心理学专业外语

心理学专业英语What Psychology IsWhy people do the things they do is an age-oldquestion. However, psychology--the science concernedwith behavior, both humans and animals--is only about125 years old. Despite its youth, it is a broad discipline,essentially spanning subject matter from biology tosociology. Biology studies the structures and functions of living organisms. Sociology examines how groupsfunction in society. Psychologists study two criticalrelationships: one between brain function and behavior, and one between the environment and behavior. Asscientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, usingcareful observation, experimentation, and analysis. Butpsychologists also need to be creative in the way theyapply scientific findings.Psychologists are frequently innovators, evolvingnew approaches from established knowledge to meetchanging needs of people and societies. They develop theories and test them through their research. As this researchyields new information, these findings become part of the body of knowledge that practitioners call onin their work with clients and patients. Psychology is atremendously varied field. Psychologists conduct bothbasic and applied research, serve as consultants tocommunities and organizations, diagnose and treatpeople, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality. Theyassess behavioral and mental function and well-being,stepping in to help where appropriate. They study howhuman beings relate to each other and also to machines, and they work to improve these relationships. And with America undergoing large changes in its populationmakeup, psychologists bring important knowledge andskills to understanding diverse cultures.Many psychologists work independently. They also team up with other professionals--for example, otherscientists, physicians, lawyers, school personnel, computer experts, engineers, policy makers, and managers--tocontribute to every area of society. Thus we find them inlaboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, community health centers, prisons, and corporateoffices. Psychologists traditionally study both normal and abnormalfunctioning, and also treat patients withmental and emotional problems. Today, they areincreasingly concentrating on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health and mental processes of healthy human beings. For example, they work with business executives, performers, and athletes to combat stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and collaborate with educators on school reform. They show up immediately following a disaster such as a plane crash or bombing, to help victims and bystanders recover from the trauma, or shock, of the event. They team with law enforcement and public health officials to analyze the causes of such events and prevent their occurrence. Involved in all aspects of our fast-paced world, psychologists must keep up with what's happening all around us. When you're a psychologist, your education never ends.Psychology is a discipline with a bright future. Among fields requiring a college degree, it is expected to be the third fastest-growing field in America through the year 2005 and to continue to grow steadily for at least another dozen years after that.Opportunities for work in psychology are expanding in number and scope. The move toward preventing illness, rather than merely diagnosing and treating it, requires people to learn how to make healthy behavior a routine part of living. Indeed, many of the problems facing society today are problems about behavior, for example, drug addiction, poor personal relationships, violence at home and in the street, and the harm we do to our environment. Psychologists contribute solutions to problems through careful collection of data, analysis of data, and development of intervention strategies--in other words, by applying scientific principles, the hallmark of psychology.In addition, an aging America is leading to more research and practice in adapting our homes and workplaces for older people. The promises of the electronic revolution demand more user-friendly technologies and training. More women in the workplace calls for employers to accommodate the needs of families. Psychologists are helping employers to make the changes that are needed. The diversity of America today calls for psychologists to develop and refine therapies to meet the unique needs of different ethnic groups.Furthermore, research advances in learning and memory, and the integration of physical and mental health care, make psychology more exciting than ever.Most psychologists say they love their work. They cite the variety from day to day and the flexibility of their schedules. They are thrilled by the most exciting changes taking place in the field, from working with primary care physicians to using computers. Most of all, they are committed to helping people manage the ups and downs of daily life. The study of psychology is also good preparation for many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills that psychology majors bring to collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and their experience with statistics and experimental design. The Job Outlook for the Next Two DecadesPsychology graduates are generally pleased with the way what they studied in school helped prepare them for both life and work. A woman who opened her own business shortly after earning a baccalaureate in psychology explains, "After all, psychology is the business of life." Psychology graduates continue to be excited by the changes taking place in the field that relate to what they are now doing.Doctoral GraduatesAs might be expected, the highest paid and greatest range of jobs in psychology are available to doctoral graduates. Although the number of doctoral graduates has at least doubled over the past 12 years, the demand continues to meet the supply. Furthermore, unemployment and underemployment rates for doctoral psychologists are slightly below the average for other scientists and engineers. Few drop out of the field. The greatest expansion of career opportunities for doctoral psychologists in the last decade have been in the subfields of clinical, counseling, school, health, industrial and educational psychology. As a consequence portionally fewer new doctorates have headed into faculty positions as compared with the past.Master's GraduatesThe number of psychology students who pursue a terminal master's degree has increased sixfold since 1960. Competition for positions inpsychology-related jobs is keen; nevertheless, approximately one-third of those with a master's degree in psychology find such work. Many handle research and data collection and analysis in universities, government, and private companies. Others find jobs in health, industry, and education, the primary work settings for psychology professionals with master's degrees. With growing recognition of the role of the psychologist in the community, more jobs for psychologists with master's degrees may also become available in community mental health centers. Psychologists with master's degrees often work under the direction of a doctoral psychologist, especially in clinical, counseling, school, and testing and measurement psychology.Some jobs in industry, for example, in organizational development and survey research, are held by both doctoral- and master's-level graduates. But industry and government jobs in compensation, training, data analysis, and general personnel issues are often filled by professionals with master's degrees in psychology.Bachelor's GraduatesSome students stop with a bachelor's degree in psychology and find work related to their college major. For example, they may be assistants in rehabilitation centers. If they meet state certification requirements, they can teach psychology in high school.But the study of psychology at the bachelor's level is also a fine preparation for many other professions. In fact, psychology is the second most popular undergraduate major behind business administration. In 1996, about 65,000 college seniors graduated with a degree in psychology, but many were not necessarily interested in a career as a psychologist. Of these 65,000 students, less than1 in 10 enrolled in graduate work in psychology. These students often possess good research and writing skills, are good problem solvers, and have well-developed, higher-level thinking ability when it comes to analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information. Most find jobs in administrative support, public affairs, education, business, sales, service industries, health, the biological sciences, and computer programming. They work as employment counselors, correction counselor trainees, interviewers, personnel analysts, probation officers, and writers. Two-thirds believe their job is closely or somewhat related to their psychology background and that their jobs hold career potential.Psychology majors have many qualities that are attractive to job recruiters. Employers find that psychology graduates possess strong people skills. And psychology majors also value these skills themselves. "Once you learn the principles of human behavior," says a banker with a bachelor's degree in psychology, "they're always at the top of the mind,' ready to be used. You don't have to stumble across them by accident."What Psychologists Do and Where They Do ItPsychology is an extraordinarily diverse field with hundreds of career paths. Some specialties, like caring for mentally ill people, are familiar to most of us. Others, like helping with the design of advanced computer systems or studying how we remember things, are less well known. What all psychologists have in common is a shared interest in mind and behavior, both human and animal. In their work, they draw on an ever-expanding body of scientific knowledge about how we think, act, and feel, and apply the information to their special areas of expertise. Among psychologists, researchers spend most of their time generating knowledge; practitioners apply the knowledge; and some psychologists do both.In addition to their particular mix of science and practice, psychologists can be distinguished in terms of where they work. Many psychologists work in more than one setting. For instance, college professors often consult for industry or see clients on a part-time basis. Although it's possible to identify a host of different work settings, for the purpose of this booklet, we'll consider some of the most prominent examples. Getting Ready to Work in PsychologyIf you are interested in a career as a psychologist, you have to complete graduate school with a major in psychology.Take time to research your choices. The program should match your interests. For example, some psychology departments may specialize in a subfield of psychology that appeals to you. In addition, investigate the areas of expertise and research interests of individual faculty members ifyour career interest lies ina specific type of research.A graduate school's department of psychology is the best source of information about the nature of its program and its admission requirements. Throughout the application process, discuss your plans with your psychology faculty advisor. Apply to a number of programs that offer you a reasonable chance of acceptance. The American Psychological Association has many resources to help you. Contact the APA Education Directorate at 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242.HIGH SCHOOL PREPARATIONA strong academic high school education is a good beginning for a career in psychology. Courses in science, math, English, history, social studies, and a foreign language are important. Science and math are particularly important because they provide the necessary skills for research and analysis in college psychology courses. Some high schools offer a course in psychology, which can give you a taste of what the field is about. You can also find a volunteer job where psychologists work, or read about psychology in newspapers and magazines to explore the field. BACHELOR'S DEGREEMost four-year colleges and universities require a blend of research and liberal arts courses for a bachelor's degree in psychology. The courses usually include introductory psychology, experimental psychology, and statistics. Other required courses can be in learning, personality, abnormal psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, physiological or comparative psychology, history and systems, and tests and measurement. Typically, you will be ready to take electives in psychology by the time you are a college junior. It is a good time to make graduate school plans so you can make wise choices about future courses and extracurricular activities during the last two years of college. Know, however, that as long as you've taken some electives in psychology, you don't always need to have a bachelor's in psychology to get into a graduate program in the field.The Value of the Undergraduate DegreePsychology majors, whether or not they have gone on to other careers, cite courses in the principles of human behavior as especially important to life after college. The additional insight gained from these courses into what motivates people to perform at their peak helps them, whether theyare functioning as parents at home or managers on the job.Many bachelor's degree holders credit their college psychology courses with teaching them how people, including themselves, learn. "I use information on learning reinforcement every time I conduct a training session for my employees," says a manager in a consumer products company.Above all, it is the rigorous training in the scientific method—the need to do thorough, objective research, analyze data logically, and put forth the findings with clarity—that stands psychology majors in good stead as they pursue their future careers.GRADUATE SCHOOLMost graduate departments require that you take a standard aptitude test, usually the Graduate Record Examination (GRE). Although programs vary in the weight they attach to test scores, successful applicants typically score well above 500 on both the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE. Determine if your GRE scores will qualify you for consideration by the institution to which you would like to apply. Competition for spaces in graduate school is keen.Master's DegreeUndergraduate course requirements for a terminal master's degree are relatively few: usually, a background in introductory or general psychology, experimental psychology with a laboratory course, and statistics. The university usually takes the undergraduate grade point average (GPA) into account, too.A recent survey of 26 psychology master's programs shows that the most commonly required courses once you are in the master's program are those with industrial/organizational content, statistics, and research design. Course work at the master's level often also includes study in ethics, assessment, program evaluation, and personality related topics as well.A master's degree in psychology, along with preparation in the natural sciences or mathematics, is increasingly valued by doctoral programs in psychology. Each doctoral program also decides which credits it will accept for transfer. Occasionally, students need to repeat some course work. A few institutions will not accept a master's degree from any school other than their own.Doctoral DegreeEach school determines its own entrance requirements. Some doctoral programs require applicants to have a master's degree in psychology. For others, students can enter the doctoral programs with a bachelor's degree and work their way right through to a doctorate degree. Earning a doctoral degree typically requires at least four years and often takes up to seven years of study after the bachelor's degree. Early in the graduate program, you will probably take course work in the core areas of psychology. You will work with a professor to learn how to do research; you'll also study how psychological research is applied to life situations. Once you have completed all the course work, you must pass a comprehensive exam and write and defend a dissertation.If you want to be a clinical, counseling, or school psychologist, you will also have to complete a one year internship as part of your doctoral study in these areas of practice. You may wish to consider a doctoral program in a professional school rather than at a traditional university. Professional schools place greater emphasis on training students for professional practice and less emphasis on research. Some universities and professional schools offer a PsyD in lieu of the traditional doctoral degree. In choosing applicants, these programs may look for candidates who already have clinical experience or other work experience in applied psychology.Choosing an Accredited SchoolIf you want to be a clinical, counseling or school psychologist it's important to know the accreditation status of the programs to which you are applying. Programs that prepare students for careers in basic and applied research or for basic academic careers are not subject to an accreditation process, but are nonetheless some of the most rigorous schools in the country.There are two kinds of accreditation: institutional and specialized. Institutional accreditation certifies that an institution has met minimum standards of quality. It is granted by one of seven regional accrediting organizations recognized for this purpose by the U.S. Department of Education.Specialized accreditation only applies to professional programs; it means that the program meets the minimal standards of quality as defined by that profession for the practice of psychology. In the field of psychology,specialized accreditation is granted by the American Psychological Association. Historically, this accreditation has applied only to doctoral programs, predoctoral internships and in clinical, counseling, and school psychology. In some states you have to graduate from an APA-accredited program, predoctoral internship and to be licensed or certified as an independent clinical, counseling psychologist or school psychologist. In addition, some employers demand that candidates for clinical, counseling, and school psychology jobs hold such credentials.For more information about accredited schools and programs, contact the APA Education Directorate at 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002-4242; e-mail: education@.If You Need Financial AidYou may be able to get financial aid to attend both undergraduate and graduate school. Assistance comes in different forms: fellowships, scholarships, grants or subsidies, work study programs, federal loans, and teaching or research assistantships. Graduate assistantships and work study require part time work.Students seeking financial aid for a graduate degree should get advice as early as possible. Consult with both the psychology office and the office of financial aid on your own campus and also with the office of financial aid at the school to which you are applying. Students of ethnic minority background should also contact the APA Minority Fellowship Training Program.Licensure and CertificationTo practice as a clinical, counseling, or social psychologist independently and without supervision anywhere in the United States, you must be licensed or certified. Before granting you permission to take the exam, the state board in charge of licensing or certification will review your educational background. A doctoral degree does not automatically make you eligible; requirements vary from state to state. At a minimum, states require that the doctorate be in psychology or a field of study "primarily psychological in nature" and that it be from a regionally accredited institution. You also must have had at least two years of supervised professional experience.心理学专业名词中英文对照感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵---rehearsal预示(激发)----priming童年失忆症---childhoodamnesia视觉编码（表征）---visual code (representation)听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆---working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S..程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识--propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）(激发)字—prime关键词---key word命题思考----propositional thought心像思考---imaginal thought行动思考---motoric thought概念---concept原型----prototype属性----property特征---feature范例策略--exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素---phoneme词素---morpheme(字词的)外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法---semantic differential 全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸---over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期----critical period差异减缩法---differencereduction方法目的分析---means-ends analysis倒推---working backward动机---------motive自由意志------free will决定论------determinism本能-----------instinct种属特有行为-----species specific驱力----drive诱因------incentive驱力减低说---drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M.功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus脂肪细胞说----fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H定点论---set point th.CCK───胆囊调节激素第一性征---primary sex characteristic 第二性征---secondary sex characteristic自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy　内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求---N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现---self actualization冲突----conflict多项仪---polygraph肤电反应----------GSR(认知)评估---(cognitive appraisal)脸部回馈假说---facial feedback hypothesis(生理)激发----arousal挫折-攻击假说---frustration-aggression hy.替代学习----vicarious learning发展------development先天-----nature后天-----nurture成熟-------maturation(视觉)偏好法-----preferential method习惯法-----habituation视觉悬崖-----visual cliff剥夺或丰富(环境)---deprivation or enrichment of env.基模----schema同化----assimilation调适-----accommodation平衡----equilibrium感觉动作期----sensorimotor stage物体永久性----objective permanence运思前期----preoperational st.保留概念----conservation道德现实主义---moral realism具体运思期-----concrete operational形式运思期----formal operational st.前俗例道德---pre-conventional moral俗例道德----conventional moral超俗例道德----post-conventional moral气质----temperament依附---attachment性别认定---gender identity性别配合----sex typing性蕾期---phallic stage恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同-----identification社会学习----social learning情结---complex性别恒定----gender constancy青年期----adolescence青春期-- -puberty第二性征---secondary sex characteristics认同危机---identity crisis定向统合---identity achievement早闭型统合---foreclosure未定型统合---moratorium迷失型统合---identity diffusion传承---generativity心理动力------psycho-dynamics心理分析------psychoanalysis行为论-------behaviorism心理生物观---psycho-biological perspective认知---------cognition临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商--------counseling人因工程-------human factor engineering组织--------organization潜意识---------unconsciousness完形心理学---Gestalt psychology感觉------------sensation知觉--------perception实验法--------experimental method独变项-------independent variable依变项--------dependent V.控制变项------control V.生理------------physiology条件化---------conditioning学习------------learning比较心理学---comparative psy.发展-------------development社会心理学---social psy.人格--------------personality心理计量学—psychometrics受试(者)---------subject实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect 双盲法-----double—blind实地实验--------field experiment相关-----------correlation调查-------------survey访谈-----------interview个案研究-------case study观察-----------observation心理测验-------psychological test纹理递变度-----texture gradient注意------------attention物体的组群---grouping of object型态辨识—pattern recognition形象-背景----figure-ground接近律--------proximity相似律--------similarity闭合律-------closure连续律--------continuity对称律-------symmetry错觉-----------illusion幻觉----------delusion恒常性--------constancy大小----------size形状-----------shape位置---------- ***单眼线索-----monocular cue线性透视----linear- perspective双眼线索-----binocular cue深度---------depth调节作用-----accommodation重迭----superposition双眼融合-----binocular fusion辐辏作用-----convergence双眼像差-----binocular disparity向度 --------- dimension自动效应-----autokineticeffect运动视差----- motion parallax诱发运动---- inducedmotion闪光运动----- stroboscopic motion上下文﹑脉络-context人工智能------artificial intelligence A.I.脉络关系作用-context effect模板匹配------template matching整合分析法---analysis-by-synthesis丰富性---------redundancy选择性---------selective无意识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效---motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性---excitatory抑制性----inhibitory几何子---geons由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理---bottom-up process连结者模式---connectionist model联结失识症---associative agnosia脸孔辨识困难症---prosopagnosia意识--conscious（ness）意识改变状态---altered states of consciousness无意识----unconsciousness前意识---------preconsciousness内省法---introspection边缘注意---peripheralattention多重人格-----multiple personality午餐排队(鸡尾酒会)效应—lunch line(cocktail party) effect 自动化历程----automatic process解离----dissociate解离认同失常----dissociative identity disorder快速眼动睡眠----REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream神志清醒的梦----lucid dreaming失眠---insomnia显性与隐性梦---manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想------meditation抗药性---- tolerance戒断----withdrawal感觉剥夺---sensory deprivation物质滥用----substance abuse成瘾--------physical addiction物质依赖----sub. dependence戒断症状----withdrawal symptom兴奋剂--stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂----hallucinogen镇定剂---sedative﹐抑制剂—depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂---narcotic催眠-------hypnosis催眠后暗示----posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学---parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应---telepathy超感视---clairvoyance预知---precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器-----receptor绝对阈----absolute threshold差异阈----------difference threshold 恰辨差------- -JND韦伯律---------Weber's law心理物理-----psychophysical费雪纳定律---Fechner's law　频率-----frequency振幅----------amplitude音频-------pitch基音----------fundamental tone倍音-----overtone和谐音-------harmonic音色------timbre白色噪音----white noise鼓膜-----eardrum耳蜗----------cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗-------round window前庭-----vestibular sacs半规管-------semicircular canals角膜-------cornea水晶体-------lens虹膜------------iris瞳孔----------pupil网膜---------retina睫状肌-------ciliary muscle调节作用---accommodation脊髓---------spinal cord反射弧--------reflex arc脑干---------brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描-- CAT 或CT PET---正子放射断层摄影MRI-----磁共振显影延脑----medulla桥脑-----pons小脑----cerebellum网状结构---reticular formationRAS----网状活化系统视丘----thalamus下视丘----hypothalamus大脑----cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland 脑半球---cerebral hemisphere皮质---cortex胼胝体----corpus callosum边缘系统------limbic system海马体----hippocampus杏仁核--------amygdala中央沟---central fissure侧沟-----------lateral fissure脑叶------lobe同卵双生子----identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约--classical conditioning操作制约---operant conditioning。