托福阅读背景知识：27岁开始健忘
新托福TPO6阅读原文(三)Infantile Amnesia及译文
新托福TPO6阅读原文(三):Infantile AmnesiaTPO-6-3：Infantile AmnesiaWhat do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’s language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is toreconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations—physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events—seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia.译文：TPO-6-3 婴幼儿期记忆缺失三岁前生活中发生事情你还记得多少?很少有人能记得婴幼儿时期曾经发生在他们身上的事情。
托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考
托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考?从词汇开始打基础。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读不同年龄考生如何备考?从词汇开始打基础托福阅读不同年龄段考生如何准备词汇?√如果你是一个初中生，准备要考托福。
大家首先要准备的是四级词汇。
√如果你是一个高中生，词汇方面可以先准备四六级词汇。
√如果你是一个大学生，已考完四六级，而且掌握比较好的情况下，可以准备"纯种"托福词汇。
背单词是为了更好的服务于语言的听、说、读、写四项能力。
所以不能急于一时，正所谓"放长线钓大鱼"。
寄希望于背完一本词汇书就可以将词汇很好的掌握，那是拔苗助长，没准会走火入魔。
所以背完词汇，巩固词汇，进一步掌握词汇也非常重要。
托福阅读备考如何巩固不同水平词汇?巩固词汇最好的方式就是广泛阅读。
在*中体会词汇的具体使用环境。
针对不同等级的词汇，我们给大家一些阅读资源来帮大家巩固。
这些材料取材广泛，大部分是免费资源，同学们可以根据自己不同的兴趣爱好去选择喜欢的材料阅读。
四六级词汇巩固阅读材料精读：四六级真题阅读题目精选泛读：China Daily托福及托福以上词汇巩固阅读材料精读：托福官方真题Official*泛读：各类原版报刊杂志精读要求把不认识的单词短语全部查清楚(词汇);把不明白的表达方法全部弄明白(语法);总结每段的段落大意;总结每个例子是为了支持什么观点而写的;总结作者的写作思路和写作意图。
泛读要求把不认识的单词短语全部查清楚(词汇);把不明白的表达方法全部弄明白(语法)。
当然，词汇的准备要下苦工，更需要掌握一定的记忆方法。
在这方面，英语词汇的记忆还是有章可循的。
词根词缀就像汉子的偏旁部首一样，可以帮助我们把孤立的词汇穿成网络。
托福阅读高难度*长难句实例解析：早期工业化国家的成功因素托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：The key factor in the success of these countries ( along with high literacy, which contributed to it ) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.结构划分：The key factor ( in the success of these countries) ( alongwith high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability ( to adapt to the international division of labor) (determined by the earlyindustrializers) and (to stake out areas of specialization in international markets) (for which they were especially well suited.) 深度分析：这个句子的主干就是：The key factor was their ability后面两个不定式的并列：(to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers)and(to stake out areas of specialization ininternational markets for which they were especially well suited. )修饰一：(in the success of these countries) ，介词短语，修饰the key factor中文：在这些国家的成功中修饰二：(along with high literacy, which contributed to it) ，介词短语，修饰these countries中文：拥有促进他们成功的高文化水平修饰三：(to adapt to the international division of labor) ，非谓语动词，修饰ability中文：适应国际劳动分工修饰四：(determined by the early industrializers)，非谓语动词，修饰the international division of labor中文：早期工业化国家决定的修饰五：(to stake out areas of specialization in international markets) ，非谓语动词，修饰ability中文：领他们特别合适的国际市场中的专门领域修饰六：(for which they were especiallywell suited.)，从句，修饰markets中文：他们特别适合的托福阅读高难度*长难句实例解析：打哈欠的科学原理和作用托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasingalertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.词汇讲解：conventional /k?nv?n??nl/ adj. 传统的;老套的，千篇一律的;约定的alertness /?l?:tnis/ n. 警戒，机敏reverse /r?v??s/ v. 使(某物)反转; 将(某物)翻转;转变结构划分：(According to conventional theory), yawning takes place (when people are bored or sleepy)and serves the function (of increasing alertness) (by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels) (that are caused by the shallow breathing) (that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom).深度分析：这个句子的主干就是：yawning takes place and serves the function修饰一：(According to conventional theory)，介词短语中文：根据传统理论修饰二：(when people are bored or sleepy)，从句中文：当人们感到厌烦或困倦时修饰三：(of increasing alertness)，介词短语中文：增强警觉修饰四：(through deeper breathing)，插入语中文：通过深呼吸修饰五：(by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop inblood oxygen levels)，介词短语，注意这里修饰四的插入语隔开了，断句别出错中文：通过浅呼吸逆转血液中氧含量的下降修饰六：(that are caused by the shallow breathing)，从句，修饰the drop in blood oxygen levels中文：是通过浅呼吸导致的修饰七：(that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom)，从句修饰，theshallow breathing中文：伴随着缺乏睡眠或厌烦参考翻译：根据传统理论，打哈欠会在当人们感到厌烦或困倦时发生，并且打哈欠通过深呼吸逆转血液中氧含量的下降(这种下降是由伴随着缺乏睡眠或厌烦的浅呼吸造成的)起到提升警觉的作用。
托福阅读文章《如何珍惜时间》
托福阅读文章《如何珍惜时间》2017托福阅读文章《如何珍惜时间》阅读理解是英语考试基本绕不开的，托福考试也不例外。
考生想要考取一个不错的阅读理解分数，那么，日常的练习就很关键了。
下面送给大家一篇2017托福阅读文章，希望对大家有所帮助。
如何珍惜时间if the real work that needs doing is offline，disable the internet for an hour at a time.如果这件事情不需要上网就可以完成，把网断掉。
turn email checks into an hourly habit，not an “as the box gets mail” habit.延长查看电子邮件的周期。
don’t answer your cell phone when working on something important. call back later.如果手头的工作很重要，工作期间不要接电话，回头再打过去就是了。
if you can’t work at work， negotiate finding a new place to get things done.如果你的工作环境让你不能工作，换个没人打扰的地方。
television means：“i don’t need this time and it doesn’t matter to me.” (almost always. really.)看电视意味着“这段时间我浪费了也无所谓”。
budget your entertainment time vs. production time. never cheat the other.平衡你的娱乐和工作时间。
examine every opportunity along the lines of time vs. projects already underway.时时检查你的时间安排和现在已经进行中的项目。
托福阅读TPO21答案解析
托福阅读答案1.ample大量的，所以答案是C的plentiful。
原文说为什么会发生婴儿期健忘症这个问题已经困扰了人们很久，特别是考虑到存在孩子有了些记忆这一怎么样的证据，孩子有记忆力与婴儿健忘症是相反的才intrigue，所以ample不能是负向词，questionable不对，原文没说证据得到确定，convincing不对；也没说惊奇，surprising 不对。
2.以intrigue psychologists做关键词定位至第三句，就是上题词汇题那句，说为什么会发生婴儿期健忘症这个问题已经困扰了人们很久，特别是考虑到存在孩子有了些记忆这一证据的存在，也就是说没法解释为什么有证据还infantile amnesia，所以正确答案是D。
A的intelligence in adulthood，B的others are notable to和C 的autobiographical memory原文都没说。
3.以developed autobiographical memory做关键词定位至倒数第二句和倒数第三句，说三四岁的时候，孩子能给出过去事情的lengthy and cohesive description，这是个developmental turning point，所以答案是B。
A说remember，C说孩子知道blabla，D描述的东西不对。
4.修辞目的题，先读例子所在句，说语言能力不行的孩子也能记住东西，因此语言能力能帮忙形成autobiographical memory而不是决定其形成，所以答案是A，不仅依靠verbal，B和C的one yearolds，D的人名原文都没说，都不选。
5.reasonable合理的，公平的，充足的，所以正确答案是B的sufficient。
原文说在孩子能够谈论过去之前，他们应该对自己作为独立个体而存在有什么样的认识，consistent和apparent明显不对，D的deep深刻MS 对，但孩子不太可能对自己有很深刻的认识，所以也不对。
托福阅读前读后忘记不住怎么办
托福阅读前读后忘记不住怎么办托福阅读前读后忘记不住怎么办?提升记忆力实用训练法分享。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读前读后忘记不住怎么办,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读前读后忘记不住怎么办?提升记忆力实用训练法分享好记性对托福阅读提分很重要众所周知，托福阅读如果不遇到加试，标准模式应该是3篇长阅读，每篇附带14道题的考试形式。
由于每篇阅读*篇幅都较长，而大部分同学为了能够做完题目都会选择边做题边读*，因此考生在看*时很容易看完后面忘了前面，特别是有些题目本身不需要回到原文找线索可以直接做(比如词汇题)，做完这些题目之后考生有时候就会发现自己已经完全不记得之前*讲了什么。
而这对于大家解答后续题目是非常不利的。
无论是直接重读*还是硬着头皮继续往下做，解题效率正确率都会受到一定影响。
而这种时候考生如果能够具体较好的短暂记忆能力，至少能保证在做完这篇*全部14道题目之前不会忘记*内容，那么大家的解题思路自然会更加顺畅，无论遇到何种题目都能结合自己阅读时对*的理解来进行答题，得分表现也会更为理想。
怎样在备考中训练阅读记忆力?那么，托福阅读中需要的这种短暂记忆能力到底应该如何才能训练提升呢?建议大家按照以下方法在备考中进行练习：步骤1：按照段落记忆*结构由于现在大部分比较主流的托福阅读解题方法都是按照题目来一段段读*，因此大家其实不需要读完整篇*再做题，只要保证在解答一定题目时能够把当前段落的内容大致记住，同时保证对之前读过的内容有一定印象即可，所以训练的第一步就是按照段落记忆*结构。
大家可以尝试结合阅读实际题目，按照哪几道题对应*第几段内容进行划分。
然后尝试每读完一段内容后先不做题，而是自己在脑海中归纳出段落大意，并尽可能记住各类细节内容的方式来进行训练。
当完成所有段落的阅读后，再自己整理一下刚才读过的完整内容，同时把*的大致结构也归纳出来。
这个阶段不需要做记住，主要训练都在脑海中完成，以便提升短暂记忆能力。
托福阅读27难吗？是什么水平
托福阅读27难吗?是什么水平托福阅读27是什么水平?其实托福阅读部分想要拿到高分，也并非一件容易的事情。
那么阅读部分，27分的成绩代表了什么水平?怎么备考才能够达到这样的效果呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!托福阅读27难吗?是什么水平托福阅读满分为30分，27分已经算是阅读部分的高分了。
那么想要达到这样的成绩，大家应该怎么复习呢?下面小编为大家总结了一些备考的经验。
基本能力NO.1 词汇量一定要足够。
可以在诸如这样的网站做测试，测出来的词汇量往往比你的实际词汇量要高，一般来说10000+的测试词汇量比较保险。
想提高基础词汇量，“刷”是最好的方法，不用纠结选择哪本单词书更好，市面上的单词书质量差异并不大，重要的是选定了某本单词书就要能有计划有策略地持之以恒背下去，假如三天打鱼两天晒网，那么选择再好的备考资料也无济于事。
有了一定的基础词汇量之后我们需要做好单词的区分，诸如extensive和intensive，arise和raise，complement和compliment 有怎样的不同将变得非常重要。
对于托福阅读考试来说，“半瓶醋”最危险，你如果完全不认识某个单词其实没有太大影响，但如果你把单词混淆，结果可能很糟糕。
基本能力NO.2 要有一定的“常识”虽然ETS官方并不要求考生有某个学科的专业知识，但它毕竟是建立在学术背景下的英语语言能力考察，适当掌握一些学科常考词汇和要点知识非常有必要，知道一个meteorite撞击了Mars之后形成的impact crater是什么确实会更好地帮助你理解文章。
托福考试中不少常识都能在高中课本中学到，如果你刚刚开始备考，可以在背学科分类单词的时候，挑出不认识的单词，在英文版的维基百科里查一下解释，这个过程看起来很简单很无趣，但对于建立背景知识很有帮助，还会帮助你记下更多学科高频词汇。
基本能力NO.3 要有“速读”能力即在一句话当中筛选出重要信息的能力。
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO21-3
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO21-3托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO21-3的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO21-3Autobiographical memoryparagraph1Think back to your childhood and try to identify your earliest memory.How old were you?Most people are not able to recount memories for experiences prior to the age of three years,a phenomenon called infantile amnesia.The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades,especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities.Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory,that is, memory for events that have occurred in one’s own life,can provide some important clues to this mystery. Between ages three and four,children begin to give fairly lengthy and cohesive descriptions of events in their past.What factors are responsible for this developmental turning point?Q2According to paragraph1,infantile amnesia has intrigued psychologists becauseA The ability to recount memories prior to three years of age seems to be connected to intelligence in adulthoodB Psychologists do not understand why some people are able to recount memories from before the age of three years,while others are not able do soC Psychologists do not understand the connection between infantile amnesia and autobiographical memoryD Although psychologists have evidence that infants have memory abilities,most people connot remember life events that happened before the age of three years.解析;以intrigue psychologists做关键词定位至第三句，就是上题词汇题那句，说为什么会发生婴儿期健忘症这个问题已经困扰了人们很久，特别是考虑到存在孩子有了些记忆这一证据的存在，也就是说没法解释为什么有证据还infantile amnesia，所以正确答案是D。
托福阅读遇到生词及时整理记忆
托福阅读遇到生词及时整理记忆托福阅读考试时间非常短，一篇700词的*，设置14个问题，需要大家在20分钟内完成，而且，托福阅读*难度也不低，很多同学在做托福阅读练习的时候都会遇到很多生词，影响做题速度。
下面就和大家分享托福阅读词汇如何积累，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读词汇如何积累?遇到生词及时整理记忆一.*完全读不懂，先去背单词托福阅读是托福考试四个版块中涵盖词汇量最广的一块，所以，想要做好阅读必须要有一定量的词汇储备。
有的同学在刚开始备考托福的时候，直接去做真题练习，结果发现阅读*几乎完全读不懂。
这其实就是因为词汇量积累不够，建议先返回去背单词，当有了一定的词汇量基础后，再开始做阅读练习题。
二. 阅读中遇到生词及时积累即便是积累了一定的词汇量，在做阅读练习的时候也会遇到一些生词。
建议大家及时将遇到的生词积累下来，做完阅读*以后及时回顾复习。
要注意的是，及时积累并不意味着遇到生词就中断做题，拿本记录生词。
积累阅读生词的环节应该放在对完答案重读*时。
做题的过程中即便遇到影响理解的单词也不要停下来查单词，应该先保证在规定时间内将阅读题做完，如果影响理解，可以试着结合上下文猜一猜单词的意思，就像大家做词汇题使用的猜词方法一样。
三. 代入法记忆阅读词汇的记忆不应该像背单词书那样死记硬背，阅读词汇积累建议大家使用代入法记忆。
因为生词都是阅读*中的词汇，大家可以代入到具体的语境中记忆，这样记忆能不仅能帮助大家记住单词的意思，还能了解单词的用法。
如果觉得寻找单词出处太浪费时间，大家可以在积累生词的时候将原文例句抄下来。
代入法不但记忆效率高，记忆效果也很牢靠，但是却有一个不可避免的缺点：记忆单词释义太过单一。
阅读*中生词所对应的释义都是唯一的，所以代入法记忆只能记住生词在*中的释义，延伸释义则需要大家自己去做拓展练习。
四. 坚持“坚持”两个字说起来非常容易，但真正做到却很难。
词汇记忆最为重要的就是坚持，一开始大家都热情高涨，非常积极，但是能坚持到最后人则少之又少，正所谓“靡不有初，鲜克有终”。
托福阅读27+如何炼就
托福阅读27+如何炼就在托福的四个单项中，托福阅读成绩会决定你的托福总分下限，而托福听力成绩则会决定你的托福总分上限，下面就和大家分享托福阅读27+如何炼就,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读27+如何炼就四种基本能力必须掌握托福阅读经常被认为是托福考试四单项中最容易出分的单项，很多童鞋因此在备考过程中会有所懈怠，认为随便搞搞就好，这其实是得不偿失的。
在托福的四个单项中，托福阅读成绩会决定你的托福总分下限，而托福听力成绩则会决定你的托福总分上限，因为阅读分数其实是基础英语能力的体现，当基础能力提升后，听力和写作的提升会非常快，而口语的成绩基本由听力和写作共同决定，托福阅读其实是托福考试中牵一发而动全身的单项。
托福总分突破100+一般需要保证托福阅读达到27+，想要实现这个分数要求我们需要达成以下四大基本能力。
基本能力NO.1 词汇量一定要足够。
可以在诸如testyourvocab这样的网站做测试，测出来的词汇量往往比你的实际词汇量要高，一般来说10000+的测试词汇量比较保险。
想提高基础词汇量，“刷”是最好的方法，不用纠结选择哪本单词书更好，市面上的单词书质量差异并不大，重要的是选定了某本单词书就要能有计划有策略地持之以恒背下去，假如三天打鱼两天晒网，那么选择再好的备考资料也无济于事。
有了一定的基础词汇量之后我们需要做好单词的区分，诸如extensive和intensive，arise和raise，complement和compliment 有怎样的不同将变得非常重要。
对于托福阅读考试来说，“半瓶醋”最危险，你如果完全不认识某个单词其实没有太大影响，但如果你把单词混淆，结果可能很糟糕。
基本能力NO.2 要有一定的“常识”虽然ETS官方并不要求考生有某个学科的专业知识，但它毕竟是建立在学术背景下的英语语言能力考察，适当掌握一些学科常考词汇和要点知识非常有必要，知道一个meteorite撞击了Mars之后形成的impact crater是什么确实会更好地帮助你理解*。
托福阅读材料练习：保持好记忆
托福阅读材料练习：保持好记忆being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory， us researcherssay.“this explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you getat a party when you are having a good time，” elizabeth martin， a doctoralstudent of psychology at the university of missouri， says in a statement. “thisresearch is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact workingmemory storage capacity.”the researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showingthem a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine， while otherssaw a video on how to install flooring.those who viewed the comedy routine were insignificantly better moodsafter viewing the video， while the mood of flooring group had not changed. bothgroups were then given a memory test.the study， published in the journal cognition and emotion， found those whowatched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.美国研究人员称，好心情可能会落低大脑的工作记忆(属程序性记忆、短时记忆，是一种短暂时刻的知觉)能力。
托福阅读过目不忘小技巧
托福阅读过目不忘小技巧许多同学在阅读过程中会消失的一个问题就是：读了后文就忘了前文，读完整篇文章头脑一片空白，可能只抓住了几个零星的点或者好玩的细节。
下面我就和大家共享托福阅读过目不忘小技巧，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读过目不忘小技巧首先，为什么会发生这种状况?其一是文章布满了生词、理不清头绪的长难句以及错综简单的概念，同学在读到这样文章时会越读越晕，就更谈不上清楚的理解了。
之所以会消失这种状况，除了我们的基础(词汇和语法)不过关之外，还在于我们平常不管在中文还是英文阅读中都已经习惯了简洁阅读，更喜爱以观看图像、视频的方式来熟悉世界。
这样的阅读习惯就像喝稀饭，不用咀嚼就可以吃饱，但久而久之确定会弱化我们的肠胃功能和消化力量。
所以我们在进行长篇阅读遇到错综简单的学问信息时会觉得特别困难。
其二，我们的阅读速度太快。
由于考场时间有限，而文章又这么长，所以许多同学在阅读时不自觉地就加快了速度，但是很骨干的现实是，往往这些同学的理解力量跟不上眼球移动的速度，所以阅读变成了并没有过脑的眼睛的物理运动。
试问这样的阅读，即便能够做到一目十行，又有什么意义呢?那么，我们如何进行有效阅读呢?针对以上两个问题：第一，首要任务确定是积累词汇，对阅读过程中遇到的长难句进行分析。
同时，扩大阅读素材，比如可以读外国报纸、BBC网页等。
其次，适当放慢阅读速度。
比如，开头阶段，我们读每篇文章的时间可以放宽到30甚至40分钟，做后面的题目，不对比答案。
然后其次遍再精读文章：把握文章中全部生词，每句话都对比翻译读懂。
之后再来做后面的题目，检验自己是否完全读懂了文章，对比两次答案。
在精读文章时，还要留意的一个问题就是理清句间关系，由于有些细节题、推断题以及所以句子插入题都会考察句子之间的规律关系。
此外，除了基础积累和精读之外，建议大家在阅读完一个段落之后要概括段落大意，可以通过写每段段落大意，最终形成有关这篇文章的框架结构来加强对文章的理解和记忆，同时也能减小记忆量。
托福阅读tpo27R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo27R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (6)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Crafts in the Ancient Near East①Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half of the millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was thefirst city in human history.②The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself.But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center.Within the productive sector,there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople.Early in the Uruk period,the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk,a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process,the so-called beveled-rim bowl.It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold;hence,in only a limited number of standard sizes.For some unknown reason,many were discarded,often still intact,and thousands have been found all over the Near East.The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site.Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts,most likely by specialists in a central location.③A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods,once made by a family member as one of many duties,were later made by skilled artisans.Certain images depict groups of people,most likely women, involved in weaving textiles,an activity we know from laterthird-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered.Also,a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk.It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes,about50 centimeters deep,all showing burn marks and filled with ashes.This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes.Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.④Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals.In the late Uruk period(3500-3100B.C.E.),there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history:the cylinder seal.This was a small cylinder, usually no more than3centimeters high and2centimeters in diameter, of shell,bone,faience(a glassy type of stoneware),or various types of stones,on which a scene was carved into the surface.When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae(round seals),tablets,or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars,or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief,easily legible.The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals,which had happened in the early Neolithic period(approximately10,000-5000B.C.E.).From the first appearance of cylinder seals,the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined,indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters.Similarly,the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art,relief,and statuary in the round,made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.译文古代东部工艺品①一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
健忘症老人阅读理解题
健忘症老人阅读理解题英文回答：The elderly with memory loss face challenges in reading comprehension. However, there are strategies and techniques that can help them improve their understanding of written texts.Firstly, it is important to create a conducive reading environment. Eliminate distractions such as noise or bright lights that may hinder concentration. Provide a comfortable and well-lit space for reading.Secondly, breaking down the text into smaller sections can make it easier for the elderly with memory loss to process information. Use headings or subheadings to divide the text into manageable chunks. This helps them focus on one section at a time and prevents overwhelming feelings.Thirdly, using visual aids can enhance comprehension.Including relevant images or diagrams alongside the text can provide additional context and support understanding. Visual cues can trigger memory and help the elderly recall information more easily.Fourthly, repetition is key. Encourage the elderly to reread the text multiple times. Repetition helps reinforce information and improves retention. It is also helpful to summarize the main points of each section after reading to reinforce understanding.Furthermore, using mnemonic devices can aid memory recall. Mnemonics are memory aids that use associations, acronyms, or rhymes to help remember information. Encourage the elderly to create their own mnemonics or use existing ones to help them remember key details from the text.Lastly, encourage active engagement with the text. Ask the elderly questions about what they have read to promote deeper understanding. Discussing the content and encouraging them to express their thoughts and opinions can enhance comprehension and retention.In summary, improving reading comprehension for the elderly with memory loss involves creating a conducive reading environment, breaking down the text into smaller sections, using visual aids, repetition, mnemonic devices, and active engagement with the text.中文回答：老年人健忘症患者在阅读理解方面面临着挑战。
托福阅读材料之年轻时会犯的5个错误
托福阅读材料之年轻时会犯的5个错误Being young is great. Most of the parts of your body still work great, you have a full head of hair, you’re energetic, and you have a world of opportunity in front of you. However, there’s going to come a time when you start to get older. And as you get older, you’ll have new responsibilities, complete independence, and perhaps most importantly, less time to recover from mistakes.年轻真好。
身体大部分零件运转灵活，头发浓密，精力旺盛，机会唾手可得。
然而，总有一天，老之将至。
随着年龄的增长，肩上的担子重了，生活完全靠自己打拼，可能最重要的是，有更少的时间去弥补错误。
You see, we all make mistakes in life. Maybe you spent more money than you should have on a car, you passed up on a great job opportunity, or you didn’t try as hard as you could have in school. It’s a part of life and we learn from it. But there are certain mistakes that are much better made while you’re still young and have plenty of time to recover.你看，在生活中，我们都犯错误。
托福阅读材料：给孩子健康的一生
托福阅读材料：给孩子健康的一生前程百利小编为大家带来托福阅读材料。
材料从一个电话邀约事件开始，讲述了两个没有做过和儿童相关工作的私人健康顾问在儿童健康事业的观点。
文章中较难的词汇都已经标示出来。
希望大家在阅读的过程中学习到相关知识，并通过不断的阅读练习提高自己的阅读能力。
It sounds like the setup for a sitcom(情景喜剧) plot(情节，剧情): A school nurse at Marie Reed Elementary in Adams Morgan called up(致电) Mint a boutique health club in the neighborhood to find experts to lead a presentation on kids’ fitness. Personal trainers Lance Breger and Tanya Colucci immediately agreed. It was only after they’d hung up that they realized that neither of them had ever worked with children before.“I didn’t even like kids” says Breger who figured they might as well try to get some experience before they delivered the talk. So the duo(两个人;duo指两个/一对人或物，尤其是音乐和喜剧表演中的搭档) set up a five-week after-school program in the hopes of(为了) collecting data and pointers(指示). After being charmed(吸引，迷住) by some adorable smiles and recognizing how little these students had been exposed to good nutrition and exercise habits Breger says “I found my calling(使命;本指受上帝的感召而从事的事业，commitment比一般的任务、使命要强).”The experience spurred(激励) Breger and Colucci to co-found the Infinity Wellness Foundation) a nonprofit organization(非盈利性组织) that brings health and fitness professionals out of the gym and into the community.More than 4000 students at 19 area elementary schools have now gone through their WellKids program which has evolved considerably since that 2008 trial. Sessions are now 16 weeks the length of a semester. And the structure has been tweaked(调整，改进) along the way.Classes were originally 30 minutes of education followed by 30 minutes of movement. Or at least that’s what was supposed to happen. These days the sessions are broken down into a series of 10-minute segments to keep short attention spans(一个人可以保持注意力集中的时间) occupied. Nearly everything they do keeps the kids on their toes(保持站立) adds Breger who tries to minimize sitting time while covering “moving eating stretching and breathing.”And he has a few ideas for how parents can copy WellKids strategies at home to encourage activity for life.Cardio“Always start with a game” Breger says. There’s no need to have any special equipment or to reinvent the wheel(指花费时间精力在一个已经有了相当完善的解决方法的问题上). The classic diversions(消遣) such as freeze tag sharks and minnows and red light/green light(都是游戏的名字) are still a hit with kids. If you want to splurge on(花费，挥霍) something buy a balloon. “You can’t hit a balloon and not smile” he explains. Kids can pass it to one another while standing on one foot or crab walking around the floor. They can punch it like a boxing bag. Or they can sandwich it between two of them while they race in a relay(接力). However you use it he says the point isn’t to compete but to play which leaves kids with positive associations with movement.YogaNot a serious yogi .No problem. Kids don’t think of standing like a tree or mountain or warrior(勇士，军人) as a serious thing anyway. “It’s creative play to get a chance to act out the poses” Breger says. He recommends the $18 flashcards produced by YoKidan Alexandria-based organization devoted to bringing yoga to all children. Each 5-by-7 card features a child-friendly taste of yoga philosophy and a photo of akid demonstrating(示范) a pose. In WellKids classes students each get a card to study and then they can try to teach the rest of the group. Lying down in silence and practicing some deep breathing is easier after that too.StrengthBasic exercises including wall sits(背靠墙直角坐) planks(平板支撑) push-ups(俯卧撑) lunges(弓步) and squats(深蹲) might not sound all that fun. But that’s because you’ve never played Uno fitness Breger says. Just assign(分配) a movement to each color. When students pick a card from the deck they check the number to see how many reps(重复) of that movement to do. (Reinforcing math skills at the same time is a nice side benefit(副产品;副作用是side effect).) Another option is Simon Says only with all exercise-baed demands. These lessons won’t feel like work Breger says but they sure work on kids.以上就是前程百利小编为大家带来的托福阅读材料，平时的阅读练习是托福考试阅读备考的重要一环。
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托福阅读背景知识：27岁开始健忘
Researchers have found that peoples' mental abilities peak at 22 before beginning to deteriorate just five years later。
Professor Timothy Salthouse said the results suggested that therapies designed to prevent or reverse age-related conditions may need to start earlier, long before people become pensioners。
Almost half of over 50s 'unaware of leading cause of blindness'" Results converge on a conclusion that some aspects of age-related cognitive decline begin in healthy, educated adults when they are in their 20s and 30s," he said。
The study of 2,000 men and women lasted over seven years. The respondents, aged between 18-60, were asked to solve visual puzzles, recall words and story details and spot patterns in letters and symbols。
Similar tests are often used to diagnose mental disabilities and declines, including dementia。
The research by the University of Virginia found that in nine out of 12 tests the average age at which the top performance was achieved was 22.
The first age at which performance was significantly lower than the peak scores was 27 – for three tests of reasoning, speed of thought and spatial visualisation. Memory was shown to decline from the average age of 37. In the other tests, poorer results were shown by the age of 42.
However, the report published in the academic journal Neurobiology Of Ageing, found that abilities based on accumulated knowledge, such as performance on tests of vocabulary or general information, increased until at the age of 60.
Twenty-seven has long had negative connotations, as it is the age at which many popular musicians died, including Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, Brian Jones, Janis Joplin and Kurt Cobain。
研究人员发现，人的智力在22岁时达到顶峰，而仅在五年之后就会开始衰退。
蒂莫西•索尔特豪斯教授称，研究结果表明，旨在预防或扭转与年龄有关的症状的治疗应尽早开始，而非等到退休。
在50岁以上的人中，有近一半的人“不清楚导致智力衰退的主要原因”。
蒂莫西称，研究发现，对于身体健康，受过教育的成年人来说，与年龄有关的一些认知衰退症状在二三十岁时就开始了。
该研究持续七年之久，共对两千名18岁至60岁之间的男性和女性进行了调查。
研究人员要求调查对象做图形猜谜，复述单词和故事细节，以及指认字母和符号类型等各项测试。
类似的测试常被用于诊断智力残疾和包括痴呆症在内的智力衰退等。
弗吉尼亚大学开展的这项研究发现，在总共12项测试中，其中有9项获得最高分的调查对象平均年龄是22岁。
从逻辑推理、反应速度和空间想象力三项测试的结果来看，调查对象的得分首次明显低于之前的最高水平是在27岁。
记忆力开始衰退的平均年龄是37岁。
在其它几项测试中，调查对象的得分在42岁时开始降低。
但发表于《衰老神经生物学》学术期刊上的这项研究报告表明，从词汇或常识测试的结果看，基于知识积累的能力到了60岁会开始增长。
27岁一直是个不太吉利的年龄，很多流行歌手在27岁时去世，其中包括吉米•亨德里克斯、吉姆•莫里森、布赖恩•琼斯、贾尼斯•乔普林和柯特•科本。