Ralph Ellison
Self-reliance Ralph Waldo Emerson
Self-relianceType Work and Year of Publication......."Self-Reliance" is an essay that urges readers to trust their own intuition and common sense rather than automatically following popular opinion and conforming to the will of the majority. "Self-Reliance" was published in 1841 in a collection entitled Essays. In 1844, Emerson published a second collection, Essays: Second Series. Consequently, in 1847, he changed the title of the first collection to Essays: First Series.ThemesTrust Your Own Inner Voice.......Emerson urges his readers to retain the outspokenness of a small child who freely speaks his mind. A child he has not yet been corrupted by adults who tell him to do otherwise. He also urges readers to avoid envying or imitating others viewed as models of perfection; instead, he says, readersshould take pride in their own individuality and never be afraid to express their own original ideas. In addition, he says, they should refuse to conform to the ways of the popular culture and its shallow ideals; rather they should live up to their own ideals, even if doing so reaps themcriticism and denunciation.Avoid Consistency as an End in ItselfBeing consistent is not always wise. An idea or regimen to which you stubbornly cling can become outmoded tomorrow.Point of ViewEmerson uses first-, second-, and third-person point of view. In the opening paragraph of the essay, he first writes in the first person, telling readers about an experience of his. Then, after only three sentences, he switches to second person, as if he is advising a listener sitting acrossthe table from him. Later, in the paragraph, he switches to third person as he presents an exhortation about humankind in general. Following is the first part of the essay, in which Emerson uses all three points of view–first person in black, second person in red, and third person in blue:I read the other day some verses written by an eminent painter which were original and not conventional. The soul always hears an admonition in such lines, let the subject be what it may. The sentiment they instil[Emerson's spelling of instill] is of more value than any thought they may contain. To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men,—that is genius. Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense; for the inmost in due time becomes the outmost,—and our first thought is rendered back to us by the trumpets of the Last Judgment.Familiar as the voice of the mind is to each, the highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton is, that they set at naught books and traditions, and spoke not what men but what they thought.A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his.Style Among the most notable characteristics of Emerson’s writing style are these: (1) thorough development of his thesis through examples, repetition, and reinforcement; (2) coinage of memorable statements of principle, or aphorisms; (3) frequent references (allusions) to historical and literaryfigures, such as Socrates, Galileo, Copernicus, Napoleon, Shakespeare, Franklin, Dante, and Scipio (ancient Roman general who defeated Hannibal), who embody qualities Emerson discusses; (4) frequent use of figurative language to make a point, such as “An institution is the lengthened shadow ofone man” (metaphor) and “They who made England, Italy, or Greece ve nerable in the imagination did so by sticking fast where they were, like an axis of the earth” (simile).Promotion of American CreativityBecause Emerson eschewed imitation (as noted under Theme), he urged Americans to avoid mimicking art and ideas from abroad.He writes: Our houses are built with foreign taste; our shelves are garnished with foreign ornaments; our opinions, our tastes, our faculties, lean, and follow the Past and the Distant....Why need we copy the Doric or the Gothic model? Beauty, convenience, grandeur of thought,and quaint expression are as near to us as to any, and if the American artist will study with hope and love the precise thing to be done by him, considering the climate, the soil, the length of the day, the wants of the people, the habit and form of the government, he will create a house inwhich all these will find themselves fitted, and taste and sentiment will be satisfied also.Emerson and Transcendentalism.......Emerson believed every human being has inborn knowledge that enables him to recognize and understand moral truth without benefit of knowledge obtained through the physical senses. Using this inborn knowledge, a gift of God, an individual can make a moral decision without relying on informationgained through everyday living, education, and experimentation. One may liken this inborn knowledge to conscience or intuition........Emerson and others who believed that this inborn knowledge served as a moral guiding force were known as transcendentalists—that is, they believed that this inner knowledge was a higher, transcendent form of knowledge than that which came through the senses. Because Emerson and his fellow transcendentalists trusted their own inner light as a moral guiding force, they were possessed of a fierce spiritofself-reliance. They were individualists; they liked to make decisions for themselves. If the government adopted a policy or a law that offended their consciences, they generally reacted strongly........Transcendentalism, as Emerson’s moral philosophy was called, did not originate with him or his fellow transcendentalis ts in New England but with the German philosopher Emanuel Kant. He used the German word for transcendental to refer to intuitive or innate knowledge—knowledge that is a priori rather than a posteriori.Epigraph An ancient Latin quotation precedes the essay: Ne te quaesiveris extra(Do not look outside of yourself for the truth.) The Roman satirist and poet Aulus Persius Flaccus (AD 34-63)—usually referred to simply as Persius—wrote those words in Book 1, line 7, of his Satires. The quotation is an apt introductory aphorism for Emerson's essay, for it sums up the central idea of "Self-Reliance" and the transcendental philosophy behind it: that one should rely on his own inner voice—his own intuition and instinct—to make important decisions and put his life on a righteous path. In other words, the quotation says, rely on yourself. Emerson follows the Latin quotation with an English quotation from the epilogue of a verse drama by playwrights Franics Beaumont and John Fletcher, contemporaries of Shakespeare. That quotation, which begins with the words Man is his own star, reinforces the view expressed in the Latin quotation.Summary of the EssayPlease be aware that the following summary condenses the content of “Self-Reliance.” It retains first-person point of view to make the summary more readable and easier to understand. Quotations marks surround the exact wording of Emerson.A man should believe in himself. When he has an original thought, he should embrace it and make it known to others rather than reject it simply because it is his own and therefore unworthy. "Else, to-morrow a stranger will say with masterly good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with shame our own opinion from another."It is better to exercise the power within yourself than to envy and imitate others. When you are young, you are bold and independent; you assert yourself. You listen to the voice within and express yourself without bias and fear. But as you grow older, yousurrender your liberty to society. You want to be like others, act like others. And so you suppress yourself.However, if you want to be a man, you must be a nonconformist. Unfortunately, though, we let others have too much influence over us. These may be men of vanity and malice who take up philanthropic or noble causes–a bigot, for example, who says he supportsabolition but keeps black people at a distance. He loves from afar.Many men think virtue is the exception rather than the rule. They perform acts of charity as if they were paying a fine or doing a penance."I do not wish to expiate, but to live. My life is for itself and not for a spectacle. I much prefer that it should be ofa lower strain, so it be genuine and equal, than that it should be glittering and unsteady."I do not need or want the approval of other men. What I believe I should do is what concerns me, not what other people think I should do. Of course, it is not easy to follow your own inner voice, for there are always those who will try to make you conform tothe public will. It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great "man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude."Conformity turns your life into a lie because in living according to the will of others you are not being true to yourself. To conform, to please others, you put on a false face, smiling when in the presence of people with whom you feel uncomfortable orpretending to be interested in dull conversation.Consistency can also a problem. If you strive to be consistent in all things, you live according to a pattern—a pattern you are afraid to break out of because you are afraid that people will look down on you. Bosh! "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. He may aswell concern himself with his shadow on the wall." What if what you said today is not consistent with what you said yesterday? Why, then, people will misunderstand you. But is that so bad? Socrates and Jesus were misunderstood. So were Galileo and Newton and other wisemen.I wish we could do away with consistency and conformity. Men who listen to themselves rather than to the common herd are true men. Andit is true men who leave their mark on history.If all men became self-reliant, then all of their activities and institutions would be better: religion, education, the way they live, the way they think.Notable Quotations From "Self-Reliance"•Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.•Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.•What I must do is all that concerns me, not what thepeople think.• A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. Withconsistency a great soul has simply nothing to do.•Travelling is a fool's paradise.•Insist on yourself; never imitate.•Society never advances. It recedes as fast on one side asit gains on the other.•The civilized man has built a coach, but has lost the useof his feet.•An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.•Discontent is the want of self-reliance: it is infirmity ofwill.•Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing canbring you peace but the triumph of principles.。
A Party Down at the Square Ralph Ellison
A Party Down at the SquareBy Ralph EllisonI don‟t know what started it. A bunch of men came by my Uncle Eds place and said there was going to be a party down at the Square, and my uncle hollered for me to come on and I ran with them through the dark and rain and there we were at the Square. When we got there everybody was mad and quiet and standing around looking at the nigger. Some of the men had guns, and one man kept goosing the nigger in his pants with the barrel of a shotgun, saying he ought to pull the trigger, but he never did. It was right in front of the courthouse, and the old clock in the tower was striking twelve. The rain was falling cold and freezing as it fell. Everybody was cold, and the nigger kept wrapping his arms around himself trying to stop the shivers.Then one of the boys pushed through the circle and snatched off the nigger‟s shirt, and there he stood, with his black skin all shivering in the light from the fire, and looking at us with a scaired look on his face and putting his hands in his pants pockets Folks started yelling to hurry up and kill the nigger. Somebody yelled: “Take your hands out of your pockets, nigger, we gonna have plenty heat in a minnit.” But the nigger didn‟t hear him and kept his hands where they were.I tell you the rain was cold. I had to stick my hands in my pockets they got so cold. The fire was pretty small, and they put some logs around the platform they had the nigger on and then threw on some gasoline, and you could see the lames light up the whole Square. It was late and the streetlights had been off for a long time. It was so bright that the bronze statue of the general standing there in the Square was like something alive. The shadows playing on his moldy green face made him seem to be smiling down at the nigger.They threw on more gas, and it made the Square bright like it gets when the lights are turned on or when the sun is setting red. All the wagons and cars were standing around the curbs. Not like Saturday though – the nigger s weren‟t there. Not a single nigger was there except this Bacote nigger and they dragged him there tied to the back of Jed Wilson‟s truck. On Saturday there‟s as many niggers as white folks.Everybody was yelling crazy …cause they were about to set fir e to the nigger, and I got to the rear of the circle and looked around the Square to try to count the cars. The shadows of the folks was flickering on the trees in the middle of the Square. I saw some birds that the noise had woke up flying through the trees. I guess maybe they thought it was morning. The ice had started the cobblestones in the street to shine where the rain was falling and freezing. I counted forty cars before I lost count. I knew folks must have been there from Phenix City by all the cars mixed in with the wagons.God, it was a hell of a night. It was some night all right. When the noise died down I heard the nigger‟s voice from where I stood int eh back, so I pushed my way up front. The nigger was bleeding from his nose and ears, and I could see him all red where the dark blood was running down his black skin. He kept lifting first one foot and then the other, like a chicken on a hot stove. I looked down to the platform they had him on, and they had pushed a ring of fire up close to his feet. It must have been hot to him with the flames almost touching his big black toes. Somebody yelled for the nigger to say his prayers, but the nigger wasn‟t saying anything now. He just kinda moaned with his eyes shut and kept moving up and down on his feet, first one foot and then the other.I watched the flames burning the logs up closer and closer to the nigger‟s feet. They were burning good now, and the rain had stopped and the wind was rising, making the flames flare higher. I looked, and there must have been thirty-five women in the crowd, and I could hear their voices clear and shrill mixed in with those of the men. Then it happened. I heard the noise about the same time everyone else did. It was like the roar of a cyclone blowing up from the gulf, and everyone was looking up into the air to see what it was. Some of the faces looked surprised and scaired, all but the nigger. He didn‟t even hear the noise He didn‟t even look up. Then the roar came closer, right above our heads and the wind was blowing higher and higher and the sound seemed to be going in circles.Then I saw her. Through the clouds and fog I could see a red and green light on her wings. I could see them just for a second: then she rose up into the low clouds. I looked out for the beacon over the tops of the buildings in the direction of the airfield that‟s forty miles away, and it wasn‟t circling around. You usually could see it sweeping around the sky at night, but it wasn‟t there. Then, there she was again, like a big bird lost in the fog. I looked for the red and green lights, and they weren‟t there anymore. She was flying even closer to the tops of the buildings than before. The wind was blowing harder, and leaves started flying about, making funny shadows on the ground, and tree limbs were cracking and falling.It was a storm all right. The pilot must have thought he was over the landing field. Maybe he thought the fire in the Square was put there for him to land by. Gosh, but it scaired the folks. I was scaired too. They started yelling: “He‟s going to land. He‟s going to land.” And: “He‟s going to fall.” A few started for their cars and wagons. I could hear the wagons creaking and chains jangling and cars spitting and missing as they started the engines up. Off to my right, a horse started pitching and striking his hooves against a car.I didn‟t know what to do. I wanted to run, and I wanted to stay and see what was going to happen. The plane was close as hell. The pilot must have been trying to see where he was at, and her motors were drowning out all the sounds. I could even feel the vibration, and my hair felt like it was standing up under my hat. I happened to look over at the statue of the general standing with one leg before the other and leaning back on a sword, and I was fixing to run over and climb between his legs and sit there and watch when the roar stopped some, and I looked up and she was gliding just over the top of the trees in the middle of the Square.Her motors stopped altogether and I could hear the sound of branches cracking and snapping off below her landing gear. I could see her plain now, all silver and shining in the light of the fire with TWA in black letters under her wings. She was sailing smoothly out of the Square when she hit the high power lines that follow the Birmingham highway through the town. It made a loud crash. I t sounded like the wind blowing the door of a tin barn shut. She only hit with her landing gear, but I could see the sparks flying, and the wires knocked loose from the poles were spitting blue sparks and whipping around like a bunch of snakes and leaving circles of blue sparks in the darkness.The plane had knocked five or six wires loose, and they were dangling and swinging, and every time they touched they threw off more sparks. The wind was making them swing, and when I got over there, there was a crackling and spitting screen of blue haze across the highway. I lost my hat running over, but I didn‟t stop to look forit. I was among the first and I could hear the others pounding behind me across the grass of the Square. They were yelling to beat all hell, and they came up fast, pushing and shoving, and someone got pushed against a swinging wire. It made a sound like when a blacksmith drops a red hot horseshoe into a barrel of water, and the steam comes up. I could smell th flesh burning. The first time I‟d ever smelled it. I got up close and it was a woman. It must have killed her right off. She was lying in a puddle stiff as a board, with pieces of glass insulators that the plane had knocked off the poles lying all around her. Her white dress was torn, and I saw one of her tits hanging out in the water and her thighs. Some woman screamed and fainted and almost fell on a wire, but a man caught her. The sheriff and his men were yelling and driving folks back with guns shining in their hands, and everything was lit up blue by the sparks. The shock had turned the woman almost as black as the nigger. I was trying to see if she wasn‟t blue too, or if it was just the sparks, and the sheriff drove me away. As I backed off trying to see, I heard the motors of the plane start up again somewhere off to the right in the clouds.The clouds were moving fast in the wind and the wind was blowing the smell of something burning over to me. I turned around, and the crowd was headed back to the nigger. I could see him standing there in the middle of the flames. The wind was making the flames brighter every minute. The crowd was running. I ran too. I ran back across the grass with the crowd. It wasn‟t so large now that so many had gone when the plane came. I tripped and fell over the limb of a tree lying in the grass and bit my lip. It ain‟t well yet I bit it so bad. I could taste the blood in my mouth as I ran over. I guess that‟s what made me sick. When I got there, the fire had caught the nigger‟s pants, and the folks were standing around watching, but not too close on account of the wind blowing the flames. Somebody hollered, “Well, nigger, it ain‟t so cold now.” And the nigger looked up with his great white eyes looking like they was …bout to pop out of his head, and I had enough. I didn‟t want to see anymore. I wanted to run somewhere and puke, but I stayed. I stayed right there in the front of the crowd and looked.The nigger tried to say something I couldn‟t hear for the roar of the wind in the fire, and I strained my ears. Jed Wilson hollered, “What you say there, nigger?” And it came back through the flames in his nigger voice: “Will somebody please cut my throat like a Christian?” And Jed hollered back, “Sorry, but ain‟t no Christians around tonight. Ain‟t no Jew-boys neither. We‟re just one hundred percent Americans.”Then the nigger was silent. Folks start ed laughing at Jed. Jed‟s right popular with the folks, and next year, my uncle says, they plan to run him for sheriff. The heat was too much for me, and the smoke was making my eyes to smart. I was trying to back away when Jed reached down and brought up a can of gasoline and threw it in the fire on the nigger. I could see the flames catching the gas in a puff as it went in in a silver sheet and some of it reached the nigger, making spurts of blue fire all over his chest.Well, that nigger was tough. I have to give it to that nigger; he was really tough. He had started to burn like a house afire and was making the smoke smell like burning hides. The fire was up around his head, and the smoke was so thick and black we couldn‟t see him. And him not m oving – we thought he was dead. Then he started out. The fire had burned the ropes they had tied him with, and he started jumping and kicking about like he was blind, and you could smell his skin burning. He kicked so hard that the platform, which was burning too, fell in, and he rolled out of the fire at my feet. I jumped back so he wouldn‟t get on me. I‟ll never forget it. Every time I eat barbeque I‟llremember that never forget it. Every time I eat barbeque I‟ll remember that nigger. His back was just like a barbecued hog. I could see the prints of his ribs where they start around from his backbone and curve down and around. It was a sight to see, that nigger‟s back. He was right at my feet, and somebody behind pushed me and almost made me step on him, and he was still burning.I didn‟t step on him though, and Jed and somebody else pushed him back into the burning planks and logs and poured on more gas. I wanted to leave, but the folks were yelling and I couldn‟t move except to look around an d see the statue. A branch the wind had broken was resting on his hat. I tried to push out and get away because my guts were gone, and all I got was spit and hot breath in my face from the woman and two men standing directly behind me. So I had to turn back around. The nigger rolled out of the fire again. He wouldn‟t stay put. It was on the other side this time. I couldn‟t see him very well through the flames and smoke. They got some tree limbs and held him there this time and he stayed there till he was ashes. I guess he stayed there. I know he burned to ashes because I saw Jed a week later, and he laughed and showed me some white finger bones still held together with little pieces of the nigger‟s skin. Anyway, I left when somebody moved around to see the nigger. I pushed my way through the crowd, and a woman in the rear scratched my face as she yelled and fought to get up close.I ran across the Square to the other side, where the sheriff and his deputies were guarding the wires that were still spitting and making a blue fog. My heart was pounding like I had been running a long ways, and I bent over and let my insides go. Everything came up and spilled in a big gush over the ground. I was sick, and tired, and weak, and cold. The wind was still high, and large drops of rain were beginning to fall. I headed down the street to my uncle‟s place past a store where the wind had broken a window, and glass lay over the sidewalk. I kicked it as I went by. I remember somebody‟s fool rooster crowing like it was morning in all that wind.The next day I was too weak to go out, and my uncle kidded me and called me “the gutless wonder from Cincinnati.” I didn‟t mind. He said you get used to it in time. He couldn‟t go out hisself. There was too much wind and rain. I got up and looked out of the window, and the rain was pouring down and dead sparrows and limbs of trees were scattered all over the yard. There had been a cyclone all right. It swept a path right through the county, and we were lucky we didn‟t get the full force of it.It blew for three days steady, and put the town in a hell of a shape. The wind blew sparks and set fire to the white-and-green-rimmed house on Jackson Avenue that had the big concrete lions in the yard and burned it down to the ground. They had to kill another nigger who tried to run out of the county after they burned this Bacote nigger. My Uncle Ed said they always have to kill niggers in pairs to keep the other niggers in place. I don‟t know though, the folks seem a little skittish of the niggers. They all came back, but they act pretty sullen. They look mean as hell when you pass them down at the store. The other day I was down to Brinkley‟s store, and a white cropper said it didn‟t do no good to kill the niggers …cause things don‟t get no better. He looked hungry as hell. Most of the croppers look hungry. You‟d be surprised how hungry white folks can look. Somebody said that he‟d better shut his damn mouth, and he shut up. But from the look on his face he wo n‟t stay shut long. He went out of the store muttering to himself and spit a big chew of tobacco right down on Brinkley‟s floor. Brinkley said he was sore …cause he wouldn‟t let him have credit. Anyway, it didn‟t seem to help things. First itwas the nigger and the storm, then the plane, then the woman and the wire, and now I hear the airplane line is investigating to find who set the fire that almost wrecked their plane. All that in one night, and all of it but the storm over one nigger. It was some night all right. It was some party too. I was right there, see. I was right there watching it all. It was my first party and my last. God, but that nigger was tough. That Bacote nigger was some nigger!。
Ralph_Ellison
Writing career
During World War II, Ellison joined the Merchant Marine, and in1946 he married his second wife, Fanny McConnell. From 1947 to 1951 , he earned some money writing book reviews, but spent most of his time working on Invisible Man. Fanny also helped type Ellison’s longhand text and assisted her husband in editing the typescript as it progressed. In 1952, Invisible Man was published. The novel, with its treatment of taboo issues as incest, won the National Book Award in 1953.
Ralph Ellison
拉尔夫 艾里森
(1914-1994)
Ralph Waldo Ellison
Ralph Waldo Ellison (1914 –1994) was an African-American novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer. He was born and grew up in Oklahoma city, Oklahoma（俄克拉何马州）. Lewis Ellison, his father, named his son after the famous American poet and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, telling that he was “raising this boy up to be a poet”. Ellison is best known for his novel Invisible Man
Ralph Ellison--Invisible Man 看不见的人
Bildungsroman Novel
A coming of age novel which chronicles a character’s development and maturation over the span of several years.
Main character begins as a bright high school student and matures to a man who understands the nature of the world.
Invisible Man is the story of a man in New York City who, after his experiences growing up and living as a model black citizen, now lives in an underground hole and believes he is invisible to American society.
The narrator remains a voice and never emerges as an external and quantifiable presence. This obscurity emphasizes his status as an “invisible man.”
For much of the story, the narrator remains extremely innocent and inexperienced. He is prone to think the best of people even when he has reason not to, and he remains consistently respectful of authority. Ellison uses heavy irony to allow the reader to see things that the narrator misses. After the “battle royal” in Chapter 1, for instance, the narrator accepts his scholarship from the brutish white men with gladness and gratitude. Although he passes no judgment on the white men’s behavior, the men’s actions provide enough evidence for the reader to denounce the men as appalling racists. While the narrator can be somewhat unreliable in this regard, Ellison makes sure that the reader perceives the narrator’s blindness.
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第21单元 拉尔夫
第21单元拉尔夫•华尔多•埃利森21.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Ralph Waldo Ellison(1914-1994)was born in Oklahoma City.From his birth, Ellison’s parents knew he was bound for prosperity.His father even named him for the great writer Ralph Waldo Emerson in an effort to ensure such success.Mrs. Ellison,a maid,would bring home books,magazines,and record albums that had been discarded in the homes she cleaned.Ellison revered and admired the musicians of his area.At Douglas High School,Ellison followed his inclination toward music.From there,he went to Tuskegee Institute on a scholarship and dreamed of writing a symphony.After there was a mix-up with his scholarship, Ellison chose to go north in order to save money for tuition.Arriving in New York, Ellison found it difficult to find work and even harder to find work as a musician. The result was a succession of odd jobs at Harlem’s YMCA with a psychiatrist.There Ellison acted as a file clerk and a receptionist,and held various other jobs around town.During this time,Ellison met the writer Richard Wright, who encouraged him to be a writer rather than a musician.From this point on, Ellison followed a life of writing in which he earned many awards.拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森(1914—1994)出生在俄克拉荷马市。
Ralph+Waldo+Ellison+
1914– 1914– 1994
Ralph Ellison
Ralph Waldo Ellison was a scholar and writer. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, named by his father after Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ellison was best known for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953. He also wrote Shadow and Act (1964), a collection of political, social and critical essays, and Going to the Territory (1986).
The narrator travels to the bright lights and bustle of 1930s Harlem, where he looks unsuccessfully for work. The letters of recommendation are of no help. At last, the narrator goes to the office of one of his letters' addressees, a trustee named Mr. Emerson. There he meets Emerson's son, who opens the letter and tells the narrator that he has been betrayed: the letters from Bledsoe actually portray the narrator as dishonorable and unreliable. The young Emerson helps the narrator to get a lowlowpaying job at the Liberty Paints plant, whose trademark color is “Optic White.” The narrator White.” briefly serves as an assistant to Lucius Brockway, the black man who makes this white paint, but Brockway suspects him of joining in union activities and turns on him. The two men fight, neglecting the paint-making; consequently, one of the paintunattended tanks explodes, and the narrator is knocked unconscious.
原创好资料!invisible man 看不见的人 隐形人 Ralph
Blindness Betray limitation
Seeking Individual Identity
renew his knowledge about the fields of defining self
seeking self and self discovery
deciding to emerge from his hibernation, face society and make a visible difference
What is his identity?
Rinehart
The narrator
The Limitations of Ideology
“Brotherhood”
LSimaivt eofthinedpiveidoupalel freedom AGwahiniteanmiadne'sntpituyppet
• (P6) “I doubt if there is a brighter spot in all New York than this hole of mine... Or the Empire State Building on a photographer's dream night. But that is taking advantage of you (deceive). Those two spots are among the darkest of out whole civilization … our whole culture (an important distinction, I’ve heard) –which might sound like a hoax. Or a contradiction … Not like an arrow, but a boomerang. ”
invisible man读后感以及作者Ralph Ellison介绍
against him. Disillusioned, he begins to learn to be independent, and this process is also one of searching for self-identity. The battle royal is symbolic of the position of all African American people in this white-dominated society: Their fate is completely controlled by white men,who subject them to insults humiliation and threats.The anguish of the narrator during the battle royal reveals his desperate struggle to be recognized in a world that refuses to see him as a human being. At the very beginning of this chapter the narrator says,”I’m looking for myself...It took me a long time and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to achieve a alization everyone else appears to have been born with: That I am nobody but myself.”These words explicitly point out the central theme of the novel-modern man's search for self-identity.
2024年吉林省中考英语模拟预测试卷含答案
2024年吉林省中考英语模拟预测试卷含答案考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。
2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。
3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
Ⅰ. 单项选择1、-Y ou can see my dreams will ________ one day. - Er! Let’s wait.A．come out B．come on C．come true D．come in2、Mr. White with his two kids __________ to the beach for vacation every year.A．go B．goes C．went D．are going3、Lesson ____ is so difficult that it will take them _________ to learn it.A．Sixth; two and a half days B．Six; two days and halfC．Sixth; two and a half day D．Six; two days and a half4、Mrs. Smith explained the problem clearly _______ all of us could understand her.A．until B．although C．so that D．as soon as5、Knowing something well is not easy. It may take years ___ you know everything of something.A．since B．after C．before D．until6、---Nancy, how can I protect the birds? They are in danger.---I think you may protect them _____ joining the Bird Watching Society.A．in B．by C．on D．with7、Un less you ________ your ID card, the teacher won’t let you in.A．will have B．have C．had8、_____ Tom_____Maria loves this sport.A．Both, and B．Not only, but also C．But, and D．Both, or9、–Does Jenny live here?–Yes. But I don't know_________________.A．which room does she live inB．in which room lives sheC．which room she lives inD．in which room does she live10、—Have you seen ______ movie Nice To Meet You?—Yes, it's ______ wonderful one.A．a, the B．the; a C．the; the D．a; aⅡ. 完形填空11、Tom is the son of a farm owner. One New Y ear's Day, when he was 15, his father 1 him to work on the farm forone year when he was free. Tom was 2 with his father's idea. "That isn't my job. I have too much school work to do. " Hearing this, his father said, "I promise (许诺) to give you the best present 3 you can finish one year's work. " Tom thought for a while and 4Starting one Saturday, the boy got up early and worked 5 until evening, just like any other 6 Time passed quickly. Tom's crops (庄稼) grew well. On the last day of the year, the father called his son to him."I'm happy to see that you have worked very hard the whole 7 ," said the father. "Now, tell me 8 you want."The boy smiled and showed his father a big piece of bread made from his wheat (小麦). "I've already got the 9 present. No pains, no gains. I think this is what you wanted me to 10 ." His father was quite pleased to hear that. 1．A．asked B．invited C．promised2．A．pleased B．unhappy C．excited3．A．Unless B．because C．if4．A．refused B．answered C．agreed5．A．slowly B．hard C．easily6．A．student B．son C．farmer7．A．month B．year C．day8．A．what B．where C．how9．A．smallest B．worst C．best10．A．know B．take C．decideⅢ. 语法填空12、阅读下面短文，根据语境、音标或所给单词的提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当的词，要求所填的词意义准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。
研究生英语读写译教程1_18单元翻译练习答案
Unit 1翻译技巧（一）翻译概述1.把下面的英语段落翻译成汉语。
没有哪个政治体制是完美的；但是很多美国人都会告诉你，如果他们会嫉妒我们的一样东西的话，那就是我们英国传统的为期三周的大选，因为它的简洁就是一种仁慈 ---- 是对选民和政治家们双方的仁慈：他们拿它跟美国四年一度的总统选举中进行的那些耗时几个月的战争相比。
2.把下面的汉语段落翻译成英语。
Someone has once prophesied that once cigarettes disappear from the surface of the earth, the whole world may be in chaos. This might be an exaggeration, but the danger of smoking should not be underestimated.Smoking is a curse affecting the whole globe.Let ’s put foreign countries aside.China alone has hundreds of millions of smokers. Addicted smokers often say that it would be more difficult for them to endure the suffering of two hours without smoking a cigarette than a day without having meals. Smoking pollutes the air and endangers the health,consequently increasing the incidence of lung cancer greatly.Unit 2翻译技巧 ( 二)直译与意译1.用直译法翻译下列的词语、惯用语和句子：（1）开胃酒（2）水果蛋糕（3）童装（4）人工语言（5）门铃（ 6）访问学者（7）走下坡路（8）扣帽子/加标签于某人（9）随大流（ 10） overtime pay（11）peanut oil（12）rice flour（13）academic journal（ 14）woman editor（15）evening paper（16）tear up by the roots（ 17）get in by the backdoor（18）paper tiger(19)必须注意到 , 电流是与每次电阻减小成比例地增加的。
50部英文小说中英文名对照背诵单词
作品名作者名1．An American Tragedy（美国悲剧）Theodore Dreiser（狄德罗·德莱塞）2．Gone With the Wind（飘）Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特·米切尔）3．The Grapes of Wrath（愤怒的葡萄）John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦伯克）4．Gravity’s Rainbow（引力彩虹）Thomas Pynchon（托马斯·品钦）5．The Great Gatsby（了不起的盖茨比）F. Scott Fitzgerald（F·斯考特·菲茨杰拉德）6．Invisible Man（隐形人）Ralph Ellison（拉尔芙·埃利逊）7．Light in August（八月之光）William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）8．The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe（狮子，女巫和魔衣橱）C.S. Lewis （C·S·Lewis）9．Possession（占有）A.S. Byatt（A·S·伯亚特）10．T he Power and the Glory（权力与荣耀）Graham Greene（G·格林）11．T he Recognitions（辨识）William Gaddis（威廉·格迪斯）12．R ed Harvest（红色收获）Dashiell Hammett （达斯·哈迈特）13．R evolutionary Road（革命之路）Richard Yates（理查·叶茨）14．T he Sheltering Sky（僻护天空）Paul Bowles（保罗·保尔斯）15．T he Sound and the Fury（喧哗与骚动）William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）16．T he Sportswriter（体育新闻记者）Richard Ford（理查·福特）17．S now Crash（雪崩）Neal Stephenson（尼尔·史蒂文森）18．T he Sun Also Rises（太阳照样升起）Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特·海明威）19．T heir Eyes Were Watching God（他们仰望上帝）Zora Neale Hurston（佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿）20．T hings Fall Apart（瓦解）Chinua Achebe（切努瓦·阿切比）21．T o the Lighthouse（到灯塔去）Virginia Woolf（芙吉妮亚·伍尔夫）22．U nder the Net（网下）Iris Murdoch（埃尔斯·莫多克）23．U nder the Volcano（火山下）Malcolm Lowrey（马尔孔·罗瑞）24．A nimal Farm（动物农场）George Orwell（乔治·奥维尔）25．A ppointment in Samarra（相约萨玛拉）John O’Hara（约翰·奥哈拉）26．A re You There God? It’s Me, Margaret（神哪，您在那里吗？是我，玛格丽特）Judy Blume（朱迪·布罗姆）27．T he Assistant（助手）Bernard Malamud（伯纳德·马拉迈德）28．P ride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 Jane Austen 简奥斯丁29．S ense and Sensibility 理智与情感Jane Austen 简奥斯丁30．T he Secret Garden 秘密花园Frances Hodgson Burnett 弗朗西斯霍齐森班内特31．T he Heart Is A Lonely Hunter（心是孤独的猎手）Carson McCullers（卡尔逊·迈勒斯）32．T he Heart of the Matter（核心问题）Graham Greene（G·格林）33．H ousekeeping（管家）Marilynne Robinson （玛琳·罗伯逊）34．N aked Lunch（裸体午餐）William Burroughs （威廉·伯罗斯）35．N ative Son（土著之子）Richard Wright（理查·莱特）36．N ever Let Me Go（别让我走）Kazuo Ishiguro （卡佐·伊什古罗）37．P lay It As It Lays（顺其自然）Joan Didion（琼·迪丹）38．A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》（Ernest Hemingway）海明威39．O n the Road（在路上） Jack Kerouac（杰克·克鲁亚克）40．B rave New World《美丽新世界》（Aldous Huxley，阿道司·赫胥黎41．A lice's Adventures in Wonderland 《爱丽丝漫游奇境》 Lewis Carroll 刘易斯·卡罗尔42．G reat Expectations《远大前程》Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯43．L eaves of Grass《草叶集》Walt Whitman，沃尔特·惠特曼44．L ord of the Ring《指环王》 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien，约翰·罗纳德·瑞尔·托尔金45．A Dance to the Music of Time（随时间音乐起舞）Anthony Powell（安东尼·鲍威）46．T he Diary of a Nobody《小人物日记》乔治·格罗史密斯（George Grossmith）和威登（Weedon Grossmith）。
非裔美籍作家
小说揉合了realism现实主义和surrealism超现实主义的风格， 运用satire讽刺、irony反语和analogy比喻，追溯了一位无名 黑人的“隐形”历史，因为他觉得自己在美国社会缺少个 人认同感。主人公的经历不仅象征着埃利森的黑人同胞们 的困境，也代表着所有人都在无法理解的现代社会中在寻 找自我。 《影子与行动》（Shadow and Act）（1964年）和《步入 文学界》（Going to the Territory）（1986年）是两卷文集。 1999年，《六月庆典》（Juneteenth）出版，这是埃利森生 前耗费42年完成的一份文稿。
小说《隐形人》（Invisible Man）（1952年）赢得广泛的 好评。
注：其花费七年多（有的认为长达八年）时间精心创作的第一部长篇小说、也是其在 世期间问世的唯一一部长篇小说《看不见的人》（又名《隐形人》）于1952年出版后， 便立即在美国文学界和美国社会引起了巨大反响，在1953年相继获得美国国家图书奖 和普利策奖，1965年又被评为美国二战以来最重要、最有影响的小说，从而一举奠定 了他在美国文学史上的地位。直到今天，这部小说仍被列为世界文坛的“现代经典作 品”。他本人也因此获得了美国自由勋章等荣誉，并被接纳为美国科学院院士。这部
拉尔夫〃埃利森以美国现代作家的身份出现在世界文坛,文学界普遍认为,其 《无形人》的问世标志着黑人文学脱离现实主义和自然主义文风,迈入了现代文学 的殿堂,但值得注意的是,拉尔夫〃埃利森对美国非裔文学的里程碑式贡献还远不 在此。 拉尔夫〃埃利森是美国二十世纪五十年代以来最重要的黑人文学作家,同时 是一个卓有成效的美国文学评论家,还是20世纪美国文化研究的重要开拓者之一。 他对美国黑人文学和美国文学作出了里程碑式的贡献,在整个美国非裔文学创作及 文学理论的发展演变过程中起到了承前启后的作用。
兰登书屋评选的20世纪百部经典英文小说书目
兰登书屋评选的20世纪百部经典英文小说书目美国兰登书屋的《当代文库》编辑小组於1998年7月间选出了二十世纪一百大英文小说。
这份排名书单一公布,即引起举世回响和评论。
百大小说之圈选,以英国航海作家康拉德(Joseph Conrad)入选四本最多;其他如乔伊斯、福克纳、劳伦斯、福斯特、詹姆斯、渥夫各有叁本入选。
乔伊斯的《尤里西斯》是第一名,这本书在其他名单也都名列前茅。
就出版年代而言,出版最早的是1900年的《嘉莉妹妹》和《吉姆爷》;最近的则是1983年的《紫苑草》;1985年以後尚无入选作品。
20世纪百大英文小说名单:1. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《尤里西斯》(Ulysses)19222. 费兹杰罗(F. S. Fitzgerald)美国《大亨小传》(The Great Gatsby)19253. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《青年艺术家的画像》(A Portrait of the Artistas a Young Man)19164. 纳巴科夫(Vladimir Nabokov)俄裔美籍《洛莉塔》(Lolita)19555. 赫胥黎(Aldous Huxley)英国《美丽新世界》(Brave New World)19326. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《声音与愤怒》(The Sound andFury)19297. 海勒(Joseph Heller)美国《第22条军规》(Catch-22)19618. 柯斯勒(Arthur Koestler)匈牙利《中午的黑暗》(Darkness atNoon)19419. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lover)191310. 史坦贝克(John Steinbeck)美国《愤怒的葡萄》(The Grapes of Wrath)193911. 劳瑞(Malcolm Lowry)英国《在火山下》(Under the Volcano)194712. 巴特勒(Samuel Butler)英国《众生之路》(The Way of All Flesh)190313. 欧威尔(George Orwell)英国《一九八四》(1984)194914. 格雷夫斯(Robert Graves)英国《我,克劳狄》(I, Claudius)193415. 吴尔芙(Virginia Woolf)英国《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)192716. 德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser)美国《人间悲剧》(An AmericanTragedy)192517. 玛克勒丝(Carson McCullers)美国《同是天涯沦落人》(The Heart Is a Longly Heart) 194018. 冯内果(Kurt Vonnegut)美国《第五号屠宰场》(Slaughterhouse-Five)196919. 埃利森(Ralph Ellison)美国《隐形人》(Invisible Man)195220. 莱特(Richard Wright)美国《土生子》(Native Son)194021. 贝娄(Saul Bellow)美国《雨王韩德森》(Henderson the RainKing)195922. 奥哈拉(John O'Hara)美国《在萨马拉的会合》(Appointment in Samarra)193423. 多斯帕索斯(John Dos Passos)美国《美国》(U. S. A. )193624. 安德生(Sherwood Anderson)美国《小城故事》(Winesburg, Ohio)191925. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《印度之旅》(A Passage to India)192426. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《鸽翼》(The Wings of the Dove)190227. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《奉使记》(The Ambassadors)190328. 费兹杰罗(F. S. Fitzgerald)美国《夜未央》(Tender Is theNight)193429. 法雷尔(James T. Farrell)美国《「斯塔兹?朗尼根」三部曲》(Studs Lonigan-trilogy) 193530. 福特(Ford Madox Ford)英国《好兵》(The Good Soldier)191531. 欧威尔(George Orwell)英国《动物农庄》(Animal Farm)194532. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《金碗》(The Golden Bowl)190433. 德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser)美国《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie)190034. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《一掬尘土》(A Handful of Dust)193435. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《出殡现形记》(As I Lay Dying)193036. 华伦(Robert Penn Warren)美国《国王供奉的人们》(All the King's Men)194637. 威尔德(Thornton Wilder)美国《圣路易?莱之桥》(The Bridge of SanLuis Rey)192738. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《此情可问天》(Howards End)191039. 包德温(James Baldwin)美国《向苍天呼吁》(Go Tell It on the Mountain)195340. 葛林(Graham Greene)英国《事情的真相》(The Heart of theMatter)194841. 高汀(William Golding)英国《苍蝇王》(Lord of the Flies)195442. 迪基(James Dickey)美国《解救》(Deliverance )197043. 鲍威尔(Anthony Powell)英国《与时代合拍的舞蹈》(A Dance to the Music of Time) 197544. 赫胥黎(Aldous Huxley)英国《针锋相对》(Point Counter Point)192845. 海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美国《太阳照样升起》(The Sun Also Rise)192646. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《特务》(The Secret Agent)190747. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《诺斯特罗莫》(Nostromo)190448. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《彩虹》(Rainbow)191549. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《恋爱中的女人》(Women in Love)192050. 米勒(Henry Miller)美国《北回归线》(Tropic of Cancer)193451. 梅勒(Norman Mailer)美国《裸者和死者》(The Naked and Dead)194852. 罗斯(Philp Roth)美国《波特诺伊的抱怨》(Portnoy's Complaint)196953. 纳巴科夫(Vladimir Nabokov)俄裔美籍《苍白的火》(Pale Fire)196254. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《八月之光》(Light in August)193255. 克洛厄(Jack Kerouac)美国《在路上》(On the Road)195756. 汉密特(Dashiell Hammett)美国《马尔他之鹰》(The MalteseFalcon)193057. 福特(Ford Madox Ford)英国《行进的目的》(Parade's End)192858. 华顿(Edith Wharton)美国《纯真年代》(The Age of Innocence)192059. 毕尔邦(Max Beerbohm)英国《朱莱卡?多卜生》(Zuleika Dobson)191160. 柏西(Walker Percy)美国《热爱电影的人》(The Moviegoer)196161. 凯赛(Willa Cather)美国《总主教之死》(Death Comes to Archbishop)192762. 钟斯(James Jones)美国《乱世忠魂》(From Here to Eternity)195163. 奇佛(John Cheever)美国《丰普肖特纪事》(The WapshotChronicles)195764. 沙林杰(J. D. Salinger)美国《麦田捕手》(The Catcher in theRye)195165. 柏基斯(Anthony Burgess)英国《装有发条的橘子》(A Clockwork Orange)196266. 毛姆(W. Somerset Maugham)英国《人性枷锁》(Of Human Bondage)191567. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《黑暗之心》(Heart of Darkness)190268. 刘易士(Sinclair Lewis)美国《大街》(Main Street)192069. 华顿(Edith Wharton)美国《欢乐之家》(The House of Mirth)190570. 达雷尔(Lawrence Durrell)英国《亚历山大四部曲》(The Alexandraia Quartet) 196071. 休斯(Richard Hughes)英国《牙买加的风》(A High Wind inJamaica)192972. 耐波耳(V. S. Naipaul)特立尼达和多巴哥《毕斯瓦思先生之屋》(A House for Mr. Biswas)196173. 威斯特(Nathaniel West)美国《蝗虫的日子》(The Day of theLocust)193974. 海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美国《战地春梦》(A Farewell toArms)192975. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《独家新闻》(Scoop )193876. 丝帕克(Muriel Spark)英国《琼?布罗迪小姐的青春》(The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie) 196177. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《为芬尼根守灵》(Finnegans Wake)193978. 吉卜林(Rudyard Kipling)英国《金姆》(Kim)190179. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《窗外有蓝天》(A Room with a View)190880. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《梦断白庄》(Bride shead Revisited)194581. 贝娄(Saul Bellow)美国《阿奇正传》(The Adventures of Augie March)197182. 史达格纳(Wallace Stegner)美国《安眠的天使》(Angle ofRepose)197183. 耐波耳(V. S. Naipaul)特立尼达和多巴哥《河曲》(A Bend in the River)197984. 鲍恩(Elizabeth Bowen)英国《心之死》(The Death of the Heart)193885. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《吉姆爷》(Lord Jim)190086. 达特罗(E. L. Doctorow)美国《爵士乐》(Ragtime)197587. 贝内特(Arnold Bennett)英国《老妇人的故事》(The Old Wives'Tale)190888. 伦敦(Jack London)英国《野性的呼唤》(The Call of the Wild)190389. 格林(Henry Green)英国《爱》(Loving)194590. 鲁西迪(Salman Rushdie)(印裔英籍)《午夜的孩子们》(Midnight's Children) 198191. 考德威尔(Erskine Caldwell)美国《烟草路》(Tobacco Road)193292. 甘耐第(William Kennedy)美国《紫苑草》(Ironweed)198393. 佛勒斯(John Fowles)英国《占星家》(The Magus)196694. 里丝(Jean Rhys)英国《辽阔的藻海》(Wide Sargasso)196695. 默多克(Iris Murdoch)英国《在网下》(Under the Net)195496. 斯蒂隆(William Styron)美国《苏菲亚的抉择》(Sophie's Choice)197997. 鲍尔斯(Paul Bowles)美国《遮蔽的天空》(The Sheltering Sky)194998. 凯恩(James M. Cain)美国《邮差总按两次铃》(The Postman Always Rings Twice) 193499. 唐利维(J. P. Donleavy)美国《眼线》(The Ginger Man)1955100. 塔金顿(Booth Tarkington)美国《伟大的安伯森斯》(The Magnificent Ambersons) 1918。
作者拉尔夫-埃里森（Ralph
作者拉尔夫-埃⾥森（Ralph Ellison）简介作者拉尔夫-埃⾥森(Ralph Ellison)简介:Ralph Ellison, 1914-1994 .Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on March 1, 1914, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. From his birth, Ellison’s parents knew he was bound for prosperity. His father 拉尔夫.埃⾥森1914-1994。
拉尔夫.⽡尔多.埃⾥森1914年3⽉1⽇出⽣于俄克拉荷马州的俄克拉荷马城。
从他⼀出⽣起，埃⾥森的⽗母就知道他掉进蜂蜜罐⾥了。
他的⽗亲甚⾄称他为伟⼤的作家When he was a teenager, Ellison and his friends daydreamed of being “Renaissance Men.” Therefore, they studied the values and attitudes of Native Americ 当他还是个孩⼦的时候，他和他的朋友们做的⽩⽇梦是成为⼀名“多才多艺的⼈”。
因此，他们就开始研究印第安⼈、⽩⼈和⿊⼈的价值观和⼼态。
他尊敬和羡慕本From this point on, Ellison followed a life of writing in which he earned many awards. His best known work is the novel Invisible Man, though he also wrote se 从这⼀点，他随后就以追求写作为⽣，在写作中他赢得了许多奖项。
他最著名的作品是⼩说《看不见的⼈》，虽然他也写了许多短篇⼩说。
他开始了第⼆部长篇⼩说Ellison is often criticized for not using his writing as a propaganda tool to elevate the "black man in society." For instance, critic Richard Corliss writes, "The un 埃⾥森经常被批评为不使⽤他的作品作为⼀种宣传⼿段来提⾼“⿊⼈”的社会地位。
美国文学10、Ralph-Waldo-Ellison埃里森PPT课件
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Nonfiction
• Prose writing other than fiction composed in book, essay or report form. Histories, philosophies, results of scientific experiments, opinion essays, etc., fall into the category of nonfiction.
Ralph Waldo Ellison （1914— 1994）
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Ralph Waldo Ellison
• novelist, essayist, short story writer • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States • "touchstone of the 1950s" • National Book Award in 1953 • "If Invisible Man can be called an
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Mary
• A serene and motherly black woman with whom the narrator stays after learning that the Men’s House has banned him. Mary treats him kindly and even lets him stay for free. She nurtures his black identity and urges him to become active in the fight for racial equality.
Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫.埃里森
• His father was a businessman and construction foreman. • His father died when he was 3 years old.
Байду номын сангаас
• His mother was a domestic maid. • Though poverty-stricken, the mother tried her best to keep her son in school. Ralph was so excellent in school that he won a state scholarship in 1933 to the well-known Tuskegee Institute(now Tuskegee University)塔斯克基大学to study music.
Main Works
Shadow and Act 《影子与行动》1964
Going to the Territory 《走向领域》 1986
Main Works
Invisible Man 《看不见的人》1952
Juneteenth 《六月庆典》 1999
Invisible Man 《看不见的人》
Theme
• Racism (种族主义) • Loss of self-identity (自我身份的丧 失) • The limitation of ideology (意识形态 的限制) • Seeking individual identity (自我身份 的寻求)
Feature
• Symbolism is a tool Ellison uses often in his writing. For example, in Invisible Man, the blindfold symbolizes man's inability to see who he is within society and the reality of society. Another example could be the contrast between light and dark. Light can symbolize understanding as well as the "good" of society, whereas dark can symbolize confusion and the "lower scale" of society.
ralph ellison
拉尔夫·艾里森编辑词条该词条缺少摘要图、词条分类，补充相关内容帮助词条更加完善！立刻编辑>>拉尔夫·埃里森（Ralph Ellison，1914-1994），或译为“拉尔夫·艾利森”，是当代著名美国黑人作家，也是二十世纪最有影响的美国小说家之一。
1基本内容其花费七年多（有的认为长达八年）时间精心创作的第一部长篇小说、也是其在世期间问世的唯一一部长篇小说《看不见的人》（又名《隐形人》）于1952年出版后，便立即在美国文学界和美国社会引起了巨大反响，在1953年相继获得美国国家图书奖，1965年又被评为美国二战以来最重要、最有影响的小说，从而一举奠定了他在美国文学史上的地位。
直到今天，这部小说仍被列为世界文坛的“现代经典作品”。
他本人也因此获得了美国自由勋章等荣誉，并被接纳为美国科学院院士。
埃里森1914年3月1日出生于俄克拉荷马州的俄克拉荷马市。
他的名字取自美国19世纪著名作家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson），父亲希望他也能成为一个诗人。
由于三岁丧父，家境贫苦，很小就开始赚钱谋生。
他从小喜欢音乐，尤其是爵士乐，立志当一个音乐家。
中学毕业后，获得奖学金进入黑人大学塔斯克基学院（Tuskegee Institute）学习音乐。
在这里他开始接触文学，阅读了艾略特的《荒原》。
由于奖学金出了问题，他读完大学三年级后就不得不去纽约，原本打算挣点钱继续学业，但结果是在纽约留了下来，在著名黑人诗人兰斯顿·休斯（Langston Hughes）和小说家理查德·赖特（Richard Wright）等帮助和影响下，开始从事文学创作。
早期主要撰写评论文章，先后出版了两部论文集《影子与行动》（）和《走向领地》（）阐述了自己对文学、音乐和美国黑人政治社会生活方面的观点。
1952年出版了经过七年精心创作而成的小说《看不见的人》，小说描写了一个黑人青年在充斥种族隔离和种族歧视的社会里寻找自我的心理成熟历程，属于成长小说类。
Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫-埃里森
Writing career
☆During World War II, Ellison joined the Merchant Marine. ☆ in 1952. Invisible Man published ☆In 1955, Ellison went abroad to Europe to travel and lecture before settling for a time in Rome, Italy. A New Southern Harvest in 1957. ☆In 1964, Ellison published Shadow and Act ☆In 1967, Ellison experienced a major house fire at his home in which he claimed more than 300 pages of his second novel manuscript were lost. •☆ In 1969 he received thePresidential Medal of Freedom﹙美国自由勋章﹚; the following year, he became a permanent member of the faculty at New York University
2worksworksinvisibleman1952看不见的人又译无形人thefirstnovelineliisonslifeshadowandact1964影子与行动acollectionofpoliticalsocialandcriticalessaysgoingtotheterritory1986走向领域juneteenth1999六月庆典prepareitfor40yearsthelastnovelinvisiblemaninvisibleman看不见的人是美国黑人作家拉尔夫埃里森一生中唯一一部长篇小说
现代主义诗歌 美国文学
The Fugitives
Southern Renaissance John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Donald Davidson, Robert Penn Warren The Fugitives (including Eliot and Pound’s modernist poems) Southern cultural tradition (different from the avant-gardes and the lost generation): southern prejudice, values, emotions Revolt against northern industrialism Revolt against the romantic sentimentality; both conservative and revolutionary (Tate more avantgarde)
Exaltation of nature, love and life Breach with reality Traditional form Classical literary and mythical allusion (Vachel Lindsay, E. A. Robinson, Robert Frost)
H. D.
Amy Lowell
RETURN
F. S. Flint
RETURN
Imagism and Imagist Poets
Principles of imagism
Pound’s “A Few Don’ts” F. S. Flint’s “Imagism”
Direct depiction of objects (images; form serves content) No useless words or phrases (without comment or explanation or exclamation, no descriptive language, even no verbs and conjuncts) Use of musical sentences instead of rhythmic beats
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to race. Like America, it defines itself with notions of liberty and
freedom but incorporates a deeply ingrained racism.
Why Invisible Man can be as a work of art?
• The Sambo Doll and the Coin Bank • Each of them represent the degrading black stereotypes and the damaging power ofБайду номын сангаасprejudice. • The Liberty Paints Plant • It serves as a complex metaphor for American society with regard
He was influenced early by the myth of the frontier, viewing the United States as a land of "infinite possibilities." The close-knit black community in which he grew up supplied him with images of courage and endurance and an interest in music. Ellison's interest in music combined to create the richly
• Invisibility-- The “Invisible Man” has became a symbol, not only of a disillusioned Black, but also of every American in a “dehumanized” society.
Symbol
• Racial discrimination
• Black-white relationship • Rebellious stance
• Covering a much more extensive territory of life
• Transcending race and racial relation • Beyond protest to a new phrase of perception in the evolution of the African American awareness
symbolism
• 矛盾形容法 oxymoron/ambivalence
Position and achievements
• He is an outstanding African American writer. • Art consciousness against political consciousness. • Unique view of the relationship between the black culture and the
Awards
• Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres
• Langston Hughes Medal • Medal of Freedom • National Book Award for Fiction • Rosenwald Grant
• Russwurm Award
symbolic, metaphorical language of the novel.
"I wasn't concerned with injustice but with art."
Major Works
• Invisible Man(1952)
• 《看不见的人》《无形人》
• Shadow and Act(1964)
more specific, a very individual story, and more
general, dramatizing the identity-crisis of a whole society.
---F. H. Langman in The
Critical Review
Surrealism (超现实主义)
• 《影子与行动》
• Going to the Territory(1986)
• 《走向领域》
• Juneteenth (1999)
• 《六月庆典》
• "If Invisible Man can be called an American Portrait of the Artist, then Juneteenth is Ulysses."
white culture.
• The task of the writer is to “tell us about the unity of
American experience beyond all considerations of class,
race, of religion.”
The Themes of Invisible Man
Ralph Ellison
(1914-1994)
"touchstone of the 1950s"
Gloria
The Blacks in America
• In 1619, first Africans were brought to
America to be slaves.
• In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation • In 1955, the civil right movement led by Martin Luther King • In 1965, Voting Right Act was passed.
Influences (Literature)
• • • • • • • • Gettysburg Address Ecclesiates Joseph Conrad Fyodor Dostoevski William Faulkner Ben Franklin Henry James Herman Melville
Themes
• Search for identity. • He ever said that “The nature of our society is such that we are prevented from knowing who we are.“
• Racism as an obstacle to individual identity
• Search for self-identity. The narrator is "invisible" in a figurative sense, in that "people refuse to see" him, and also experiences a kind of dissociation.
• The limitations of ideology • The danger of fighting stereotype with stereotype
Writing craft (写作技巧)
• 含混
• 反语 • 佯谬 • 意象
ambiguity
irony paradox images
• 象征
Hurston
• Protest Novels in the 1940s, Richard Wright, Native Son
• Modernist novel in 1952—Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison • 1960s onward, from marginal to spotlight.
• Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality. • Surrealism emphasizes the expression of the imagination. • The objective world in surrealist writings appears to be disorderly, illogical, and deformed.
Thank you
• Although it tells the story of a black man’s search for himself—his name is never given—it represents more than the quest for black identity. It is at once
African American literature (Black literature)
• Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴
It is the first flourish of black literature and arts in America. After WWI, massive black migration to the North, talented black artists gathered in Harlem of NYC and made it as the cultural, intellectual capital of black America. They celebrated their racial
pride, promoted black cultural traditions and demonstrated the