Application of decision tree to selection of MTBM for adverse geological conditions
博士后选择的10个基本原则
1.选择自己感兴趣的方向2.选责适合你工作和生活方式的实验室3.选择能够学到新技能的研究组4.有备份的计划，考虑至少做一主一副两个项目5.选择有明显成果的项目6.开始之前，就跟未来的老板确定第一作者的归属问题7.时间的考虑。
Postdoc是一个过度期，长短随人，随job market的变化而变，去一个有funding保证的组可以令你有更多回旋的余地8.考虑个人发展前景9.努力争取你自己的研究资金。
10.学会发现机遇Ten Simple Rules for Selecting a Postdoctoral Positionwodehongqi 发表于: 2007-1-04 17:00 来源: 考博网Philip E. Bourne*, Iddo FriedbergCitation: Bourne PE, Friedberg I (2006) Ten Simple Rules for Selecting a Postdoctoral Position. PLoS Comput Biol 2(11): e121 DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020121Published: November 24, 2006Copyright: © 2006 Bourne and Friedberg. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Philip E. Bourne is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, and is Editor-in-Chief of PLoS Computational Biology. Iddo Friedberg is a research assistant in the Bioinformatics and Systems Biology program at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America.* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bourne@____________________________________________________________________________________You are a PhD candidate and your thesis defense is already in sight. You have decided you would like to continue with a postdoctoral position rather than moving into industry as the next step in your career (that decision should be the subject of another “Ten Simple Rules”).Further, you already have ideas for the type of research you wish to pursue and perhaps some ideas for specific projects. Here are ten simple rules to help you make the best decisions on a research project and the laboratory in which to carry it out.Rule 1: Select a Position that Excites YouIf you find the position boring, you will not do your best work—believe us, the salary will not be what motivates you, it will be the science.Discuss the position fully with your proposed mentor, review the literature on the proposed project, and discuss it with others to get a balanced view. Try and evaluate what will be published during the process of your research. Being scooped during a postdoc can be a big setback. Just because the mentor is excited about the project does not mean you that will be six months into it.Rule 2: Select a Laboratory That Suits Your Work and LifestyleIf at all possible, visit the laboratory before making a decision. Laboratories vary widely in scope and size. Think about how you like to work—as part of a team, individually, with little supervision, with significant supervision (remembering that this is part of your training where you are supposed to be becoming independent), etc. Talk to other graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in the laboratory and determine the work style of the laboratory. Also, your best work is going to be done when you are happiest with the rest of your life. Does the location of the laboratory and the surrounding environment satisfy your nonwork interests?Rule 3: Select a Laboratory and a Project That Develop New SkillsMaximizing your versatility increases your marketability. Balance this against the need to ultimately be recognized for a particular set of contributions. Avoid strictly continuing the work you did in graduate school. A postdoctoral position is an extension of your graduate training; maximize your gain in knowledge and experience. Think very carefully before extending your graduate work into a postdoc in the same laboratory where you are now—to some professionals this raises a red flag when they look at your resume. Almost never does it maximize your gain of knowledge and experience, but that can be offset by rapid and important publications.Rule 4: Have a Backup PlanDo not be afraid to take risks, although keep in mind that pursuing a risky project does not mean it should be unrealistic: carefully research and plan your project. Even then, the most researched, well-thought-out, and well-planned project may fizzle; research is like that. Then what? Do you have a backup plan? Consider working on at least two projects. One to which you devote most of your time and energy and the second as a fallback. The second project should be more of the “bread and butter” type, guaranteed to generate good (if n ot exciting) results no matter what happens. This contradicts Rule 1, but that is allowed for a backup plan. For as we see in Rule 5, you need tangible outcomes.Rule 5: Choose a Project with Tangible OutcomesThat Match Your Career GoalsFor a future in academia, the most tangible outcomes are publications, followed by more publications. Does the laboratory you are entering have a track record in producing high-quality publications? Is your future mentor well-respected and recognized by the community? Talk to postdocs who have left the laboratory and find out. If the mentor is young, does s/he have the promise of providing those outcomes? Strive to have at least one quality publication per year.Rule 6: Negotiate First Authorship before You StartThe average number of authors on a paper has continued to rise over the years: a sign that science continues to become more collaborative. This is good for science, but how does it impact your career prospects? Think of it this way. If you are not the first author on a paper, your contribution is viewed as 1/n where n is the number of authors. Journals such as this one try to document each author's contributions; this is a relatively new concept, and few people pay any attention to it. Have an understanding with your mentor on your likelihood of first authorship before you start a project. It is best to tackle this problem early during the interview process and to achieve an understanding; this prevents conflicts and disappointments later on. Don't be shy about speaking frankly on this issue. This is particularly important when you are joining an ongoing study.Rule 7: The Time in a Postdoctoral Fellowship Should Be FiniteMentors favor postdocs second only to students. Why? Postdocs are second only to students in providing a talented labor pool for the leastpossible cost. If you are good, your mentor may want you to postdoc for a long period. Three years in any postdoc is probably enough. Three years often corresponds to the length of a grant that pays the postdoctoral fellowship, so the grant may define the duration. Definitely find out about the source and duration of funding before accepting a position. Be very wary about accepting one-year appointments. Be aware that the length of a postdoc will likely be governed by the prevailing job market. When the job market is good, assistant professorships and suitable positions in industry will mean you can transition early to the next stage of your career. Since the job market even a year out is unpredictable, having at least the option of a three-year postdoc fellowship is desirable.Rule 8: Evaluate the Growth PathMany independent researchers continue the research they started during their postdoc well into their first years as assistant professors, and they may continue the same line of work in industry, too. When researching the field you are about to enter, consider how much has been done already, how much you can contribute in your postdoc, and whether you could take it with you after your postdoc. This should be discussed with your mentor as part of an ongoing open dialog, since in the future you may be competing against your mentor. A good mentor will understand, as should you, that your horizon is independence—your own future lab, as a group leader, etc.Rule 9: Strive to Get Your Own MoneyThe ease of getting a postdoc is correlated with the amount of independent research monies available. When grants are hard to get, so are postdocs. Entering a position with your own financing gives you a level of independence and an important extra line on your resume. This requires forward thinking, since most sources of funding come from a joint application with the person who will mentor you as a postdoc. Few graduate students think about applying for postdoctoral fellowships in a timely way. Even if you do not apply for funding early, it remains an attractive option, even after your postdoc has started with a different funding source. Choosing one to two potential mentors and writing a grant at least a year before you will graduate is recommended.Rule 10: Learn to Recognize OpportunitiesNew areas of science emerge and become hot very quickly. Getting involved in an area early on has advantages, since you will be more easily recognized. Consider a laboratory and mentor that have a track record in pioneering new areas or at least the promise to do so.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Mickey Kosloff for helpful discussions.申请博士后的过程和申请博士有所不同，一般博士后的申请不需要toefl或gre成绩。
申请流程英文缩写
申请流程英文缩写Applying for various processes can sometimes feel like navigating a labyrinth of acronyms and jargon. Whether it's for a job, a visa, or a loan, understanding the application process is crucial for success. Here, we'll break down the general steps involved in applying for different things, using common English abbreviations.1. Research and Prepare Documents (RPD): Before diving into any application, it's essential to research the requirements thoroughly. Gather all necessary documents such as identification, transcripts, resumes, or financial statements. Make sure they are up-to-date and organized.2. Complete Application Form (CAF): Most applications require filling out a form with personal information, contact details, and specifics related to the application. Double-check the form for accuracy and completeness before submission.3. Gather Recommendations (GR): Some applications, particularly for educational or employment opportunities, may require letters of recommendation. Reach out to professional or academic contacts well in advance to secure these recommendations.4. Write a Personal Statement (WPS): Many applications include a section where applicants can express their motivations, qualifications, and aspirations. Take the time to craft a compelling personal statement tailored to the specific requirements of the application.5. Submit Application (SA): Once all documents are prepared, and the application form is completed, it's time to submit. Follow the instructions carefully, whether it's through an online portal, by mail, or in person. Keep records of the submission for future reference.6. Follow Up (FU): After submitting the application, it's prudent to follow up if there's no immediate acknowledgment of receipt. This step demonstrates initiative and ensures that nothing falls through the cracks.7. Attend Interviews (AI): Depending on the nature of the application, applicants may be required to attend one or more interviews. Prepare thoroughly by researching common interview questions and practicing responses.8. Wait for Decision (WFD): After completing all necessary steps, the waiting game begins. Be patient during this period and refrain from bombarding the reviewing entity with inquiries. 。
决策分析工具(Decision Analysis)
Situation Appraisal 状况评估
过程图，因果图，FMEA，控制图（I-MR)，MSA，过程能力）Process Map, Cause & Effects Diagram, FMEA, Control Charts (I-MR), MSA, Capability
Language Makes a Difference
列出目标 Develop Objectives
找出将会影响决定的准则 Identifying criteria that will influence the choice以便公正地评定选择方案 To help you evaluate alternatives fairly
Potential Problem
(Opportunity) AnalysisIdentify Potential Problems (Opportunities)Identify Likely CausesTake Preventive (Promoting) ActionPlan Conபைடு நூலகம்ingent (Capitalizing)
确定目标在决策中所扮演的角色Determining the role objectives will play in the decision以便澄清哪些是必需的, 哪些是希望的To be clear about what is mandatory and what is desired
将目标分为“必备性目标”和“愿望性目标”Classify Objectives into MUSTs and WANTs
简短句子以说明决策所要取得的结果Short statement describing what you need to decide or recommend以避免决策者脱离正题To keep attention focused on the purpose of the decision
00015自考英语二教程电子版
大学英语自学教程（下）01-A. What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best -- that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attainsimultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. 01-B. Secrets of Success at an InterviewThe subject of today's talk is interviews.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.Do your homework first.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prospects’ or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.”Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered,any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.Shake hands firmly -- a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions. If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be repeated in different words.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.Good luck!02-A. Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers andscientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape ?not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star -- a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes,The most convincing evidence of black holes comes frown research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them. are endless. There might bea massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.02-B. Worlds within WorldsFirst of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun. The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans” and the lesser areas are called "seas.”In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction -- that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains. If onemade a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people -- peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.03-A. Euthanasia: For and Against"We mustn't delay any longer ... swallowing is difficult ... and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too ... we mustn't delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:"Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. Th at's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majorityof euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family -- there's nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices -- special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not?But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.03-B. Advantage UnfairAccording to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market. In the law, a recently published report showed that out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy? Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:"I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone. Some time ago -- in the 60s and before ?entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely onmerit. Now, there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind that, entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."However, many would disagree with this. For, although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state schools, over half the students that go to Oxbridge have been to private, or "public" schools. Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply better prepared?On average, about $ 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil, more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils. So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools when they have far fewer resources? And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University, which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?Until recently, many blamed Oxford for this bias because of the university's special entrance exam (Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986). But last February, Oxford University decided to abolish the exam to encourage more state school applicants. From autumn 1996, Oxford University applicants, like applicants to other universities, will be judged only on their A level results and on their performance at interviews, although some departments might still set special tests.However, some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning, and that by their very nature, these places should not be easily accessible. Most countries are run by an elite and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited. Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:"But in France, for example, there are something like 40 equivalents of university, which provide this elite through a much broader base. In America you've got the Ivy League, centred on Harvard and Yale, with Princeton and Stanford and others. But again, those universities together -- the elite universities -- are about ten or fifteen in number, and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like, for example, Chicago and Berkeley. So you don't have just this narrow concentration of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite.”When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they accept, Professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore:"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it. We cannot be a place for remedial education. It's not what Oxford is there to do.”However, since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil, this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain as a classless society is still a long way off. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge, most of his ministers did.04-A. Slavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (theexact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I was supposed to be paid $ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked:"No days off -- ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a spad0 of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and, understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the。
主动选择 的英语表达
主动选择的英语表达Active Selection: A Fundamental Concept in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.In the realm of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), active selection plays a pivotal role in optimizing the learning process and enhancing the performance of AI systems. It involves strategically selecting data points for which labels or annotations are acquired, guiding the learning algorithm towards a more efficient and effective path. By carefully choosing the most informative and representative data, active selection empowers AI systems to learn with greater accuracy and generalization capabilities.Overview of Active Selection.Active selection, also known as selective sampling or query learning, is a technique employed in machine learning and AI to improve the training process by activelyselecting the most valuable data points for labeling or annotation. Rather than passively accepting all available data, active selection algorithms prioritize data points that are most likely to reduce the uncertainty of the model and enhance its learning outcomes.The core principle of active selection is to identify data points that:Are highly informative: These data points carry a significant amount of information that can help the learning algorithm discern patterns and make accurate predictions.Are representative of the underlying distribution: Active selection aims to select data points that are representative of the entire dataset, ensuring that the model learns from a diverse set of examples.Minimize redundancy: Active selection algorithms avoid choosing data points that are similar to those already labeled or annotated, preventing the model from overfittingto specific examples.Benefits of Active Selection.Incorporating active selection into machine learning and AI systems offers a multitude of benefits, including:Improved model accuracy: By focusing on the most informative data points, active selection helps the learning algorithm build models with higher predictive accuracy.Reduced labeling or annotation costs: Active selection algorithms efficiently identify the most valuable data points, minimizing the need for manual labeling or annotation efforts, thereby saving time and resources.Faster training time: By selecting the most informative data, active selection enables the learning algorithm to converge to an optimal solution more quickly, reducing training time and improving efficiency.Enhanced generalization capabilities: Active selection helps the model learn from a diverse set of data, leadingto better generalization capabilities and improved performance on unseen data.Types of Active Selection Algorithms.A variety of active selection algorithms have been developed to suit different machine learning models anddata types. Some common algorithms include:Uncertainty sampling: This algorithm selects datapoints that the model is most uncertain about, encouraging the model to explore areas where it has limited knowledge.Query by committee: This algorithm leverages multiple models to identify data points on which the models disagree, indicating the need for additional information.Expected model change: This algorithm selects data points that are expected to have the greatest impact on the model's predictions, leading to more targeted learning.Representative sampling: This algorithm aims to select data points that are representative of the entire dataset, ensuring that the model is exposed to a diverse range of examples.Applications of Active Selection.Active selection finds applications in a wide range of machine learning and AI tasks, including:Natural language processing (NLP): Identifying the most informative sentences or documents for annotation to improve text understanding and classification.Computer vision: Selecting the most representative images or video frames for annotation to enhance object detection, image classification, and scene understanding.Medical imaging: Prioritizing the most critical medical images for analysis to improve disease diagnosis and prognosis.Speech recognition: Identifying the most challenging speech segments for annotation to enhance speech recognition accuracy.Recommender systems: Selecting the most relevant items or users for feedback to improve personalized recommendations.Conclusion.Active selection is a powerful technique in machine learning and AI that enables systems to learn more effectively and efficiently. By strategically selecting the most valuable data points for labeling or annotation, active selection algorithms reduce labeling or annotation costs, improve model accuracy, enhance generalization capabilities, and accelerate training time. As the field of AI continues to evolve, active selection will play an increasingly important role in optimizing the performance and efficiency of AI systems across a wide range of applications.。
专利申请相关各种通知书名称英译文
授予专利权的通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right会晤通知书Notification of Interview手续补正通知书Notification to Rectify Formalities费用减缓审批通知书Notification of Decision on Reduction of Fees补正通知书Notification to Make Rectification修改更正通知书Notification of Amendment and Corrections专利权终止通知书Notification of Termination of Patent Right办理登记手续通知书Notification to Go through Formalities of Registration中止程序结束通知书Notification of Cessation of Suspension发明专利申请实质审查请求期限届满前通知书Notification before Expiration of Time Limit of Request for Substantive Examination on the Patent Application for Invention缴纳年费通知书Notification to Pay Annual Fee视为未要求优先权通知书Notification that Claim to Priority Deemed Not to Have Been Made视为未提出通知书Notification that Request Deemed Not to Have Been Made向外国申请专利保密审查意见通知书Notification of Confidentiality Examination ON Patent Application to Be Filed Abroad恢复权利请求审批通知书Notification of Decision on Request for Restoration of Right延长期限审批通知书Notification of Decision on Extension of Time Limit专利权评价报告复核意见通知书Notification of Reviewing Conclusion Concerning Evaluation Report of Patent 缴纳申请费通知书Notification to Pay Filing Fees保密审批通知书Notification of Decision on Secrecy保全程序开始通知书Notification of Commencement of Preservation Procedure退款审批通知书Notification of Decision on Refund不受理通知书Notification of Nonacceptance专利申请受理通知书Notification of Acceptance审查意见通知书、Notification of an Office Action补正通知书Notification to Make Rectification手续合格通知书Notification on Passing Examination on Formalities视为撤回通知书Notification that Application Deemed to be Withdrawn恢复权利请求审批通知书Notification on Decision on Request for Restoration of Right缴费通知书Notification to Pay the Fees费用减缓审批通知书Notification on Decision on Reduction on Fees发明专利申请初步审查合格通知书Notification on Passing Preliminary Examination on the Application for Invention发明专利申请公布通知书Notification on Publication on the Application for Invention发明专利申请进入实质审查阶段通知书Notification on Entering the Substantive Examination Procedure on the Application for Invention授予发明专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Invention授予实用新型专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Utility Model授予外观设计专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Design办理登记手续通知书Notification to go through Formalities on Registration视为放弃取得专利权通知书Notification that Entitlement to Patent Deemed Abandoned专利权终止通知书Notification on Termination on Patent Right驳回决定Decision on Rejection复审决定书Reexamination Decision无效宣告请求审查决定Examination Decision of Request For Invalidation重新确定申请日通知书Notification of Re-determination of Fifing Date电子申请注册请求审批通知书Notification of Examination on Registration of Electronic Application因国家安全原因不再传送登记本和检索本的通知书Notification of Not Forwarding Record Copy and Search Copy for National Security Reasons恢复权利请求审批通知书Notification of Decision of Request for Restoration of Right不予执行财产保全通知书Notification of Non-Enforcement of Property Preservation保全程序开始通知书Notification of Commencement of Preservation Procedure生物材料样品视为未保藏通知书Notification that Biological Material Sample Deemed Not to Have Been Deposited缴纳单一性恢复费通知书Notification to Pay Restoration Fee for Unity重新确定申请日通知书Notification of Redetermination of Filing date视为未委托专利代理机构通知书Notification that Patent Agency Deemed Not to Have Been Appointed视为未要求不丧失新颖性宽限期的通知书Notification that Grace Period Concerning Novelty Deemed Not to Have Been Claimed提交资料通知书Notification to Submit Materials分案通知书Notification to Make Divisional Application选定通知书Notification of Election撤回要求书或者选定通知书(PCT/IB/339表)Notification of Withdrawal of Demand or Elections要求书被认为未提交或者选定被认为未作出通知书(PCT/IB/350表) Notification that Demand is Considered Not to Have Been Submitted or Made 记录变更通知书Notification of the Recording of a Change国际申请进入中国国家阶段通知书Notification of International Application Entering the Chinese National Phase修改不予考虑通知书Notification of Non-consideration of the Amendment国际申请不能进入中国国家阶段通知书Notification of the Failure of the International Application to Enter the National Phase视为未要求不丧失新颖性宽限期通知书Notification that Grace Period Concerning Novelty Deemed Not to Have Been Claimed确认援引项目或部分决定的通知书Notification on Decision of Confirmation of Incorporation by Reference of Element or Part撤回优先权要求通知书Notification of Withdrawal of Priority Claim改正译文错误通知书Notification of Correcting Translation Errors无效宣告请求受理通知书Notification of Acceptance of Request for Invalidation无效宣告请求视为未提出通知书Notification that Request for Invalidation Deemed Not to Have Been Made无效宣告请求不予受理通知书Notification of Nonacceptance of Request for Invalidation复审请求视为未提出通知书Notification that Request for Reexamination Deemed Not to Have Been Made 复审请求不予受理通知书Notification of Nonacceptance of Request for Reexamination转送文件通知书Notification of Transfer of Documents无效宣告请求审查通知书Notification of Examination on Request for Invalidation口头审理通知书Notification of Oral Proceedings无效宣告请求案件审查状态通知书Notification of Examination Status of Request for Invalidation复审请求口头审理通知书Notification of Oral Proceedings For Request For Reexamination无效宣告审查结案通知书Notification of Termination of Examination on Request For Invalidation复审通知书Notification of Reexamination形式审查通知书Notification of Formal Examination。
决策树模型在临床研究数据分析中的应用
·临床研究规范·决策树模型在临床研究数据分析中的应用沈范玲子1王瑞平1,2（1. 上海中医药大学公共健康学院上海 201203；2. 上海市皮肤病医院临床研究与创新转化中心上海 200443）摘要决策树模型是一种有监督的机器学习方法，分类规则通常采取IF-THEN形式，分析结果常以树形图呈现，具有可解释性强、易于理解的优势，在灾害预测、环境监测、临床诊疗决策等领域均有广泛的应用。
本文从决策树模型概念入手，介绍了决策树模型的一般构建步骤、分类与回归树（classification and regression tree, CART）决策树模型在临床研究数据分析中的应用，并应用SPSS软件示例CART决策树模型的构建过程和实现方法，以期为临床研究者采用决策树模型进行数据分析提供参考。
关键词决策树临床研究 CART算法 SPSS软件中图分类号：G304; R-3 文献标志码：C 文章编号：1006-1533(2024)05-0014-05引用本文沈范玲子, 王瑞平. 决策树模型在临床研究数据分析中的应用[J]. 上海医药, 2024, 45(5): 14-18.Application of decision tree modeling in clinical research data analysisSHEN Fanlingzi1, WANG Ruiping1,2(1. School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;2. Clinical Research & Innovation Center, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai 200443, China)ABSTRACT Decision tree model is a supervised machine learning method and its classification rules usually take the form of IF-THEN, the analysis results are often presented in the form of tree diagrams, with the advantages of solid interpretability and ease understanding, and it has been widely used in the fields of disaster prediction, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis and treatment decision-making. This article starts from the concept of decision tree model, introduces the general construction steps of decision tree model, the application of classification and regression tree (CART) decision tree model in the analysis of clinical research data, and the construction process and realization method of CART decision tree model using the SPSS software example, so as to provide a better solution for clinical researchers to use decision tree model for data analysis.KEY WORDS decision trees; clinical research; CART algorithm; SPSS software临床医学研究中，在探讨多个自变量和因变量之间关系时，常采用多元线性回归、logistic回归、Cox回归分析、广义线性模型等经典统计分析方法。
决策树算法及其英文缩写
决策树算法及其英文缩写Decision Tree Algorithm: A Comprehensive Guide.Introduction.A decision tree is a powerful machine learningalgorithm that can be used for both classification and regression tasks. It is a non-parametric supervisedlearning method, which means that it does not make any assumptions about the underlying data distribution.Decision trees are often used for exploratory data analysis, as they can help to identify important features and relationships in the data.How Decision Trees Work.Decision trees work by recursively splitting the data into smaller and smaller subsets, until each subsetcontains only one type of data point. The tree is builtfrom the top down, starting with the entire data set. Ateach node in the tree, the algorithm selects a feature to split the data on. The feature that is selected is the one that best separates the data into two distinct groups.The process of splitting the data continues until a stopping criterion is met. The stopping criterion can be based on the number of data points in each subset, the depth of the tree, or the impurity of the subsets.Impurity Measures.The impurity of a subset is a measure of how well the data points in the subset are separated. There are several different impurity measures that can be used, including:Gini impurity: The Gini impurity is calculated as the sum of the probabilities of each class occurring in the subset. The lower the Gini impurity, the more pure the subset.Entropy: Entropy is a measure of the randomness of a subset. The higher the entropy, the more random the subset.Information gain: Information gain is a measure of how much the entropy of a subset decreases when it is split on a particular feature. The higher the information gain, the more informative the feature.Choosing a Splitting Feature.The choice of splitting feature at each node in the tree is crucial to the performance of the decision tree. The goal is to choose a feature that will best separate the data into two distinct groups.There are several different methods that can be used to choose a splitting feature, including:Greedy search: The greedy search method simply chooses the feature that has the highest information gain at each node.Random search: The random search method randomly selects a subset of features at each node and then choosesthe feature that has the highest information gain within that subset.Ensemble methods: Ensemble methods, such as random forests and gradient boosting, combine multiple decision trees to improve performance. These methods can use different criteria to choose splitting features, such as the Gini impurity or the entropy.Pruning Decision Trees.Decision trees can be prone to overfitting, which occurs when the tree is too complex and fits the training data too closely. Overfitting can lead to poor performance on new data.To prevent overfitting, decision trees can be pruned. Pruning is the process of removing branches from the tree that are not necessary for making accurate predictions.There are several different pruning methods that can be used, including:Pre-pruning: Pre-pruning stops the tree from growing when it reaches a certain size or when the information gain of the new nodes falls below a certain threshold.Post-pruning: Post-pruning removes branches from the tree after it has been fully grown. The branches that are removed are the ones that do not contribute to the accuracy of the tree on a validation set.Advantages of Decision Trees.Decision trees have a number of advantages over other machine learning algorithms, including:Easy to interpret: Decision trees are easy to interpret, even for non-experts. This makes them a good choice for exploratory data analysis and for communicating the results of machine learning models to stakeholders.Robust to noise and missing data: Decision trees are robust to noise and missing data. This makes them a goodchoice for data sets that are noisy or have missing values.Can handle both categorical and continuous features: Decision trees can handle both categorical and continuous features. This makes them a versatile algorithm that can be used on a wide variety of data sets.Disadvantages of Decision Trees.Decision trees also have some disadvantages, including:Can be unstable: Decision trees can be unstable, meaning that small changes in the data can lead to large changes in the tree. This can make them difficult to usefor making accurate predictions on new data.Can be biased: Decision trees can be biased towards the majority class in the data. This can make them less effective for classifying data sets that have a skewed class distribution.Conclusion.Decision trees are a powerful machine learning algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression tasks. They are easy to interpret, robust to noise and missing data, and can handle both categorical and continuous features. However, decision trees can be unstable and biased, and they can be prone to overfitting.。
美国名校文书申请范文模板
新技能：如何大刀阔斧地将一篇1200字的SOP初稿改到600字，完整而有细节地回答申请学校提出的问题。
案例：张同学，国内Top 20大学英语系，申请John Hopkins & Tsinghua University国际关系双硕士项目。
SOP要求：Discuss your goals for graduate study and for your professional career. What experiences have most contributed to your desire to study international relations? How will Johns Hopkins SAIS and your i ntended concentration serve to meet your academic and professional goals? If you have selected International Development as your first choice concentration, it is important to also address your interests in your second choice concentration as your application may be reviewed by both programs. If you intend to pursue a dual degree you should address this interest as well. This essay should be no more than 600 words in length.审题：JHU SAIS国际关系项目的SOP严格要求600字以内就需要回答完整：读研目标、职业规划、学术动机和学校、专业匹配度四个方面的内容。
国知局发出的各种通知书及其英文翻译
专利申请受理通知书Notification of Acceptance审查意见通知书Notification of an Office Action补正通知书Notification to Make Rectification手续合格通知书Notification of Passing Examination on Formalities恢复权利请求审批通知书Notification of Decision on Request for Restoration of Right缴费通知书Notification to Pay the Fees费用减缓审批通知书Notification of Decision on Reduction of Fees发明专利申请初步审查合格通知书Notification of Passing Preliminary Examination of the Application for Invention发明专利申请公布通知书Notification of Publication of the Application for Invention发明专利申请进入实质审查阶段通知书Notification that Patent Application for Invention Entering the Substantive Examination Stage授予发明专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Invention授予实用新型专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Utility Model授予外观设计专利权通知书Notification to Grant Patent Right for Design办理登记手续通知书Notification to Go through Formalities of Registration视为放弃取得专利权通知书Notification that Entitlement to Patent Deemed Abandoned专利权终止通知书Notification of Termination of Patent Right驳回决定Decision of Rejection复审决定书Reexamination Decision无效宣告请求审查决定Examination Decision on Request For Invalidation手续补正通知书Notification to Rectify Formalities重新确定申请日通知书Notification of Redetermination of Filing Date视为未要求优先权通知书Notification that Claim to Priority Deemed Not to Have Been Made视为未委托专利代理机构通知书Notification that Patent Agency Deemed Not to Have Been Appointed译文错误通知书Notification of Correcting Translation Errors国际申请进入中国国家阶段通知书Notification of International Application Entering the Chinese National Phase 缴纳单一性恢复费通知书Notification to Pay Restoration Fee for Unity延长期限审批通知书Notification of Decision on Extension of Time Limit分案申请视为未提出通知书Notification that Divisional Application Deemed Not to Have Been Filed分案通知书Notification to Make Divisional Application复审通知书Notification of Reexamination复审请求口头审理通知书Notification of Oral Proceedings for Request for Reexamination复审请求视为未提出通知书Notification that Request for Reexamination Deemed Not to Have Been Made 复审请求受理通知书Notification of Acceptance of Request for Reexamination无效宣告请求视为未提出通知书Notification that Request for Invalidation Deemed Not to Have Been Made无效宣告请求不予受理通知书Notification of Nonacceptance of Request for Invalidation无效宣告请求审查通知书Notification of Examination on Request for Invalidation转送文件通知书Notification of Transfer of Documents口头审理通知书Notification of Oral Proceedings无效宣告请求案件审查状态通知书Notification of Examination Status of Request for Invalidation无效宣告审查结案通知书Notification of Termination of Examinationon Request for Invalidation退款审批通知书Notification of Decision on Refund查阅通知书Notification of Approval for Consultation。
Selection(选拔)
It is not sufficient for a selection tool to be reliable
The selection tool must also be valid
Establish a high-quality control testing procedure with a reliable testing laboratory
Perform any drug tests in a professional, nonthreatening manner
Keep all results confidential
selection method
Biographical information blank (BIB) Weighted application blank
8 - 14
Employment Interview
Two strategies for effective us of interviews:
6. Physical Examination
8 - 12
Typical Selection Decision Process
3. Employment tests
1. Preliminary screening
Application blank Biographical Information Blank Interview
Psychomotor ability simulations Personality inventories and temperament tests Polygraph and honesty tests
A Kolmogorov-Smirnoff metric for decision tree induction
Paul E. Utgo Je ery A. Clouse Technical Report 96-3 January 10, 1996 Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Telephone: (413) 545-4843 Net: utgo @, clouse@
Abstract
Top-down induction of decision trees is driven by greedy selection of a partition of the training instances that maximizes a heuristic function of that partition. The heuristic function is often called the test selection metric, but it is also known as the splitting criterion, the attribute selection metric, and the partition merit function. A good test selection metric should have a higher value for a better partition, but whether one partition is indeed better than another is the subject of some debate. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that a purer partition is probably better than one that is less pure. For example, a partition for which each block contains training instances of a single class is desirable because the test that produces that partition is probably a good predictor for other instances whose labels are currently unknown. A variety of test selection metrics have been proposed, including gain and gain ratio (Quinlan, 1993), gini (Breiman, Friedman, Olshen & Stone, 1984), ORT (Fayyad & Irani, 1992), and distance (de Mantaras, 1991). We revisit and extend a metric proposed by Friedman (1977) based on Kolmogorov-Smirno distance. The metric is attractive for theoretical reasons, raising the question of how well it works in practice. We extend the de nition of the metric to handle multiclass problems in a single tree, and we modify the manner in which missing values are handled during tree construction. The de nition of Kolmogorov-Smirno distance, hereafter called KS distance, appears in Friedman (1977), Rounds (1980), and Gordon and Olshen (1978), and is restated here for convenience. Consider the two-class case, and assume for the moment that we need to nd a single cut-point that partitions a continuous variable x's values into a two-block partition. One block contains those values of x for which x < , and the other block contains the remaining values. Assume further that we have available the class-conditional probability density functions fA(x) and fB (x) for classes A and B respectively. Finally, assume that the misclassi cation costs for classes A and B are identical, and that the prior probabilities of drawing an instance from a particular class are identical. Then a Bayes-optimal cutpoint is a value that minimizes the probability that the test (decision rule) will produce an incorrect classi cation. Consider the cumulative distribution functions FA(x) and FB (x) that correspond to fA(x) and fB (x) respectively. As illustrated in Figure 1, an optimal cutpoint is one that maximizes jFA( ) ? FB ( )j, and this maximum value is the KS distance for that variable. Thus, when one computes KS distance for a variable, one also locates a Bayes-optimal cutpoint
提高决策能力：5个科学支持的决策方法
提高决策能力：5个科学支持的决策方法1. 引言1.1 概述决策是我们日常生活和工作中不可避免的一部分。
然而，要做出明智的决策并不容易，因为它需要我们考虑众多的因素、风险和不确定性。
在这个信息时代，我们有幸能够利用科学支持的决策方法来增强我们的决策能力。
本文将介绍5种被广泛认可并经过科学验证的决策方法，以帮助读者提高他们的决策水平。
1.2 文章结构本文分为六个主要部分，以便系统地介绍这五种科学支持的决策方法。
首先，在引言部分我们将概述本文内容和目标。
接下来，第二至第五部分会详细介绍每种决策方法及其应用方式。
最后一个部分涵盖了共识建立、持续教育和利益相关者参与等关键要素。
1.3 目的本文旨在帮助读者理解具体实践中如何运用科学支持的决策方法来提高他们的决策能力。
通过了解这些方法背后的原理和技术，读者将能够更加全面地评估风险、优化选择并做出更准确的决策。
希望本文所提供的知识与指导能够为读者在面对各种决策情境时提供实用的帮助。
以上是引言部分内容，介绍了本文的概述、结构以及目的。
接下来，文章将详细介绍每种科学支持的决策方法，并探讨它们在实践中的应用。
2. Scientifically Supported Decision Making MethodsIn this section, we will explore three scientifically supported decision-making methods: data analysis, decision tree analysis, and SWOT analysis.2.1 Data Analysis:Data analysis is a crucial method for making informed decisions. It involves collecting relevant data and analyzing it to identify patterns, trends, and insights. By using statistical techniques and tools, decision-makers can gain a deeper understanding of the situation at hand.One popular data analysis technique is descriptive statistics, which helps summarize and present data in a meaningful way. This includes measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, among others. These statistics provide valuable information about the central tendencyand variability of the data.Another important aspect of data analysis is inferential statistics. This technique allows decision-makers to make predictions or draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. By using hypothesis testing and confidence intervals, one can assess the significance of relationships or differences observed in the data.The availability of advanced technology has made it easier to perform complex data analyses. Software tools like Excel, SPSS, or Python provide various functions and algorithms that facilitate this process. Therefore, decision-makers should consider utilizing these tools to enhance their ability to analyze data accurately.2.2 Decision Tree Analysis:Decision tree analysis is a graphical representation of decisions and their potential consequences. It enables decision-makers to visualize different options and outcomes systematically. By considering various factors and scenarios simultaneously, it helps in identifying the best course of action.To create a decision tree, decision-makers start with an initial noderepresenting the current situation/problem they are facing. Then they identify possible choices or actions branching out from this node. Each choice leads to further nodes representing possible outcomes or events based on uncertainties associated with these choices.Decision tree analysis incorporates probabilities or expected values at each branch point to quantitatively evaluate potential outcomes' desirability. Based on these expected values or probabilities, decision-makers can rank different choices and select the one with the highest expected value or the most desirable outcome.Decision tree analysis is especially useful when decisions involve sequential steps or have complex dependencies. It simplifies the decision-making process by breaking it down into manageable components, making it easier to understand and evaluate potential outcomes.2.3 SWOT Analysis:SWOT analysis stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is a widely used method for evaluating an organization's current situation or assessing potential projects or ventures.During SWOT analysis, decision-makers identify and analyze internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) as well as external factors (opportunities and threats) that may impact the decision-making process.Strengths represent attributes or resources that give an organization a competitive advantage or unique selling proposition. Weaknesses are aspects where an organization may be lacking compared to its competitors.Opportunities refer to favorable conditions in the external environment that the organization can capitalize on. Threats are external factors that may pose risks or challenges to achieving desired outcomes.By performing a SWOT analysis, decision-makers gain a comprehensive understanding of their organization's position relative to competitors and market trends. This analysis helps in identifying areas for improvement, prioritizing strategies, and allocating resources effectively.In conclusion,Data analysis allows decision-makers to draw insights from available data, enabling them to make informed choices. Decision tree analysis simplifies complex decision-making processes by representing choices and their consequences visually. Finally, SWOT analysis provides a holistic view of an organization's internal strengths/weaknesses and external opportunities/threats for effective decision-making.3. Scientifically Supported Decision-Making Methods IIIn this section, we will explore three scientifically supported decision-making methods that can help individuals and organizations make informed choices. These methods are the Marginal Benefit Principle, the Expected Utility Theory, and the Application of Knowledge Management T echniques.3.1 Marginal Benefit Principle:The Marginal Benefit Principle is a decision-making method that involves considering the incremental benefits resulting from each alternative course of action. According to this principle, individuals or organizations should choose an option if its marginal benefit exceeds its marginal cost or effort. Essentially, it focuses on maximizing the net benefits gained byselecting a particular alternative. By analyzing and comparing the incremental benefits and costs of various decisions, one can make better-informed choices.3.2 Expected Utility Theory:Expected Utility Theory is another scientifically supported decision-making method that assesses alternatives based on their potential outcomes and subjective values associated with those outcomes. This theory suggests that people make decisions by weighing the expected utility or overall satisfaction derived from each option against their individual preferences or risk attitudes. By quantifying the probabilities and utilities of different outcomes, decision-makers can determine which alternative maximizes their expected utility.3.3 Application of Knowledge Management Techniques:Knowledge is a valuable asset when making decisions at both individual and organizational levels. Therefore, applying knowledge management techniques can greatly enhance decision-making processes. Knowledge management involves capturing, organizing, storing, and sharing information efficiently to ensure it is easily accessible for decision-making purposes.By implementing effective knowledge management practices such as creating knowledge databases, establishing communities of practice, conducting training programs to foster knowledge sharing culture, decision-makers can access relevant information more easily when making critical choices. Accessing existing knowledge resources can provide insights into previous experiences and lessons learned to improve current decision-making processes.Applying these scientifically supported decision-making methods - the Marginal Benefit Principle, Expected Utility Theory, and Knowledge Management Techniques - can significantly enhance an individual's or an organization's ability to make well-informed decisions. By considering incremental benefits, assessing expected utilities, and utilizing knowledge effectively, decision-makers can mitigate risks and optimize outcomes in various decision-making scenarios.4. 科学支持的决策方法三：4.1 预测模型应用：预测模型是一种科学支持的决策方法，在决策制定过程中起到关键作用。
决策树模型在中医药领域的应用现状
决策树模型在中医药领域的应用现状作者：马红丽徐长英杨新鸣来源：《世界中医药》2021年第17期摘要决策树因其形状像树且又能用于决策故被称为决策树，是通过机器学习，从一系列无秩序、无规则的逻辑关系中推理出一套分层规则，将结局按照概率分布的树形图表达，从而进行精确预测或正确分类。
现系统综述了决策树在中医药领域的应用现状，发现决策树在疾病风险评估、中医病证的诊断、辨证分型、中药药性或不良反应的预测、证候与理化指标的关联、预后评估和成本-效果分析等方面均有所应用，且其分类和预测结果较为准确，值得今后进一步研究并推广应用。
关键词决策树;数据挖掘;机器学习;中医药;预测模型;树形图;分类;风险评估Application Status of Decision Tree in Traditional Chinese MedicineMA Hongli1，XU Changying2，YANG Xinming1（1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine，Harbin 150040，China; 2 Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine，Harbin 150040，China）Abstract A decision tree is called this name because it is shaped like a tree and it can be used for decision-making.It is a set of hierarchical rules inferred from a series of disordered and irregular logical relations by machine learning，and the outcomes are expressed according to the tree graph of probability distribution，so as to accurately predict or correctly classify.This paper systematically summarizes the present situation of the application of decision tree in the field of traditional Chinese medicine，and found that the decision tree in used in disease risk assessment，diagnosis of TCM diseases and syndromes，syndrome differentiation of TCM，the prediction of Chinese medicinal properties or adverse reactions，syndrome differentiation associated with physical and chemical indicators，prognostic evaluation and cost effect analysis and so on.The classification and prediction results by decision tree are more accurate，and is worth for further research and application in the future.Keywords Decision tree; Data mining; Machine learning; Traditional Chinese medicine; Prediction model; Tree diagram; Classification; Risk assessment中图分类号：R241文献标识码：Adoi：10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2021.17.025我国中医药资源丰富，历史悠久，但随着“大数据”时代的到来，多数中医药数据仍在“沉睡”阶段，目前传统数据处理模式已无法适应“大数据”时代的要求。
英国签证递签流程
英国签证递签流程The UK visa application process can be quite daunting for many people. However, with the right preparation and knowledge, it can be a smooth and straightforward experience. The following is a step-by-step guide to the UK visa application process:Step 1: Determine the type of visa you needFirstly, you need to determine the type of visa you need based on your purpose of travel. The most common types of visas for the UK include tourist visas, student visas, work visas, and family visas.Step 2: Gather the required documentsOnce you have determined the type of visa you need, it is important to gather all the required documents. This may include your passport, application form, supporting documents such as bank statements, employment letters, and proof of accommodation. Step 3: Complete the online application formNext, you need to complete the online application form on the UK visa application website. The form will ask for personal information, travel plans, and details about your background. Make sure to double-check all the information before submitting the form.Step 4: Pay the visa application feeAfter completing the application form, you will be required to pay the visa application fee. The fee amount varies depending on the type of visa you are applying for. You can pay the fee online using a debit or credit card.Step 5: Book an appointment at a visa application centerOnce the fee is paid, you need to book an appointment at a visa application center. The appointment can be booked online, and you will need to select a convenient date and time for your appointment. Step 6: Attend the appointmentOn the day of your appointment, you need to attend the visa application center in person. Make sure to bring all the required documents, including your passport, application form, and supporting documents. You may also be required to provide biometric information, such as fingerprints and a photograph.Step 7: Wait for a decisionAfter submitting your application and biometric information, you need to wait for a decision. The processing time can vary depending on the type of visa and the country you are applying from. It is advisable to check the visa processing times on the UK visa application website.Step 8: Collect your passportOnce a decision is made on your visa application, you will be notified via email or a notification on the application center's website. If your application is approved, you can collect your passport from the visa application center. If your application is rejected, you will be provided with reasons for the refusal.In summary, the UK visa application process involves determining the type of visa, gathering the required documents, completing the online application form, paying the visa application fee, attendingan appointment at a visa application center, waiting for a decision, and collecting your passport. It is important to follow the guidelines and provide accurate information to increase the chances of a successful visa application.。
选择什么选修课英语小作文
选择什么选修课英语小作文Title: Choosing Elective Courses。
In the modern education system, students are often presented with the opportunity to select elective courses, which can significantly shape their academic journey and future prospects. The decision regarding which elective courses to choose is crucial, as it can influence various aspects of one's personal and professional development. In this essay, we will explore the factors to consider when selecting elective courses and discuss the benefits of making informed choices.First and foremost, students should consider their interests and passions when choosing elective courses. Selecting courses that align with one's interests not only makes learning more enjoyable but also increases the likelihood of academic success. When students are genuinely interested in a subject, they are more likely to actively engage with the material, participate in discussions, andpursue additional research opportunities. As a result, they can develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and acquire valuable skills that can be applied in various contexts.Moreover, students should consider the relevance of elective courses to their academic and career goals. Some elective courses may complement their major field of study, providing them with additional knowledge and skills that enhance their professional prospects. For example, a computer science major may choose to take elective courses in artificial intelligence or cybersecurity to broadentheir skill set and increase their employability in the tech industry. Similarly, a business student may opt for elective courses in marketing or finance to gain specialized knowledge that aligns with their career aspirations.Furthermore, students should explore the practical implications of elective courses. Some courses may offer hands-on experience, internships, or opportunities forreal-world application, which can significantly enhancelearning outcomes and prepare students for future challenges. For instance, a photography elective mayinclude field trips, studio sessions, and assignments that allow students to develop their technical skills andartistic vision under the guidance of experienced professionals. Similarly, a volunteerism elective mayinvolve community service projects that enable students to make a positive impact while gaining valuable insights into social issues.Additionally, students should consider the flexibility and adaptability of elective courses. In today's rapidly changing world, it is essential to acquire versatile skills that can be applied across different industries and contexts. Elective courses that foster creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability can equip students with the tools they need to navigate complex challenges and seize opportunities in a dynamic environment. Therefore, students should prioritize courses that encourage innovation, collaboration, and interdisciplinary thinking, as these skills are highly valued in the 21st-century workforce.In conclusion, the process of choosing elective courses requires careful consideration of various factors,including interests, relevance, practical implications, and adaptability. By making informed choices, students can maximize their learning potential, expand their horizons, and prepare themselves for success in their academic and professional endeavors. Ultimately, elective courses offer a valuable opportunity for students to explore new interests, develop specialized skills, and chart their own path towards a fulfilling and rewarding future.。
TREEPLAN使用详解
第一章安装Tree plan（以下称决策树）是在excel中画决策树的一个加载工具。
是由旧金山大学教授米歇尔R. 米德尔顿开发，并由杜克大学Fuqua商学院的詹姆斯E.史密斯教授改良使用。
一、安装方式决策树的所有功能都在一个名为TreePlan.xla的文件中，根据你的使用情况，共有以下3种安装方式。
第1种，偶然使用如果你只是偶然使用一次决策树，那么每次当你用的时候下载一次即可。
你也可以把TreePlan.xla文件放在一张软盘、电脑硬盘或网盘中。
直接双击“”加载第2种，选择性使用在这种场景下，你可以使用excel的加载项功能来安装决策树。
步骤如下：把TreePlan.xla保存在你电脑硬盘的某个地方。
如果你把TreePlan.xla文件保存在了excel 或office子目录文件夹里，请直接到第三步。
否则，打开excel——单击office按钮——excel 选项——加载项——转到——加载项对话框，单击浏览按钮，找到TreePlan.xla，单击确定。
在加载项对话框中，可以看到已经有TreePlan.xla选项，选中决策树前面的方框，单击确定。
如果你为了释放内存不再用决策树了，那么在加载项对话框中，去掉决策树前面的方框中的对勾。
当你要使用的时候，选择加载项，并选中决策树即可。
如果你要从加载项中移除决策树，直接在你保存TreePlan.xla文件的地方把它删除即可。
下次当你打开excel并使用加载项时，会出现一个“未找到加载的TreePlan.xla文件，是否从列表中删除？”的对话框，单价确定即可。
1)首先把加载宏放入如下安装文件件“D:\Program Files\MicrosoftOffice\Office15\Library‘’library 英 [ˈlaɪbrərɪ] 美 [laɪˌbrɛrɪ] n. 图书馆，藏书室；文库C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office15\Library2）加载：文件-选项-加载项-加载项-treeplan-转到第3种，经常使用如果你希望只要打开excel 就能够使用决策树，那么就把TreePlan.xla 文件保存在Excel XL Start 文件夹里。
Ch_3_Decision
Minimax Regret
Opportunity Loss Tables
STATE OF NATURE
FAVORABLE MARKET ($)
UNFAVORABLE MARKET ($)
200,000 – 200,000
0 – (–180,000)
200,000 – 100,000
0 – (–20,000)
Weighted average =
(maximum in row)
+ (1 – )(minimum in row)
11
Criterion of Realism (Hurwicz)
For the large plant alternative using = 0.8
(0.8)(200,000) + (1 – 0.8)(–180,000) = 124,000
Expand by manufacturing and marketing a new product, backyard storage sheds
Step 2 – List alternatives
Construct a large new plant A small plant No plant at all
Minimax Regret
Based on opportunity loss or regret; choose the alternative to which the highest possible opportunity loss is the smallest.
Create an opportunity loss table by determining the opportunity loss for not choosing the best alternative
伊顿比例阀规格简化说明书
Valve specification made simpleEaton offers a number of proportional valves with a variety of features, flow rates and performance levels. This guide is designed to simplify the specification of our proportional valve product range. On the back side of this sheet is a chart detailing valve capabilities, arranged in a decision tree format. Start in the top left, and follow these steps to select the appropriate valve:Step 1: Determine whether the application requires a valve with or without onboard electronics (OBE). Valves with OBE do not require an external controller (PAM card). The controller is built intothe valve.Step 2: Determine whether the application requires a single-stage or dual-stage valve. This decision is made primarily because of flow. For size 5 only, occasionally the lower pressure rating of a spool in body is needed.Step 3: Determine which valve type is suitable for the application. The valve types listed within the chart include the options detailed to the right.Step 4: Select the appropriate size.Step 5: Refer to the specific product catalog for additional details such as pressure ratings, available spool types, power capacity curves, etc., to finalize selection.Eaton proportional valve typesSingle stageAxisPro: Single solenoid digital valve. Spool goes to 4th position when power is removed. Amplifier has spool position feedback.• Level 1: Digital version of the KBS valve• Level 2: Has external sensor inputs, which allow closing higher level control loops on the valve, e.g. cylinder position/speed, force• Level 3: Level 2 plus built-in pressure sensorsKBS: Single solenoid analog valve. Spool goes to 4th position when power is removed. Amplifier has spool position feedback.KBF: Dual solenoid analog valve. Spool stays in center position when power is removed. Amplifier has spool position feedback.KBD: Dual solenoid digital valve. Spool stays in center position when power is removed. Amplifier does not have spoolposition feedback.Dual stageAxisPro: Pilot spool goes to 4th position when power is removed. Amplifier has pilot and main-stage spool position feedback.• Level 1: Digital version of the KBH valve• Level 2: Has external sensor inputs, which allow closing higher level control loops on the valve, e.g. cylinder position/speed, force• Level 3: Not availableKBH: Pilot spool goes to 4th position when power is removed. Amplifier has pilot and main-stage spool position feedback.KBF: Pilot spool stays in center position when power is removed. Amplifier has only main-stage spool position feedback.KBD: Pilot spool stays in center position when power is removed. Amplifier has no spool position feedback.Eaton proportional valve product guideFollow us on social media to get thelatest product and support information.Eaton proportional valve product guideDecision 1:Onboard electronics (OBE) or Decision 2:Single stage or dual Decision 3:Maximumpressure P, A & B Flow Response time Valvecloses external ² Hysteresis value if valve is utilized with a matching Eaton PAM card.3Refer to catalog for exact value.Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122United States © 2019 EatonAll Rights Reserved Printed in USADocument No: E-VLVI-BB003-E March 2019。
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