Equations aux dérivées partielles Partial Differential Equations Transverse instability
Anti-self dual Lagrangians II Unbounded non self-adjoint operators and evolution equations
1
Introduction
This paper is a continuation of [13], where the concept of anti-selfdual (ASD) Lagrangians was shown to be inherent to many basic boundary-value and initial-value problems. A new variational framework was established where, solutions of various equations which are not normally of EulerLagrange type, can still be obtained as minima of functionals of the form I (u) = L(u, Au) + ℓ(b1 (x), b2 (x)) or I (u) =
T 0
L(t, u(t), u ˙ (t) + Au(t))dt + ℓ(u(0), u(T )).
where L is an anti-self dual Lagrangian and where A is essentially a skew-adjoint operator modulo boundary terms represented by a pair of operators (b1 , b2 ). For such Lagrangians, the minimal value will always be zero and –just like the self (and antiself) dual equations of quantum field theory (e.g. Yang-Mills and others)– the equations associated to such minima are not derived from the fact they are critical points of the functional I , but because they are also zeroes of the Lagrangian L itself. In other words, the solutions will satisfy L(u, Au) + u, Au = 0 and L(t, u(t), u ˙ (t) + At u(t)) + u(t), u ˙ (t) = 0.
文献计量学—普赖斯公式
文献计量学—普赖斯公式文献计量学是一门研究科学文献的数量、质量、传播和利用等方面的学科。
普赖斯公式是文献计量学中一种常用的衡量文献价值的方法。
本文将介绍普赖斯公式的基本原理、计算方法以及在文献计量学中的应用。
普赖斯公式（Price's Law）是由美国图书馆学家德雷弗斯·普赖斯（Derek John de Solla Price）于1963年提出的。
该公式表达了科学文献作者与其发表的文章数量之间的关系。
普赖斯公式的数学表达如下：n = k * c^α其中，n表示总作者数，k是一个常数，c表示发表文章数，α是一个常数。
普赖斯公式的核心思想是“一小部分人创造了大部分价值”。
在科学研究领域，只有少数科学家能够取得突破性的成果，大部分科学家的贡献相对较少。
普赖斯公式通过定量描述了这种不平衡分布的现象。
根据普赖斯公式，可以计算出发表文章数较多的科学家人数相对较少。
例如，如果α=0.5，那么发表文章数最多的10%科学家人数只占总人数的1%，而发表文章数最多的1%科学家人数只占总人数的0.1%。
这个结果显示了科学研究中的不平衡分布现象。
普赖斯公式在文献计量学中有着广泛的应用。
首先，它可以用来衡量科学家的科研贡献。
通过统计发表文章数，可以评估科学家的学术影响力和贡献程度。
其次，普赖斯公式可以用来评估学术机构的研究能力和水平。
通过统计机构内科学家的发表文章数，可以了解机构的研究实力和影响力。
此外，普赖斯公式还可以用来研究学科的发展趋势和科学合作网络。
通过分析不同领域科学家的发表文章数和合作关系，可以了解学科的研究热点和合作模式。
然而，普赖斯公式也存在一些限制。
首先，该公式只考虑了发表文章数，而没有考虑文章的质量和影响力。
因此，通过普赖斯公式无法全面评估科学家和机构的研究水平。
其次，普赖斯公式假设了一个稳定的科学体系，但实际情况可能存在变化。
科学研究领域的发展和变革可能会影响到普赖斯公式的适用性。
Arrheniusequation
ArrheniusequationArrhenius equationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchArrhenius' equation is a simple, but remarkably accurate, formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist J. H. van't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that van't Hoff's equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula.[1]Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship.[2] It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally-induced processes/reactions. The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy.A historically useful generalization supported by Arrhenius' equation is that, for many common chemical reactions at room temperature, the reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature.Contents[hide]1 Equation2 Arrhenius plot3 Modified Arrhenius' equation4 Theoretical interpretation of the equationo 4.1 Arrhenius' concept of activation energyo 4.2 Collision theoryo 4.3 Transition state theoryo 4.4 Limitations of the idea of Arrhenius activation energy ? 5 See also6 References7 Bibliography8 External linksEquation[edit]Arrhenius' equation gives the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reactionon the absolute temperature(in kelvin), where is the pre-exponential factor (orsimply the prefactor), is the activation energy, and is the Universal gasconstant.Alternatively, the equation may be expressed asThe only difference is the energy units of : the former form uses energy per mole,which is common in chemistry, while the latter form uses energy per molecule directly, which is common in physics. Thedifferent units are accounted for in using either= Gas constant or the Boltzmann constant as the multiplier of temperature .The units of the pre-exponential factor are identical to those of the rate constant and will vary depending on the order of the reaction. If the reaction is first order it has the units s?1, and for that reason it is often called the frequency factor or attempt frequency of the reaction. Most simply, is the number of collisions that result in a reaction per second, is the total number of collisions (leading to a reactionor not) per second and is the probability that any given collision will resultin a reaction. It can be seen that either increasing the temperature or decreasing the activation energy (for example through the use of catalysts) will result in an increase in rate of reaction.Given the small temperature range kinetic studies occur in, it is reasonable to approximate the activation energy as being independent of the temperature. Similarly, under a wide range of practical conditions, the weak temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor is negligible compared to the temperature dependence of thefactor; except in the case of "barrierless" diffusion-limited reactions,in which case the pre-exponential factor is dominant and is directly observable. Arrhenius plot[edit]Main article: Arrhenius plotTaking the natural logarithm of Arrhenius' equation yields:This has the same form as an equation for a straight line:So, when a reaction has a rate constant that obeys Arrhenius' equation, a plot of ln(k) versus T?1gives a straight line, whose gradient and intercept can be used to determine Eand A . This procedure has become so common in experimental chemical kinetics that apractitioners have taken to using it to define the activation energy for a reaction. That is the activation energy is defined to be (-R) times the slope of a plot of ln(k) vs. (1/T?)Modified Arrhenius' equation[edit]The modified Arrhenius' equation[3] makes explicit the temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor. If one allows arbitrary temperature dependence of the prefactor, the Arrhenius description becomes overcomplete, and the inverse problem (i.e., determining the prefactor and activation energy from experimental data) becomes singular. The modified equation is usually of the formwhere T0 is a reference temperature and allows n to be a unitless power. Clearly the original Arrhenius expression above corresponds to n = 0. Fitted rate constants typically lie in the range -1Another common modification is the stretched exponential form:[citation needed]where β is a unitless number of order 1. This is typically regarded as a fudge factor to make the model fit the data, but can have theoretical meaning, for example showing the presence of a range of activation energies or in special cases like theMott variable range hopping.Theoretical interpretation of the equation[edit] Arrhenius' concept of activation energy[edit]Arrhenius argued that for reactants to transform into products, they must first acquire a minimum amount of energy, called the activation energy E a. At an absolute temperature T, the fraction of molecules that have a kinetic energy greater than Ecan be calculatedafrom statistical mechanics. The concept of activation energy explains the exponential nature of the relationship, and in one way or another, it is present in all kinetic theories.The calculations for reaction rate constants involve an energy averaging over a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with as lower bound and so are often of the type of incomplete gamma functions, which turn out to be proportional to .Collision theory[edit]Main article: Collision theoryOne example comes from the "collision theory" of chemical reactions, developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in the years 1916-18. In this theory, molecules are supposed to react if they collide with a relative kinetic energy along their lines-of-center that exceeds E a. This leads to an expression very similar to the Arrhenius equation.Transition state theory[edit]Another Arrhenius-like expression appears in the "transition state theory" of chemical reactions, formulated by Wigner, Eyring, Polanyi and Evans in the 1930s. This takes various forms, but one of the most common iswhere is the Gibbs free energy of activation, is Boltzmann's constant, andis Planck's constant.At first sight this looks like an exponential multiplied by a factor that is linear in temperature. However, one must remember that free energy is itself a temperature dependent quantity. The free energy of activation is the difference of an enthalpy term and an entropy term multiplied by the absolute temperature. When all of the details are worked out one ends up with an expression that again takes the form of an Arrhenius exponential multiplied by a slowly varying function of T. The precise form of the temperature dependence depends upon the reaction, and can be calculated using formulas from statistical mechanics involving the partition functions of the reactants and of the activated complex.Limitations of the idea of Arrhenius activation energy[edit]Both the Arrhenius activation energy and the rate constant k are experimentally determined, and represent macroscopic reaction-specific parameters that are not simply related to threshold energies and the success of individual collisions at the molecular level. Consider a particular collision (an elementary reaction) between molecules A and B. The collision angle, the relative translational energy, the internal (particularly vibrational) energy will all determine the chance that the collision will produce a product molecule AB. Macroscopic measurements of E and k are the result of many individual collisions with differing collision parameters. To probe reaction rates at molecular level, experiments are conducted under near-collisional conditions and this subject is often called molecular reaction dynamics.[4]See also[edit]Accelerated agingEyring equationQ10 (temperature coefficient)Van 't Hoff equationClausius-Clapeyron relationGibbs-Helmholtz equationCherry blossom front - predicted using the Arrhenius equation References[edit]1.Jump up ^Laidler, K. J. (1987) Chemical Kinetics,Third Edition, Harper & Row,p.422.^ Jump up to: a b Kenneth Connors, Chemical Kinetics, 1990, VCH Publishers3.Jump up ^IUPAC Goldbook definition of modified Arrhenius equation4.Jump up ^Levine, R.D. (2005) Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Cambridge UniversityPressBibliography[edit]Laidler, K. J. (1987) Chemical Kinetics, Third Edition, Harper & RowLaidler, K. J. (1993) The World of Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press External links[edit]Carbon Dioxide solubility in Polyethylene - Using Arrhenius equation for calculating species solubility in polymers。
公共治理硕士MPA重要英语词汇一览
公共治理硕士MP重要英语词汇一览公共治理硕士(MP)重要英语词汇一览公共治理硕士（MP）重要英语词汇一览（一）norml, rdite发射, uthority,compnion同事同伴, concept概念, crete,creture, dentist, identify鉴别, identicl同一的, identity认出, engge 使……雇佣、聘用, entitle给……权利、资格, evlute估价,fluid、solid流体、固体，influence, fortune, fulfill, generl, intense 紧张的、强烈的、剧烈的, interpret解释、说明、口译, justice 正义、公平, djust, judge, minor次要的、未成年的, observe遵守、测评、评估, deserve应受、值的, preserve保护、维护、维持, prllel平行的、并列的, percept知觉、对象, stuff塞满、原料, surroundings, trnsport, trnsmit, trnsform, undergo, wnder, wonder惊讶, widespred广泛的、普遍的, mbition雄心、大志, pproch, brief服, custom, desperte不顾一切的、拼命的，凶暴的、极我危险的, encourge, discourge使沮丧, economic, economy, motive, promote促使, emotionl感情的、情绪的, motion动机, fil to, flt, instll, intimte, limit, mjor主修的、成年的, no mtter, neutrl中立的, outlet出品、销路、电源插座, perform 履行、执行, inform告知, forml外形的、正式的、合理的（三）conquer, result, consult参考、请教, insult, 侮辱、冒犯，deliberte深思熟虑的、有准备的, despir无望、失望的, compre, emergence出现、露出, emergency，estblish, exhust, expnd, fde, frustrte挫败、破坏，使无效, hndy便于携带的, incredible 不可信的, inherit, conference会议、协商会, infer推断、推理, offer, interfere, length, mnufcture制造、加工, mood心情、情绪、气氛, necessity, noble高XX的、XX族, occsion, occsionl, output 产量、产品、输出, overse, pttern, plunge, prctice, prcticl, recognize, relese, rescue救援、挽救, mintin, remin, obtin,（四）entertin娱乐，rurl农村的, urbn城市的, similr to, tril试验、临时性的, tril踪迹、痕迹, witness目击、目睹, bsolute, ccumulte积存, in dvnce 有远见、有前、预先, dvnced, dvntge, gent代理, ppel, ppliction 申请表, point, ppoint, pproximte, brrier, clim声称、声明, climte, complicte使复杂、使陷入, comprise包含、包括, considerble相当多的,resume重新开始、boundry分界, frontier国界, nullity无效行为的, debte争辩, decrese, increse, reduce减小, include, conclude推断, exclude拒绝、逐出, federl联合的、联邦的, firm, forecst预报,foresee预见、预知, grteful感谢的, integrte, divide, individul 个人的, fence, defense防卫, offend冒犯, portion 部分, proper, property财产,poverty贫穷，reputtion, restrict, loyl 忠心的, royl王室的、盛大的, spot污点, terminl终点、末期的, lter, lternte轮流、交替, lterntive二中选一, concrete具体的、混凝土的, consequent随之的、必定发生的, explode使爆炸, explore勘探, exploit开发、开采、开拓, hesitte犹XX、支支吾吾的,（七）imgine, influence, innocent清白的, guilty有罪的, persude, possess占有, smple, support, vitl, burden, elect 选举, select, collect, collective集合的、集体的, contribute贡献, distribute分发, ttribute归因于, buse滥用, prejudice 偏见, void, escpe, cpture捕获, compete, effort, enthusism, involve包含、使陷于, evolve使进展、逐渐成形, imply暗示、意味, reply, multiply乘加、多元化, issue, modify修饰, occur, opponent, prefer, refer, publish, punish, rte, wrd奖品、授予, rewrd酬劳, shelter掩蔽, skim扫瞄,（八）in spite of, temporry临时的, vehicle交通工具, ncestor ssocite, refuse, confuse, describe, disply, due to, error, essentil, fresh, obvious, visible,invisible看不见的, previous, recll, relte, soil, spoil损坏, stimulte刺激、激励, suffer, tense, ccompny, nlyze, conflict 战斗, convenient, derive源自、起源, deprive剥夺, thrive兴盛、繁荣, dominte, element, gllery美术馆、走廊, intervl时间间隔, lock, lck, mtch比赛、火柴, idel, relity, ignore, ignornt 无知、愚昧, independent,（九）inspire激发, motion动机, promote促进, remote遥远、冷淡的, motive运动的、目的、主旨, numerous许多的, relevnt有关的, retret, stright, suicide, trick, weigh,tempt诱惑、吸引, ttempt, contrct, ttrct, cndidte候补的, commercil 商业的, communicte, contin, coordinte使协调, respond回应、作出反映, correspond通信、相当、符合, emphsis, enclose随信附上, focus, instinct 本能、直觉, investigte, invest, mnner, mere仅仅, nerve神经中枢, politicl, policy, relible可靠的、可信赖的, resemble相似的, ssemble 集中、召集, shpe外形, sophisticte世故的, stin污点, （十）strin紧张的、过度疲劳的, symbol, triumph胜利、成功, upright, vigorous精力旺盛、有力的, benefit, profit, chrcterize,circumstnce环境、境况, chin store, concentrte, delegte 派……为代表, diligent勤奋的, dispute争论, estimte, fctor, intentionl有意的, occupy占据, inject, reject, object, project, subject, scenery, survive, revive使XX、有效, temper, vry, ccelerte, behve, concern, continue, deny, distnce, insure保险, invde使……侵略, mture成熟、成年人的, mentl, monitor, mysterious, neglect忽视、忽略,（十一）purpose, rw生的、未加工的, refurbish再磨光, remove, restore修复, resort 求助、讼诸, scrcely仅仅、几乎不, specific 特有的, trget, lrm, pprove 赞成, certify证明、保证, certificte 证书, frost霜、严峻的, fund, genuine真诚的, intend, mteril, memory, primitive原始的, propose建议、提议, ruin, shdow, contrry相反的, sufficient充分的, ccent, ctully, dequte, nxious, ttch系上、附上, wkwrd笨拙的、尴尬的, budget, cpture捕获、赢得, chnnel, circulte使循环、使流通, community社团, compny, consent 同意赞成, cooperte合作、协作, cultivte耕种、培养, deprt走开、逝去的, devote奉献、献身,denote表示、指示（十二）dismiss解散、开除, distnt, enhnce, eventully最后、终于, fierce, mnge, overnight通宵的, pssion激情, pssive被动的、消极的, postpone, progress, pursue, rect, render呈交、归还, sense, tret, trety条约、协定, cpcity容量、能力, civilin平民、公务员, compel强迫, contrdiction 反驳、矛盾、抵触, crck暇疵、爆裂, curiosity, deprture启程、离开, devise设计、发明、图谋, device设备、装置, secure安全的, ccurte周密的、准确的, depend 依靠, distinguish区别, plin平原, complin, explin, finncil, hurt, injure, hrm, destroy, ruin, comprise ,contin, embody使具体化,subsume包含, construct建筑, structure结构, isolte使隔离, lbor, tsk, overlook远眺, overcome战胜、克服, resist抵抗, insist, stte 声明、陈述, supreme最高的, superior较高的, volume卷、体积, bsorb, ccount, chieve, universl全体的, convert, reverse 颠覆、相反, pply, pplicble适用的, pplicnt申请者,ppliction请求、申请, brod, bord, cncel, csul 偶然的、随意的, cncer, clssify分类、分级, comfort, submit递交、投降、服从, permit许可, emit发出、射出, complex, conduct行为、举止, constnt, core核心、果核, demnd, commnd命令、指令, comment评论、解释, commend 表扬,（十三）mentl, recommend推举、介绍, mention, design, signl 信号, significnt意义重大的, protect, detect, point, ppoint约定、指定, ppointment, disppoint,durtion持续时间长, durble耐久的, employ, excess过分、过量, exceed超出, success, succeed, process, proceed, flse, indicte指出、显示、象征, predict预言预知, opportunity, personl, pose, dispose决定、处置, expose揭露, suppose假定、料想, oppose反对、对比, compose组成, impose征税、欺骗、强加, deposit储蓄, poison, poverty, cutious小心的、慎重的, prove, improve改进、改善, record, relieve减轻, （十四）sincere, troop, upset, violent, welfre, bundnt, dvocte, ffect, effect, effective, efficient, cmpign, cuse, commission, component, content, intention, crisis, critic, criticl, destintion, discrd, discipline, nticipte, prticipte, principl, principle, fmilir, feture, fesible, indifferent, provide, recover, stndrd, thorough, morlly, virtully, del with, cope（十五）with, doubt, 执行, density, corportion, currency, current, demonstrte, countless, discount , extrordinry, grdute, grdully, precious, precise, pprecite, reluctnt, unwilling, shrp, shpe, source, strength, length, supply, drop, endure, evident, enormous, intensive, preference, produce, reflect, scle, semester, shift, tlent, thret, typicl, vin,volunteer,（十六）ccomplish, nlysis, ssist, persist, insist, resist, consist, colony, confront, conventionl, descend, donte, elementry, eliminte, frequent, incline, instnt, merit, militry, prevent, represent, restrin, cdemic, vilble, chllenge, continent, elborte, function, generous, illustrte, mesure, nrrow, option, phenomenon, prohibit, pnic, pretend, prompt, regulte, shrink, swllow, uniform, rtificil, creture, determine, distinct, encounter, environment, ftiguecontend 争论、竞争者cosmos 秩序、完整体系elsewhere 在别处fbricte 捏造humbly 谦恭的offend 冒犯的primry 首要的、最初的privilege 特权refine 精炼resolve 决心、解决strikingly 醒目的、引人注目的superior 较高的trit 人的个性、特征understnding 谅解、通情达理的vlidte 证实、确证、有法律效力的wheres 但是、而。
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译a-c
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译a-c 化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译a-c18 electron rule?18 电子则abbe refractometer?阿贝折射计abbreviated analysis?简略分析abderhalden's dryer?阿布德尔哈尔登干燥器abderhalden's reaction?阿布德尔哈尔登反应abegg's rule?阿贝格规则abel closed tester?阿贝尔氏密闭实验机abel pensky tester?阿贝尔彭斯基试验器abel tester?阿贝尔试验器abelite?阿贝立特aberration?像差abies oil?松节油abietate?松香酯abietic acid?松香酸abietin?松香素abiochemistry?无生化学;无机化学ablation?消融ablution?洗净abnormal setting?反常凝结abnormality?反常abradant?磨料abrader?磨损试验机abrasion?磨耗abrasion loss?磨损量abrasion resistance?耐磨能力abrasion test?磨耗试验abrasion testing machine?磨损试验机abrasive?磨料abrasive grain?磨料颗粒abrasive industry?磨料工业abrasive paper?砂纸abrasiveness?磨损性abrasives?研磨剂abs resin?abs 尸abs resins?abs尸abscisic acid?阿伯喂酸absinthe oil?洋艾油absolute activity?绝对活性度absolute alcohol?无水酒精absolute calibration?绝对校准absolute configuration?绝对构型absolute dry condition?绝对干燥状态absolute dry weight?绝对干重absolute error?绝对误差absolute humidity?绝对湿度absolute measurement?绝对测量absolute reaction rate?绝对反应速度absolute sensitivity?绝对灵敏度absolute specific gravity?真比重absolute temperature?绝对温度absolute unit?绝对单位absolute value?绝对值absolute viscosity?绝对粘度absolute zero?绝对零度absorbability?吸收性absorbance?吸光度absorbed dose?吸收线量absorbent?吸收剂absorbent paper?吸收纸absorber?吸收器吸收体absorbing power?吸收能力absorptiometer?吸光测定计absorptiometric analysis?吸光分析absorptiometry?吸收分光光度法absorption?吸收absorption band?吸收带absorption cell?吸收池absorption coefficient?吸收系数absorption column?吸收塔absorption curve?吸收曲线absorption edge?吸收端absorption factor?吸收因子absorption heat?吸收热absorption intensity?吸收强度absorption line?吸收线absorption maximum?最大吸收absorption method?吸收法absorption oil?吸收油absorption pipet?吸收管absorption refrigerator?吸收式冷冻器absorption spectrophotometry?吸收分光光度法absorption spectrum?吸收光谱absorption tower?吸收塔absorption tube?吸收管absorptive power?吸收能力absorptivity?吸收率abukumalite?钇硅磷灰石abysmal deposit?深海沉积物abyssal deposit?深海沉积物ac polarography?交莲谱法acacia?阿拉伯屎acaricide?杀螨剂acaroid resin?禾木尸accelerant?促进剂accelerated aging?加速老化accelerated aging test?加速老化试验accelerated weathering test?加速风化试验accelerating agent?促进剂acceleration globulin?促凝血球蛋白acceleration of gravity?重力加速度accelerator?促进剂acceptor?接受体accessory constituent?副成分accetyl value number?乙酰值accidental error?偶然误差acclimatization?驯化accommodation?适应accommodation coeffieient?适应系数accumulator?蓄电池accumulator acid?蓄电池酸液accuracy?准确度acenaphthene?威杀灵acenaphthene quinone?苊醌acenaphthenone?二氢苊酮acenaphthylene?萘嵌戊烯acenocoumarol?苊香豆醇acephate?乙酰甲胺磷acetal?乙缩醛acetal phosphatide?缩醛磷脂acetal resin?缩醛尸acetaldehydase?乙醛酶acetaldehyde?乙醛acetaldehyde ammonia?乙醛合氨acetaldehyde reductase?醇脱氢酶acetaldol?3 羟基丁醛acetaldoxime?乙醛肟acetamide?乙酰胺acetamidine?乙脒acetanilide?乙酰苯胺acetarsol?乙酰胂胺acetate?醋酸盐acetate dye?醋酸染料acetate fiber?醋酸纤维acetate film?醋酸纤维胶片acetate rayon?醋酸丝acetazolamide?乙酰唑胺acetic acid?醋酸acetic acid fermentation?乙酸发酵acetic acid glacial?冰醋酸acetic aldehyde?乙醛acetic anhydride?醋酐acetic bacteria?醋酸菌acetic ester?醋酸酯acetification?醋化酌acetimeter?醋酸计acetine?醋精acetoacetanilide?乙酰乙酰替苯胺acetoacetate?乙酰醋酸盐acetoacetic acid?乙酰醋酸acetoin?醋偶姻acetol?丙酮醇acetolactic acid?乙酰乳酸acetolysis?乙酸水解acetomeroctol?醋汞辛酚acetometry?醋酸测定法acetone?丙酮acetone alcohol?丙酮醇acetone body?酮体acetone butanol fermentation?丙酮丁醇发酵acetone chloroform?三氯叔丁醇acetone cyanhydrin?丙酮合氰化氢acetone dicarboxylic acid?丙酮二羧酸acetone fermentation?丙酮发酵acetone sugar?丙酮糖acetonic acid?醋酮酸acetonitrile?乙腈acetonyl acetone?丙酮基丙酮acetophenetidin?n 乙酰乙氧基苯胺acetophenone?苯乙酮acetopurpurin?乙酰替红紫acetoxime?丙酮肟acetoxyl group?乙酰氧基acetoxylation?乙酸化aceturic acid?乙酰甘氨酸acetyl bromide?乙酰溴acetyl chloride?乙酰氯acetyl hydroperoxide?过乙酸acetyl iodide?碘化乙酰acetyl ketene?二酮acetyl peroxide?过氧化乙酰acetyl propionyl?乙酰丙酰acetyl value?乙酰值acetylacetone?乙酰丙酮acetylase?乙酰酯酶acetylating agent?乙酰剂acetylation?乙酰化acetylbenzoyl peroxide?乙酰过氧化苯甲酰acetylcellulose?乙酰纤维素acetylcholine?乙酰胆碱acetylene?乙炔acetylene black?乙炔炭黑acetylene burner?乙炔燃烧器acetylene chemistry?乙炔化学acetylene chloride?乙炔基氯acetylene complex?乙炔络合物acetylene generator?乙炔发生器acetylene linkage?炔键acetylene polymer?乙炔聚合物acetylene tetrachloride?四氯乙炔acetylene welding?气焊acetylenic hydrocarbon?乙炔属烃类acetylide?乙炔化合物acetylisoeugenol?乙酰异丁子香酚acetylphenylhydrazine?乙酰苯肼acetylsalicylic acid?乙酰水杨酸acetylurea?乙酰脲achirality?非手胀achroite?无色电气石achromatic lens?消色差透镜aci form?针形acicular crystal?针状结晶acid?酸acid acceptor?受酸体acid albumin?酸蛋白acid alizarine?酸性茜素acid amide?酸胺acid ammonium sulfate?硫酸氢铵acid ammonium tartrate?酒石酸氢铵acid anhydride?酸酐acid azid?酰基叠acid azo dye?酸性偶氮染料acid base catalysis?酸碱催化acid base equilibrium?酸碱平衡acid base indicator?酸碱指示剂acid base pair?酸碱对acid base titration?酸碱滴定acid bath?酸浴acid black?酸性黑acid carbonate?酸性碳酸盐acid catalyst?酸催化剂acid chloride?酸性氯化物acid content?含酸量acid converter?酸性转炉acid decomposition?酸分解acid dye?酸性染料acid egg?酸蛋acid elevator?酸蛋acid error?酸误差acid fermentation?酸发酵acid fixing bath?酸性定像浴acid former?成酸物质acid fuchsin?酸性品红acid green?酸性绿acid group?酸根acid halide?酸性卤化物acid hydrolysis?加酸水解酌;酸解acid iodide?酰基碘acid mordant dye?酸性媒染料acid number?酸值acid of lemon?柠檬酸acid pickle?废酸液acid pickling?酸浸acid potassium carbonate?酸式碳酸钾acid potassium sulfate?硫酸氢钾acid precipitation?酸雨acid proof alloy?耐酸合金acid proof brick?耐酸砖acid proof enamel?防酸搪瓷acid proof paint?耐酸涂料acid proof pump?耐酸泵acid radical?酸基acid reaction?酸性反应acid recovery plant?废酸回收设备acid refractory?酸性耐火材料acid resistance?耐酸性acid salt?酸性盐acid sludge?废酸acid sodium carbonate?酸式碳酸钠acid solution?酸溶液acid strength?酸强度acid sulfate?硫酸氢盐acid treatment?酸处理acid value?酸值acidic oil resin?酸性油尸acidic oxide?酸性氧化物acidic reaction?酸性反应acidic titrant?酸性滴定剂acidification?酸化acidimeter?酸比重计acidimetry?酸量滴定acidity?酸度acidity function?酸度函数acidolysis?酸解acidometer?酸度计acidometry?酸度测定法acidosis?酸中毒acmite?锥辉石aconic acid?乌头酸aconitase?乌头酸酶aconitic acid?乌头酸aconitine?乌头碱acoustical material?音响材料acoustochemical?声化学的acoustochemistry?声化学acrasin?聚集素acridine?吖啶acridine dye?吖啶染料acridine orange?吖啶橙acridine yellow?吖啶黄acridone?吖啶酮acriflavine?吖啶黄素acriflavine hydrochloride?盐酸氮蒽黄acrinamin?奎纳克林acrolein?丙烯醛acrolein dimer?丙烯醛二聚物acrolein resin?丙烯醛尸acrolein test?丙烯酸试验acrosin?精虫头粒蛋白acrylaldehyde?丙烯醛acrylamide?丙烯酰胺acrylate?丙烯酸盐acrylic acid?丙烯酸acrylic fiber?丙烯酸纤维acrylic resin?丙烯酸尸acrylic rubber?丙烯酸橡胶acrylonitrile?丙烯腈actin?肌动蛋白actinic rays?光化射线actinide?锕类actinides?锕化物actinism?光化度actinium?锕actinium series?锕系actinochemistry?光化学actinochitin?辐几丁质actinolite?阳起石actinometer?日光辐射计actinomycin?放线菌素actinon?锕射气actinouranium?锕铀activated adsorption?活性吸附activated alumina?活性矾土activated atom?活化原子activated carbon?活性炭activated clay?活性白土activated complex?活化络合物activated molecule?活化分子activated sludge?活性污泥activated sludge process?活性污泥法activated state?跃迁态activation?活化activation analysis?放射化分析activation energy?活化能activator?活化剂active carbon?活性炭active center?活化中心active charcoal?活性炭active deposit?活性沉积物active earth?漂白土active earths?活性土active filler?活性填料active group?活性基active hydrogen?活性氢active mass?有效质量active material?活性物质active nitrogen?活性氮active oxygen?活性氧active power?有效功率active solvent?活性溶剂activity?活度activity coefficient?活度系数activity index?活动指数actomyosin?肌动球朊acyclic?无环的acyclic compound?无环化合物acyclic hydrocarbon?无环烃acyl carrier protein?酰基载体蛋白acyl chloride?酰基氯acyl group?酰基acyl peroxide?过氧化酰基acylating agent?酰化剂acylation?酰化acylcarbene?酰基聚炔acylnitrene?酰氮烯acyloin?偶姻acyloin condensation?偶姻缩合acyloinform?偶姻形acylurea?酰基脲adalin?阿达林adamantane?金刚烷adamkiewitz reaction?阿当凯维奇反应adamsite?亚当氏毒气adaptability?适应性adaptation?适应adapter?接管adaptive system?自适应系统adatom?被吸附原子addition?附加addition agent?添加剂addition compound?加成化合物addition polymer?加聚物addition polymerization?加聚酌addition product?附加产物addition reaction?加成反应addition solid solution?加***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! Read Help To Know How To Register.]***粘的adhesive ability?粘着能力adhesive bond?粘结结合adhesive capacity?粘着能力adhesive film?粘附膜adhesive power?粘附力adhesive tape?粘合带adhesiveness?粘合性adhesives?粘着剂adhesivity?粘附性adiabatic calorimeter?绝热量热器adiabatic change?绝热变化adiabatic compressibility?绝热压缩系数adiabatic curve?绝热曲线adiabatic expansion?绝热膨胀adiabatic lapse rate?绝热递减率adiabatic potential?绝热电位adiabatic process?绝热过程adiabatic reaction?绝热反应adiabatic reactor?绝热反应器adion?吸附离子adipamide?己二酰胺adipate?己二酸酯adiphenine?解痉素adipic acid?己二酸adipocellulose?脂纤维素adiponitrile?己二腈adjab butter?毒雾冰草油admixture?掺和物adonitol?阿东醇adrenal cortex hormone?肾上腺皮质激素adrenalin?肾上腺素adsorbability?吸附性adsorbate?吸附质adsorbent?吸附剂adsorber?吸附器adsorptiometer?吸附测量表adsorptiometry?吸附测量法adsorption?吸附adsorption analysis?吸附分析adsorption capacity?吸附能力adsorption chromatography?吸附色层分析法adsorption compound?吸附化合物adsorption current?吸附电流adsorption equilibrium?吸附平衡adsorption exponent?吸附指数adsorption heat?吸附热adsorption indicator?吸附指示剂adsorption isotherm?吸附等温线adsorption potential?吸附势adsorption site?吸附点adsorption water?吸附水adsorption wave?吸附波aerated concrete?加气混凝土aerated water?充气水aeration?吹风aerobe?需氧微生物aerobic digestion?需氧消化aerobic fermentation?需氧发酵aerochemical?空气化学的aerochemistry?空气化学aerocolloid?气溶胶aerodynamic sound?空气动力声aerogel?气凝胶aerophily?亲气性aerosil?硅胶aerosol?气溶胶aerosol propellant?气溶胶抛射剂aerosological?气溶胶的aerosolology?气溶胶学aerothermochemical?空气热化学的aerothermochemistry?空气热化学aerotropic?向氧性的aesculetin?七叶亭affination?精制affinity?亲合力affinity labeling?亲和标记aflatoxin?黄曲毒素after cure?后硫化after effect?后效应after fermentation?后发酵after ripening?后熟after vulcanization?后硫化aftercooler?后冷却器afterignition?后点火aftershrinkage?后期收缩aftertreatment?后处理agar?琼脂agar agar?琼脂agaric acid?松蕈酸agaricin?松蕈酸agate mortar?玛瑙研钵agavose?龙舌兰糖age hardening?时效硬化age resister?抗老剂agent?试剂agent of oxidation?氧化剂agglomerate?烧结块agglomeration?结块agglutinant?凝集剂agglutination?凝集agglutination reaction?凝集反应agglutinin?凝集素agglutometer?胶粘计aggregate?聚集体aggregation?聚集aging?成熟aging resistance?抗老化性agitation?搅拌agitator?搅拌机aglycon?糖苷配基agmatin?精胺agricultural chemistry?农业化学air bath?空气浴air bubble?气泡air cell?空气电池air chamber?空气室air classifier?风力分级器air compressor?空气压缩机air condenser?空气冷凝器air conditioning?空气第air conditioning equipment?空气第设备air content?空气含量air cooler?空气冷却器air cure?空气硫化air deficiency?空气缺乏air drying?空气干燥air elutriation?风筛air entraining agent?加气剂air excess?空气过量air filter?空气过滤器air fuel ratio?空气燃料比air gas?空气气体air hardening steel?空气淬硬钢air heater?空气加热器air humidity?空气湿度air lift?空气吸扬air liquefier?空气液化器air liquefying apparatus?空气液化装置air oxidation?空气氧化air pollution?大气污染air pump?气泵air purifier?空气净化器air reduction process?空气还原法air reservoir?储气筒air separation?吹气分离air separator?空气分离器air setting?空气硬化air shower?空气淋浴air temperature?气温airhole?风眼ajax powder?阿加克斯火药ajmaline?阿吗灵ajowan oil?香旱芹油alabandite?硫锰矿alabaster glass?雪花玻璃alanine?丙氨酸albarium?大理石灰albedo?反射率albertite?黑沥青albertol?阿耳伯特尸albite?钠长石albolite?镁硅塑胶album paper?像簿纸albumin?白朊albumin globulin ratio?白蛋白球蛋白比albumin glue?蛋白胶albuminate?白蛋白化合物albuminoid?硬朊alchemy?炼金术alcian blue?阿尔新蓝alcogel?醇凝胶alcohol?醇alcohol acid?醇酸alcohol dehydrogenase?醇脱氢酶alcohol fuel?酒精燃料alcohol lamp?酒精灯alcohol of crystallization?结晶醇alcohol thermometer?酒精温度计alcohol varnish?醇溶清漆alcoholase?醇酶alcoholate?烃氧基金属alcoholic compound?醇化合物alcoholic extract?酒精提出物alcoholic fermentation?酒精发酵alcoholic potash?钾碱醇液alcoholic solution?醇溶液alcoholism?酒中毒alcoholmeter?酒精比重计alcoholometry?酒精测定alcoholysis?醇解alcosol?醇溶胶alcoxyl?烷氧aldehyde?醛aldehyde acid?醛酸aldehyde alcohol?醛醇aldehyde ammonia?醛氨aldehyde dehydrogenase?醛脱氢酶aldehyde resin?聚醛尸aldimine?亚胺醛aldoheptose?庚醛糖aldohexose?乙醛糖aldoketene?醛烯酮aldol?羟醛aldol condensation?醛醇缩合aldol reaction?醇醛缩合反应aldolase?醛缩酶aldolization?缩醛反应aldonic acid?醛糖酸aldopentose?戊醛糖aldose?醛糖aldosterone?醛甾酮aldotriose?丙醛糖aldox process?羰醇法aldoxime?醛肟aldrin?艾氏剂alexandrite?翠绿宝石alfin catalyst?阿尔芬催化剂alfin polymer?阿尔芬聚合物alfin polymerization?阿尔芬聚合algae?藻类algin?藻酸alginate?藻蛋白酸盐alginate fiber?藻酸纤维alginic acid?海藻酸algol blue?阿果蓝algol color?阿果染料algorithm?算法alicyclic?脂环族的alicyclic compound?脂环化合物aliesterase?脂族酯酶aliphatic?无环的aliphatic acid?脂族酸aliphatic alcohol?脂族醇aliphatic amine?脂族胺aliphatic base?脂族碱aliphatic compound?脂族化合物aliphatic ether?脂族醚aliphatic hydrocarbon?脂族烃aliphatic series?脂族系aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid?脂族不饱羧酸alite?阿里特alizarin?茜素alizarin blue?茜素蓝alizarin brown?茜素棕alizarin dye?茜素染料alizarin lake?茜素色淀alizarin yellow?茜黄alkali?碱alkali blue?碱性蓝alkali cellulose?碱纤维素alkali fusion?碱熔融alkali ion diode?碱离子二极管alkali lignin?碱木素alkali liquor?碱液alkali metal?碱金属alkali resistance?耐碱性alkali rock?碱性岩alkali salt?碱金属盐alkalimeter?碱量计alkalimetry?碱量滴定法alkaline accumulator?减蓄电池alkaline bath?碱浴alkaline cell?碱性电池alkaline cleaner?碱性清洗剂alkaline earth metal?碱土金属alkaline earths?碱土族alkaline hydrolysis?加碱水解alkaline reaction?碱性反应alkaline solution?碱性溶液alkaline storage battery?减蓄电池alkalinity?碱度alkalization?碱化alkaloid?生物碱alkaloid reagent?生物碱试剂alkalosis?碱中毒alkamine?氨基醇类alkannin?紫草素alkanolamine?烷烃醇胺alkansulfonic acid?链烷磺酸alkene?烯烃alkine?链炔alkyd paint?醇酸涂料alkyd resin?醇酸尸alkyd resin varnish?醇酸清漆alkyl?烷基alkyl cellulose?烷基纤维素alkyl cyanide?烷基氰alkyl group?烷基alkyl halide?烷基卤alkyl sulfate?烷基硫酸盐alkyl sulfide?烷基硫alkyl sulfonic acid?烷基磺酸alkylarsine?烷基胂alkylarsonic acid?烷基胂酸alkylate?烷基化产物alkylating agent?烷化剂alkylation?烷基化alkylbenzene?烷基苯alkylbenzene sulfonate?烷基苯磺酸盐alkylene?烷撑alkylidene?次烷基alkylmagnesium halide?烷基镁化卤alkylnaphthalene?烷基萘alkyne?炔烃alkynol?炔醇allanite?褐帘石allantoic acid?尿囊酸allantoinase?尿囊素酶allantoxanic acid?尿囊毒酸allanturic acid?尿囊脲酸allelochemical?变异化学的allelochemistry?变异化学allene?丙二烯allergy?过敏反应allethrin?丙烯拟除虫菊酯allicin?蒜辣素alligator pear oil?鳄梨油allobarbital?二烯丙巴比妥allochromatic crystal?羼质色晶体allocinnamic acid?别肉桂酸alloisomerism?立体异构现象allomerism?异质同晶allophane水铝英石allophanic acid?脲基甲酸alloprene?阿洛波林allopurinol?别嘌呤醇allose?阿洛糖allosteric effect?别构效应allosteric enzyme?变构酶allosteric transition?变构转变allostery?变构性allothreonine?别苏氨酸allotrope?同素异形体allotropism?同素异形allotropy?同素异形allowable error?容许误差allowed transition?容许跃迁alloxan?阿脲alloxanic acid?阿脲酸alloxazine?咯嗪alloy?合金alloy analysis?合金分析alloy steel?合金钢allulose?阿卢糖alluvial gold?砂金allyl acetate?醋酸丙烯酯allyl alcohol?烯丙醇allyl amine?烯丙胺allyl bromide?烯丙基溴allyl chloride?烯丙基氯allyl complex?烯丙基络合物allyl compound?烯丙基化合物allyl cyanide?烯丙基腈allyl iodide?烯丙基碘allyl isothiocyanate?异硫氰酸烯丙酯allyl mercaptan?烯丙硫醇allyl resin?烯丙尸allyl sulfide?烯丙基硫allylene?丙炔allylic rearrangement?烯丙重排allylmustard oil?烯丙基芥子油allylthiourea?烯丙基硫脲almandine?铁铝榴石almandite?铁铝榴石almond oil?扁桃仁油aloe?芦荟aloin?芦荟素alpha brass?黄铜alpha cellulose?纤维素alpha counter?粒子计数器alpha iron?铁alpha naphthol?萘酚alpha position?位alpha ray spectrometer?射线能谱仪alpha rays?射线alstonine?鸡骨常山碱alternant hydrocarbon?交替烃alternating copolymer?交替共聚物alternating current?交流alternating current polarography?交莲谱alternation?交替altimeter?测高仪altitude?高度altrose?阿卓糖alum?茂alumel?镍基锰合金alumina?氧化铝alumina brick?矾土砖alumina bubble brick?泡沫矾土砖alumina cement?矾土水泥alumina fiber?氧化铝纤维alumina gel?铝凝胶alumina silica refractory?硅酸铝耐火材料aluminate?铝酸盐aluminium?铝aluminium acetate?乙酸铝aluminium alloy?铝合金aluminium ammonium sulfate?硫酸铝铵alumin***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! 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氨基萘酚aminonaphthol sulfonic acid 氨基萘磺酸aminopeptidase 氨基胜胨酵素aminophenol 氨基苯酚aminophenylarsonic acid 氨基苯胂酸aminophosphorylase 淀粉磷酸化酶aminophylline 氨苯碱aminopolypeptidase 氨基多胜酵素aminoprotease 氨蛋白酶aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopyridine 氨基吡啶aminopyrin 氨基吡啉aminoquinoline 氨基喹啉aminosalicylic acid 氨基水杨酸aminosuccinic acid 氨基琥珀酸aminosulfonic acid 氨基磺酸aminotoluene 氨基甲苯ammeter 电另ammonal 阿芒拿ammonia 氨ammonia compressor 氨气压缩机ammonia gas 氨气ammonia poisoning 氨中毒ammonia still 氨气塔ammonia synthesis 氨合成ammonia water 氨水ammoniacal brine 氨盐水ammoniacal fermentation 氨发酵ammoniacal latex 氨胶乳ammoniameter 氨量计ammoniasoda process 氨碱法ammoniated superphosphate 含铵过磷酸钙ammoniator 氨化器ammoniometry 氨量测定法ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium alum 铵茂ammonium benzoate 安息香酸铵ammonium bifluoride 氟化氢铵ammonium borate 硼酸铵ammonium carbamate 氨基甲酸铵ammonium carbonate 碳酸铵ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium chromate 铬酸铵ammonium cyanate 氰酸铵ammonium dichromate 重铬酸铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium formate 甲酸铵ammonium hydrogen carbonate 碳酸氢铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵ammonium iodate 碘酸铵ammonium iron sulfate 硫酸铁铵ammonium metavanadate 偏钒酸铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium nitrate explosive 硝铵炸药ammonium nitrate fertilizer 硝铵肥料ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium perchlorate 高氯酸铵ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium phosphite 亚磷酸铵ammonium phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸铵ammonium picrate 苦味酸铵ammonium polysulfide 多硫化铵ammonium rhodanide 硫氰酸铵ammonium salt 铵盐ammonium selenate 硒酸铵ammonium stearate 硬脂酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfite 亚硫酸铵ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵ammonium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸铵ammonium uranate 铀酸铵ammonium vanadate 钒酸铵ammonobase 氨基金属ammonolysis 氨解ammophos 安福粉amobarbital 戊巴比妥amodiaquine 阿莫待喹amorphism 无定形amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous material 无定形材料amorphous metal 无定形金属amorphous phosphorus 无定形磷amorphous polymer 非晶态聚合物amorphous state 无定形状态amorphous sulfur 无定形硫ampere 安amperemeter 电另amperometric titration 电廖定amperometry 电廖定amphetamine 苯异丙胺amphibole 闪石amphipathic molecule 两亲水脂分子amphiphilic molecule 两亲水脂分子ampholyte 两性电解质ampholytic active agent 两性表面活性剂ampholytic surfactant 两性表面活性剂ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric 两性的amphoteric character 两性特征amphoteric colloid 两性胶体amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoteric resin 两性尸amphotericeledrolyte 两性电解质amplifier 放大器ampule 安瓿amygdalin 扁桃苷amyl 戊基amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯amyl alcohol 戊醇amyl bromide 戊基溴amyl butyrate 丁酸戊酯amyl ether 戊醚amyl formate 甲酸戊酯amyl mercaptan 戊硫醇amyl nitrite 亚硝酸戊酯amyl oleate 油酸戊酯amyl propionate 丙酸戊酯amylamine 戊胺amylase 淀粉酶amylbenzene 戊基苯amylene 戊烯amylo process 淀粉发酵法amylodextrin 淀粉糊精amyloid 淀粉状朊amylolysis 淀粉分解amylopectin 支链淀粉amylopsin 胰淀粉酶amylose 直链淀粉amytal 戊巴比妥anabasine 安纳巴松anabolism 同化酌anaerobe 厌氧微生物anaerobic glycolysis 无氧糖酵解analcime 方沸石analgesic 镇痛药analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analog signal 模拟信号analogue 类似analogue computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analysis line 分析线analysis with ion selective electrodes 离子选择电极分析法analyte 分析物analytic function 解析函数analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical extraction 分析抽出analytical method 分析法analytical reaction 分析反应analytically pure 分析纯anapaite 斜磷钙铁矿anaphoresis 阴离子电泳anatase octahedrite 锐钛矿anchor agitator 锚式搅拌器anchor stirrer 锚式搅拌器andalusite 红柱石andesite 安山岩andreasen pipet 安德烈森型吸管androsin 雄素androstane 雄烷androstendione 雄烯二酮androsterone 雄酮andrussow process 安德卢梭法anelasticity 滞弹性anemometer 风速计anemonin 白头翁脑aneroid barometer 空盒气压计anesthesin 氨基苯甲酸乙酯anesthetic 麻醉剂anethole 茴香脑aneurin 硫胺素angelica lactone 当归内酯angelica oil 当归油angiotensin 血管紧张肽angle of polarization 偏振光角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angstrom 埃angular momentum 角动量anhalonine 老头掌碱anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrone 无水高氯酸镁anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acid 无水酸anhydrous alcohol 无水酒精anhydrous ammonia 无水氨anhydrous salt 无水盐anileridine 氨苄哌替啶anilide 酰替苯胺aniline 苯胺aniline black 苯胺黑aniline blue 苯胺蓝aniline dye 苯胺染料aniline formaldehyde resin 苯胺甲醛尸aniline hydrochloride 盐酸苯胺aniline point 苯胺点aniline red 苯胺红aniline resin 苯胺尸aniline yellow 苯胺黄anilol 酒精苯胺混合液animal biochemistry 动物生化学animal charcoal 骨炭animal chemistry 动物化学animal dye 动物染料animal fat 动物脂animal fiber 动物纤维animal glue 动物胶animal oil 动物油anime 硬尸anion 阴离子anion active agent 阴离子表面活性剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionic polymerization 阴离子聚合anionic surfactant 阴离子表面活性剂anionoid reagent 类阴离子试剂anionotropy 阴离子移变现象anisaldehyde 茴香醛anise oil 茴香油anisic acid 茴香酸anisic alcohol 茴香醇anisidine 茴香胺anisole 茴香醚anisometric crystal 不等轴晶体anisotropic body 蛤异性体anisotropic liquid 蛤异性液体anisotropic membrane 蛤异性膜anisotropy 蛤异性anisoyl chloride 茴香酰氯anisyl acetate 醋酸茴香酯anisyl alcohol 茴香醇ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annealing furnace 退火窑annealing temperature 退火温度annulene 环轮烯anode 阳极anode effect 阳极效应anode process 阳极过程anode slime 阳极淀渣anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic reaction 阳极反应anodization 阳极化anodizing 阳极化anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous dispersion 异常弥散anomalous magnetic moment 异常磁矩anomalous skin effect 反常囚效应anomer 异头物anone 环己酮anorthoclase 钠斜微长石antagonism 拮抗酌antazoline 安他唑啉anthelmintics 驱肠虫剂anthocyan 花青素anthocyanidin 花色素anthocyanin 花色素苷anthophyllite 直闪石anthracene 蒽anthracene oil 蒽油anthracite 无烟煤anthracite duff 无烟煤粉anthralin 蒽啉anthranil 氨茴内酐anthranilate 邻氨基苯甲酸盐anthranilic acid 邻氨基苯酸anthranol 蒽酚anthranone 蒽酮anthrapurpurin 蒽红紫anthraquinone 蒽醌anthraquinone dye 蒽醌染料anthrarufin 蒽绛酚anthraxylon 结焦素anthrone 蒽酮anti allergic drug 抗过敏性药anti fouling paint 防污涂料anti tack agent 防粘剂antiacid 解酸药antiacid additive 抗酸添加剂antiager 抗老剂antiaromaticity 反芳香性antibiosis 抗生antibiotics 抗生物质antibody 抗体antibonding orbital 反键轨道anticarcinogen 抗癌物anticatalyst 抗催化剂anticathode 对阴极antichlor 脱氯剂anticholinesterase 抗胆碱酯酶剂anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticoagulating action 阻凝酌anticonvulsant 镇痉剂anticorrosion 抗腐蚀anticorrosive agent 防腐蚀剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antidetonant 抗爆剂antidote 解毒剂antienzyme 抗酶antifertilizin 抗受精介体antifibrinolysin 抗纤维蛋白酶antifoamer 抗泡剂antifoaming agent 抗泡剂antifouling paint 防污漆antifreezing agent 阻冻剂antigen 抗原antihistamine 抗组胺剂antihistaminic agent 抗组胺剂antiknock agent 抗爆剂antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油antiknocking fuel 抗爆燃料antimetabolite 抗代谢物antimonate 锑酸盐***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! Read Help To Know How To Register.]***剂antiozonant 抗臭氧剂antiparticle 反粒子antipode 对映体antiproton 反质子antipyretic and analgesic 解热镇痛药antipyrine 安替吡啉antiscorbutic vitamin 抗坏血病维生素antiscorcher 防焦剂antiscorching agent 防焦剂antisepsis 防腐antiseptics 防腐剂antispasmodic 镇痉剂antistat 抗静电剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂antitermination factor 抗终止因素antithrombin 抗凝血酶antitoxin 抗毒素antivitamin 抗维生素apatite 磷灰石aphthitalite 硫酸钾石apiin 芹实苷apiose 洋芹糖aplysiopurpurin 海螺紫apocodeine 阿朴可特因apoenzyme 酶朊apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白apomorphine 阿朴吗啡apoprotein 脱辅基蛋白apozymase 酒化酶原apparatus 装置apparent activation energy 表观活化能apparent density 表观密度apparent equilibrium 表观平衡apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度applied chemistry 应用化学applied thermodynamics 应用热力学approximate calculation 近似计算approximate value 近似值aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂aqua ion 水合离子aqua regia 王水aquagel 水凝胶aquametry 测水法aqueous emulsion 水乳状液aqueous medium 水介质aqueous phase 水相aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapor 水蒸汽arabic acid 阿糖酸arabic gum 阿拉伯胶arabinose 阿拉伯糖arabitol 阿糖醇arabonic acid 阿糖酸arachic acid 花生酸arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸arachis oil 花生油aragonite 霰石aralkyl 芳烷arbutin 熊果苷arc furnace 电弧炉arc process 电弧法arc spectrum 弧光谱arch brick 拱砖archeochemistry 考古化学arecoline 槟榔素areometer 比重计areometry 比重测定法argentite 辉银矿argentometry 银量滴定argillaceous sand 粘质砂土argillite 泥质板岩arginase 精氨酸酶arginine 精氨酸argol 粗酒石argon 氩aristolochic acid 马兜铃酸arnicin 由金车苦素aroma 香味aromatic acid 芳族酸aromatic aldehyde 芳族醛aromatic amine 芳香胺aromatic compound 芳族化合物aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃aromatic nucleus 芳香环aromatic series 芳香系aromaticity 芳香度aromatization 芳香化aromatization reaction 芳香化反应aroylation 芳酰基化arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程arsanilic acid 阿散酸arsenate 砷酸盐arsenazo i 偶氮胂arsenblende 雄黄arsenic 砷arsenic acid 砷酸arsenic butter 三氯化砷arsenic glass 砷玻璃arsenic hydride 砷化三氢arsenic mirror 砷镜arsenic sulfide 硫化砷arsenic trichloride 三氯化砷arsenic trioxide 三氧化二砷arsenic trisulfide 三硫化二砷arsenide 砷化物arsenite 亚砷酸盐arseno compound 偶砷化合物arsenobenzene 偶砷苯arsenometry 亚砷酸滴定法arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenous anhydride 亚砷酸酐arsine 胂arsonic acid 胂酸arsonium 氢化砷arsonium compound 胂化合物arsphenamine 胂凡纳明art glass 艺术玻璃art paper 加工印刷纸artemisin 蒿属素arthropodin 节肢蛋白artiad 偶价元素artificial abrasive 人造磨料artificial aging 人工老化artificial almond oil 人造扁桃油artificial asphalt 人造地沥青artificial atmospher 人工气氛artificial butter 人造奶油artificial camphor 人造樟脑artificial corundum 人造金刚砂artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial dye 人造染料artificial fertilizer 人造肥料artificial fiber 人造纤维artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial lattice 人工晶格artificial leather 人造革artificial musk 人造香artificial perfume 人造香料artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial resin 人造尸artificial rubber 人造橡胶artificial silk 人造丝artificial stone 人造石aryl compound 芳基化合物aryl halide 芳基卤arylamine 芳基胺arylation 芳基化arylide 芳基化物aryloxy compound 芳氧基化合物arylsulphonate 芳基磺酸盐asarin 细辛脑asarone 细辛脑asbestine 滑石棉asbestos 石棉asbestos board 石棉纸板asbestos cement 石棉水泥asbestos cloth 石棉布asbestos felt 石棉毛毯asbestos fiber 石棉纤维asbestos filter 石棉滤器asbestos insulation 石棉绝热体asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos powder 石棉粉asbestos slate 石棉板asbestos wire gauze 石棉衬网asbestos yarn 石棉丝asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascaridol 驱蛔脑ascending method 上行法ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸asepsis 防腐ash 灰ash bath 灰浴ash collector 除尘器ash content 灰分含量ash ejector 灰喷射器ash pit door 灰坑门ash softening point 灰熔温度ashing 灰化ashless filter paper 无灰滤纸asparaginase 天门冬酰胺酶asparagine 天门冬酰胺aspartase 天门冬氨酸酶aspartate 天冬氨酸盐aspartic acid 天冬氨酸aspartokinase 天冬氨酸激酶。
医药行业专业英语词汇
医药行业专业英语词汇（非常有用）FDA和EDQM术语: CLINICAL?TRIAL：临床试验? ANIMAL?TRIAL：动物试验? ACCELERATED?APPROVAL：加速批准? STANDARD?DRUG：标准药物? INVESTIGATOR：研究人员；调研人员PREPARING?AND?SUBMITTING：起草和申报? SUBMISSION：申报；递交? BENIFIT（S）：受益? RISK （S）：受害? DRUG?PRODUCT：药物产品? DRUG?SUBSTANCE：原料药? ESTABLISHED?NAME：确定的名称? GENERIC?NAME：非专利名称? PROPRIETARY?NAME：专有名称；? INN （INTERNATIONAL?NONPROPRIETARY?NAME）：国际非专有名称? ADVERSE?EFFECT：副作用? ADVERSE?REACTION：不良反应? PROTOCOL：方案? ARCHIVAL?COPY：存档用副本? REVIEW?COPY：审查用副本? OFFICIAL?COMPENDIUM：法定药典（主要指USP、?NF）．? USP（THE?UNITED?STATES?PHARMACOPEIA）：美国药典 NF（NATIONAL?FORMULARY）：（美国）国家处方集? OFFICIAL＝PHARMACOPEIAL=?COMPENDIAL：药典的；法定的；官方的? AGENCY：审理部门（指FDA）? IDENTITY：真伪；鉴别；特性? STRENGTH：规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量）? LABELED?AMOUNT：标示量? REGULATORY?SPECIFICATION：质量管理规格标准（NDA提供）? REGULATORY?METHODOLOGY：质量管理方法? REGULATORY?METHODS?VALIDATION：管理用分析方法的验证 COS/CEP?欧洲药典符合性认证 ICH（International?Conference?on?Harmonization?of?Technical?Requirements?for?Registrat ion?of?Pharmaceuticals?for?Human?Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议 ICH文件分为质量、安全性、有效性和综合学科4类。
SAT生物词汇
producer 生产者
progeny 后代
prokaryote 原核生物
proportion 比例
protist 单细胞生物
Protista 原生生物界
purify 净化
pyruvic acid 丙酮酸
radial symmetry 辐射状对称
recessive 隐性的
nuclear membrauclei) 细胞核
nutrient 营养物,营养的
oak 橡树
octopus 章鱼
offspring 后代
olfactory bulb 嗅球
ominivore 杂食动物
order (分类学里的)目
alga (algae) 藻类
allele 等位基因
amino acid 氨基酸
Amphibia 两栖纲
anaerobic 厌氧的
angiosperm 被子植物
Annelida 环节动物门
apical meristem 顶端分生组织
appendage 附属物,附肢
aquatic 水生的
pituitary gland 脑下垂体
plasma membrane 细胞膜
Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门
pollinate 授粉
polypeptide 多肽
pond 池塘
population 群体
predation 捕食
predominantly 大多,主要地
predominate 主要的
class 纲
codominant 共显性
Simplices
SimplicesRolf SchneiderThese two lectures are about extremal properties of simplices in the affine geometry of convex bodies.I begin with the well-known fact that the space of affine equivalence classes of convex bodies in R n is compact.As a consequence,every affine-invariant continuous functional on K n(the space of convex bodies with interior points in R n) attains a maximum and a minimum.For the proof of the compactness,often John’s theorem is invoked.There is,however,an easier way.Let K∈K n.There exists a simplex T⊆K of maximal volume.Let F be a facet of T,v the opposite vertex,and H the hyperplane through v parallel to F.Then H supports K,since otherwise one would obviously obtain a contradiction to the maximality of T.Since F was an arbitrary facet of T,we see that K is contained in the simplex−n(T−c)+c,where c is the centroid of T.Let∆be a regular simplex with centroid0,and let∆ :=−n∆.There existsα∈Aff(n)(the group of regular affine maps from R n to R n)withαT=∆. Then∆⊆αK⊆∆ .Hence,every convex body has an affine transform in the set {M∈K n:∆⊆M⊆∆ }.The latter set is clearly compact.From this,the assertion follows.In the following,we denote by T n an n-dimensional simplex and by B n an n-dimensional ball.Only the affine equivalence classes of T n and B n will play a role.By V we denote volume.The geometry of convex bodies has produced a wealth of natural(that is,geomet-rically meaningful)functionals on convex bodies which are continuous and invariant under affine transformations.Each of these functionals gives rise to the question for the bodies on which the functional attains its maximum and its minimum.There are not too many cases where both extrema are known and are non-trivial.There are several cases where symmetrization has been applied successfully to show that one ex-tremum is attained by ellipsoids,but the other extremum is often unknown.Generally, simplices are strong candidates for extremal bodies.It is this role of the simplices which is the theme of these lectures.I intend to discuss the following points,though not necessarily in this order:•The main examples of cases where both extrema are known.•If an extremum is known,there arises immediately the question for stability improvements:if a convex body attains the extremum up to ,is it f( )-close to some simplex,with explicit f( )?Recent new results of this type are mentioned, and one or two new proofs will be given.1•Some open extremum problems,where simplices have been conjectured to be extremal,with varying degrees of confidence.•Two examples from applications,where extremal properties of simplices have been observed,will be mentioned.We begin with some affine-invariant functionals of a simple structure,which are known as so-called measures of symmetry(see Gr¨u nbaum[16]for a survey).The Minkowski measure of symmetryFor a convex body K∈K n,the Minkowski measure of symmetry can be defined byq(K):=min{λ>0:∃x∈K:−(K−x)⊆λ(K−x)}.It is known that1≤q(K)≤n.(1) Equality on the left holds trivially if and only if K is centrally symmetric,and on the right it holds if and only if K is a simplex(references are in[16]).The extremal property of the simplex can be improved in the form of a stability version.For this,we need an appropriate notion of distance for affine equivalence classes of convex bodies.The extended Banach-Mazur distance of not necessarily symmetric convex bodies K,L∈K n is defined byd BM(K,L):=min{λ≥1:∃α∈Aff(n)∃x∈R n:L⊆αK⊆λL+x}Recently,two papers independently gave stability estimates for the right-hand side of(1),B¨o r¨o czky[8]and Guo[17].B¨o r¨o czky’s result is stronger,he shows:q(K)≥n− with0< <14n⇒d BM(K,T n)<1+4n .Since the order of is optimal,it is of some interest tofind good constants.B¨o r¨o czky’s result can still be improved:Theorem1.q(K)≥n− with0< <1n⇒d BM(K,T n)<1+(n+1)1−n.Proof.I give the proof here,since it has one interesting aspect.If we want to show that some convex body is close to a simplex,we must construct this simplex,and thus its vertices.In the present case,the vertices are found by an application of Helly’s theorem.For0≤q≤n and x∈K,defineK(x,q):=qq+1(K−x)+x.2Lemma.c∈x∈KK(x,q)⇔−(K−c)⊆q(K−c).(2) Proof.We havec∈K(x,q)⇔∃k∈K:c=qq+1(k−x)+x⇔∃k∈K:−(x−c)=q(k−c)⇔−(x−c)∈q(K−c),from which the lemma follows.Now let K⊂R n be a convex body with q(K)>n− ,where0< <1/n,and put q:=n− .Since q<q(K),no point c∈K satisfies the right-hand side of(2).By the Lemma and by Helly’s theorem,there must exist n+1points e0,e1,...,e n∈K such thatni=0K(e i,q)=∅.(3)Since the set of all(n+1)-tuples(e0,...,e n)satisfying(3)is open in K n+1,we can assume that e0,...,e n are affinely independent.Then∆:=conv{e0,...,e n}is an n-simplex contained in K.We setr:=qq+1=n−n+1−andz:=[1−n(1−r)]e0+(1−r)ni=1e i.Withα0:=1−n(1−r)r=1−n−,α1:=0,αj:=1−rr=1n−for j=2,...,n we haveαi≥0and ni=0αi=1,hencez=ni=0αi[re i+(1−r)e1]∈conv{r(e i−e1)+e1:i=0,...,n}=r(∆−e1)+e1=∆(e1,q).Similarly,z∈∆(e i,q)for i=1,...,n.Since∆(e i,q)⊂K(e i,q),it follows from(3) thatz/∈K(e0,q).Now we assume,without loss of generality,thatni=0e i=0,(4)3so that z=[1−(n+1)(1−r)]e0.From z/∈r(K−e0)+e0we get that the pointz0:=−τe0withτ:=1+ n−satisfies z0/∈K.By(4),z0=τ(e1+···+e n).(5)Now we setλ:=1+(n+1) 1−nand assert thatK⊆intλ∆.(6) Suppose that(6)were false.Then some facet ofλ∆,say the one opposite toλe0, contains a point p∈K.There is a unique representationp=ni=1γiλe i withγi≥0,ni=1γi=1.Further,there is a unique affine representationz0=ni=1βi e i+βn+1p withn+1i=1βi=1,thusz0=ni=1[βi+βn+1γiλ]e i.Comparing this with(5),we getβi+βn+1γiλ=τfor i=1,...,n. By addition,ni=1βi+λβn+1=nτ,henceβn+1=nτ−1λ−1=1−nn−≥0.For i=1,...,n,we getβi=1+n−(1−γi)≥0.Thusz0∈conv{e1,...,e n,p}⊆K,a contradiction.This shows that(6)holds,which implies that dBM(K,T)<λ.The survey of Gr¨u nbaum[16]mentions several other measures of symmetry where the extremal property of simplices is either proved or conjectured(and still not proved4today).We mention only one here,which is quite well known but still offers new developments and open questions.The difference body measure of symmetryThe difference body of a convex body K∈K n is the body D K:=K−K.The affine invariant V(D K)/V(K)is estimated by2n≤V(D K)V(K)≤2nn.(7)Equality on the left holds if and only if K is centrally symmetric,and on the right if and only if K is a simplex.The right-hand inequality is known as the Rogers-Shephard inequality(1957).It would be implied by a beautiful inequality conjectured by Godbersen(1938),namelyV(K[i],−K[n−i])V(K)≤ni.(8)Here the numerator is a mixed volume,and i∈{1,...,n−1}.It is conjectured that (8)holds and equality characterizes simplices.For i=1and i=n−1,this is true.An interesting recent development concerning the Rogers-Shephard inequality is the proof of a stability estimate by B¨o r¨o czky[8].He showed thatV(D K) V(K)≥(1− )2nn⇒d BM(K,T n)≤1+n50n2 .The dependence on cannot be improved.The proof has to quantify the characteriza-tion of the simplex as it is used in the equality case of the Rogers-Shephard inequality. The crucial point is here the following.Let x∈D K\{0}.There is a unique point y∈bd D K and a uniqueλ∈(0,1]such that y=λx.It is easy to see that(1−λ)K+λy⊆K∩(K+x).The resulting inequalityV((1−λ)K)≤V(K∩(K+x))leads,with integration tricks,to the Rogers-Shephard inequality.If equality holds in the Rogers-Shephard inequality,then we must have(1−λ)K+λy=K∩(K+x)for all x∈D K.Hence,any nonempty intersection of K with a translate of K is homothetic to K.This property characterizes simplices.The principal difficulty lies in a stability version of this simplex characterization.B¨o r¨o czky’s proof is certainly a remarkable achievement.I will now give two examples showing how extremal properties of simplices related to variants of the difference body inequality appear in applications.The examples are5taken from stochastic geometry.Thefirst one concerns continuum percolation in the plane.Let Xλbe a stationary Poisson point process of intensityλin the plane,and let K be a convex body of area A(K)=1.We translate K by the vectors of Xλand form the union:S:=x∈Xλ(K+x).The fundamental question in continuum percolation(formulated for this special model) asks whether S has some unbounded connected component.It is known that there exists a critical thresholdλc:ifλ<λc,then S a.s.contains no unbounded connected component,and ifλ>λc,then S a.s.contains an unbounded component.This critical valueλc depends on the convex body K(of given area1),and one may ask for its extrema.It was proved by Jonasson[19]that the critical valueλc becomes minimal if K is a triangle.This follows from a strengthened version of the difference body inequality in the plane.The latter says thatA(D K)≤A(D T)if A(K)=A(T)for any convex body K and triangle T.Jonasson obtained the following remarkable improvement:To any convex body K in the plane there exists a triangle T such thatD K⊆D T and A(K)=A(T).By A(D K)≤A(D T)=6A(T)=6A(K),this implies the difference body inequality.The application to continuum percolation follows from the observation that (K+x)∩(K+y)=∅⇔x−y∈D K⇒x−y∈D T⇔(T+x)∩(T+y)=∅.Hence,ifx∈Xλ(K+x)contains an unbounded connected component,then so doesx∈Xλ(T+x).An extension to higher dimensions would be very interesting,but seemsrather hopeless.The next‘application’we want to describe concerns random coverings by translates of a convex body.Let A,B⊂R n be convex bodies(for simplicity)with A⊂int B. Further,a convex body K is given.Let(x i)i∈N be sequence of independent,identically distributed random points with uniform distribution in B.Janson[18]studied therandom variableN r:=min{m∈N:A⊆mi=1(rK+x i)}for r>0,the smallest number m so that B is covered by thefirst m translates of rK in the sequence(rK+x i)i∈N.He was able to determine the asymptotic distribution of N r for r→0.What interests us here is how the shape of K influences this asymptotic distribution.Janson found that the expression for the asymptotic distribution involves a certain functionalβ(K),and later he observed that this functional attains its maximum on simplices.I will explain what this has to do with an extension of the difference body inequality.6Since x∈D K⇔K∩(K+x)=∅,we can writeV(D K)=R n1{K∩(K+x)=∅}d x.We generalize this,for p∈N,toD p K:={(x1,...,x p)∈(R n)p:K∩(K+x1)∩···∩(K+x p)=∅} andV pn(D p K)=R n ...R n1{K∩(K+x1)∩···∩(K+x p)=∅}d x1...d x p.In[29],the difference body inequality was generalized toV pn(D p K) V(K)p ≤pn+nn,with equality if and only if K is a simplex.(A side remark:The other extremum is unknown for n>2and p>1.For p=2and n=3,the functional attains different values on the class of centrally symmetric bodies.)The multiple integral defining V pn(D p K)can be generalized and leads to a polyno-mial expansion analogous to the expansion leading to mixed volumes.For K1,...,K k∈K n andλ1,...,λk≥0,we haveR n ...R n1{λ1K1∩(λ2K2+x2)∩···∩(λk K k+x k)=∅}d x2···d x k=nm1,...,m k=0m1+···+m k=(k−1)nλm11···λm kkV(0)m1,...,m k(K1,...,K k).This defines functionals V(0)m1,...,m k,with properties similar to those of mixed volumes:V(0)m1,...,m k is continuous,and as a function of its i th argument,it is translation invariant, homogeneous of degree m i,and a valuation(see[30]for a general approach and more information).The functionalV(0)m1,...,m k(K,...,K)V(K)is affine invariant,so it attains a minimum and a maximum,but these are generally unknown.To indicate the difficulty of the problem,we mention that it includes two longstanding unsolved problems.We haveV(0) i,n−i (K,K)=niV(K[i],−K[n−i]),so that the question for the maximum in this case is the Godbersen problem mentioned earlier.If K1,...,K n are centrally symmetric,thenV(0)n−1,...,n−1(K1,...,K n)=n!2nV(ΠK1,...,ΠK n),7where V is the mixed volume andΠdenotes the projection body operator.In particular, the question for the minimum ofV(0)n−1,...,n−1(K,...,K)V(K)n−1=n!2nV(ΠK)V(K)n−1is nothing but Petty’s unsolved problem on the volume of projection bodies.Coming back to Janson’s functionalβ(K)appearing in the covering problem,we can now state that it is given byβ(K)=V(0)n−1,...,n−1(K,...,K).From the polynomial expansion above,one can deduce that,for k∈N,V(k−1)n(D k−1K) V(K)=k nn!β(K)V(K)+O(k n−1)(where O(k n−1)refers to k→∞).The generalized difference body inequality givesV(k−1)n(D k−1K) V(K)k−1≤knn=(kn)nn!+O(k n−1).Letting k→∞,we deduce thatβ(K)V(K)n−1≤n n.Here equality holds for simplices.It follows that in Janson’s covering problem,among convex bodies of the same volume,simplices have the worst covering property.It is unknown whether simplices are the only extremal bodies.The preceding two examples were connected to variants of the difference body in-equality.We mention a third variant,giving another characterization of simplices. Recall that the volume of the difference body of the convex body K can be defined byR n1{K∩(K+x)=∅}d x=V(D K).In analogy to this,we can define a convex body M K byR nK∩(K+x)d x=:M K.(The set valued integral can be defined via support functions.)Then,with a suitable translation vector t,the inclusionV(D K)K⊆(n+1)M K+tholds.Here equality holds if and only if K is a simplex.A more general version of this inequality was proved in[31].8We continue with our general theme,affine inequalities,with special regard to simplices as either established or conjectured extremal bodies.References not given here are found in the excellent Handbook article by Lutwak[22].Also the book of Leichtweiß[21]should be consulted.Already a‘classic’is the two-sided inequality1 n2nn≤V(Π∗K)V(K)n−1≤κnκn−1n(κn=volume of the n-dimensional Euclidean unit ball)for the volume of the polar projection bodyΠ∗K of a convex body K.Equality on the right side,which is due to Petty,characterizes ellipsoids,and equality on the left side,due to Zhang,characterizes simplices.Gardner and Zhang[14]have introduced a remarkable array of convex bodies con-necting the difference body with the polar projection body.Let K∈K n and p>−1, p=0.The radial p th mean body R p K of K is defined byρRp K (u):=1V(K)KρK(x,u)p d x1/p,whereρL(x,·)is the radial function of L with respect to x.With the constantc n,p:=n1(1−t)p t n−1d t−1/p,Gardner and Zhang proved that,for−1<p<q,D K⊆c n,q R q K⊆c n,p R p K⊆nV(K)Π∗K.In each inclusion,equality holds if and only if K is a simplex.Consequently,V(D K) V(K)≤c n n,qV(R q K)V(K)≤c n n,pV(R p K)V(K)≤n n V(Π∗K)V(K)n−1.In each inequality,equality holds if and only if K is a simplex.SinceV(R n K)V(K)=1,these inequalities include the difference body inequality and the Zhang projection in-equality.A new development to be reported is that B¨o r¨o czky[8],in his work on the difference body inequality,also has stability results for these later inequalities.So he proves that, with >0,V(Π∗K)V(K)n−1≥(1+ )1n n2nnimpliesd BM(K,T n)≤1+n88n 1/n,9and if−1≤p<q,thenV(c n,p R p K)≥(1+ )V(c n,q R q K)impliesd BM(K,T n)≤1+c 1/nwith a positive constant c depending on p,q,n.Maximal ellipsoidsPerhaps the most interesting extremal properties of simplices,found in the last 15years,are related to inscribed or circumscribed ellipsoids of extremal volume.For K∈K n,one denotes by E J(K)the ellipsoid of maximal volume contained in K.By a result of John,the concentric homothetic ellipsoid n(E J(K)−c)+c,where c denotes the centre of E J(K),contains the body K.If K is a simplex,then the factor n cannot be decreased,but the simplex is not characterized by this extremal property.This changes if shifts are allowed.John’s result implies thatd BM(K,B n)≤n(9) for K∈K n.Here,equality holds if and only if K is a simplex.This was proved by Leichtweiß[20]and was rediscovered by Palmon[27].As soon as one has uniqueness,the question for a stability improvement of the inequality can be raised.For the inequality (9),such a stability result seems to be unknown.The number d BM(K,B n)can be interpreted as the result of a general procedure to obtain affine invariants.Let r(K),R(K)denote the(Euclidean)inradius and circum-radius,respectively,of K.Thend BM(K,B n)=infα∈Aff(n)R(αK) r(αK).It often happens that a continuous similarity invariant function of convex bodies attains one extremum(as here,where R/r≥1trivially),but not the other,since the function is unbounded.By taking the infimum or the supremum over all affine transforms(also called‘positions’)of a convex body,one obtains an affine invariant functional which may be bounded and hence attains both extrema.This procedure,which leads to interesting new extremal problems,was pioneered by Behrend[9].He already gave neat proofs for the reverse isoperimetric inequality in two dimensions,with equality characterizations both in the general and the centrally symmetric case.Generally,the affine-invariant isoperimetric quotient is defined byI(K):=infα∈Aff(n)S(αK)n V(αK),where S denotes the surface area.It was shown by Ball[1]that I(K)attains its maximum when K is a simplex.Hefirst proved that the volume ratiovr(K):=V(K)V(E J(K))1/n 10attains its maximum for simplices.The reverse isoperimetric inequality is then easily obtained.The convex body K is said to be in John position if its John ellipsoid E J(K) is the unit ball B n.Every convex body has an affine transform that is in John position. Let∆n denote a regular simplex circumscribed to B n.Now let K be in John position. Then Ball’s volume ratio result states thatV(K)≤V(∆n).(10) We have S(K)≤nV(K),since B n⊆K,and S(∆n)=nV(∆n).Together with(10), this givesI(K)≤S(K)nV(K)n−1≤n n V(K)≤n n V(∆n)=S(∆n)nV(∆n)n−1=I(∆n),where the last equality is classical.If equality holds in this reverse isoperimetric in-equality,then it holds in(10),hence K has maximal volume ratio.In that case,K must be a simplex.A proof of this fact has only become possible when Barthe[3,4] found a new proof of the Brascamp–Lieb inequality(and its reverse).If K is in John position,then(10)also givesS(K)≤S(∆n).Barthe posed the question whether corresponding results hold also for the other intrinsic volumes,and he proved that the mean width W indeed satisfiesW(K)≤W(∆n),with equality if and only if K is a rotation image of the simplex∆n(see[4,7],and also the summary[6]).Similar extremal properties of simplices exist in relation to the L¨o wner ellipsoid E L(K),the ellipsoid of smallest volume containing K.The exterior volume ratioevr(K)=V(K)V(E L(K))1/nattains its minimum on the simplices(see Barthe[4,6]).If E L(K)=B n,then the mean width of K is not smaller than the mean width of a regular simplex inscribed to B n(Schmuckenschl¨a ger[28]).The preceding characterizations are beautiful and deep.Since already the unique-ness proofs are delicate,there is perhaps little hope for improving them in the form of stability estimates.In the following,we will sketch the proof of a stability result for a consequence ofthe inequality(9).Letvq(K):=V(E L(K))V(E J(K))1/n,(vq stands for‘volume quotient’).It follows from(9)thatvq(K)≤n,(11)11with equality precisely for simplices.In joint work with Daniel Hug,we obtained the following stability version.Theorem2.There exist constants c(n), 0(n)>0depending only on the dimension n such that the following holds.If0≤ ≤ 0(n)andvq(K)≥(1− )n,thend BM(K,T n)≤1+c0(n) 1/4.A rough estimate for c0(n)shows that that it can be assumed to be of order n13/2.The sketch of the proof is not reproduced here.The proof will be published else-where.Finally,we recall some affine inequalities where the extremal property of simplices has been established in the two-dimensional case,but seems difficult,or even doubtful, in higher dimensions.The Blaschke-Santal´o inequalityLet K∈K n,and let K∗denote the polar body of K with respect to the Santal´o point,which is the point with respect to which the volume of the polar body becomes minimal.Then?≤V(K)V(K∗)≤κ2n.On the right-hand side,equality holds if and only if K is an ellipsoid.It has been conjectured that simplices give the minimal value,that is,(n+1)n+1(n!)2≤V(K)V(K∗).For n=2,this was proved by Mahler[24].A new proof was given by Meyer[25],who also showed that only the triangles are extremal.Recently Meyer and Reisner have proved that the conjecture holds for n-polytopes with at most n+3vertices.The L p-Busemann-Petty centroid inequalityFor K∈K n and p≥1,the L p-centroid body of K is the convex bodyΓp K with support functionhΓp K (u):=1a n,p V(K)K| u,x |p d x1/p,u∈R n,wherea n,p:=κn+pκ2κnκp−1. 12Up to normalizing factors,Γ1K is the ordinary centroid body of K,andΓ2K is the Legendre ellipsoid of K.The inequalityV(Γp K)V(K)≥1,with equality precisely if K is a centered ellipsoid,was proved by Lutwak,Yang and Zhang[23],and with a different proof by Campi and Gronchi[11].The cases p=1 (Busemann–Petty)and p=2(Blaschke,John)are older.The function V(Γp K)/V(K)is invariant under linear transformations,but not un-der translations.The modified functional defined by C p(K):=V(Γp(K−c K))/V(K), where c K is the centroid of K,is affine invariant;hence,the question for its maximum becomes meaningful.Campi and Gronchi[11]have proved that for n=2this maximum is attained precisely by the triangles.Random polytopesFor K∈K n and m≥n+1,defineM(K,m):=1V(K)mK...KV(conv{x1,...,x m})d x1···d x m.Thus,M(K,m)is the expected volume of the convex hull of m independent,uniformly distributed random points in K.We haveM(B n,m) V(B)≤M(K,m)V(K)≤?,with equality on the left if and only if K is an ellipsoid.In special cases,this goes back to Blaschke;in an even more general version,for higher moments of the volume,it was proved by Groemer.A major open problem is the maximum on the right-hand side,in particular for m=n+1,the expected volume of a random simplex in K.For n=2 and m=3,it was proved by Blaschke that the maximum is attained precisely by the triangles.That in the plane the triangles are also extremal for m>3,was proved by Dalla and Larman[13],and that only triangles are extremal was shown by Giannopoulos [15].In R n for n>2,only the following hints to the conjectured extremal property of the simplices are known.Dalla and Larman have shown that among polytopes with at most n+2vertices,precisely the simplices yield the maximum.This was extended to higher moments by Campi,Colesanti and Gronchi[10].These authors have also obtained some restrictions for the possible maximizers.B´a r´a ny and Buchta[2]define E(K,m):=V(K)−M(K,m)for bodies K with V(K)=1and prove thatlim inf m→∞E(K,m)E(T,m)≥1+1n+1unless K is a simplex.13References[1]Ball,K.,Volume ratios and a reverse isoperimetric inequality.J.London Math.Soc.44(1991),351–359.[2]B´a r´a ny,I.,Buchta,Ch.,Random polytopes in a convex polytope,independenceof shape,and concentration of vertices.Math.Ann.297(1993),467–497.[3]Barthe,F.,In´e galit´e s de Brascamp–Lieb et convexit´e.C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris324(1997),885–888.[4]Barthe,F.,In´e galit´e s fonctionnelles et g´e om´e triques obtenues par transport demesures.Th`e se de Doctorat.Universit´e Marne-la-Vall´e e,1997.[5]Barthe,F.,On a reverse form of the Brascamp–Lieb inequality.Invent.Math.134(1998),335–361.[6]Barthe,F.,Autour de l’inegalit´e de Brunn–Minkowski.Ann.Fac.Sci.Toulouse12(2003),127–178.[7]Barthe,F.,An extremal property of the mean width of the simplex.Math.Ann.310(1998),685–693.[8]B¨o r¨o czky jr,K.,The stability of the Rogers-Shephard inequality and of somerelated inequalities.Adv.Math190(2005),47–76.[9]Behrend, F.,¨Uber einige Affininvarianten konvexer Bereiche.Math.Ann.113(1937),713–747.[10]Campi,S.,Colesanti,A.,Gronchi,P.,A note on Sylvester’s problem for randompolytopes in a convex body.Rend.Ist.Mat.Univ.Trieste31(1999),79–94. [11]Campi,S.,Gronchi,P.,The L p-Busemann-Petty centroid inequality.Adv.Math.167(2002),128–141.[12]Campi,S.,Gronchi,P.,On the reverse L p-Busemann–Petty centroid inequality.Mathematika49(2002),1–11.[13]Dalla,L.,Larman,D.G.,Volumes of a random polytope in a convex set.In:AppliedGeometry and Discrete Mathematics.The Victor Klee Festschrift.,DIMACS,Ser.Discrete put.Sci.(4),Amer.Math.Soc.1991,175–180. [14]Gardner,R.J.,Zhang,G.,Affine inequalities and radial mean bodies.Amer.J.Math.120(1998),505–528.[15]Giannopoulos,A.A.,On the mean value of the area of a random polygon in a planeconvex body.Mathematika39(1992),279–290.[16]Gr¨u nbaum,B.,Measures of symmetry of convex sets.In:Convexity(V.L.Klee,ed.),Proc.Symposia Pure Math.,vol.VII,American Math.Soc.,Providence,RI 1963,pp.233–270.14[17]Guo,Q.,Stability of the Minkowski measure of asymmetry for convex bodies.Discrete Comput.Geom.(2005)[18]Janson,S.,Random coverings in several dimensions.Acta Math.156(1986),83–118.[19]Jonasson,J.,Optimization of shape in continuum percolation.Ann.Probab.29(2001),624–635.[20]Leichtweiß,K.,¨Uber die affine Exzentrizit¨a t konvexer K¨o rper.Arch.Math.10(1959),187–199.[21]Leichtweiß,K.,Affine Geometry of Convex Bodies.Johann Ambrosius Barth,Hei-delberg1998.[22]Lutwak,E.,Selected affine isoperimetric inequalities.In:Handbook of ConvexGeometry,vol.A(P.M.Gruber,J.M.Wills,eds.)North-Holland,Amsterdam 1993,pp.151–176.[23]Lutwak,E.,Yang,D.,Zhang,G.,L p affine isoperimetric inequalities.J.DifferentialGeom.56(2000),111–132.[24]Mahler,K.,Ein Minimalproblem f¨u r konvexe Polygone.Mathematica(Zutphen)B7(1939),118–127.[25]Meyer,M.,Convex bodies with minimal volume product in R2.Monatsh.Math.112(1991),297–301.[26]Milman,V.D.,Pajor,A.,Isotropic position and inertia ellipsoids and zonoids ofthe unit ball of a normed n-dimensional space.In:Geometric Aspects of Func-tional Analysis(J.Lindenstrauss,man,eds.)Lect.Notes Math.,vol.1376,Springer,Berlin1989,pp.64–104.[27]Palmon,O.,The only convex body with extremal distance from the ball.Israel J.Math.80(1992),337–349.[28]Schmuckenschl¨a ger,M.,An extremal property of the regular simplex.In:ConvexGeometric Analysis(K.M.Ball,man,eds),MSRI Publications,vol.34, Cambridge Univ.Press1998,pp.199–202.[29]Schneider,R.,Eine Verallgemeinerung des Differenzenk¨o rpers.Monatsh.Math.74(1970),258–272.[30]Schneider,R.,Mixed functionals of convex bodies.Discrete Comput.Geom.24(2000),527–538.[31]Schneider,R.,Mixed polytopes.Discrete Comput.Geom.29(2003),575–593.[32]Zhang,G.,Restricted chord projection and affine inequalities.Geom.Dedicata39(1991),213–222.15。
浅谈棕榈科术语cirrus、flagellum和prophyll的汉译
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刘 海 桑
（ 门华 侨亚 热带植 物 引种 园， 厦 福建 厦 门 ３ １０ ） ６０２
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电气工程 名词审定 工作在京启动
１ ．北 京 ： 学 出版 社 ， ０ ３ ４ 科 ２０ ．
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法语名词阴阳性规律总结
表物的名词：没有特殊的规定。
但是我们还是能够总结出一些系列的名词通常的性（有例外）以下系列的表物名词通常为阳性：1．树木名：le chêne橡树, le tilleul椴树, etc.（例外：une yeuse冬青槲）2．金属或化学元素名：le fer铁, le cuivre铜, l’or金, l’argent银, etc.??? （例外：la fonte铅, l’alumine氧化铝及大多数以-ite结尾的名词）3．表日子、月份、季节及方位的名词：le lundi, un avril pluvieux, un été chaud,??? le nord北, le sud-ouest西南,le est东（至于秋季，尽管我们也可以说une automne，但最好还是用un automne）4．风：le zéphyr微风, le noro?t西北风, le mistral（例外：la bise北风, la brise凉爽的微风, la tramontane（地中海沿岸的）西北风）5．数字、字母及音符：le huit a gagné, écrivez un B, un do, un mi bémol6．形容词用作名词：le bleu, le rouge, le vrai, le beau,??? le francais（法国的语言）, l’anglais（英国的语言）。
??? 例外：l’anglaise（英格兰字体）, la ronde（圆体字）；??? une polonaise波兰人, une allemande,舞曲或旋律；??? 或在以下用法中：à la francaise,法国式的，按照法国的方法；??? à la chinoise,中国式的，按照中国的方法，有中国特色的。
7．动词不定式用作名词：le d?ner, le souvenir记忆8．形式不变词类（包括副词、介词、连词、叹词）用作名词或一些固定用法：?? ?le bien,le mal, le devant de l’armoire壁橱前面, le ? mais ? que vous objectez,?? ?le? a?e ? que j’ai entendu, Je me moque du qu’en-dira-t-on.?以下各系列中的名词通常为阴性：1．表疾病的名词：la grippe流感, la typho?de伤寒, la bronchite支气管炎, etc.? （例外：le choléra霍乱, le croup哮吼, le diabète糖尿病, l’emphysème气肿, le rhume感冒以及以-isme结尾的词：? l’arthritisme aigu）2．表学科的名词：la médecine, la politique, les mathématiques, etc.?（例外：le calcul算术, le droit直角）3．表节日的名词：la Toussaint, la Saint-André?（例外：No?l, Paques复活节的性是可变的）4．以-eur结尾的抽象名词：la candeur天真, la valeur价值（例外：le bonheur幸运, le malheur 厄运,?? l’honneur荣誉, le labeur苦力）复合名词的阴阳性：1．两个并列名词构成的复合名词：一般依第一个名词的阴阳性：??? un chou-fleur, une pêche abricot2．由一个名词和一个形容词构成的：根据名词的阴阳性判断：??? la chauve-souris蝙蝠, le jeune homme, la jeune fille.??? 例外：le rouge-gorge 画眉鸟3．由一个动词和一个名词构成的：?? l 表人的：依人的自然性别：le garde-barrière, la garde-barrière?? l 其它一般视作阳性：le hoche-queue, le perce-oreille, le presse-purée,?? le porte-cigarettes香烟盒, le garde-boue挡泥板.例外：la garde-robe, la perce-neige 4．由两个动词构成的：一般视作阳性：?? le savoir-faire, un ou?-dire5．由介词或副词和一个名词构成：?? l 表人的：依人的自然性别：un sans-soin, une sans-soin（马大哈）;?? un sans-culotte（无套裤汉）; un sans-coeur, une sans-coeur （没良心的）; ?? un hors-la-loi,une hors-la-loi（不法之徒）?? l 表物的分为两种情况：①副词性介词加名词构成，依名词的阴阳性而定：avant(=en avant) : un avant-poste, une avant-garde, une avant-courcontre(=en opposition) :une contreordre, une contre-propositionsous(=au-dessous) : un sous-produit, la sous-production②介词加名词构成，一般视作阳性：à : un à-propos, un à-c?téaprès : l’immédiat après-guerreen : un en-cas, un en-tête,例外：une encaissehors, hors de : un hors-bord, un hors-d’oeuvresans : le sans-facon, le sans-gêne注意：après-midi一词最好用作阳性，但阴性亦无错；而avant-scène一词为阴性：uneavant-scène。
研究生综合英语(陆效用-复旦大学)单词整理(第一册)
Flabby 软弱的，松垮垮的Greasy 油腻腻的，油滑的Snap 突然，猛咬，突然折断Scapegrace 混蛋Infatuation 迷恋Intuition 错觉Craving 渴望，瘾Hold true for sth 对……也适用Giddiness 眩晕，轻浮Larder 食品柜Perversity 反常，倔强，变态Hilarious 极其可笑的，热闹的Chuck 轻拍，轻抚；放弃（in/up），打发走、扔掉（out）Expostulation 劝告Unscrupulous 肆无忌惮的，无耻Amendment 改正，修正案Qualm （about）疑虑，担心，内疚，恶心Convict 证明有罪、判决（of），使悔悟，囚犯Vindictive 报复性的Scoundrel 恶棍Philander 玩弄女性Grudge嫉妒（v，n+ against），不情愿做（to do/doing）Levy 征收，征募，发动（战争）Tip the scale (against/in favor of) Come across 偶遇，出现，还清，走过来More often than notAs opposed toSeedy 多种子的，下流，不愉快，衣衫褴褛Sensation 感知，轰动Premise 假定，财产Trashy 垃圾似的Inoffensive 无害的，不让人讨厌的Appeal呼吁，求助（to/for），有吸引力的（to）Intermediary 中介的，中介Thrill 使紧张，使兴奋，使颤抖Overt 明显，公然，蓄意Exhilarating 令人高兴的Consummation 圆房Antagonism 对抗的，敌意的Take a liking to 喜欢Have to do with sb 与……有关Rapport 关系密切，和谐Stem from 源于Count on 指望Revert to 回到……Gutter 贫民窟，水沟Infamous 声名狼藉Dissolute 放荡Rogue 恶棍，小淘气Workhouse 救济所，囚犯工厂，感化院Yacht 快艇Sovereign 领土Settle down 安顿Wash one’s hands of sb/sth 拒绝Be in sb’s debt 欠……债Make a point of doing 一定做……Chitchat 闲谈Spam 发垃圾邮件Detritus 碎屑，腐质Suck/rock 吮，烂/摇晃，令人震惊Harry 不断骚扰Snoop 窥视，管闲事的人，私家侦探Shrivel （使）萎缩、无能为力Barrage 阻拦，猛烈攻击Mind-boggling 令人吃惊Disparate 迥异Hassle 争论，麻烦Salvage 挽救，可利用的废品Far-flung 遥远的Visceral 内脏Transcend 超越Flatten 弄平，打倒Hierarchy 等级Purveyor 建议者Prurient 色情Spew 喷Lapse 陷入，流逝，失效，错误Amok 狂怒Cobble 圆石，粗制滥造Snippy 粗鲁的Hyperstimulation 过度刺激Forge 炼造，编造Curator 馆长，管理者，评论员Bemoan 悲悼，哀叹Muster 召集Incentive 刺激（的），激励Outback 内地Swoop 俯冲Flutter 拍翅膀，不规则跳，飘扬，颤抖Wallaby 沙袋鼠Hector 威吓，作威作福得人Plunk down 突然落下Cook up 罗织Peck sth out 啄出，费力的打字A buffer zone 缓冲地带Wipe out 彻底毁灭，抹去，擦干净Be akin to 密切关系的，相似的En route 在途中Mount （使）登、爬、骑；架设，镶嵌；发动（攻势）；设（警卫）；展出，搬上舞台Ultimatum 最后通牒Chronic 慢性Tardiness 拖拉Clamp钳子，钳紧，强行实施或取缔Riot 骚乱Escalate （使）逐步升级，自动扶梯爬升Squabble 争吵Airborne 空运，风媒Intone 吟诵Enlist征募，入伍，获取（支持）De rigueure 盛行Tightrope 拉紧的绳索，危险的处境Enunciate 清晰地发音，宣布One-liner 小笑话Truculent 凶狠、好战、粗暴Buttress 支持物Caricature漫画，夸张手法Guise 外观，伪装Gag 插科打诨，塞住嘴，噎住Blitz 轰炸Citadel城堡，要塞，安全的地方Aloofness 冷漠，高傲Contagion 传染，传染病Defiant违抗的，挑战的，大胆的Protocol，礼节，IT规则协议Implore 请求Ladle 勺，用勺舀Chalk up 记下，取得Patch up 修补，平息In a twinkling 一瞬间Be caught up in sth对…特感兴趣Theologian 神学家Bioethicist 生物论理学家Permeate 渗入，弥漫Mammary 乳腺的，乳房的Nascent 初生的，不成熟的Atheist 无神论者Agnostic 不可知论者Inundate 泛滥，压倒Pharmaceutical 制药的Insulin 胰岛素Reiterate 重申，反复做Uterine 子宫的Transfix 刺穿，把某人怔住Ply 倾向，定期往返，不断地做Juggernaut 世界主宰Mandate 命令，授权Onslaught 突击，猛攻Docile 温顺，容易驯服的A host of 大量Grapple with 搏斗，努力对付Be entitled to 有……权利Walk of life 行业，阶层Incandescent 炽热的，灿烂的Provisional 临时的，暂定的Moratorium延期偿付，暂停，冻结Mentor 良师益友Forte 特长，响的，很响地Steak 牛排，肉排Tentative 尝试性的Irrevocable 不可撤回的Forego 放弃Marrow 骨髓，精髓，葫芦Transient 短暂的，瞬间的，暂住客，候鸟Galvanizing 镀锌，电镀Imposter 骗子Vivacious 活泼的Crack 裂开，砸开，说（笑话），噼啪响，破解，垮掉，俏皮话，裂缝，闯入Trepidation 惶恐，颤抖Arrogance 傲慢Hotshot能人，自命不凡的人，快车Bravado虚张声势，蛮干，冒险Lovelorn 失恋，相思病Dropout 退出，退学，退学生，漏掉Infatuation 迷恋，迷恋的东西Seductress 勾引男人的女人Potency力量，潜力，权力，效力Soother 抚慰者Chameleon 变色龙Pejorative 轻蔑的，贬义的Modus operandi 一贯做法，工作方法Omnipotent 全能的，至高无上的Fortify 加强，加固，筑防御工事于，支持，证实，提高营养，提高酒的度数Brim （杯碗、帽子）边缘Obstinately 顽固的，固执的Howl 嚎叫Tug 拉，拖Blemish 伤疤，瑕疵Forthcoming 即将到来的，现有的，乐意帮助的Bail out 保释，舀出，跳伞Make for 走向，攻击，导致Get away with 侥幸逃脱Speculate on 思索，推测Imbue sb(sth) with sth 灌输Infuse sb(sth) with sth 注入Raise sb’s hackles 生气Call sth forth 唤起Dredge sth up 挖取，捞出，提起Deceptive 虚伪的，骗人的Bracket支架，括弧，类别，等级，档次，同等级的人/物Falsify伪造，歪曲，撒谎Cog 认识，吻合Oversight 失察，疏忽Flirt调情，一时想到，飘动Demotion降级Banter取笑，逗弄，开玩笑Scarlet猩红色Dissect解剖，仔细分析Bluff愚弄，吓唬Abysmally极坏的，极度的Bait诱饵，引诱Magnate巨头，要人，权贵Orchestra管弦乐队Zenith天顶，最高点，鼎盛Becomingly合适的，得体的Prima第一的，主要的Bolster垫子，支持物，靠枕Mastermind才华横溢的人，智囊，幕后操纵Obliterate擦掉痕迹，消灭，忘掉to all intents and purposes实质上As opposed to 与…相对，而不是At every turn 处处Mark time 原地踏步，无进展At stake 危急关头Come by 从旁经过，得到Break off 中断，断交，折断Exert oneself 尽力In the nick of time 及时。
Exquisite Plums
Exquisite PlumsThe world of fruits never fails to amaze us with its vibrant colors, juicy flavors, and enticing aromas. Among the myriad of fruits that nature has bestowed upon us, plums stand out as one of the most exquisite and delightful creations. These small, round fruits come in a variety of colors, ranging from deep purple to golden yellow, each offering a unique taste that tantalizes the taste buds. In this article, we will explore the allure of plums and why they have captured the hearts of fruit enthusiasts worldwide.Plums, scientifically known as Prunus domestica, belong to the Rosaceae family and are native to Asia. They have been cultivated for centuries and are now grown in many parts of the world. One of the reasons for their popularity is their versatility. Plums can be eaten fresh, dried, or used in various culinary creations like jams, jellies, and pies. Their sweet and tangy flavor adds a burst of freshness to any dish they are incorporated into. Besides their delectable taste, plums are packed with nutritional benefits. These fruits are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are particularly high in vitamin C, which boosts the immune system and promotes skin health. Plums also contain dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and helps maintain a healthy weight. Moreover, they are low in calories, making them an excellent choice for those watching their calorie intake.One fascinating aspect of plums is their intriguing history and cultural significance. Throughout the ages, plums have been revered in different cultures around the world. In Chinese culture, plums symbolize longevity, and they are often associated with wisdom and beauty. In Japan, plums are celebrated during the annual Plum Blossom Festival, where people gather to admire the stunning blossoms and enjoy plum-inspired delicacies. The plum tree itself holds a special place in folklore and literature, often representing resilience and the cycle of life.In recent years, plums have gained attention for their potential health benefits. Research suggests that plums may have a positive impact on heart health, digestion, and even bone strength. The antioxidants present in plums help reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol levels, and protect against certain chronic diseases. As scientists continue to explore the properties of plums, their value as a superfood is becoming increasingly recognized. Beyond their nutritional and medicinal qualities, plums are simply a joy to indulge in. The experience of biting into a perfectly ripe plum is nothing short of delightful. The flesh is juicy, the texture is smooth, and the sweetness is balanced with a hint of tartness. Each bite is a burst of flavor that awakens the senses and leaves a lingering satisfaction. In conclusion, plums are a treasure trove of taste, health benefits, and cultural significance. Whether enjoyed fresh, dried, or incorporated into various dishes, these exquisite fruits never fail to impress. So, the next time you come across a basket of plums, take a moment to appreciate their beauty and savor the pleasure they bring.。
五金配件的英文翻译
五金配件的英文翻译五金配件的英文翻译铰链 hinge；抽屉滑轨 sliderail；拉手 Thedoorhandle；移门 Shiftgate；折门轨道及配件 Foldingdoortrackandaccessories；辅助配件 Auxiliaryaccessories；机械零件和设备英语金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 ?uid dynamics流体力学 ?uid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 ?uid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 ?nish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 ori?ce plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference ?t热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 ?nite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic ?bre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 pro?le chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 de?nitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coef?cient求导 derivation定积分 de?nite integral不定积分 inde?nite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix 线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination气体状态方程 equation of state of gas动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 ?ip-?op脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 ?uid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel。
生物化学专业英语单词
单词表第一章Prokary ote 原核生物Eukaryo te 真核生物fractio nation分级、分馏biomole cule 生物分子organis m 生物体、有机体membran e 膜nucleus细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli杆菌spirill a 螺旋菌Eubacte ria 真细菌Archaeb acteri a 原细菌Gram-positiv e 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negativ e bacteri a 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanoba cteria蓝细菌Plasma细胞浆Mesosom e 间体Nuleoid拟核Sytosol细胞质、原生质Bilayer双分子层（膜）Protein蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohy drate糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressur e 渗透压Peptido glycan肽聚糖Subcell ular 亚细胞的Ganelle细胞器Genetic遗传的Chromos ome 染色体ribosom al ribonuc leic acid rRNAEndopla smic reticul um 内质网Phospho lipid磷脂Detoxif icatio n 解毒Golgi apparat us 高尔基体Refresh更新Mitocho ndria线粒体oxidati ve phospho rylati on 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degrada tion 降解Chlorop lasts叶绿体thylako id vesicle s 类囊体photosy nthesi s 光合作用Lysosom es 溶酶体Macromo lecule大分子Enzyme酶Cytoske leton细胞支架Metabol ic 新陈代谢的Centrif ugatio n 离心Isolate分离Equilib rium 平衡Density密度Frictio n 摩擦力Velocit y 速率Superna tant 上清夜Pellet沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantio mers 对映体Tetrahe dral 正四面体的Hydroph obic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphat ic 脂肪族的Aromati c 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleuc ine Ile,异亮氨酸methion ine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenyla lanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosin e Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptop han Trp,色氨酸Asparag ines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutami ne Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threoni ne Thr,苏氨酸Vargini ne Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidi ne His,组氨酸asparti c acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutami c acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxy l 羧基isoelec tric point 等电点positiv e 正的、阳性的negativ e 负的、阴性的bufferi ng 缓冲physiol ogical生理的Primary structu re 一级结构Seconda ry structu re 二级结构Tertiar y structu re 三级结构Quatern ary structu re 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequenc e 顺序、序列covalen t Bond 共价键polypep tide 多肽termina l 末端carbony l 羰基resonan ce structu res 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configu ration顺式构象disulfi de bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydroge n bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片paralle l 平行的antipar allel反平行的randomcoil 无规卷曲unique唯一的spatial空间的arrange ment 排列、安排linearsequenc e 线性序列residue残基Hydroph obic interac tion疏水相互作用Interio r 内部的Electro static force 静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit亚基alloste ric effect变构效应Noncova lent interac tions非共价相互作用protein stabili ty 蛋白质的稳定dimensi onal 空间的、维的proton质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electro ns 孤对电子colline ar 在同一直线上Hydroph obic force 疏水力Nonpola r 非极性Minimiz e 最小化protein folding蛋白质折叠Accesso ry protein辅助蛋白质molecul ar chapero nes 分子伴侣Myoglob in 肌红蛋白Hemoglo bin 血红蛋白prosthe tic group 辅基essenti al 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protopo rphyri n 原卟啉porphyr in 卟啉ferrous含铁的proxima l 最接近的coopera tive 协同的noncoop erativ e 非协同的dissoci ationcurve 解离曲线sigmoid al S形曲线hyperbo lic 双曲线affinit y 亲和性blood capilla ries 血管Bohr effect波尔效应2,3-biphosp hoglyc erate2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechani sm 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglo binopa thies血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythro cyte 红血球stickypatch 粘性小区therape utic 治疗的Collage n 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon腱Cartila ge 软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripept ide 三肽的triple-helical三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysin e 醛基赖氨酸Antibod ie 抗体immunesystem免疫系统pathoge n 病原体trigger引发、触发respons e 响应、应答antigen抗原antigen ic determi ne 抗原决定簇epitope抗原决定簇Immunol ocaliz ation免疫定位Antibod y 抗体Enzyme-linkedimmunos orbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purific ation提纯、纯化Homogen izatio n 匀浆solubil izatio n 溶解Ammoniu m sulfate硫酸铵Precipi tation沉淀Dialysi s 透析Chromat ograph ic techniq ues 层析技术gel filtrat ion 凝胶过滤affinit y chromat ograph y 亲和层析Electro phoret ic techniq ues 电泳技术isoelec tric focusin g 等电聚焦SDS polyacr ylamid e gel eletrop horesi sSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeab le 半透性ligand配基inert 惰性的matrix基质elute 洗出、流出lectin外源凝集素glycopr otein糖蛋白molecul ar sieve 分子筛polyamp holyte s 聚两性电解质gradien t 梯度migrate迁移、移动chymotr ypsin胰凝乳蛋白酶sequenc ing 测序2-mercapt oethan ol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydr in 茚三酮fluores camine荧光胺fluorod initro benzen e 二硝基氟苯dansylchlorid e 丹磺酰氯phenylisothio cyanat e PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragmen t 片断、碎片encodin g 编码deciphe r 解读、破译anchor锚定第三章biocata lyst 生物催化剂activesite 活性中心substra te 底物The induced–fit model 诱导契合学说Stereos pecifi city 立体异构专一性Specifi city 专一性Trypsin胰蛋白酶Elastas e 弹性蛋白酶Oxidore ductas e 氧化还原酶Transfe rase 转移酶Hydrola se 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomera se 异构酶Ligase连接酶Ribozym e 核酶Abzyme抗体酶catalyt ic antibod y 抗体酶analog类似物assay 化验、测定optimal最佳的Coenzym e 辅酶Cofacto r 辅因子apoenzy me 脱辅酶holoenz yme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotin amide烟酰胺Adenine腺嘌呤Dinucle otide二核苷酸Phospha te 磷酸Oxidati on 氧化reducti on 还原Flavin黄素Mononuc leotid e 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamin e pyropho sphate焦磷酸硫胺素decarbo xylase脱羧酶Pyridox al 吡哆醛Pyridox amine吡哆胺Pyridox ine 吡哆醇Ubiquin one 泛醌Isoenzy mes 同功酶Kinetic动力学lactate dehydro genase乳酸脱氢酶proport ional成比例的saturat e 使饱和thermal热的denatur ation变性optimum最适宜的diversi ty 多样性Michael is-Mentenequatio n 米氏方程double-recipro cal plot 双倒数作图法inhibit ion 抑制Inhibit or 抑制剂Metabol ite 代谢物Irrever sible不可逆的Reversi ble 可逆的Competi tive 竞争性的Noncomp etitiv e 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinica lly 临床上Regulat ion 调节committ ed step 关键步骤activat or 激活剂Adjust调节Feedbac k 反馈Sequent ial 连续的Branche d 分支的Conform ationa l 构象的homotro pic effect同促效应heterot ropiceffect异促效应Phospho fructo kinase磷酸果糖激酶Citrate柠檬酸盐Fructos e 2,6 bisphos phate2,6-二磷酸果糖phospho rylati on 磷酸化dephosp horyla tion 去磷酸化hydroxy l 羟基hormone激素Glycoge n phospho rylase糖原磷酸化酶Phospho rylate使磷酸化glycoge n synthas e 糖原合酶unphosp horyla te 使去磷酸化proteol ytic 蛋白质水解的proenzy mes 酶原zymogen酶原hydroly sis 水解pancrea tic 胰腺的pancrea s 胰腺small intesti ne 小肠blood clottin g 血液凝固amplifi cation扩大cascade级联第四章boundar y 边界compart ments小室Mechani cal 机械的signali ng 发信号insolub le 不可溶的glycero phosph olipid s 甘油磷脂类sphingo lipids鞘脂类sterols固醇类glycero l 甘油sphingo sine 鞘氨醇sphingo myelin s 鞘磷脂cholest erol 胆固醇steroid类固醇Amphipa thic 两性的Hydroph ilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assembl e 自组装的fluidit y 流动性rotatio nal 转动的lateral侧向的Fluid mosaicmodel 流体镶嵌模型Integra l 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integra l membran e protein s 内在膜蛋白periphe ral membran e protein s外周膜蛋白asymmet ry 不对称asymmet ricall y 不对称地membran e-spaning protein跨膜蛋白Multipl e 多重的Lipid-anchore d protein s 脂锚定蛋白Heterok aryon异核体Fusion融合Reconst itutio n 重建Reincor porate d 重新合并Extrace llular细胞外的Interce llular细胞内的Passive transpo rt 被动运输activetranspo rt 主动运输concent ration浓度diffusi on 扩散saturab le 可饱和的facilit ated 协助的、推动的symport同向运送antipor t 逆向运送epithel ial cells 上皮细胞exocyto sis 分泌作用endocyt osis 内吞作用phagocy tosis吞噬作用pinocyt osis 胞饮作用Recepto r mediate d endocyt osis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris碎片transdu ction转导Lipophi lic 亲脂性的Recepto rs 受体secondmesseng ers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replica tion 复制Nucleot ide 核苷酸Pyrimid ine 嘧啶Guanine鸟嘌呤Thymine胸腺嘧啶Cytosin e 胞嘧啶Nucleos ide 核苷Deoxyri bonucl eoside脱氧核糖核苷ribonuc leosid e 核糖核苷deoxyri bonucl eotide脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complem entari ly 互补地nucleos ome 核小体loop 突环rosette玫瑰花结semi-conserv ative半保留的polymer ase 聚合酶templat e 模板primer引物fork 叉Bidirec tional双向的Okazaki fragmen ts 冈崎片段semi-discont inuous半不连续的strand链、一股hybridi zation杂交melting tempera ture 熔融温度renatur ation复性labeled标记的fluores cent 荧光的tag 标记、标签anneali ng 退火amplify增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcr iption转录initiat ion 起始Elongat ion 延伸termina tion 终止promote rs 启动子palindr ome 回文结构process ing 加工splicin g 拼接reverse transcr iption逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码interme diate中间的、媒介codons密码子unambig uous 明确的corresp ond 相应、符合degener ate 简并的mutatio n 变异incorpo ration合并nonover lappin g 不相重叠的reading frames阅读框aminoac yl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidy l-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticod on 反密码子translocation移位第七章metabol ism 代谢Sacchar ides 糖类monosac charid es 单糖aldehyd e group 醛基ketonegroup 酮基Stereoi somers立体异构体Oligosa cchari des 寡糖Glycosi dic bond 糖苷键Polysac charid es 多糖Starch淀粉Cellulo se 纤维素Dextran葡聚糖Amylose直链淀粉amylope ctin 支链淀粉Glycoly sis 糖酵解Cytopla sm 细胞质Glucose葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokin ase 己糖激酶Fructos e 果糖Phospho glucoi somera se 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphos phate二磷酸glycera ldehyd es 甘油醛dihydro xyacet one 二羟丙酮aldolas e 醛缩酶triose丙糖1,3-bisphos phogly cerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydro genase脱氢酶3-phospho glycer ate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase激酶mutase变位酶phospho enolpy ruvate磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase烯醇化酶pyruvat e 丙酮酸Glucone ogenes is 糖异生Noncarb hydrat e 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeleta l muscle骨骼肌phospho rylase磷酸化酶Phospho rolysi s 磷酸化pyropho sphory lase 焦磷酸化酶glucosy l 葡萄糖基nonredu cing end 非还原端Epineph rine 肾上腺素glucago n 胰高血糖素Insulin胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydroca rbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxy lic acid 羧酸Unsatur ated 不饱和的Triacyl glycer ol 三酰甘油Acetyl乙酰基Thioest er 硫酯Carniti ne 肉(毒)碱Hydrati on 水合作用Thiolys is 硫解Consume消耗ketonebodies酮体acetoac etate乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxy butyra te D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone丙酮diabete s 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal致命的multifu nction al 多功能的malonyl丙二酰基carboxy lation羧化condens ation缩合acetoac etyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxy butyry l 羟丁酰基crotony l 丁烯酰基butyryl丁酰基hydroly zation水解作用palmito yl 软脂酰基palmita te 软脂酸lipopro teins脂蛋白globula r 球状的micelle胶束、微囊第九章Respira tion 呼吸作用citricacid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomi tant 伴随的isocitr ate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglu tarateα-酮戊二酸succina te 琥珀酸盐succiny l 琥珀酰基fumarat e 延胡索酸盐malate苹果酸盐oxaloac etate草酰乙酸盐cytochr ome 细胞色素oxidase氧化酶reducta se 还原酶Rotator y 旋转的engine发动机第十章Nitroge n 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythro se 赤藓糖Ribose核糖Transam inatio n 转氨基作用Deamina tion 脱氨基作用Transde aminat ion 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia氨Excrete排泄Aquatic水生uric acid 尿酸terrest rial 陆生的reptile爬行动物urea 尿素vertebr ates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀1
学习必备欢迎下载化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛-alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基alkoxy- 烷氧基-amide 酰胺-amide 酰胺amino- 氨基的-amidine 脒-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino- 苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro- 氯代chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci- 1/10di- 二-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的，次-ic 酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一，单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十九octa- 八octadeca- 十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇-one 酮ortho- 邻，正，原-ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo- 酮oxy- 氧化-oyl 酰para- 对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sexi- 六sulfa- 磺胺sym- 对称syn- 顺式，同，共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三thio- 硫代trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三trideca- 十三tris- 三个undeca- 十一uni- 单，一unsym- 不对称的，偏位-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上)-yne 炔化学英语词汇Bunsen burner 本生灯product 反应产物flask 烧瓶apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂，氢离子（浓度的）负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒，量杯reagent 试剂test tube 试管burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚pipette 吸液管filter滤管stirring rod 搅拌棒丙酮：acetone异丙醇：isopropyl alcohol叔戊醇：amylene alcohol杂质：impurity水分：water content moisture content ;watercontent ;watercontent硅烷：silicane苯甲腈：cyanobenzene 丙烷基, 丙基propyl氰基胍, 二聚氨基氰dicyandiamide物理化学英语词汇BET公式BET formulaDLVO理论DLVO theory HLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpVT性质pVT propertyζ电势zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律Amagat law艾林方程Erying equation 爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation安托万常数Antoine constant 安托万方程Antoine equation 盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theory of conductance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体saturated liquids饱和蒸气saturated vapor饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限explosion limits比表面功specific surface work 比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比浓粘度reduced viscosity标准电动势standard electromotive force标准电极电势standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy 标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode标准态standard state标准熵standard entropy标准压力standard pressure标准状况standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面surfaces表面过程控制surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量surface excess表面张力surface tension表面质量作用定律surface mass action law波义尔定律Boyle law波义尔温度Boyle temperature 波义尔点Boyle point玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics泊Poise不可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes不可逆相变化irreversible phase change布朗运动brownian movement 查理定律Charle’s law产率yield敞开系统open system超电势over potential沉降sedimentation沉降电势sedimentation potential沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium触变thixotropy粗分散系统thick disperse system催化剂catalyst单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应unimolecular reaction单链反应straight chain reactions弹式量热计bomb calorimeter 道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation 等焓过程isenthalpic process 等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理theorem of equal probability等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy 等温方程equation at constant temperature低共熔点eutectic point低共熔混合物eutectic mixture 低会溶点lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵third-law entropy 第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption电池常数cell constant电池电动势electromotive force of cells电池反应cell reaction电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force电动电势zeta potential电功electric work电化学electrochemistry电化学极化electrochemical polarization电极电势electrode potential 电极反应reactions on the electrode电极种类type of electrodes 电解池electrolytic cell电量计coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移electro migration电迁移率electromobility电渗electroosmosis电渗析electrodialysis电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect 定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume 定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer 定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure 定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations 动力学控制kinetics control 独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature 对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions 对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers二级反应second order reaction 二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant 法拉第定律Faraday’s law反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction 反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force 范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule 范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law 分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law 分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force 分子蒸馏molecular distillation 封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction 盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode 感胶离子序lyotropic series 杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution 共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy 孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy 广度性质extensive property 广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property 规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid 过热液体overheated liquid 亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function 焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume 恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure 化学动力学chemical kinetics 化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity 化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control 活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions 积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs freeenergy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode极化曲线polarization curves 极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation 计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence简并度degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻broth jelly胶核colloidal nucleus胶凝作用demulsification胶束micelle胶体colloid胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid 胶体化学collochemistry胶体粒子colloidal particles 胶团micelle焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule`s law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process 节流膨胀throttling expansion 节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization 解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte 聚沉coagulation聚沉值coagulation value绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数adiabatic index卡诺定理Carnot theorem卡诺循环Carnot cycle开尔文公式Kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law 科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation拉乌尔定律Raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula雷利公式Rayleigh equation 冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure 离域子系统non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion 离子的电迁移率mobility of ions 离子的迁移数transport number of ions 离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions离子氛ionic atmosphere离子强度ionic strength理想混合物perfect mixture 理想气体ideal gas接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process 节流膨胀throttling expansion 节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization 解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte 聚沉coagulation聚沉值coagulation value绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数adiabatic index卡诺定理Carnot theorem卡诺循环Carnot cycle开尔文公式Kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions可能的电解质potential electroly 可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled 拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation拉乌尔定律Raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula雷利公式Rayleigh equation 冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure 离域子系统non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion 离子的电迁移率mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions离子氛ionic atmosphere离子强度ionic strength 理想混合物perfect mixture理想气体ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gases理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partition function of particles连串反应consecutive reactions链的传递物chain carrier链反应chain reactions量热熵calorimetric entropy 量子统计quantum statistics 量子效率quantum yield临界参数critical parameter 临界常数critical constant临界点critical point临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration临界摩尔体积critical molar volume临界温度critical temperature 临界压力critical pressure临界状态critical state零级反应zero order reaction 流动电势streaming potential 流动功flow work笼罩效应cage effect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity 露点dew point 露点线dew point line麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy 毛细管凝结condensation in capillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant摩尔电导率molar conductivity摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数molar gas constant摩尔热容molar heat capacity摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy内扩散控制internal diffusions control内能internal energy内压力internal pressure能级energy levels能级分布energy level distribution能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy能斯特方程Nernst equation 能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem凝固点freezing point凝固点降低lowering of freezing point凝固点曲线freezing point curve凝胶gelatin 凝聚态condensed state凝聚相condensed phase浓差超电势concentration over-potential浓差极化concentration polarization浓差电池concentration cells 帕斯卡pascal泡点bubble point泡点线bubble point line配分函数partition function 配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state碰撞截面collision cross section碰撞数the number of collisions偏摩尔量partial mole quantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases平动配分函数partition function of translation平衡分布equilibrium distribution平衡态equilibrium state平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram平均活度mean activity平均活度系统mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions破乳demulsification 铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation其它功the other work气化热heat of vaporization气溶胶aerosol气体常数gas constant气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases气溶胶aerosol气相线vapor line迁移数transport number潜热latent heat强度量intensive quantity强度性质intensive property亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol氢电极hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热heat热爆炸heat explosion热泵heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemical equation热机heat engine热机效率efficiency of heat engine热力学thermodynamics热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics热力学几率thermodynamic probability 热力学能thermodynamic energy热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔点曲线melting point curve 熔化热heat of fusion溶胶colloidal sol溶解焓dissolution enthalpy 溶液solution溶胀swelling乳化剂emulsifier乳状液emulsion润湿wetting润湿角wetting angle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation三相点triple point三相平衡线triple-phase line 熵entropy熵判据entropy criterion熵增原理principle of entropy increase渗透压osmotic pressure渗析法dialytic process生成反应formation reaction 升华热heat of sublimation实际气体real gas舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule松驰力relaxation force松驰时间time of relaxation速度常数reaction rate constant 速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式Tafel equation态－态反应state-state reactions 唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium 淌度mobility特鲁顿规则Trouton rule特性粘度intrinsic viscosity 体积功volume work统计权重statistical weight统计热力学statistic thermodynamics统计熵statistic entropy途径path途径函数path function外扩散控制external diffusion control完美晶体perfect crystalline 完全气体perfect gas微观状态microstate微态microstate韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery维恩效应Wien effect维里方程virial equation维里系数virial coefficient稳流过程steady flow process 稳态近似法stationary state approximation无热溶液athermal solution无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution物理化学Physical Chemistry 物理吸附physisorptions吸附adsorption吸附等量线adsorption isostere 吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附等压线adsorption isobar 吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extent of adsorption吸附热heat of adsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolution or deposition potential析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions稀释焓dilution enthalpy系统system系统点system point系统的环境environment of system相phase相变phase change相变焓enthalpy of phase change相变化phase change相变热heat of phase change 相点phase point相对挥发度relative volatility 相对粘度relative viscosity相律phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium相图phase diagram相倚子系统system of dependent particles悬浮液suspension循环过程cyclic process压力商pressure quotient压缩因子compressibility factor压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor亚稳状态metastable state盐桥salt bridge盐析salting out阳极anode杨氏方程Young’s equation液体接界电势liquid junction potential液相线liquid phase lines一级反应first order reaction一级相变first order phase change依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions 逸度fugacity逸度系数coefficient of fugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetual motion machine永久气体Permanent gas有效能available energy原电池primary cell原盐效应salt effect增比粘度specific viscosity憎液溶胶lyophobic sol沾湿adhesional wetting沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting真溶液true solution真实电解质real electrolyte真实气体real gas真实迁移数true transference number振动配分函数partitionfunction of vibration振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure正常沸点normal point正吸附positive adsorption支链反应branched chain reactions直链反应straight chain reactions指前因子pre-exponential factor质量作用定律mass action law 制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization 轴功shaft work转动配分函数partition function of rotation转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration 转化率convert ratio转化温度conversion temperature状态state状态方程state equation状态分布state distribution状态函数state function准静态过程quasi-static process 准一级反应pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis 自由度degree of freedom自由度数number of degree of freedom自由焓free enthalpy自由能free energy自由膨胀free expansion组分数component number最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature最可几分布most probabledistribution最可几速率most基础化学常用英语词汇1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of V olume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalystsi. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy)熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. BalancingOxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. V oltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral andSquare-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead)碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparationof Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point化学计量点197. end point 滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration 浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸。
十级单词
adept老练的[ə'dept]adj.absurdity动物学[zəu'ɔlədʒi]n.additive易受攻击的['vʌlnərəbəl]adj.advent证实['vælideit]v.aesthetic矮树丛['ʌndəbrʌʃ]n.affected伤亡人数[təul, tɔl]n.afterlife单调['ti:diəm]n.alliteration海浪[sə:f]n.vi. 冲浪anaesthetic恒星的['stelə]adj.angelic意大利面条[spə'geti]n.anthropology装出['simjuleit]v.vt. 装出（某种心情或感觉）applicant分隔符['sepəreitə]n.n. 分离器arduous蓄意破坏['sæbətɑ:ʒ]vt.n. （防止敌用而）破坏artless作为结果的[ri'zʌltənt]adj.aspect移动[ri'mu:vəl]n.n. 除掉asteroid相互的[ri'siprəkəl]adj.austere清教徒['pjuəritən]n.adj. 清教徒的automation行进['prəuses]vi.avert民意测验[pəul]n.vi. 做民意调查barb语文[fi'lɔlədʒi]n.bashful似非而是的[ˌpærə'dɔksikəl]adj.adj. 佯谬的bayonet最适宜的['ɔptiməm]adj.adj. 也作 optimal 最佳的；beaver标记法[nəu'teiʃən]n.n. 记号bent女拖鞋[mju:l]n.blockage候鸟['maigrənt]n.n. 移居者 adj. 移居的bondsman蜿蜒而流[mi'ændə]v.bouquet明白易懂的['lu:sid]adj.brute激光['leizə]n.burgeon直觉[ˌintju'iʃən]n.canyon无穷小[ˌinfini'tesiməl]n.adj. 无穷小的carat使贫困[im'pɔvəriʃ]vt.catapult马力['hɔ:s.pauə]n.（功率单位）chameleon陈腐的['hæknid]adj.chaste玻璃制品['glɑ:swɛə]n.chimpanzee联合['fju:ʒən]n.n. = nuclear fusion 核聚变citadel箔[fɔil]n.colon英寻['fæðəm]n.英寻（=6英尺)comical等同[i'kweiʃən]n.n. 等式；方程式commentator编辑职务['editəʃip]n.n. 编辑身份comprehension篡改['dɔktə]vt.vt. 伪造conditional尿布['daiəpə]n.n. = BrE: nappy 纸尿裤conjecture衰落的['dekədənt]adj.conscience渴望得到[kreiv]vt.vt. 恳求contemptuous轻视的[kən'temptjuəs]adj.converse理解[.kɔmpri'henʃən]n.copyright城堡['sitədl]n.correlate弹弓['kætəpʌlt]n.n. 弩crave使蛮劲的[bru:t]adj.adj. 野蛮的crochet天资[bent]n.cub倒钩[bɑ:b]n.cutting小行星['æstərɔid]n.decadent申请人['æplikənt]n.delicacy头韵[əˌlitə'reiʃən]n.denotation暴饮暴食['glʌtəni]n.depreciate荒谬[əb'sə:diti]n.diaper漩涡['wə:lpu:l]n.discharge版本['və:ʃən]n.n. 说法dismember未被倾听的['ʌn'hə:d]adj.adj. 未被注意的dissolve长途跋涉[trek]n.vi. 观光徒步旅行doctor第三的['tə:ʃəri]adj.adj. 第三级的donation专题报告会[sim'pəuziəm]n.n. 专题论文集downstream时髦的['stailiʃ]adj.duel自发性[ˌspɔntə'ni:iti]n.editorship滑的[slik]adj.ellipse小摇瓶['ʃeikə]n.n. （餐桌用）小调味罐 n. 摇embezzlement猩红['skɑ:lit]n.adj. 绯红色的encircle打成筛子['ridl]vt.equation使恶心[ri'pʌls]vt.exemplify炼油厂[ri'fainəri]n.n. 制糖厂expectant取消[reiz]vt.vt. 取消（封锁、禁令、包围extract适当[prə'praiəti]n.n. 礼节fathom大草原['preəri]n.fiddle引人怜悯的['pitiəbl]adj.adj. 可怜的fireball贫民['pɔ:pə]n.flake观点['autluk]n.foil遗忘[ə'bliviən]n.formidable出生的['neitl]adj.fracture不信任[mis'trʌst]n.vt. 不信任freshman纪念品[mi'mentəu]n.fusion魔术的['mædʒikəl]adj.gallant连络[li'eizən]n.gastronomy离题的[i'relivənt]adj.genesis无信心的[ˌinsi'kjuə]adj.glassware不能共存的[ˌinkəm'pætəbəl]adj.gluttony偶像崇拜[ai'dɔlətri]n.godly使变硬['hɑ:dn]v.vt. 使坚强gourmet敬神的['gɔdli]adj.adj. （生活）道德的grandiose勇敢的['gælənt, gə'lænt]adj.hackneyed可畏惧的['fɔ:midəbəl]adj.harden把玩['fidl]vt.vt. 拨弄hearty典型体现于[ig'zemplifai]vt.vt. 举例说明heretical椭圆[i'lips]n.horsepower捐款[dəu'neiʃən]n.idolatry排出[dis'tʃɑ:dʒ]v.vt. 放电；发射illustrate精致['delikəsi]n.n. 优雅；谨慎impasse钩织[krəu'ʃei]vt.n. 钩针织物impoverish交谈['kɔnvə:s]vi.incompatible有条件的[kən'diʃənəl]adj.indecent冒号['kəulən]n.indisputable变色龙[kə'mi:liən]n.infinitesimal突然成长['bə:dʒən]v.vi. 萌芽insecure封锁['blɔkidʒ]n.insistent害羞的['bæʃfəl]adj.instructive朴素的[ɔ'stiə]adj.adj. 苦行的intuition费力的['ɑ:djuəs]adj.irrelevant麻醉剂[ˌænis'θetik]n.jeweller美学的[i:s'θetik]adj.adj. 也作： esthetic 审美的jurisdiction到来['ædvent]n.n. 出现laser任性的['wilfəl]adj.adj. 故意的liaison警戒['vidʒiləns]n.n. 注意listless无可匹敌的[ʌn'raivld]adj.adj. 无对手的loathsome可信赖的['trʌst.wə:ði]adj.lucid你[ði:]pron.pron. 你（宾格）magical乒乓球['teibl'tenis]n.malicious证实[səb'stænʃieit]v.manacle挥霍['skwɔndə]v.vt. 浪费meander势利小人[snɔb]n.memento郡治安官['ʃerif]n.mercantile详细检查['skru:tini]n.metaphysical严厉['rigə]n.migrant名望[ri'pju:t]n.vt. 认为mistrust改造[ˌri:hə'biliteit]vt.vt. 恢复...的名誉mockery使合理化['ræʃənəlaiz]v.momentum礼节['prəutəkɔl]n.n. (外交上的)礼节mule优越的[pri:'eminənt]adj.natal行星的['plænitəri]adj.negotiation栖息处[pə:tʃ]n.vt. 飞落；停留newsreel早该有的[ˌəuvə'dju:]adj.notation冷淡的[ˌɔf'hænd]adj.adv. 冷淡地oblivion谈判[nigəuʃi'eiʃən]n.offhand嘲弄['mɔkəri]n.omnipresent商人的['mə:kəntail]adj.optimum心怀恶意的[mə'liʃəs]adj.outlook无精打采的['listləs]adj.overdue珠宝商['dʒu:ələ]n.n. 宝石匠overpass坚持的[in'sistənt]adj.adj. 迫切的paradoxical不体面的[in'di:sənt]adj.adj. 不恰当的pauper作插图['iləstreit]v.perch亲切友好的['hɑ:ti]adj.adj. 热情的permeable美食家['guəmei]n.philology美食学[gæ'strɔnəmi]n.pitiable骨折['fræktʃə]n.vt. （使）断裂planetary火球['faiəbɔ:l]n.n. 火流星playwright期待的[iks'pektənt]adj.n. 预期者； adj. 怀孕的poll贪污[im'bezlmənt]n.n. 盗用prairie下游的['daun'stri:m]adj.adv. 朝下游preeminent分尸[dis'membə]vt.vt. 分割preservative意义[ˌdi:nəu'teiʃən]n.n. (明示的)意义process幼兽[kʌb]n.propriety版权['kɔpirait]n.protocol推测[kən'dʒektʃə]n.n. 猜想provision好笑的['kɔmikəl]adj.Puritan贞洁的[tʃeist]adj.raise峡谷['kænjən]n.rationalize农奴['bɔndzmən]n.n. 奴隶readable刺刀['beiənit]n.reciprocal自动[ˌɔ:tə'meiʃən]n.n. 自动化refinery单纯自然的['ɑ:tlis]adj.rehabilitate天使般的[æn'dʒelik]adj.adj. 天使的reliance造作的[ə'fektid]adj.removal添加剂['æditiv]n.repulse包装纸['ræpə]n.n. 饺子皮repute想象['vizjuəlaiz]vt.residue上坡的['ʌp'hil]adj.adv. 上坡resultant双重的['tu:fəuld]adj.riddle兴旺[θraiv]vi.vi. 繁荣；茁壮成长rigor禁忌[tə'bu:]n.roller coaster愠怒的['sʌlən]adj.adj. （天气）阴沉的sabotage停滞的['stægnənt]adj.scarlet团结[ˌsɔli'dæriti]n.scrutiny神殿[ʃrain]n.secular世俗的['sekjulə]adj.adj. 非宗教的separator过山车n.shaker残余['rezidju:]n.sheriff依靠[ri'laiəns]n.shrine可读的['ri:dəbəl]adj.simulate规定[prə'viʒən]n.n. 条款slick防腐剂[pri'zə:vətiv]n.adj. 保存的snob剧作家['pleirait]n.solidarity可渗入的['pə:miəbəl]adj.spaghetti立交桥['əuvəpɑ:s]n.spontaneity无处不在的[ˌɔmni'prezənt]adj.squander新闻影片['nju:zri:l]n.stagnant动量[məu'mentəm]n.n. 冲力stellar形而上学的[ˌmetə'fizikəl]adj.adj. 玄学的stylish手铐['mænəkəl]n.substantiate极讨厌的['ləuθsəm]adj.sullen司法权[ˌdʒuəris'dikʃən]n.surf有教育意义的[in'strʌktiv]adj.adj. 有启发的symposium不容置疑的[ˌindi'spju:təbəl]adj.table tennis僵局[im'pæs]n.taboo异端的[hə'retikəl]adj.tedium宏伟的['grændiəus]adj.tertiary起源['dʒenisis]n.n. 《创世纪》thee大学一年级学生['freʃmən]n.thrive小薄片[fleik]n.toll摘录['ekstrækt]n.trek包围[in'sə:kl]vt.vt. 环绕trustworthy决斗['dju:əl]n.vi. 决斗twofold解散[di'zɔlv]vt.vt. 解除underbrush贬值[di'pri:ʃieit]v.vi. 折旧unheard插条['kʌtiŋ]n.n. 剪报unrivalled使相互关联['kɔrileit]vt.uphill良知['kɔnʃəns]n.n. 良心validate评论员['kɔmən.teitə]n.n. 解说员version黑猩猩[ˌtʃimpæn'zi:]n.vigilance克拉['kærət]n.visualize芳香[bu:'kei]n.n. 酒的芳香vulnerable海狸['bi:və]n.n. 水獭皮whirlpool防止[ə'və:t]vt.vt. 避免wilful态['æspekt]n.n. （语法）态wrapper人类学[ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n.zoology来世['ɑ:ftəlaif]n.good at something that needs care and skill || She was adept at playing tennis. 她擅长打the scientific study of animals and their behaviour || She devoted her lifetime to tweak and easily hurt physically or emotionall || The potato is vulnerable to severato prove that something is true or correct, or to make a document or agreement o bushes, small trees etc growing under and around larger trees in a forest || A rabthe number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illnethe quality of being boring || He has got used to the tedium of life here. 他已经习惯了这里the white substance that forms on top of waves as they move towards the shorerelating to the stars || A constellation is a stellar system. 一个星座就是一个恒星星系。
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Abstract.
The gravity-capillary water-wave problem concerns the irrotational flow of a perfect fluid in a domain bounded below by a rigid bottom and above by a free surface under the influence of gravity and surface tension. In the case of large surface tension the system has a travelling line solitary-wave solution for which the free surface has a localised profile in the direction of propagation and is homogeneous in the transverse direction. In this note we show that this line solitary wave is linearly unstable under spatially inhomogeneous perturbations which are periodic in the direction transverse to propagation.
Instabilit´ e d’ondes solitaires de gravit´ e-capillarit´ e
R´ esum´ e. Le probl` eme des vagues concerne l’´ ecoulement irrotationnel d’un fluide parfait, de densit´ e constante, dans un domaine dont le bord sup´ erieur est une surface libre et le bord inf´ erieur est un plan, sous l’action de la pesanteur et de la tension superficielle. Dans le cas o` u la tension superficielle est grande, le syst` eme poss` ede une onde solitaire progressive, unidimensionnelle, dont la surface libre a un profil localis´ e dans la direction de propagation et homog` ene dans la direction transverse. Dans cette note, on montre que cette onde solitaire est lin´ eairement instable par rapport a ` des perturbations p´ eriodiques dans la direction transverse a ` la propagation.
Version fran¸ caise abr´ eg´ ee.
On consid` ere une couche tridimensionnelle de fluide parfait, incompressible, de densit´ e constante ρ, soumise ` a l’action de la pesanteur et de la tension superficielle, qui occupe un domaine Dη = {(x, Y, z ) : x, z ∈ R, Y ∈ (0, h + η (x, z, t))}, o` u h d´ esigne l’´ epaisseur au repos et Y = h + η (x, z, t) d´ ecrit la surface libre. L’´ ecoulement est suppos´ e irrotationnel et Φ d´ esigne le potentiel des vitesses. L’analyse est effectu´ ee dans un r´ ef´ erentiel en translation uniforme, de vitesse −c, dans la direction x. On introduit des variables sans dimension en prenant h comme ´ echelle de longueur et c comme ´ echelle de vitesse. Les ´ equations du mouvement sont les ´ equations d’Euler (1)–(4), qui d´ ependent de deux param` etres: α, l’inverse du nombre de Froude au carr´ e et β , le nombre de Weber. Dans le cas β > 1/3, c’est-` a-dire a ` une tension superficielle grande, le syst` eme poss` ede une onde solitaire unidimensionnelle (η ∗ (x), φ∗ (x, Y )) pour α = 1 + 2 et petit [1]. Cette solut stable par rapport a ` des perturbations de longueur d’onde moyenne qui sont homog` enes en z [5]. Dans cette note, on montre que cette onde solitaire est instable par rapport a des perturbations non homog` ` enes en z . Plus pr´ ecisement, on d´ emontre que la lin´ earisation de (1)–(4) autour de l’onde solitaire poss` ede des solutions born´ ees en espace, p´ eriodiques en z et localis´ ees en x, qui croissent exponentiellement en temps t. Cette instabilit´ ea´ et´ e pr´ edite sur la base des ´ equations mod` eles dans [6] et [2]. En utilisant la m´ ethode d´ evelopp´ ee dans [4], on ´ ecrit le syst` eme (1)–(4) sous forme de syst` eme Hamiltonien de dimension infinie, r´ eversible, dans lequel z est la variable ´ evolutive. L’onde solitaire unidimensionnelle (η ∗ (x), φ∗ (x, Y )) de (1)–(4) correspond a ` un ´ equilibre r´ eversible, homog` ene en z et ind´ ependant de t, des ´ equations de Hamilton (5)–(6). Cette onde solitaire est instable par rapport a ` des perturbations transverses si le probl` eme lin´ earis´ e autour de l’onde soliσt taire a des solutions non triviales de la forme U (x, t, y, z ) = e Uσ (x, y, z ) avec σ ∈ C, Re σ > 0 ee. et Uσ born´ Un changement de variables ad´ equat (Lemme 1) permet d’´ ecrire le syst` eme lin´ earis´ e sous forme de syst` eme dynamique r´ eversible Wz = A W + N (σ )W, dans l’espace des phases Ys = H s+1 (R) × H s (R) × H s+1 (R × (0, 1)) × H s (R × (0, 1)), s ∈ (0, 1/2), o` u A , N (σ ) sont des op´ erateurs lin´ eaires de domaines denses, N (σ ) est analytique en σ et v´ erifie N (0) = 0. On d´ emontre que ce probl` eme a des solutions p´ eriodiques en z , pour tout σ > 0 petit, et on conclut que l’onde solitaire est instable par rapport a ` des perturbations transverses p´ eriodiques. La preuve repose sur un r´ esultat sur le spectre de A (Lemme 2) qui montre que A 2 a deux valeurs propres isol´ ees, imaginaires pures + eor` eme −i k = 0 et un argument utilisant le th´ des fonctions implicites (Th´ eor` eme 3). Cette instabilit´ e de l’onde solitaire entraˆ ıne une bifurcation de type “rupture de dimension” dans le probl` eme stationnaire, non lin´ eaire. L’onde solitaire unidimensionnelle pert son homog´ en´ eit´ e en z et des modulations stationnaires transverses p´ eriodiques apparaissent. Ce ph´ enom` ene non lin´ eaire est ´ etudi´ e dans [3].