minds wander.From that day forward, I vowed to never lose touch with that sense of childlike wonder and imagination. Whenever the stresses and pressures of life threatened to overwhelm me, I would simply gaze upwards, letting my mind take flight through the skylight and into the boundless expanse of my own imagination, where anything was possible and adventures awaited around every corner.。
英国文学简史完全笔记
英国文学简史完全笔记A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The V enerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages. （2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.（3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.（3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion. Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - ―Areopagus‖ – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist. （3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: ―Renaissance man‖, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses anmodern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris –knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: Advancement of science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）―Essays‖: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate（2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the ―literary king‖ （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of ―humour‖.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—―humour‖; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish,which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term ―metaphysical poetry‖ is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves ―sons‖ of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry. （2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical ―Spectator‖ （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in ―The Tatler‖, and ―The Spectator‖ provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the ―improbable and marvelous‖ accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents anatural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace（5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence ontwentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as ―Byronic Hero‖ of ―satanic spirit‖. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer（3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams.V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。
国际标准大气温度高度
国际标准大气温度高度
国际标准大气温度高度是指大气温度随着高度变化的一种规定。
根据国际民航组织（ICAO）制定的国际标准大气模型，大气
温度的变化可分为以下几个高度层：
1. Troposphere（对流层）：从地球表面到大约8-15公里的高度。
在这一层中，温度随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降，平均每升高1千米降低约6.5摄氏度。
2. Stratosphere（平流层）：从对流层顶部到大约50公里的高度。
在这一层中，温度随着海拔的升高而逐渐上升，直到达到一个稳定的温度区域。
3. Mesosphere（中间层）：从平流层顶部到大约85公里的高度。
在这一层中，温度随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降。
4. Thermosphere（热层）：从中间层顶部到大约600公里的高度。
在这一层中，温度随着海拔的升高而逐渐上升。
需要注意的是，国际标准大气温度高度是一种理想化的模型，实际情况下大气温度的变化可能受许多因素影响，如地理位置、季节、天气等。
因此，在不同地区和不同时间可能存在一些偏离。
以上为大致的高度分布，具体数值可根据实际情况进行调整。
对流层化学英文
对流层化学英文Here is an essay on the topic of "Stratospheric Chemistry" with the required word count of over 600 words, written in English:The stratosphere is a distinct layer of the Earth's atmosphere that lies above the troposphere, the lowest layer. The stratosphere extends from an altitude of approximately 6 to 20 kilometers (4 to 12 miles) above the Earth's surface, depending on latitude. This layer is characterized by an increase in temperature with altitude, which is the opposite of the temperature profile in the troposphere. The temperature inversion in the stratosphere is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by ozone (O3), a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms.Ozone is the key component in the stratosphere that drives its unique chemical and physical properties. The formation of ozone in the stratosphere is a result of a series of photochemical reactions involving oxygen molecules (O2) and ultraviolet radiation. The process begins with the photolysis of oxygen molecules by high-energy ultraviolet radiation, which splits the oxygen molecule into two oxygen atoms:O2 + hν → O + OThe oxygen atoms then combine with other oxygen molecules in the presence of a third molecule, such as nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2), to form ozone:O + O2 + M → O3 + Mwhere M represents the third molecule. The ozone molecule can then absorb ultraviolet radiation, causing it to split into an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom:O3 + hν → O2 + OThe oxygen atom can then react with another oxygen molecule to reform ozone, completing the cycle:O + O2 + M → O3 + MThis cyclic process, known as the Chapman cycle, is the primary mechanism for the formation and maintenance of the ozone layer in the stratosphere.The ozone layer is crucial for life on Earth because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, protecting organisms from itsdamaging effects. Ultraviolet radiation can cause various health problems, including skin cancer, eye damage, and suppression of the immune system. By absorbing this radiation, the ozone layer acts as a natural sunscreen, shielding the Earth's surface and the troposphere from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.In addition to its role in protecting life, the ozone layer also influences the temperature structure and circulation patterns in the stratosphere. The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone leads to the characteristic temperature inversion, where temperatures increase with altitude. This temperature profile has a significant impact on the dynamics and stability of the stratosphere, affecting phenomena such as the formation of polar stratospheric clouds and the occurrence of the ozone hole over the Antarctic region.However, the ozone layer has been under threat in recent decades due to the release of certain human-made chemicals, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated compounds. These chemicals can undergo photochemical reactions in the stratosphere, leading to the destruction of ozone molecules. The resulting depletion of the ozone layer has been a major environmental concern, as it can lead to increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface.In response to this threat, the Montreal Protocol, an internationalagreement, was established in 1987 to regulate the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and the subsequent phasing out of CFCs and other harmful chemicals have led to a slow recovery of the ozone layer, although significant challenges remain in fully restoring the stratospheric ozone balance.Ongoing research in stratospheric chemistry continues to improve our understanding of the complex processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and depletion of the ozone layer. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective strategies to protect the Earth's stratosphere and ensure the continued well-being of life on our planet.。
大气中臭氧的作文英语
大气中臭氧的作文英语Title: The Role of Ozone in the Atmosphere。
Ozone, a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms, plays a crucial role in the Earth's atmosphere. It exists in two primary layers of the atmosphere: the troposphere and the stratosphere. While ozone near the Earth's surface can be harmful to human health, ozone in the stratosphere serves as a protective shield against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.In the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to about 10 kilometers above sea level, ozone is considered a pollutant. It is a key component of smog and can have detrimental effects on human health when presentin high concentrations. Ground-level ozone forms when pollutants from vehicles, industrial processes, and other sources react with sunlight. Prolonged exposure to high levels of ozone can lead to respiratory problems, including asthma and lung inflammation.However, it is ozone in the stratosphere, located approximately 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface, that is of utmost importance for life on Earth. The stratospheric ozone layer acts as a natural sunscreen, absorbing the majority of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays. Without this protective layer, these harmful rays would reach the Earth's surfacein higher quantities, posing significant risks to human health, as well as to plant and animal life.The process by which ozone absorbs UV radiation is crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of life on Earth. When UV radiation from the sun strikes an ozone molecule, it absorbs the energy, causing the ozone molecule to break apart into an oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom. This process converts harmful UV radiation into heat, effectively shielding the Earth's surface from its damaging effects.In recent decades, concerns have arisen over the depletion of the ozone layer due to human activities. Theuse of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances in refrigerants, solvents, and aerosol propellants has led to the thinning of the ozone layer, particularly over the polar regions. This thinning has resulted in the formation of the infamous ozone hole, most prominently observed over Antarctica.Efforts to address ozone depletion culminated in the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international treaty aimed at phasing out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. The success of the Montreal Protocol is a testament to international cooperation in addressing environmental challenges. As a result of these efforts, the ozone layer is showing signs of recovery, although full recovery is expected to take several decades.In conclusion, ozone plays a dual role in the Earth's atmosphere. While ground-level ozone can be harmful to human health, stratospheric ozone serves as a vital shield against harmful UV radiation. Protecting the ozone layer is essential for safeguarding life on Earth and requires continued vigilance and cooperation on a global scale. Byunderstanding the importance of ozone and taking proactive measures to preserve it, we can ensure a healthier and safer planet for future generations.。
(完整版)考研环境工程复试常见英语
专业英语环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing微生物：microbe生物圈：biosphere 生态学：ecology生态系统：ecosystem 生态平衡：ecological balance生态破坏：ecological damage生物群落：biological community食物链：food chain营养级：trophic level物质循环：material cycle能量传递：energy transfer水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：biofilm process bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket活性污泥：activated sludge一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater城市生活污水：municipal wastewater水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption调节池：adjusting tank生物反应池：biological reactor加药设备：physical equipment沉淀池：sedimentation tank初沉池：primary sedimentation tank二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulate flocculant大气环境：airshed 气体净化：atmospheric cleanup对流层：troposphere 平流层：stratosphere中间层：mesosphere热层：thermosphere 臭氧层：ozonosphere粉尘：dust 烟雾：smoke降尘：dust fall飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant吸收：absorption吸附：adsorption臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging凝聚：flocculation土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivity光辐射：optical radiation大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染物：pollutant污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes城市生活垃圾：municipal wastes化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrial wastes 矿业固废：mine solid wastes农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge污泥浓缩：sludge thickening筛分：screening资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery处置：disposal四、硕士期间的学习和研究计划倘若能顺利保送贵校环境工程硕士研究生的话，我将着重在以下几个方面继续努力：（一）专业知识的学习。
对流层高度 -回复
对流层高度（Troposphere height）是指大气层中的一个特定区域，它是从地球表面开始向上延伸的最底层大气层。
对流层是地球上大部分天气现象发生的区域，其中包括云的形成、降水、风等。
对流层的高度并不是固定的，而是随着地理位置、季节和天气条件的变化而有所不同。
一般来说，对流层的高度大约在地球表面到8-16公里之间（约5-10英里），具体高度取决于许多因素。
在对流层中，温度随着高度的上升而逐渐降低，这是因为对流层中的大部分天气活动受到地表的热量影响。
通过对流作用，热量从地表传输到较高层，导致温度递减。
需要注意的是，对流层上方是平流层（Stratosphere），其特点是温度随着高度的上升而增加。
平流层的上界称为对流层顶（Tropopause），通常位于对流层的上部，标志着对流层和平流层之间的过渡区域。
对流层的高度和特性对天气的形成和变化起着重要作用。
了解对流层的高度和其内部的物理过程有助于我们理解和预测天气现象，并在气象学和大气科学研究中发挥重要作用。
空难秘鲁女孩丛林英语课文
空难秘鲁女孩丛林英语课文"When the plane crash happened in Peru national Aviation" ——, 17 years old about to graduate from high school girl became the only survivor of the 92 passengers killed, she opened more than a decade of self-rescue in the primeval jungle.It was an air crash 51 years ago, when communications was underdeveloped.On 24 December 1971, it was the day of the "Peru Flight 508 air crash".A total of 92 passengers boarded the flight, but with the news of the crash.At noon on December 24,1971, the LANSA Flinght 508 flight from Lima to Pucalpa, Peru, was delayed by Tropical Storm, but passengers who had already bought their tickets successfully took off with the plane as they waited.Everything went well, but when the plane was about to cross the troposphere into the stratosphere, the body encountered a strong impact from airflow.The plane broke apart from an altitude of 3 kilometers.Soon after, the government held a national mourning ceremony.The protagonist of the incident, —— Julianne Copke, was preparing with her mother to fly to Iquitos to reunite with her father on Christmas Eve, December 24.Iquitos is the largest city in the Amazon jungle region of Peru.This was when she was killed that day.The night before, Julianne never slept almost all night because she was about to meet her father, who had not met for a long time.When she boarded the plane, her mother had her seat belt.In the haze, she quickly fell asleep. And when she woke up, she was already falling fast in the sky.It was this loud noise that disturbed her dream, and it was the disintegration of the plane at 3 kilometers high that made her never return to choose a few days ago.On December 19, Julianne was graduating from high school, and her mother was also in the same city of —— Lima.Since Julianne's graduation ceremony was held on September 23, she wanted to go home after attending the ceremony. Her daughter's eager mother decided to wait for her for a few days and decided to fly to her husband's city again on December 24.But on The 24th, because it was Christmas Eve, the tickets were almost all sold out, except for a company called Peru National Airlines.When Julianne's father learned about it, he tried to stop them, not wanting them to risk it, which was a "famous" flight.But the opposition was fruitless.The families of countless passengers were left in endless grief, including Julianne's father, Hans William Copk.。