跨文化交际culture(精选)
跨文化交际讨论
跨文化交际讨论
跨文化交际是一个非常复杂的挑战，涉及到不同文化间的交流和理解。
我们需要尊重和接纳不同文化的差异，我们需要培养我们自己的跨文化沟通能力，并学会理解和接受这些文化差异，以克服误解和困惑。
那么，如何进行有效的跨文化交流？
1. 尊重文化差异
在进行跨文化交流时，我们需要意识到文化差异的存在，并且尊重这些差异。
这意味着我们需要避免使用贬低或者歧视的语言和行为，而是尝试理解对方的文化背景和行为准则，以此来建立相互尊重的关系。
2. 学习和了解语言
在跨文化交流中，语言是非常重要的因素。
我们需要尽可能地学习对方的语言，了解对方的文化习惯和语言背后的含义。
这可以帮助我们更好地理解对方的思想和行为，并且更好地表达自己。
3. 注意肢体语言和面部表情
在跨文化交流中，我们需要注意对方的肢体语言和面部表情。
这些信息可以帮助我们更好地理解对方的情感和态度，避免误解和困惑。
4. 使用翻译工具
如果我们无法完全理解对方的语言，我们可以使用翻译工具来帮助我们交流。
但是，我们需要注意，翻译工具并不能完全替代我们的语言和文化理解能力。
5. 倾听和尊重对方的观点
在进行跨文化交流时，我们需要学会倾听对方的观点，并且尊重对方的意见和文化。
这可以帮助我们建立相互信任和尊重的关系，并且促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
总的来说，跨文化交际是一个非常复杂的过程，但是我们可以通过尊重文化差异、学习和了解语言、注意肢体语言和面部表情、使用翻译工具以及倾听和尊重对方的观点来帮助我们更好地进行交流和理解。
跨文化交际重点梳理
重点1 Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and munication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as municative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the ponents of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and e*plicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3 Hall，s dimensionsHigh conte*tHigh-conte*t munication relies heavily on nonverbal, conte*tual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully e*pressed.Meanings are determined by 〞 things are said , rather than 〞 is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow conte*tVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point munication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-conte*t and need information, mit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time mitments an objective to be achieved, high-conte*t and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4 Triandis，s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-e*pression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and fle*ibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5 Elements of municationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6 Grice，s cooperative principle Quantity ma*imMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of e*change.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.〔量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息〕Quality ma*imMake your contribution is ture〔质的准则——话语的容是真正的〕Relation ma*imBe relevant〔关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关〕Manner ma*imBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清晰明白、简洁而有条理)重点7 Brown & levinson’s face theoryFace is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in municationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness 子威胁行为威胁行为strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面off-record indirect strategy 非公开的实行面子negative politeness 消极礼貌策略Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8 Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-conte*t Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-conte*t 重点9 Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented e*changePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10 ponents of a brandBrand name 品牌名称〔产品〕Brand mark 品牌标志〔产品〕Trade name 商号〔公司名字〕Trade mark 品牌商标重点11 SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12 Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and e*tend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massageE*ample:MarlboroPhilips优点： reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage pared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreigncultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a businessLocalization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13 Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。
跨文化交际culture ppt课件
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• 1. How did Chinese and American perceive Parents’ beating their own child differently?
– To show respect to the other or give the face to the other
Unit 1: Culture
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Teaching Objectives
• 1.To understand the definitions of culture. • 2. To know about the metaphors of culture. • 3. To learn about the characteristics of
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• 3. How did Sunwukong in A Journey to the West represent the traditional Chinese values and ethics?
– Warmhearted, compassionate, perseverant – Bad-tempered, violent
Greek culture Egyptian culture Chinese culture Babylon
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From Intellectual Perspective
• According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively". It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.
【精选】跨文化交际word版(1)
Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。
被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。
概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921) “Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that isnot touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people expressthemselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, howproblems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how t ransportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, andbehaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。
大学英语跨文化交际chapter 1 Culture
DEFINITIONS OF ‘CULTURE’
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective 4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective 5. Our Definition of Culture
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In Human cannot live without culture. Culture is what the world is like for us. We take for granted the culture whe 1 Culture
Chapter Outline
The nature of culture The definition of culture The characteristics of culture Cultural identity Cultures within culture
Text A: The Nature of Culture
Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is related to the references? 1. Culture is like an iceberg. 2. Culture is our software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
culture-跨文化交际学
❖ " Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior -- an abstract mental blueprint or mental code. "
❖ The minority cultures which lay within a larger dominant culture are often described as sub-cultures. As outlined in her book The Individual and Culture "The ‘whole' culture is a composite（[’kɔmpəzit] 混合体）of varying and overlapping sub-cultures." ... Anthropologists may also speak of the ‘personal culture' of a single individual.
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-- Dictionary of Modern Sociotems from the development and transmission of human belief in symbols”. "The language system is a series of symbols used to transmit cultural beliefs among members of a society“. "Messages about cultural expectations can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems, and the like.”
跨文化交际案例及分析(精选5篇)
跨文化交际案例及分析（精选5篇）跨文化交际案例及分析范文第1篇[关键词]跨文化外语教学案例分析大同学跨文化交际本领一、跨文化英语教学现状分析就我国的外语教学现状而言，高一虹（2023:28）指出，现有的跨文化交际本领培育模式都有肯定局限。
行为中心的培育模式，只关注交际行为本身和交际结果，执着于实在目标，但在我们一般性的大学教育中，很难确定同学将来可能与之打交道的目的文化，因此也很难像对特定出国人员进行培训那样对同学实施有较强针对性的训练；学问中心模式，则集中于认知层面，重要向同学灌输有关文化学问，但难以让同学产生切身体验，而且还不适用于处理文化的多样性和动态性，传授文化学问简单变成“定型”（stereotype），反而不利于跨文化交际本领向较高层次进展。
另外，我们的教学大纲设计和教学实践往往缺乏充足的开放性，没有给同学较多面对问题和独立解决问题的机会。
因此在跨文化外语教学中，需要依据跨文化交际本领框架，提高同学使用语言的正确性的同时还要帮忙其提高言语行为的得体性。
在近年来对跨文化交际本领框架的浩繁讨论中，笔者认为杨盈、庄恩平（2023）提出的由全球意识、文化调适、文化学问和交际实践四大本领系统构成的外语教学跨文化交际本领框架，符合教学大纲和教学实践的要求，具较强可行性。
二、案例分析在跨文化英语教学中的作用目前跨文化英语教学普遍采纳的方法重要包括背景学问导入、文化内涵探究、案例分析、角色扮演及情景仿照、实例搜索等。
案例分析教学中将不同文化背景的语言特色、风土人情、历史事件和现实冲突等素材呈现于同学面前，是跨文化学问、意识、思维和交际本领的综合训练过程，能帮忙同学达到学习外语语言技能与培育跨文化交际本领有机结合的目的。
在谈到案例教学法时，陈建平（2023）强调:“案例是为适应特定的教学目的而编写的”，教学过程重要是“同学之间的讨论和辩论”，教学目的重要是“培育同学的本领”。
上述特点，使案例教学能很好适用于跨文化外语教学，它对培育本领的重视大过取得学问，成为语言文化学问向跨文化本领变化的有效途径。
跨文化交际完整第二章文化与跨文化交际
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
❖ Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?
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Culture
❖ Definitions of culture are numerous. ❖ We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,
❖ As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, "Culture makes all things easy."
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Characteristics of Culture
❖ Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned. ❖ Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to
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The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.
跨文化交际概念范文
跨文化交际概念范文跨文化交际是指不同文化背景下的个人、团体或社区之间进行沟通与交流的过程。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为全球各地人们之间的交流和合作变得越来越频繁。
跨文化交际可以促进相互了解和尊重，消除误解和偏见，构建和谐的人际关系和国际关系。
在跨文化交际中，人们面临许多挑战和障碍。
语言差异是其中最大的障碍之一、语言不仅包括词汇和语法，还包括语速、语调和表达方式等。
不同语言之间的语言结构和表达方式的差异可能导致误解和沟通障碍。
此外，文化差异也是一个重要的问题。
不同的文化具有不同的价值观、信仰、行为准则和社会习俗，这些差异可能导致误解和冲突。
还有非语言交际，比如眼神接触、肢体语言和空间观念等，也可能因为不同文化之间的差异而产生误解。
在跨文化交际中，还需要注意一些特定的问题和技巧。
首先，在使用语言时要注意语言的简洁性和明确性。
为了避免误解和困惑，我们应该尽量使用简单明了的语言，避免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构。
其次，在使用非语言交际时要注意肢体语言和空间观念的差异。
不同文化对于肢体语言和身体接触的态度可能有很大差异，因此我们在与不同文化的人进行交流时应该注意这些差异，以避免造成冲突和误解。
最后，在跨文化交际中要注重尊重和礼貌。
尊重对方的文化和习俗是建立良好跨文化交际的基础，我们应该学会尊重和接受不同文化的差异。
总之，跨文化交际是一个复杂而关键的概念。
在全球化的时代，跨文化交际对于人们的个人和职业发展变得越来越重要。
通过了解和尊重不同文化之间的差异，通过培养文化敏感性和跨文化技巧，我们可以促进相互了解、消除误解，建立和谐的人际关系和国际交流。
跨文化交际整理
跨文化交际整理Global village（全球村）: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot（熔炉）: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.Cultural Diversity（文化多样性）: refers to the mix of cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region.Intercultural communication（跨文化交际）: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Culture（文化）：a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Enculturation（文化适应）: all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.Acculturation（文化适应）: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.Source（源）：The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding（编码）：Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message（信息）：The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel（通道）：The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise（干扰）：The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver（接收器）：The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Decoding（解码）：Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response（接收者反应）：Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback（反馈）：Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. Context（语境）：Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.Semantics（语义学）: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation（本义）: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation（转义）: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo（禁忌）: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism（委婉语）: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive Chronemics（时间学）: The study of how people perceiveand use time. Monochronic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychronic time being involved with many things at once.Proxemics（空间学）: the perception and use of space.Kinetics（身势学）: the study of body languageParalanguage（副语言）: involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.A planetary culture（行星文化）: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture园林工人：landscape engineer 理发师：tonsorial artist 清洁工：sanitation engineer 补鞋匠：shoe rebuilder 发疯的：soft in the head 撒谎：reckless disregard for truth 偷窃：to take things without permission 劳资关系紧张：industrial climate天网恢恢...：justice has long arms 棋逢对手：diamond cut diamond金玉良言：golden saying 肥缺：fat office 船到桥头自然直：you will cross the bridge when you get to it 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后：better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 牛饮：drink likea fish 如履薄冰：tread upon eggs1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? Convenient transportation system; innovative communication system;economic globalization; widespread migrations2. What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce);behavior (what they do) ;concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they t hink) 3.Characteristics of culture?Culture is shared; culture is learned; culture is dynamic; culture is ethnocentric4.Characteristics of communication?Communication is dynamic; irreversible; symbolic; systematic; transactional; Contextual5. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a socialand relational quality.6.. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.7.What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.8. What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers, there are two primary influenceson gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.9.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际学第一部分引论1,文化的定义：Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs ,customs,institutions,objects,and techniques that characterize the life of ahuman community.The objective culture means we learn the facts about our own or other cultures. The subjective culture includes feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be.2,文化是什么：Culture is like an iceberg;culture is our software;culture is like the water a fish swims in;culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves;culture is the grammer of our behavior.3,文化的特征：(1)An important characteristic of culture is that it is shared,these shared aspects of culture are part of the objective culture;(2)As participants in a culture,we are meaning makers,sharing culture is sharing meanings;(3)Culture are always changing.4,学习文化与学习做文化的差异（中西P21）5,跨文化交际意识的四个不同阶段：Level one:cultural differences are exotic异国风情的;Level two:cultural differences are frustrating有挫折的;Level three:the different culture is believable;Level four:the different culture is believable as lived experience.6,语言与文化的关系：Language is part of culture;Language is the carrier and container of culture, as a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture;Language also exerts its influence on culture, language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other.第二部分文化差别和词的涵义1,词的涵义的概念：Connotation:the implication of a word,apart from its primary meaning（朗曼）；the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing itexplicitly names or describes（韦氏）.2,英汉两种词汇存在语义差异(semantic differences)的四种情况：（语言P151）(1)a term in one language that does not have a counterpart相对应的in another language;(2)words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which actually refer to quite different things;(3)things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language,but by many more terms in the other language;that is,finer distinctions exist in the other language;(4)terms that have more or less the same primary meaning,but which have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. 3,解决英、汉语词汇不对应的方法：（语言P11）(1)explaining the term释义(2)giving a name that sounds the same as the original term译音(3)creating a name造词(4)using two or more methods综合4,intellectual=知识分子？In china,the term 知识分子generally includes college teachers,college students,and such people as medical doctors,engineers,interpreters－people who had a college education－and middle school teachers.In the U.S and Europe,however,intellectuals would include only people of high academic status such as college professors,but not ordinary college students.Intellectual is not always a complimentary term褒义in the U.S.5,社会生活和政治生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：斗争会-----struggle meeting? Revival meeting、bingo party、bingo game?6,自然现象中缺乏对应关系的词语：节气---solar terms? 雨水----Rain Water? 惊蛰---Waking of Insects?清明----Pure and Brightness?春分=Spring Equinox 夏至=Summer Solstice 秋分=Autumn Equinox冬至=Winter Solstice7,日常生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：炕(kang) 冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick) 秤(steelyard)motel(汽车旅馆) hamburger(汉堡包) time clock(出勤记录钟)8，“貌合神离”的词语：High school不等于高等学校，是美国的中学Service station不等于服务站，是给汽油加油和维修的地方Rest room不等于休息室，是浴室或厕所Busboy不是公共汽车上的售票员或司机，是指收拾碗碟擦桌子的杂工Goldbrick不是金锭，指逃避工作的人，尤指爱偷懒的士兵，懒汉大忙人不等于busybody, busybody是指爱管闲事的人Political campaign不等于政治运动，指竞选活动改善生活不等于improve one’s standard of living, improve one’s standard of living表示提高生活水平令人发指不等于to make one’s hair stand on end, to make one’s hair stand on end是指令人毛骨悚然自食其言不等于to eat one’s own words, to eat one’s own words指收回自己说的话，一般多用于强迫别人收回所说的话，使他丢脸To get a kick out of something不等于被踢出去，To get a kick out of something是指欣赏……或从……中得到极大愉快To blow one’s own horn不等于各吹各的号，To blow one’s own horn是指自吹自擂，老王卖瓜，自卖自夸9,英汉两语中称呼亲属的词语（语言P17）10,区分禽兽“公”和“母”的词语：11,表示机关名称和职务名称的词语：12,不同文化内涵及其产生的不同联想的词语：Peasant-----农民？peasant在英语中有贬义的意思，是指社会地位低下、没有教养的人在中国，poor peasant(贫农)和laborer(劳工)含有正面的、积极的含义，在西方，却有反面的、消极的意味，相反，landlord（地主），capitalist（资本家），boss（老板）对中国人来说有贬义，对中国人来说有贬义，而在资本主义国家却不是.Idealist(唯心主义者？) materialist(唯物主义者？)是指讲究物质利益的人，实利主义者Politician(政治家？)，在美国，Politician是贬义，指为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人，政治家应指statesman.政治(politics?),应译为political activities,political work,political study.13,英汉两语中表示褒义、贬义和中性的不同词语：第三部分日常谈话中的文化差别1, Greetings打招呼English : use these sentences “how do you do”“how are you” , “hello” or “hi” are frequently used greeting among colleagues, classmates, friends and family members.For Chinese learners of English it is important to note that many casual greetings in Chinese cannot be carried over into English used as greetings when they meet English speakers. “吃饭了吗”, “上哪儿呀”“去哪了” etc.2,Farewells告别English people: when they meet first time: I’m pleased to meet you or it’s nice to meet/know you. It’s nice to have met you. And when they part, they usually say “good-bye, Bye-bye, so long” or “see you later/ tomorrow/on the next Monday.”Chinese people: usually “再见”“再会”“一会儿见”“明天见”“下星期一见”. And when the visit is over and the guest is seen to the door or gateway by the host, and exchange of utterances like “请留步”“请走好3,称呼亲属的词语：“mother””father””grandmother” can be used alone both in English and Chinese. “aunt”“uncle” are often used together with the addressee’s give name, but not in Chinese. For example, Uncle Tom, Aunt Mary.English speaking people can named their relative by using their name, but we can’tdo like this in Chinese, even between brothers and sisters. For example: “大哥”“二哥”“二姐”.When addressing strangers, the Chinese people resort to “同志”“师傅”“先生”“小姐”“老爷爷”“伯父”“阿姨”“伯母”“大哥”“大嫂”“大兄弟”“大姐”“小朋友”。
Culture Difference 跨文化交际
Culture DifferenceBy解忧知识As we all know,Chinese cultures are quite different from American cultures.Then how do we deal with the differences?Ignore,against or respect them?I believe most people would agree that we should respect the culture differences between nations.Otherwise,it will cause a lot of trouble when it comes.However,the first thing we should do is to get to know the culture differences,and then cope with it in an appropriate way or even learn something meaningful from the differences.There are some foreign teachers that are from America in our school. In order to get accustomed to the life in China,as well as get to know about their Chinese students.They are always trying to know more about Chinese culture.They are especially interested in the difference between the two nations,and we do often discuss this in their classes a lot. Certainly,we also need to understand and respect their culture,too.Only in this way can we communicate smoothly and get along well without offending each other.American boss is unlike Chinese boss in many ways.Apart from the lectures of foreign teachers,I have some experienceworking with one of my foreign teachers,Peter.He is typically American. Thus,I have great chances to know plenty of culture differences between China and America.I was definitely impressed at the first day I worked for him as an assistant.Unlike Chinese boss,Peter was willing to do the cleaning of his company with us employees.What’s more,he greets us friendly and asks how we are doing recently every single time we enter the company.It seems like he cares about what’s going on in his employee’s daily life besides the things that are related to the work.Furthermore,he very often encourages us to have a try when we meet difficulties in work.He inspired us in a not harsh but gentle way by saying,“Would you like to have a try?”or“Well,probably you can give it a try and see what will happen,all right?”But if we still get no luck after trying.He doesn’t blame us for anything,or be disappointed in us either.On the contrary,he would understand the difficulty of the assignment and smiles at us and says,“Thank you for trying.I appreciate it.”In addition,what make me feel delightful is that he appreciates and praises our accomplishments no matter how little it is.He often says to us like“good job today.”“I’m impressed.You are capable of many things.”.I was amazed when I received a thank-you note from him while receivingmy salary.I could hardly imagine Chinese boss would do that for me in my future jobs.Actually,it’s common that Chinese bosses are often too ready to blow cold wind of harsh criticism on their employees instead of giving encouragement to them.They are somehow reluctant to give a warm-sunshine of praise to their employees.American’s concept of time.I’ve long heard that Americans care much about time.In their eyes, time is money.Time is knowledge.They are more likely to spend almost all day at work.They always rush all the time.Take Peter as a typical example,he keeps himself extremely busy with work in weekdays and even on weekends.He really has very little free time since he is either teaching at school or on his way to the company.It seems to me that he never tries to slow down his pace.We might think life like that is obvious overwhelming.But he remains energetic and spirited everyday to face the overloaded work.He told us time is everything in American.In American streets,you can hardly see a man walking slowly.They walk pretty fast. In fact,they are almost running.He learns to value time from childhood. As children,they are taught to be on time to go to school,to work,and do everything.That somehow reminds me of our meetings.We are constantly being late for meeting or any gathering.Anyhow,to respect their culture,I’m seldom late at work.Despite the long distance from ourschool which is kind of killing me,I manage to get to Peter’s company on time.At Peter’s part,he is punctual,too.He thinks it’s very rude of boss to be late at work.Different behaviors and study habits between Americans and Chinese.First of all,we can see that Americans use their body language much than we do.They are gesturing in a vivid way through their body language when they talk.Like many Americans,Peter’s nonverbal communication is quite various and students are amused by his active and even exaggerated gestures.Therefore,his class is full of laughter.Knowing the habit they own,I manage to look at Peter into the eyes when I went for the interview of this job.They believe that maintain eye contact with the interviewer show that you are confident and sincere and don’t attempt to deceive them.I know eye contact may not get me the job, but lack of eye contact can reduce the chance dramatically.Although looking straight at others made me uncomfortable,I was glad it somehow worked eventually.Secondly,American teachers are confused why we don’t like raising our hands and asking questions in class while students in American arekeen on asking their teacher countless questions.American teachers make great efforts to encourage and persuade students to raise questions.But, still,the habits are rooted in our mind and we’re just too used to keeping silence and busy taking notes in class.As a result,the teachers feel quite upset of it and think we somehow don’t respect their teaching.But the truth is that we don’t intend to disrespect them.They might understand this if they known the habit of Chinese and the cause of it.Lacking of tolerance can really cause many unpleasant moments.This reminds me of one of my foreign teachers.She seldom shows any appreciation or even respectability of Chinese cultures.She often complains the bad side of China and expresses how she doesn’t like the way Chinese do things.I remember at her first class,several students were late for class and then showed up later at the front door apologizing for being late.Much to our surprise,she was very angry and blamed them for being rude to interrupt the lesson by their apologies.I don’t think what she did was reasonable.In fact,we apologize for being late instead of coming into classroom saying nothing to show our respectability to the teacher.She has come to china for several years,and she should have known some basic Chinese cultures,but sadly she hasn’t.I think we all should understand culture differences and respect each other.If she find herself really can’t get accustomed to it,she at least should gently tell usnot to interrupt the class like that and just slip into the classroom without making any sound.I’m certainly convinced that we would like to accept the differences and do accordingly.Every culture has its own principles,ideas,and habits.We can’t simply judge it by saying what it’s right or wrong.What we should do is to be more open-minded and respect or accept the culture differences.In a word,I think mutual understanding between different cultures plays a key role in studying or working friendly with foreigners or living happily in a foreign country.Respecting each others’cultures will certainly help to build a friendly relationship between Americans and Chinese.。
跨文化交际考试英语
I.定义Chapter 1 CultureCulture(from intellectual perspective)从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其余表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清楚和模糊的行为模式组成，这些模式经过符号获取并流传，这些符号有人类集体的特别成就组成，包含详细的人工制品。
文化的基本中心由传统思想和与其有关的价值观组成。
Culture(from psychological perspective)从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类集体成员差别于其余人类集体的思想的整体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective)从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，鉴于集体的认知模式——包含语言与非语言符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非崇奉系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective)从跨文化社交学角度定义文化：文化是个人和集体在种族发展过程中所获取的知识，经验，崇奉，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的会合。
Culture Identity文化身份：以为自己归属于某一文化或民族集体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其区分往常鉴于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理地区。
Co-culture共文化——指拥有独到的社交特色，感知特色，价值观，崇奉和行为，差别于其余集体，社团以及主流文化的集体或社团。
Subgroup 亚集体——有关于亚文化和共文化集体，亚集体往惯例模不大，也不一定有文化集体时代相传累积的价值观点和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1.Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传达信息的人2.Message 信息：只惹起信息接受者反响的任何信号。
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
1. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture : The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies,religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4. Intercultural communication: It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbolsare distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception : the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create a meaningfulpicture of the world.8.Value : is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personallyor socially preferable to another.9. Culture patterns : refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism: is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness.12. A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14. World view is a culture ’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universeand cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues thatinfluence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism:the belief that one ’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation to generation,based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation and culturaldiversity.23.Individualism: refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24. Hofstede s’Value Dimensions: four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence ： vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence,grammatical-syntactical equivalence,experiential-cultural equivalence,conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture ’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31. Functions of communication:repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics . Kinesic cues are those visible body shiftsand movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. ouremotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33. Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34. kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
高低语境跨文化交际
⾼低语境跨⽂化交际1 High context culture（⾼语境⽂化）：Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在⾼语境⽂化中，在⼈们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会⽂化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的⼼中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。
这也意味着，在强交际环境⽂化的⼈们对微妙的环境提⽰较为敏感。
）Low context culture（低语境⽂化）：Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境⽂化中，交际过程中所产⽣的信息量的⼤部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。
这也意味着，在低语境⽂化中的⼈们习惯⽤语⾔本⾝的⼒量来进⾏交际。
）2 General Introduction to High-context and Low-context CulturesA nthropologist Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context. This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which communication or an event takes place.High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an American: ―We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here. When we say o ne word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical. Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in high-context cultures who depend less on language precision and legal documents. High-context business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they suggest.3 Cross-cultural tips跨⽂化交流中―语境⽂化的⾓⾊⼀位受英⽂教育的新加坡公民的⼀位居于中国的长辈去世了，她代表⽗母到中国参加这位长辈的葬礼。
跨文化交际(四)
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Individualism-Collectivism
According to Hofstede’s findings, the United states, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and New Zealand tend toward individualism.
As Gamble and Gamble state, “perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”
The first stage is recognition or identification, in which a configuration of light or sound waves is identified as, for example, a car or music.
At the second stage, the interpretation and evaluation of that which has been identified take place. The result of this process is not the same for all people, because this process is learned and therefore influenced by all of our past experiences. This fact alone would make communication difficult even between people with similar backgrounds. When we add the ingredient of culture to the equation, finding a matching reality becomes even more problematic.
跨文化交际we are more than culture
Comment On "We Are More Than Culture"Ⅰ. IntroductionThat culture is closely related to human beings is not only culture shapes our personalities and influences our behaviors but also we create the culture . People learn to think, feel, believe, and act as they do because of the messages that have been communicated to them, and those messages all bear the stamp of culture. This omnipresent quality of culture leads Hall to conclude that "there is no one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture." Obviously, in many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere. But, culture is everything for everyone? I think that the answer is "no". Firstly, culture is not everything for our human beings. When live in the colorful and complicated society, we are affected by other factors not only culture, such as economy, policy, psychology, technology,etc. Secondly , although we are the same ethnic people, we are also the individuals. We have our own different preference, taste, and thoughts for everything. So we are more than culture.Ⅱ . From The View of ArchaeologyArchaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. From thisdescription, we can see that the ways of our human beings' life do not only include the culture but also the material satisfaction. The material basis is necessary, if we want to survive. As we all know, all the modern scientific and technological achievements which invented by ourselves, such as high speed traffic vehicles, advanced medical equipment, electronic and informational industry, serve for the human beings in order that we can have a convenient and comfortable life.Now , let us see the definition of human. Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of symbolic communication such as language and art for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to states. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. The human desire to understand and influence their environment, and explain and manipulate phenomena, has been the foundation for the development of science, philosophy, mythology, and religion and culture. Thus , we can see that we hardly work, cooperate, create the colorful society. While, the culture is a kind of spiritual power derived from the society which we live in. So , purely say that we are the culture is not correct.Ⅲ. Culture And IndividualsThe word "culture" has numerous meanings. As was the case, many definitions have been suggested for culture. According to the book of Communication Between Cultures ,it defines culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concept of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group in the course of generations through individual and group striving. From above the definition, we can notice a word "group", so when we refer to culture, we are applying the term to the "dominant culture" found in each society. That is to say, culture influences the majority in the society.Definitely, each human being is unique, and each is shaped by countless factors, culture being but one of them. Although culture offers a common frame of reference, we are not captives of our culture. For instance, the fast food culture from the United States accepted by the majority young people, but it does not catch some others because of the personal preference or the like. Sometimes the dominant culture is regarded as a stereotype. Meanwhile the intensity of a stereotype indicates the strength of a belief about a group of people. But we should notice that stereotypes are exaggerated and overgeneralized beliefs. "Chinese people are very conservative" is an example of an intensestereotype. However, all the Chinese people are conservative? Absolutely "not", when the historical environment changes, we must innovate because we want to develope and survive. If all the Chinese are conservative and unwilling to change , how does the Shenzhou spacecraft fly to the Moon? How can we hold the 2008 Olympic Games? I take the Chinese costume culture as another example, before the Opium War, the man wore the robe and had the very long plait. But after the war, influenced by the western countries, the people who lived in that time changed the cultural concept which affected them for thousand years, they began to wear the suit and cut their plait. So from the above example, we can see that we are more than culture, because we do not ignore the individuals and we have to change the cultural stereotype in order to adapt to the development of the society.Ⅳ . Culture Is Subject to ChangeCulture are dynamic systems that do not exist in a vacuum, so they are subject to change. That is to say, the culture is not fixed. With the historical development, cultures are constantly being confronted with ideas and information from outside sources. when the outside environment changes, we are affected by the economics, politics, western countries and the like. As the development of the globalization, the world becomes a small village. Every country are all affected by the rapidglobalization, what we do is guided by the original cultural beliefs, values, perceptions? We may make the decision to change, not subject to the culture. Recent years, the Europe Union always opens anti-dumping investigation into Chinese-manufactured products, such as shoes, glass for solar panels, tyres and so on . The month-long Huangyan Island impass between China and Philippines, the Diaoyu Island impass between China and Japan. When the territorial disputes in South Sea and East Sea of China happen, I think that it is a challenge to the Chinese diplomatic policies. The Chinese government should still follow the principle of shelving differences and seeking joint development ? I think the prerequisite is the mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. When this severe situation happens, we can not rigidly insist the "harmony" which is a key Chinese culture value leads the Chinese to avoid saying "no", to speak admiringly and respectfully of others, and to avoid expressing aggressive behaviors in social interactions. So when the changes come, we are not affected passively by the habitual culture, but actively create a new pattern to solve new problems and to live a better life. For instance, with the popularization of the computer, many senior citizens begin to learn how to use the computer because of many purposes such as video chart with their sons or daughters working in distant places or purely personal pursuit. And now form a Internet culture, producemany net words, such as micro-blog，copycatting, penfriend and so on. We constantly learn new things, and in this progress, we also create new culture. We subject to the changes, we are the creator of culture, so the culture subjects to the change. Thus we are more than culture.Ⅴ. ConclusionWe live in the society which influenced by dominant culture. But we also do stress the self and personal achievement. Individuals emphasize their self-concept in terms of self-esteem, self-identity, self-awareness, self-image, and self-expression. I think it is good for building a colorful culture and promotes the cultural diversity. Indeed, we are affected by the culture consciously and unconsciously. But do not forget that we are the creator of culture. When the environment changes, we do not subject to the culture. From above, I draw a conclusion that we are more than culture.ReferencesLarry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani. Communication Between Cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.Guo-Ming Chen, William J. Starosta. Foundations Of Intercultural Communication. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press, 2007.跨文化交际作业On " We are more than culture"姓名：姜幻学号：2013812015。