语言学经典题目
语言学刚要试题及答案
语言学刚要试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 物理学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 语言的语音系统主要研究的是？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式5. 语言的语法系统主要研究的是？A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的书写形式C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案：D6. 语言的语义系统主要研究的是？A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的句法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式答案：C7. 语言的语用系统主要研究的是？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案：B8. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 文化交流C. 科技发展D. 所有以上答案：D9. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面？B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究人类________的科学。
答案：语言2. 语言的三大基本要素包括语音、________和语义。
答案：语法3. 语言的________是语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素4. 语言学家通常将语言的演变分为内部演变和________。
答案：外部演变5. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的交际功能。
答案：语用6. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的意义。
答案：语义7. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的句法结构。
答案：语法8. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的发音规律。
答案：语音9. 语言学家将语言的方言差异归因于地理、社会和________等因素。
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, withwhich subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities belanguage used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearing C:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of all/doc/6712907809.html,nguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contianA:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?/doc/6712907809.html,nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language expressA.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have aA.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong belowA.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategies/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activityassociated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community 3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin 第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)/doc/6712907809.html,nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone) 第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。
2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。
3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。
4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。
5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。
6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。
7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
语言学重点试题及答案
语言学重点试题及答案1. 什么是语言的双重性质？答案：语言的双重性质指的是语言既是社会现象，又是心理现象。
作为社会现象，语言是人们交流思想、情感的工具，是社会文化的重要组成部分；作为心理现象，语言是人类大脑活动的产物，是思维的载体。
2. 简述语音学与音系学的区别。
答案：语音学是研究人类语音的物理属性、生理机制和感知过程的学科；音系学则是研究语言中音位的系统和规律的学科。
语音学关注的是语音的自然属性，而音系学关注的是语音在特定语言系统中的功能和结构。
3. 请解释“词义”和“语义”的概念。
答案：词义是指词所表达的具体概念或意义；语义则是指语言符号所表达的意义，包括词汇意义、句法意义和语用意义等。
词义通常指单个词的意义，而语义则涉及整个句子或话语的意义。
4. 什么是语言的同源词？答案：同源词是指来自同一原始语源的词，它们在不同语言中保留了相似的词形和意义。
例如，英语中的“mother”和德语中的“Mutter”就是同源词。
5. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言使用者在特定语境中如何使用语言进行交流的学科。
它关注的是语言的交际功能，包括言语行为、话语意义、语境分析等。
6. 什么是语言的方言？答案：方言是指在地理、社会或历史因素影响下形成的具有一定差异的语言变体。
方言通常与标准语或官方语言相对，它们在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
7. 简述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化等。
语音变化可能涉及音位的替换、合并或分化；词汇变化可能包括新词的产生、旧词的消亡或词义的演变；语法变化可能涉及句法结构的简化或复杂化。
8. 什么是语言的借词？答案：借词是指从一种语言借用到另一种语言的词汇。
借词通常是因为文化、经济或政治交流而产生的，它们可能在新语言中保留原有的发音和拼写，也可能发生适应性的变化。
9. 请解释“语言的谱系分类”。
答案：语言的谱系分类是根据语言之间的亲缘关系对语言进行分类的方法。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
基础语言学考试题及答案
基础语言学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言的三大功能？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 娱乐功能D. 信息功能答案：C3. 语言学中，研究语言结构的分支学科是：A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 句法学D. 社会语言学答案：C4. 以下哪个词不是派生词？A. 教师B. 快乐C. 勇敢D. 汽车答案：B5. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 政治变动D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中的使用和功能的学科是________。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的________是语言发展变化的内在动力。
答案：内在机制3. 语言的________是语言发展变化的外在条件。
答案：外部因素4. 语言的________是指语言在不同地域的变体。
答案：方言5. 语言的________是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：社会方言三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言的语音、语法和词汇三个基本要素。
答案：语言的语音是语言的物质外壳，包括音素、音节和语调等；语法是语言的组织规则，包括词法和句法；词汇是语言的词汇单位，包括词、短语和固定搭配等。
2. 描述语言的交际功能。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流思想、表达情感和传递信息的工具，使人们能够相互理解和沟通。
3. 解释什么是语言的方言。
答案：方言是语言在不同地域的变体，通常具有相同语言基础但因地域、文化、历史等因素而形成的差异。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化是相互影响、相互制约的关系。
语言是文化的载体，文化通过语言得以传承和发展；同时，文化也影响语言的形成和发展，不同文化背景的人们使用的语言具有不同的特征。
2. 论述语言演变的原因。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学自测试题及答案
语言学自测试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 社会答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学中，"phoneme"指的是什么？A. 音素B. 音节C. 词D. 句答案：A4. 以下哪种语言属于汉藏语系？A. 英语B. 法语C. 汉语D. 俄语答案：C5. 语言学中的"morpheme"指的是什么？A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词D. 句子答案：C二、填空题1. 语言学的主要研究方法包括______、______和______。
答案：观察、实验、分析2. 语言的三个基本功能是______、______和______。
答案：表达、交流、思考3. 语言学中的"syntax"指的是______。
答案：句法4. "digraph"在语言学中指的是______。
答案：双字母组合代表一个音素5. 语言的______性指的是语言随着时间的流逝而发生的变化。
答案：历史三、简答题1. 简述语言学的主要研究领域。
答案：语言学的主要研究领域包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 描述一下什么是语言的方言。
答案：方言是语言在一定地理区域内形成的变体，它与标准语或官方语言在发音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
3. 语言学中的"pragmatics"指的是什么？答案：语用学是语言学的一个分支，它研究语言在实际使用中的意义，包括语境、交际意图、言语行为等。
四、论述题1. 论述语言和文化之间的关系。
答案：语言和文化是相互影响的。
一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以表达和传承文化；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和使用，如特定文化背景下的词汇、表达方式等。
2. 讨论语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
英语语言学试卷精粹10套题（附答案）
英语语言学试卷精粹10套题（附答案）第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible forphysical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such amethod of enlarging the vocabulary is known as wordc .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which iscalled the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer th e following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。
答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。
答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。
答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。
观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。
8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。
答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。
四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。
其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。
此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。
最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。
10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。
一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。
另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。
语言学题目有答案
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence“Water boils at100degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC.informative D. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎(岁岁)平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC.Performative D. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC.Displacement D. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day,isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC.Performative D. Interpersonal7. __________refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC.Langue D. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or l ost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC.displacement D. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example ofthe diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学，2004)36. Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青岛海洋大学， 1999)1~5BACCC 11~15 FFTFF 6~10BACAC 16~20 FFFFF31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence:It is an essential part of performance.It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus,definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –check against the observable facts –come to a conclusion.1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C.[ b ] D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C.[e] D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottalstop D. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast,namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense x or long vs.short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.35. What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学， 2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学， 1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without,this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.Chapter 3 Lexicon1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. functionwords D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC.bound D. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC.five D. six4. In English ise and tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC.infix D. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing wordsby subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of__________.A. acronymyB. clippingC.initialism D. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC.back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC.disagree D. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC.morpheme D. allomorph11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?2003)36. What are the main features of the English compounds?37.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II2004)I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 Syntax1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase“the city Rome”is__________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city R o m e9. The phrase“on the shelf”belongs to__________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD.coordinateA. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.2004)2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letteryesterday.3. 1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT4. 31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to formsentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to theanalysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a traceleft in thewe have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers5. 1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2.C. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4.C. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.19. -place predication because it contains no argument.20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.6. 1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDAII.11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB.Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. _________in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite”society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.13. From the sociolinguistic perspective,the term“speech variety”can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.8. 1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A.in the late50’s of the20the centuryB.in the early1950’sC.in the late1960’sD. in the early 21st century6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB.to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about9. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。
语言学概论题目和答案解析
语言学概论试题（一）一、填空（每空1分，共15分）1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。
• 3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
• 5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
•7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
•8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
•9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
•10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）••••••1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学••Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学• 2. 汉语属于（ B ）•Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语•Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语• 3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节• 4. 文字的前身是（ C ）••Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势••Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事• 5. 派生词中包含（ B ）••Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根••Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词• 6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ）••Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素••Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ）••Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置••Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ）•••Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话•••Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ）•••Ａ.初Ｂ.视•••Ｃ.人Ｄ.民10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）••Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系••Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）• 1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
928语言学题库及答案
928语言学题库及答案928语言学题库及答案涵盖了语言学的基本概念、理论、方法和应用，适合语言学专业的学生和研究者进行学习和复习。
以下是一些示例题目及答案：1. 题目：什么是语言的任意性？答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然的、自然的联系，而是由社会约定俗成的。
2. 题目：请简述语音学中的元音和辅音的区别。
答案：元音是发音时声带振动，气流在口腔内不受阻碍的音；辅音则是发音时声带可能振动也可能不振动，气流在口腔内受到某种程度的阻碍。
3. 题目：什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和构成方式的学科，它关注词是如何通过词根、词缀等方式构成的。
4. 题目：请解释转换生成语法中的“深层结构”和“表层结构”。
答案：深层结构是指句子的初始语法结构，它反映了句子的基本语义关系；表层结构是指句子的最终发音形式，它通过转换规则从深层结构派生而来。
5. 题目：什么是语用学？答案：语用学是研究语言在实际使用中的意义和功能，它关注语境、说话者意图、言语行为等因素对语言理解的影响。
6. 题目：请列举并解释几种常见的语义角色。
答案：常见的语义角色包括施事者（Agent）、受事者（Patient）、工具（Instrument）、地点（Location）和时间（Time），它们描述了动作或事件中各个参与者的角色和功能。
7. 题目：什么是语言的同化现象？答案：同化现象是指在语言接触过程中，一种语言的某些特征被另一种语言借用或模仿，导致两种语言在某些方面趋于相似。
8. 题目：请简述社会语言学的研究内容。
答案：社会语言学研究语言与社会之间的关系，包括语言变异、语言态度、语言政策、语言规划等。
9. 题目：什么是语言习得的关键期假设？答案：关键期假设认为语言习得有一个最佳时期，通常在儿童早期，错过这个时期，语言习得的效率和质量会受到影响。
10. 题目：请解释什么是语言的双关现象。
答案：双关现象是指一个词或短语具有两种或多种不同的意义，通常在特定的语境下产生幽默或讽刺的效果。
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汉语言文学试题200 道1、语言的三要素是指哪三要素？语音、词汇、语法2、语言包括哪两种表现形式？书面语、口头语3、王力的《汉语史稿》把汉语的发展分为哪四个时期？上古、中古、近代、现代四个时期4、现代汉语从什么时候开始？1919 年五四运动5、汉语口语的共同语在汉代扬雄的《方言》里使用的名称是什么？“雅言”6、什么运动彻底动摇了文言文的统治地位，为白话文最后取代文言文创造了条件？“白话文运动”7、一个民族全体成员共同使用的语言叫什么？民族共同语8、普通话的定义是什么？以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语就是普通话。
9、现代汉语的方言一般分为哪几大类？七大类：北方方言、吴方言、湘方言、赣方言、客家方言、闽方言、粤方言10 、湖南人一般说哪几种方言？湘方言、客家方言、北方方言11 、《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》是从什么时候开始实行的？2001 年1 月1 日12 、我国使用人口最多的语言是什么语言？说这种语言的人占全国人口的多少？汉语，占95%13 、联合国的工作语言包括哪几种？汉语、英语、阿拉伯语、俄语、西班牙语、法语14 、汉语水平考试的简称是什么？HSK15 、汉语构词的主要方式是什么？词根复合16 、汉语表达语法意义的主要手段是什么？词序和虚词17 、关于汉字起源的问题，流传最广、影响最大的说法是哪种？仓颉造字说18 、世界上的汉字基本上可以分为哪两大类？表音文字、表意文字19 、汉字的形体演变主要经历了哪几个阶段？甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、楷书20 、铸或刻在青铜器上的古代文字叫做什么？金文21 、篆书一般分为哪两种？大篆、小篆22 、大篆的代表作是什么？石鼓文23 、汉字发展史上首次出现的规范字体是什么？小篆24 、什么是汉字形体发展史上一次革命性的变化，汉字形体从此进入今文阶段？隶变25 、什么的出现，汉字作为方块字就定型了？楷书26 、草书分为哪几种？章草、今草、狂草27 、汉字形体演变的总趋势是怎样的？变图画为线条，改繁复为简易，从表意到表声28 、现代汉字经常运用的是哪几种汉字形体？楷书、行书29 、简化汉字的方针是什么？“约定俗成，稳步前进”30 、语言中最小的有意义的单位是什么？语素31 、最小的能够独立运用的语言单位是什么？词32 、一个词有历史可查的最初的意义叫什么？本义33 、一个词在某一历史阶段中最主要、最常用的意义叫什么？基本义34 、由本义派生出来、发展出来的意义叫词的什么义？引申义35 、汉语的熟语包括哪些？成语、惯用语、谚语、歇后语等36 、当遇到其他字典辞书中查不到的字时，哪部书是最好的顾问？《汉语大字典》37 、阅读古书是遇到关于词语典故、人名书名和有关古代文物典章制度等知识性疑难问题，可以查哪本书？《辞源》38 、记叙文的六个要素包括哪些？时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果39 、议论文三要素包括哪些？论点、论据、论证40 、诗词格律的四声是指哪种汉语的四声？中古汉语41 、中古汉语四声到现代普通话四声的变化情况可以概括为什么？平分阴阳，浊上变去，入派三声42 、近体诗的格律要求可以概括为什么？句数固定，押韵严格，讲平仄，讲对仗43 、我国古代最长的一首叙事诗是哪一首？《孔雀东南飞》（或说《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》）44 、近体诗一般有哪四种主要形式？五言律诗、七言律诗、五言绝句、七言绝句（或称无虑、七律、五绝、七绝）45 、律诗的第一联至第四联一次称为什么？首联、颔联、颈联、尾联46 、近体诗一般押什么韵？平声韵47 、近体诗平仄的基本规则一般可以概括为什么？一句之内，平仄两两相间；两句之间，平仄相反相对；相邻两联，平仄相合相黏48 、律诗中的对仗通常是哪几联？颔联、颈联49 、现存最早的文人词是什么作品？唐代李白的《忆秦娥》、《菩萨蛮》50 、按照字数的多少，词可以分为哪几类？小令：58 字以内；中调：59 —90 字；长调：91 字以上（未完待续）51 、骈体文讲究平仄和对偶的艺术手法，孕育了哪两种艺术形式？律诗、对联52 、保存至今最早的对联是谁写的？内容是什么？五代时后蜀主孟昶的“新年纳余庆，佳节号长春”53 、促进对联完善的姊妹艺术有哪些？赋和骈体文、律诗、词、曲54 、对联的格律有哪四条？出句与对句字数相等；出句与对句相应的字词性相同；出句与对句内容相关；出句与对句平仄相谐55 、什么是对联不可分割的一部分，有统领上下联的作用？横额56 、在对联，尤其是长联中，什么往往引出一组排比句或骈文句，使联语衔接紧密，层次分明？领词57 、对联的断句可以从哪几个方面入手？掌握长联断句多、长句少的特点；要注意对联中的领词；要注意利用对联中的反复词语，根据反复词语的位置来断句；上下联互相参照断句58 、中国文学的初创时期包括哪些内容？远古歌谣和神话59 、从“开天辟地”以来一直到秦始皇统一中国这个时间段我们一般叫它什么？“先秦”60 、我国第一部诗歌总集是什么？它一共有多少篇？《诗经》，305 篇61 、《诗经》被奉为经典是从哪个朝代开始？汉代62 、《诗经》的内容包括哪几部分？风、雅、颂三部分63 、《诗经》的主要表达方式是哪些？赋、比、兴64 、在文学史上“风骚”指的是什么？《诗经》和楚辞65 、屈原出生于哪里？湖北秭归66 、我国文学史上第一位伟大的诗人是谁？屈原67 、我国编年体史书之祖是哪部书？《春秋》68 、先秦历史散文中文学价值最高的是哪部书？《战国策》69 、《论语》是什么体散文？语录体70 、《孟子》散文的特征是什么？长于辩论，气势磅礴71 、先秦诸子散文中最具有文学价值的是哪部书？《庄子》72 、“滥竽充数”出自先秦诸子中的哪部书？《韩非子》73 、记载秦始皇巡游封禅的刻石铭文多出自谁之手？李斯74 、汉赋经历了哪几个发展阶段？骚体赋、大赋、抒情小赋三个阶段75 、请举出一篇骚体赋的代表作品贾谊的《吊屈原赋》76 、奠定典型汉代大赋基础的是谁的什么作品？枚乘的《七发》77 、汉代大赋的典范之作是谁的什么作品？司马相如的《子虚赋》、《上林赋》78 、中国文学史上第一篇描写田园隐居乐趣的作品是哪部作品？张衡的《归田赋》79 、被鲁迅称为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”的是谁的什么作品？司马迁的《史记》80 、我国第一部纪传体通史是哪部书？司马迁的《史记》81 、司马迁的《史记》包括哪几部分？本纪、表、书、世家、列传82 、汉乐府民歌中的最优秀的作品是什么？《陌上桑》、《孔雀东南飞》83 、文人五言诗成熟的标志是什么？《古诗十九首》84 、我国现存第一首完整的山水诗是谁的什么作品？曹操的《步出夏门行?观沧海》85 、中国文学批评史上第一篇专门性的论著是什么？曹丕的《典论?论文》86 、建安七子是哪七子？孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应玚、刘桢87 、开创了描写田园生活风气的是哪位诗人？陶渊明88 、把自然界的美景引进诗中，使山水成为独立的审美对象的人是谁？谢灵运89 、请举出魏晋南北朝史志怪小说和轶事小说的代表作。
志怪小说：晋干宝的《搜神记》；轶事小说：刘宋时刘义庆的《世说新语》90 、魏晋南北朝时出现了哪些在我国文学理论批评史上具有划时代意义的论著？曹丕的《典论?论文》、陆机的《文赋》、刘勰的《文心雕龙》、钟嵘的《诗品》91 、南北朝时能代表北朝民歌最高成就的是哪部作品？叙事长诗《木兰诗》92 、南北朝时能代表南朝民歌艺术最高成就的是哪部作品？抒情长诗《西洲曲》93 、“初唐四杰”是指哪几位诗人？王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王94 、被苏轼称为“诗中有画，画中有诗”的作者是哪位？王维95 、盛唐出现了哪两大诗歌流派？山水田园诗派、边塞诗派96 、“登高壮观天地间，大江茫茫去不还。
黄云万里动风色，白波九道流雪山”是谁的诗句？李白97 、李白的诗作风格是什么？豪放飘逸98 、杜甫的诗作风格是什么？沉郁顿挫99 、代表了白居易诗歌艺术最高成就的是他的什么诗？《琵琶行》、《长恨歌》100 、中唐的新乐府运动以什么作为他们的创作纲领？“文章合为时而著，歌诗合为事而作”101 、开创我国现实主义先河的作品是哪部？《诗经》102 、屈原的主要作品有哪些？（至少举出两篇）《离骚》《九歌》《天问》《九章》《招魂》103 、出句和对句之间的关系不是平行的，而是一个意思连贯下来，这种对联我们一般称其为什么？流水对104 、鲁迅对《史记》有怎样的评价？“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”105 、建安年代并包括其后若干年的文学创作，文学史上习惯上称其为什么？“建安文学”106 、钟嵘的《诗品》对《古诗十九首》有怎样的评价？“惊心动魄，可谓几乎一字千金”107 、陶渊明作品呈现出怎样的风貌？冲淡平和旷洁悠远108 、我国诗歌史上雄视古今的“双子星座”的伟大诗人是谁？李白和杜甫109 、中国古典四大名著包括哪些？《西游记》《红楼梦》《三国演义》《水浒传》110 、《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》中最有气势的一句是什么？“气蒸云梦泽，波撼岳阳城”111 、《诗经》以几言诗为主？四言诗112 、“临川四梦”是指哪几部作品？《牡丹亭》《邯郸记》《南柯记》《紫钗记》113 、杜甫的“三吏”是指哪几首诗？《石壕吏》《潼关吏》《新安吏》114 、杜甫的“三别”是指哪几首诗？《新婚别》《无家别》《垂老别》115 、“为人性僻耽佳句，语不惊人死不休”是谁的诗句？杜甫116 、请举出三部“关于唐明皇和杨贵妃的爱情故事”文学作品。
白居易《长恨歌》、白朴《梧桐雨》、洪昇《长生殿》117 、白居易《琵琶行》一诗中能揭示诗歌主题的诗句是哪几句？同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识118 、请举出中唐“韩孟诗派”的代表人物。
（至少举出两位）韩愈、孟郊、贾岛、李贺119 、被称为“小李杜”的诗人是谁？李商隐、杜牧120 、在李商隐的抒情之作中，最为杰出的是以什么为中心的爱情诗？“无题”121 、“黔驴技穷”、“庞然大物”出自谁的什么作品？柳宗元《黔之驴》122 、柳宗元的《捕蛇者说》揭示了怎样的主题？孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎123 、柳宗元散文中写得最好的是哪些？山水游记124 、唐宋八大家指的是哪种文学体裁而言？散文125 、唐宋八大家是指哪些人？韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、王安石、曾巩、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙126 、汉魏乐府时配合什么音乐歌唱？清商乐127 、词是配合什么音乐歌唱？燕乐128 、晚唐五代，形成了哪两个词的中心？西蜀、南唐129 、我国最早的文人词总集是哪部？《花间集》130 、请举出花间词派的代表人物（至少两位）温庭筠、韦庄131 、请举出南唐的代表词人（至少两位）冯延巳、李璟、李煜132 、五代最有成就的词人是哪位？李煜133 、“词至后主而眼界始大，感慨遂深，遂变伶工之词为士大夫之词”出自谁的什么作品？王国维《人间词话》134 、“词至后主而眼界始大，感慨遂深，遂变伶工之词为士大夫之词”中的“后主”指的是谁？（南唐后主）李煜135 、从根本上改变了唐五代以来词坛上小令一统天下的格局是谁？他主要做了什么事？柳永，他主要是大量创作慢词136 、谁着意运用通俗化的语言表大现世俗化的市民生活情调，从创作方向上改变了词的审美内涵和审美趣味，变“雅”为“俗”？柳永137 、对词体进行全面的改革，使词成为一种独立的抒情主体，突破了“词为艳科”的传统格局，从根本上改变了词史的发展方向的是谁？苏轼138 、“苏门四学士”是哪几位？黄庭坚、张耒、晁补之、秦观139 、“苏门四学士”中最为出色的词人是谁？秦观140 、“苏门四学士”中最为出色的诗人是谁？黄庭坚141 、被人们称为“易安体”的是谁的词作？李清照142 、在词史上并称为“苏辛”的是谁？苏轼、辛弃疾143 、在唐宋词史上，展现过丰富多彩的乡村图景和平凡质朴的乡村人物的是哪位词人？辛弃疾144 、请举出南宋的爱国词人（至少三位）辛弃疾、陆游、张元干、张孝祥、陈亮等145 、宋初诗坛的西昆体派的得名原因是什么？《西昆酬唱集》146 、北宋诗坛影响最大的两位诗人是谁？苏轼、黄庭坚147 、苏轼《饮湖上初晴后雨》一诗最有名的两句诗是什么？“欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”148 、成语“雪鸿泥爪”出自哪首诗？苏轼《和子由渑池怀旧》149 、“山谷体”指的是谁的诗作？黄庭坚150 、宋代诗坛影响最大的诗派是哪个？江西诗派151 、陆游的绝笔诗是哪一首？《示儿》：死去原知万事空，但悲不见九州同。