GRE-孙远的工具箱-教育类

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GRE-孙远的工具箱-社会

No.1 孙远的工具箱（社会类）社会类1.The function of ArtArt has an effect on the individual and on a particular culture in a society. Psychologically, art enhances life by adding beauty to our surroundings. It is a source of pleasure and relaxation from the stresses of life. Socially, art plays a number of different roles by virtue of its capacity to embody symbolic significance to its audience.Art and Social OrganizationArt fulfills a number of important social functions. It is used to communicate the various statues people hold. It can play a role in regulating economic activities. And it is almost always a means for expressing important political and religious ideas and religious ideas and for teaching principles that are valued in society. These and other social uses of art function to preserve the established social organization of each society.Status IndicationOne of the social functions of art is the communication ofstatus differences between individuals. For instance, gender differences in body decorations and dress are typical of cultures throughout the world. Age differences may be similarly indicated. Puberty rituals often include tattooing, scarification of the body in decoration designs, or even filing of the teeth to between children and adults. Social class differences in complex societies also involve aesthetic markers such as the clothing people wear and the kinds of artworks the use as decorations of their homes. According to Sahlins, social and economic class, age and gender differences are noticeable even in the kinds of fabrics people’s clothing is made from. For instance, silks in mist societies are predominantly worn by women, especially those who are part of the upper classes and those who are middle-aged.Economic FunctionsEconomic life, by virtue of its practical importance to its our survival and to our standard of living, can sometimes be a source of conflict between groups that must carry out exchange with one another. Sometimes art, perhaps because it is valued for its nonutilitarian qualities, can play arole of maintaining harmony in such settings.Religious FunctionsMuch of dramatic and emotional impact of religion derives from its use of art. Religious rituals everywhere include song and dance performances, and the visual arts function to heighten the emotional component of religious experience in all parts of the world, by portraying important scenes and symbols from religious history and mythology. In some cultures, art and religious ritual are inseparable. For instance, among the Abelam of Papua New Guinea, all art is produced for use in rituals.Didactic FunctionsArt is often employed as a means for teaching important cultural ideas and values. For instance, hymns in Western religious express theological concepts and encourage the support of specific religious values.Political functionsArt often functions to legitimize the authority of government.As a statement about the legitimacy of governmentalauthority, art is a conservative force in society. In this role, it is intended to elicit loyalty and to stabilize society and its political system. Governments also sometimes deliberately employ this aspect of art as propaganda urging public action that supports official policy. Thus, propagandistic are embodies both didactic and political functions.2.Intercultural PrejudicesIn complex societies with large populations and many competing groups, prejudices between groups within the society may become a common element of daily experience, varying from good-natures rivalry to direct antipathies. In the United States, we may think of our own state as “God’s own country,” our politics as the only rational way of doing things or our religion as the only road to salvation.The attitude that one’s own culture is the naturally superior one, the standard by which all other cultures should be judged, and that cultures different from one’s own are inferior is such a common way of reacting to other’s customs that it is given a special name by anthropologists. Ethnocentrism, centered in one’s ethos, the Greek word fora people or a nation, is found in every culture. People allow their judgments about human nature and about the relative merits of different ways of life to be guided by ideas and values that are centered narrowly on the way of life of their own society.Ethnocentrism serves a society by creating greater feelings of group unity. When individuals speak ethnocentrically, they affirm their loyalty to the ideals of their society and elicit in other persons of the group shared feelings of superiority about their social body. This enhances their sense of identity as members of the same society and as bearers of a common culture. A shared sense of group superiority—especially during its overt communications between group members—can help them overlook internal differences and prevent conflicts that could otherwise decrease the ability of the group to undertake effectively coordinated action.For most human history, societies have been smaller than the nations of today, and most people have interacted only with members of their own society. Under suchcircumstances, the role of ethnocentrism in helping a society to survive by motivating its members to support one another in their common goals has probably outweighed its negative aspects. However, ethnocentrism definitely has a darker side. It is a direct barrier to understanding among peoples of diverse customs and values. It enhances enmity between societies and can be a motivation for conflict among peoples whose lives are guided by different cultures.3.Culture ShockAnthropologies who engage in fieldwork in a culture that differs from the one in which they grew up often experience a period of disorientation or even depression known as culture shock before they become acclimatized to their new environment. Even tourists who travel for only a short time outside their own nations may experience culture shock, and unless they are prepared for its impact, they may simply transform their own distress into a motive for prejudice against their host society.4.GroupsThe members of social groups generally identify themselvessymbolically with a name or some other emblem of their group identity. Commonly, the identifying emblem indicates the activity that draws the members together or represents som e other important aspect of the group’s characteristics. Thus, the group identity of the United States of America is symbolized by a flag that portrays the political unity of that society’s 50 states by a group of 50 stars. The great Seal of the United States of America contains the image of an eagle clutching an olive branch and arrows, symbols of peace and war, which suggest that the major purpose of the nation as a political entity is to maintain internal order and to defend the group. A smaller, more face-to face group, such as a basketball team, may identify itself as a united body by naming itself and by symbolizing its athletic purpose with some symbol of its prowess, such as a changing bull or a flying hawk.5.AuthorityIt will not come as surprise that a society that admires independence and progress does not have an automatic respect of authority. What deference people in authority do command is base on their actual power rather than on theirage, wisdom, or dignity. Old people are often seen asbe hind times. It’s the young who are expected to have some special insight into the modem world.After all, it was by overthrowing the King of England that the United States was born, and suspicion of authority has remained a pillar of American life. This attitude has helped establish the USA as the birthplace of innovations that have changed the world. If a better way of doing something that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in traditional societies.6.The No-Status SocietyIn a status society, people learn their places and gain some dignity and security from having a place in the social order. Americans, however, are taught not to recognize their places and to constantly assert themselves. This can manifest itself in positive ways—hard work, clever ideas—but also in ongoing dissatisfaction.As an American is always striving to change his lot, he never fully identifies with any group. We have no expressions suchas in China “the fat pig gets slaughtered,” or in Japan, where “the nail that sticks out gets hammered down.” Here, everybody is trying to stick out, which limits closeness between people. We say, “It’s the squeaky where that gets the grease. According to Alan Roland, author of In Search of self in India and Japan, in the United States “a militant individualism has been combined with enormous social mobility,” leaving very group identity.Roland psychoanalyzed Americans, Indians and Japanese and discovered that the two Asian cultures had no concept of the strong inner separation from other that is characteristic of Americans. Because our society is so competitive, we feel in the end that we can only rely on ourselves.7.ConformityTo an American, what the world thinks of him is extremely important. Only through the eyes of others can success have significance. The theory of culture analyst David Riesman is that Americans are no longer primarily governed by inner values handed down through generations. Instead,he thinks American have become outer-directedpeople-guided not by their own consciences but by the opinions of others. To be like is crucial.Although individualism is central in American—in the sense that the self comes first—Americans are not individualists. Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them. In America, popularity is a sign of success and terribly important. Nobody can have too many friends—as long as they don’t take up too much of their valuable time.8.Debating Moral QuestionsNowhere is modern thinking more muddled than over the question of whether it is proper to debate moral issues. Many argue it is not, saying it is wrong to make “value judgments.” This vie w is shallow. If such judgments were wrong, then ethics, philosophy, and theology would be unacceptable in a college curriculum—an idea that is obvious silly. As the following cases illustrate, it is impossible to avoid making value judgments.No matter how difficult it may be to judge such moral issues, we must judge them. Value judgment is the basis not only of our social code, but of our legal system. The quality of our laws is directly affected by the quality of our moral judgments. A society that judges blacks inferior is not likely to accord blacks equal treatment. A society that believes a woman’s place is in the home is not likely to guarantee women equal employment opportunity.Other people accept value judgments as long as they are made within a culture, and not about other cultures. Right and wrong, they believe, vary from one culture to another. It is true that an act frowned upon in one culture may be tolerated in another, but the degree of difference has often been grossly exaggerated. When we first encounter an unfamiliar moral view, we are inclined to focus on the difference so much that we miss the similarity.Is it legitimate, then, for us to pass judgment on the moral standards of another culture? Yes, if we do so thoughtfully, and not just conclude that whatever differs from our viewsnecessarily wrong. We can judge, for example, a culture that treats women as property, or places less value on their lives than on the lives of men. Moreover, we can say a society is acting immorally by denying women their human rights.Surely it is irresponsible for us to withhold judgment on the morality of these cases merely because they occurred in a different culture. It is obvious that in both cases the men’s response, murder, was out of all proportio n to the women’s “offenses,” and therefore demonstrated a wanton disregard for the women’s human rights. Their response is this properly judged immoral. And this judgment implies another—that the culture condoning such behavior is guilty of moral insensitivity.9.Art as Nonverbal CommunicationLike language and social organization, art is essential to man. As embellishment and as creation of objects beyond requirements of the most basic needs of living, art has accompanied man since prehistoric times. Because of its almost unfailing consistency as an element of manysocieties, art may be a response to some biological or psychological need. Indeed, it is one of the most constant forms of human behavior.American art is functional. Its function is its purpose, whether it is economic, magical, or religious. There is, though, some of art for its own sake such as in the embellishment of pulleys used in weaving. The carving on the pulley may not take for a stronger pulley (a metal hook would be cheaper and stronger), but when asked why another king wasn’t used, the weaver answered, “One does not want to live without pretty things.”African art is a way of experiencing the world. All its forms, whether masks, sculpture, houses, fabrics, pottery, poetry, music, or dance, render the invisible and reveal the meaning of the confrontation between life and death (it was Paul Klee, influenced by African art, who said that the task of art was to make the invisible visible.)The African artist works from the force to the form that embodies it. Until the twentieth century, European artists,inspired by Greek traditions, started from a concrete form, usually that of the human figure, to express the divine. The African artist, however, begins with a sense of a spiritual presence inside him, which he then expresses through art, in a concrete form.The African artist works from the force to the form that embodies it. Until the twentieth century, European artists, inspired by Greek traditions, started from a concrete form, usually that of the human figure, to express the divine. The African artist, however, begins with a sense of a spiritual presence inside him, which he then express through art, in a concrete form.The African artist is not considered an artist. He may be a farmer who carves or a smith who is endowed with magical powers. The responsibility for understanding the operation of forces issuing from the divine power, and of controlling them in a meaningful way, lies in the medicine man or priest. It is the priest who communicates the need for a certain form to the carver if it is to have some spiritual endowment. (That is why carvers don’t see anything wrong in copyinganother carver’s work. Copying is just another form of flattery.)The African conception of art is a communal conception as compared with European individualistic expression. To the African, community existed prior to the individual, and the individual is just a small part of a long tradition. The sense of unity extends to nature and to the earth—earth belongs to ancestors.Secret societies, supporting the medicine man, maintain standards of behavior by special initiation tests, rituals for many occasions, oaths of secrecy, and the like. They supervise morality, uphold tribal traditions, and dispense justice. They set standards for art forms from birth through puberty, marriage, and death. Masks, sculptures in the form of ancestor figure, fetish, and ritual implements (rattles and drums) conform to these traditions. Fetishes are objects endowed with magical powers for a special purpose and are usually crudely fashioned by the medicine man.African art gives form to the supernatural and invisible. Its abstract imagery does not even attempt to imitate concrete appearances. How does one represent the power and virtue of an ancestor or the rhythm of an animal concretely? From this emerge a rhythmic unity and a reduction of every formal element to its eternal geometry.African art is one that is in equilibrium with nature and forms a communication with nature. To the African, sculpture can be a receptacle of the ancestor’s spirituality and has the ability to transmit that spirituality when necessary. Its message or meaning becomes its presence.African art is closer to life than the art of other countries. Its art forms are within every man’s reach. They are a necessity, an integral force, and a part of living. As functional forms, they invite direct participation in their uses. This is the vitality of American art.In summary, African art explains the past, describes values and a way of life, helps man relate to supernatural forces, mediates his social relations, expresses emotions, andenhances man’s present life as an embellishment denoting pride or status as well as providing entertainment (such as with dance and music).10.Turtle IslandThere are many things in Western culture that are admirable. But a culture that alienates itself from the very ground of its own being—from the wildness Outside (that is to say, wild nature, the wild, self-contained, self-informing, ecosystems) and from that other wilderness, the wilderness within—is doomed to a very destructive behavior, ultimately perhaps self-destructive behavior.A line is drawn between primitive peoples and civilized peoples. I think there is a wisdom in the world view of primitive peoples that we have to refer ourselves to, and learn from. If we are on the verge of postcivilization, then our next step must take account of the primitive world view which has traditionally and intelligently tried to keep open lines of communication with the forces of nature. You cannot communicate with the forces of nature in a laboratory. One of the problems is that we simply do notknow much about primitive people and primitive cultures. If we can tentatively accommodate the possibility that nature has a degree of authenticity and intelligence that requires that we look at it more sensitively, then we can move on to the next step.。

GRE写作科技类

1No.1 孙远的工具箱（科技类）科技类1 计算机和教育Computers enhance a student ’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual difference in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. A third advantage of computer assisted instruction is that a computer can give a student immediate feed back .Computer can make the teacher ’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials . In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms . Finally, computer can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress , thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork .2. 计算机与工作环境In an atmosphere of computer monitoring, inept workstations, inflexible pacing, and nerve-wracking anxiety, workman’s com pensation claims based on job stress have more than doubled since 1980, and now account for approximately 15 percent of all occupational disease claims . According to estimates by the OTA, stress-related illness costs business, between $50 and 75$ billion per year.3. 太阳能What’s making solar energy so hot? For one thing, the technology is getting better and cheaper . The price of the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity has fallen sharply from $500 a watt in the 1960s to about $4 today. Companies are now rushing to break the $2 barrier. Texas Instruments and Southern California Edison have joined forces to produce flexible solar panels from inexpensive low-grade silicon. The innovative technology will allow the panels to be integrated into car and building design and, even more important; will crash the price to $2.50 a watt.4. 微型机器In the past, one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro (or tiny) scale. For example, doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to identify health problems to perform delicate surgery . Repair crew did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within ahigh-rise apartment building. However, that’s about to change. Advances in c omputers and biophysics have started a micro miniature revolution that’s allowing scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines. These devices promise to radically change the way we live and work.5. 环境压力New technologies often cause new forms of pollution and environmental stress. Pollution may be defined as the addition to the environment of agents that are potentially damaging to the welfare of humans or other organisms. Environmental stress is a more general term that refers to effects of society on the natural environment. Pollution is the most common form of environmental stress, but it is not the only one.2One example of environmental stress resulting from technology is the surprising finding that winter fish killed in Wisconsin lakes were caused by snowmobiles. Heavy snowmobiles on lakes compact the snow, thereby reducing the amount of sunlight filtering through the ice and interfering with photosynthesis by aquatic plants . As the plant life dies, its decomposition further reduces the amount of oxygen in the water . The fish then die of asphyxiation. In sum, although scientific discoveries and technological advances have produced tremendous improvements in the quality of human life, they have often had negative consequences as well. The risk of cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles, the possibility of large-scale industrial accidents, the ethical issues raised by the use of life-prolong technologies, and the ever-present danger of nuclear holocaust are as much a part of the modern era as space travel, miracle drugs, and computers that can operate whole factories. Although technology is not “out of control’, there is clearly a need for improved procedures for anticipating and preventing the negative consequences of new technologies.6. 高科技和就业The term high technology is associated with computers, advanced electronics, genetic engineering, and other frontiers of technological change. The term high technology implies:An extensive degree of technological sophistication embodied in a productA rapid rate of employment growth associated with an innovative product. A large research and development effort associated with production.One implication of this definition is that it includes job-creating process like research and development as well as technologies like computers, which also have created new growth in employment.Early machine technologies tended to replace human labor power, but high technology tends to reduce the need for human brainpower. Employment in occupations like drafting and industrial drawing in engineering and architecture, for example, is threatened by the accelerating use of computer design and graphics programs.7. 科技的影响It should be noted that the effects of new technologies are not always positive. The phrase technological dualism is sometimes used to refer to the fact that technological changes often have both positive and negative effects. The introduction of diesel locomotives , for example, greatly increase the efficiency of railroad operations, but it is also led to decline and eventual abandonment of railroad towns whose economies were based on the servicing of steam locomotives. Another example is the automation of industrial production . Automation has greatly improved manufacturing process in many industries. It has increased the safety of certain production tasks and led toimproved product quality in many cases. But it has also replaced thousands of manual workers with machines, and significant numbers of those workers find themselves unemployed and lacking the skills required by the high-tech occupations of postindustrial society.Technology is dangerous to the real world. (In movie and science fiction) Events like the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power plant in 1979; the toxic gas leak that killed more than 2,000 people in Bhopal, India , in 1984; and the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear-power plant in the Soviet Union in 1986 seem to indicate human beings cannot control technologies they have created.The result of our dependence on the benefits of complex technologies is an increasingly complex set oforganizations and procedures for putting those technologies to work. This requires more human effort and skill,3and the chances of error and breakdown are greater. The point is not that technology is out of control but that often there is lag between the introductions of new technologies and the mature control over them .8. 科技和社会变化Inventions affect the size of populations, which in turn influences the course of history. Some inventions affect population directly: Improvements in sanitation , the development of cured for fatal illnesses , and more effective contraceptive techniques are examples. Some inventions can also have indirect effects on population: techniques that improve crop yields or permit long-term storage of food surpluses make it possible to support a largerpopulation with a given amount of farmland. And improvements in military technology have had dramatic effects on the conduct of war and hence on population size.9．对能量的要求Throughout human history a central aspect of technological change has been the quest for new sources of energy to meet the needs of growing populations. That quest has given rise to a succession of energy technologies, each more sophisticated than the last. (Animal power---steam-driven machines---internal-combustion engine---nuclear energy---fusion reaction, in which hydrogen atoms are fused into helium.)Many people believe that societies can meet their growing energy needs by continually investing in more sophisticated technologies. This approach has led to the development of huge nuclear-power plants to replace oil-fueled generators, and it is widely hoped that investment in fusion, an even more complex technology, will eliminate the dangers posed by nuclear power.The trend toward greater use of nuclear power to generate electricity has become a major social and political issue. Underlying the conflict over the safety of nuclear-power plants is the issue of control.10. 日常生活中的科技The place of technology in modern societies is a subject of continuing controversy. Key issues include not only the impact of technology on daily life but also the need to control the development and uses of technological innovations so that they benefit all sectors of society.11. 科技和社会: 医学科技Throughout most of human history, limitations on food production, together with lack of medical knowledge, have placed limits on the size of populations. Dreadful diseases like the bubonic plague have actually reducedpopulations. In England the plague, known as the Black Death , was responsible for a drastic drop in the population in 1348 and for the lack of population growth in the seventeenth century. In 1625 more than 35,000 residents of London died of the plague. Smallpox and dysentery have had similar, though less dramatic, effects.As medical science progressed toward greater understanding of the nature of disease and its prevention, new public-health and maternal-care practices contributed to rapid population growth. In the second half of the nineteenth century, such discoveries as antiseptics and anesthesia made possible other life-prolonging medical treatments.12. 科技的影响The case of medical technology illustrates once again that technology can be both a blessing and a curse. In recent decades we have become increasingly aware that the problems of human life cannot always be solved bytechnological means. The “technological fix” can have adverse consequences. In the case of medical technology,4vital ethical issues must be addresses. Other technologies, such as nuclear power and chemical plants, can directly threaten human life. As Charles Perrow writes, “Human -made catastrophes appear to have increased withindustrialization as we built devices that could not crash, sink, and burn or explode.” Perrow also points out that the increasing complexity of modern technology has led to a new kind of catastrophe: the failure of whole systems (i.e., activities and organizational networks as well as apparatus), as in the case of the Three Mile Island accident and the Challenger disaster .13 学院The work of scientists must be paid for, and the more their research is “pure” (in that it has no apparent uses that generate profits), the more it must be supported by other institutions like government or industry. This dependence of science on other institutions continually subjects scientists to pressure to make their work relevant to the needs of business or military.14. 科学的标准Universalism. One of the basic norms of scientific institutions universalism: The truth of scientific knowledge must be determined by the impersonal criteria of the scientific method, not by criteria related to race, nationality, religion, social class, or political ideology.Consider the case of the Russian geneticist Trofim D. Lysenko, who on the basis of some extremely unscientific research on plant genetics, claimed that acquired characteristics of plants could be inherited by the next generation. This claim seems to offer hope for improvement of the Soviet Union’s faltering agricultural production. It also fit well with Soviet ideology, which held that better human beings could be created through adherence to revolution. To Stalin and his advisers, science seemed to have proved the value of the Soviet culture and social system. Lysenko was granted a virtual dictatorship over biological research in the Soviet Union, and hundreds of Geneticists lost their jobs. Lysenko was deposed during the Khrushchev era, but the damage done to Soviet agriculture and biological research in the name of ideology lasted many years longer.Common ownership. Another norm of science is common ownership of scientific findings. Those findings are a result of collaboration and hence are not the property of any individual , although in some cases they may bear the name of the person who first published th em, as in “Darwin’s theory of evolution” or “Einstein’s theory of relativity”. Secrecy is out of place in science.Disinterestedness. A further norm of scientific institutions is disinterestedness. The scientist does not allow the desire for personal gain to influence the reporting and evaluation of results; fraud and irresponsible claims are outlawed. In fact, more than most other activities, scientific research is subject to the scrutiny of others. This is part of the nature of that research, which involves the search for results that can be verified; in other words, science is, in a sense, self-policing. The norm of disinterestedness does not imply that scientists cannot hope to profit from their findings, and there are many instances in which scientists have held lucrative patents for their discoveries. But it does imply that related norms of scientific research, such as unbiased observation and thoroughness inreporting findings, must take precedence over any selfish motives. (It appeared that a new era of------- might be on the horizon)15. 现代社会中的科技We noted earlier that a significant aspect of modern science is its contribution to the rapid pace of technological change. The technologies produced by scientific research are applied to all aspects human life and hence are a major force in shaping and changing other institutions in addition to scientific institutions themselves. An exampleis the impact of technological change on the institutions of mass communication. The advent of radio and thentelevision dramatically changed the ways in which social and cultural values are transmitted to various groups insociety.The industrial revolution completely changed the organization of economic institutions and also had significanteffects on other institutions, such as the family. Likewise, the internal-combustion engine, which made possible the development of the automobile, has completely transformed the ecology of North America. On the other hand,some technological changes are limited to modifications in the apparatus or technical skills needed for a particulartask (the surgical stapler is an example) and do not affect large numbers of people or have major social impacts.16 伽利略和宗教审判The first person to use a telescope to study the skies was Galileo Galilee, an Italian mathematician who lived from1564 to 1642. His observations convinced him that the earth revolved around the sun. Up to that time it had beentaken for granted that the earth was the center of the universe, and this belief was strongly entrenched in thedoctrines of the Catholic Church Galileo’s view were so radical that he was tried by the Institution, ordered todeny what he knew to be the truth, and forced to spend the last eight years of his life under house arrested.Today scientists are studying subatomic particles called quarks. They have proposed that dinosaurs had feathers rather than scales, and they have suggested that the universe began with abig bang and that stars eventually become black holes. They have discovered the process by whichthe continents were formed and the structure of human genes in none of these cases have thefindings been challenged by “the authorities,” religious or others. Rather, they have been judgedby the standards of scientific investigation, one of the functions of the institution that we call science.5。

孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型

that deserve attention.
17. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is
insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to
and technological.
4. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and
how well it represented…
孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型
编辑：admin | 作者：新东方教育在线 | 发布日期：2002-10-13 4:11:38
孙远博士，副教授，留美学者，长期从事英语教学，对英文写作尤有专攻。在国内外学术期刊上发表学术论文30多篇，出版学术著作两部，译著一部。在新东方主讲GMAT写作、GRE专项写作和TOEFL专项写作。主编《GMAT写作》、《GRE写作》和《TOEFL写作宝典》。“多背优美的英文篇章。我们学习汉语写作是从背诵开始的，这一点不言而喻。对于学习英语写作来说，背诵就更加重要了。不下苦功夫在上文所说的阅读的基础上背诵数百篇的优秀篇章，英文思维能力就不可能培养起来；而不能用英语进行思维就无法超越翻译式的写作阶段，也就永远不可能真正用英语进行创造性的写作，即创作。”在网络课堂中，名师孙远将为你提供更多的写作模式和套路。
7. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to
which…
8. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that…

GRE考试：issue写作指导(提纲模板)

GRE考试：issue作文重点题目和提纲gre issue 提纲“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”只相信智力是危险的。

【分析题目】拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。

通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。

【提纲1】A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。

(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多其他的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。

(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to succeed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。

We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, combine them with each other.【提纲2】Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.GRE考试：issue字数gre issue 字数要求是怎样的?很多考生担心考试时issue 字数上不去。

2024年GRE考试语文历年题目全扫描

2024年GRE考试语文历年题目全扫描GRE语文考试是世界上最具权威性的语言考试之一，广泛应用于全球各高校的研究生招生入学考试。

为了帮助考生更好地备考2024年的GRE语文考试，本文将全面扫描历年的考题，为大家提供全面准确的备考资料。

1. 阅读理解题2021年真题：Passaсk 1: 《人力资源管理的影响》Passaсk 2: 《环境保护的挑战与机遇》Passaсk 3: 《科技与社会变革》2022年真题：Passaсk 1: 《贫富差距与社会不公平》Passaсk 2: 《艺术对社会的影响》Passaсk 3: 《人工智能的发展与应用》2023年真题：Passaсk 1: 《全球化与经济发展》Passaсk 2: 《教育的重要性与改革》Passaсk 3: 《城市化带来的问题与挑战》2. 文字推理题2021年真题：Text 1: 《全球化对文化多样性的影响》Text 2: 《科技创新与社会进步》Text 3: 《环境保护的道德责任》2022年真题：Text 1: 《教育公平与社会流动》Text 2: 《良好诚信对个人与社会的重要性》 Text 3: 《技术革新的利弊分析》2023年真题：Text 1: 《社会媒体对沟通与互动的影响》 Text 2: 《全球化对职业发展的影响》Text 3: 《数字时代的隐私保护》3. 完型填空题2021年真题：Passage 1: 《科技对人类生活的变革》Passage 2: 《科学发展与道德伦理》Passage 3: 《生态文明与可持续发展》2022年真题：Passage 1: 《科技对教育的革新与应用》Passage 2: 《自由市场与经济竞争》Passage 3: 《科学与艺术的交叉与影响》2023年真题：Passage 1: 《社会媒体对消费习惯的影响》Passage 2: 《全球化对就业市场的变革》Passage 3: 《人工智能对人类思维的挑战》以上所列为历年GRE考试的部分语文题目，考生可以根据题目清单进行重点复习，了解近几年出题趋势，熟悉题目类型和难度水平。

URP高校网络教学系统V1.0

清华教育在线THEOL系列教学软件北京清元优软科技有限公司2009-7目录一、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0概述 (2)二、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0建设方案 (6)三、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0系统与资源描述 (9)第一部分通用网络教学平台 (9)第二部分精品课程申报、建设与评审平台 (14)第三部分专业与课程建设平台 (19)第四部分研究型网络教学平台 (21)第五部分教学资源库管理平台 (22)第六部分国内外开放课程资源 (26)第七部分数据共享方案 (30)四、技术路线、硬软件环境要求 (31)一、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0概述高校用户一览表网络教学平台已经在国内170余所知名院校中得到成功应用，其中包括985工程院校15所，211工程院校60余所，原国防科工委院校10余所以及国家示范性高职院校10多所，部分如下：清华大学、西安交通大学、南开大学、重庆大学、福州大学、吉林大学、湖南大学、中央民族大学、泰山医学院、重庆医科大学、广西医科大学、华南理工大学、兰州大学、新疆大学、内蒙古大学、青海大学、南昌大学、深圳大学、西北农林科技大学、华南农业大学、中国地质大学、北京石油化工学院、华北电力大学（北京）、北京理工大学、中国农业大学、外交学院、北京建筑工程学院、装甲兵工程学院、南京理工大学、昆明理工大学、西安理工大学、武汉理工大学、辽宁工程技术大学、东北农业大学、哈尔滨理工大学、南京航空航天大学、泉州师范学院、玉林师范学院、沈阳建筑大学、石河子大学、大连铁道学院、重庆工商大学、西南大学、河南农业大学、西北第二民族学院、青岛大学、太原科技大学、内蒙古工业大学、河南科技大学、西安邮电大学、新疆农业大学、贵州大学等。

二、URP高校网络教学系统V1.0建设方案“质量工程”在特色专业点建设、精品课程建设、高水平教学团队建设、教学资源建设、多种模式教学过程和教学环节信息化等方面都提出了更高的要求。

枝干--各部分的复习

枝干——各个部分的复习（1）math在我写的那篇机经里已经说过了，GMAT里的数学似乎有变难的趋势，所以即令勤奋聪慧如CD诸友者，仍未必能够轻松拿下数学。

因此我觉得这部分还是应该引起大家的重视。

我感觉，数学部分的复习还是最好从基本的概念开始，新东方老师的三本书我都有，吴强，钱永强，陈向东。

我感觉各有千秋，数学概念方面总结的都比较好。

但我本人比较喜欢吴强那一本，尽管里面有不少错误，但那本书里确实有不少很不错的解题思路，概率、统计和排列组合部分也总结了不少的难题，对于数学复习来说帮助不小。

数学准备的第二步应该就是OG了，我希望大家注意一点，那就是OG数学前面的题目确实很简单，但做到后面就会发现题目越来越难，换言之就是水平越来越高。

我第一次备考就是只做了ps的前100题，当时真的是狂妄的要命——就这题拿来考我？笑话！可是和逻辑一样，当我发现根本不是那么简单的时候一切都已经晚了。

这次备考OG数学认认真真的作了两遍。

我感觉解题思路对于math部分来说似乎不如verbal那么重要，但是语言表达方面却绝对值得引起大家重视，要知道因为不熟悉语言表达在math上失分是很冤的。

第三步就是狒狒宝典和机经了，那些题目确实很有价值，但我觉得大家最好还是以掌握解题思路为主，切勿强记答案。

原因有三，一、因为我们不可能把几百道题的答案全部准确地记下来；二、考试的时候的题目未必和宝典上的题目一致，说不定换了数字；三、即使考试的时候遇到了相似题目我觉得大概也没有谁敢直接去点答案，原因就是上面说的第二条，多数的情况就是会把真正考试的题目去和记忆中的题目进行比较，而这样很费时间。

但是时间对于考试来说又是至关重要的，所以我觉得宝典和机经的作用就在于让我们达到有宝典如无宝典，有机经如无机经的境界——一切了然于胸，无惧千变万化。

（当然了，我还差得远，不过我的数学水平基本上是等而下之，大家比我强得多，达到这样的境界只是时间问题）。

最后，也就是考前的阶段我觉得还是要回归OG和概念以及专有名词，把不熟悉的题目再作一作，基本上问题就不算大了。

ERP库存管理

Tiptop 5.0 Gui教育訓練庫存管理系統課程大綱八. Q & A 10分鐘10分鐘A 儲位C 儲位B 儲位批號1批號2批號3MRP 倉庫儲位保稅∕非保稅倉庫儲位(Main W/H)建立庫房概念多倉庫儲位批號存量庫房線上庫房可用或不可用MRP 使用或不使用倉儲料件存放之倉儲可事先設定不同倉儲可有不同單位1.取自料件主檔2.取自料件分群檔3.取自倉庫檔4.取自倉庫儲位檔倉庫系統作業流程2.倉庫實務作業流程工單完工入庫成品倉TIPTOP 單據別設定說明雜項發料流程領用需求發生領用單輸入(aimt301) (aimt311)領用單憑證列印(aimt301-O) (aimt311-O)材料領用點交出庫庫存過帳aimt301-S aimt311-SEnd庫存錯誤否理由碼過帳雜項發料計算成本需維護其單價雜項收料流程入庫／退料需求發生雜收入庫∕退料單輸入(aimt302) (aimt312)入庫／退料單憑證列印(aimt302-O) (aimt312-O)材料退回入庫庫存過帳aimt302-Saimt312-S檢驗良品否N(aimp379 Y庫存錯誤否雜項報廢流程報廢需求發生報廢單輸入(aimt303) (aimt313)報廢單憑證列印(aimt303-O) (aimt313-O)報廢品項點交出庫庫存過帳aimt303-S aimt313-SEnd庫存錯誤否W/H to W/H一階段調撥Stock StockStockPlant 1Plant 1Stock APlant2一階段調撥二階段調撥適用於庫房間距離較遠者Plant 2撥出確認撥入確認同一工廠內倉庫間調撥流程倉庫間直接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt324調撥單憑證列印aimt324-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫庫存過帳aimt324-S調撥差異否工廠間直接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt720調撥單憑證列印aimt720-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimt720-S調撥差異否YNEnd撥出確認aimt720-Y不同工廠間庫存直接調撥流程同一工廠內庫存兩階段調撥流程倉庫間兩階段調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt325調撥單憑證列印aimt325-O倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimt326-S撥出確認aimt325-Y 兩階段調撥明細表aimr510不同工廠間庫存兩階段調撥流程工廠間間接調撥需求調撥單輸入aimt700調撥單憑證列印aimr512倉庫間轉撥出庫∕入庫撥入確認庫存過帳aimp701數量差異否N撥出確認aimp700工廠間調撥報表aimr700∕r701工廠間調撥結案作業aimt701預收數量撥出確認撥入未確認撥入確認借還料概念廠商編號: B 系統提供相關報表：借料狀況表(aimr530)借料預償統計表(aimr531)料件預計償還一覽表(aimr309)同業間外借料∕還料流程借料需求發生借料請示單核准借料(Y/N)Y登錄借料明細aimt306借料過帳aimt306-S□1.原價償還□2.原數償還原價償還aimt308原數償還aimt309借料報表AP 立帳End回寫已還數量料件動態資料庫存料件之管理報表庫存週轉率分析報表(aimr620)低於訂購點資料分析報表(aimr503)庫存有效狀況分析報表(aimr506)呆滯料分析報表(aimr802)如超過六十天視為呆滯料可列印出材料六十天未異動之報表系統提供相關重要報表及查詢作業，以利查核:日報表明細查詢可查詢每一筆Transaction異動資料明細查詢ABC分析Start系統參數設定檢視asms220asms112ABC分類碼計算aimp500ABC分類表aimr500EndABC類碼設定用途異動量庫存量6/266/276/286/296/307/17/27/3(100)(105)(+5)(115)(120)(119)(+10)(+5)盤點標籤重計資aimp800aimr800aimt800(-1)Update 盤點標籤現有庫存量盤點標籤重計概念定期庫存盤點作業流程盤點標籤設定aimi800空白標籤產生否空白標籤產生aimp810盤點標籤產生(庫存及在製品)aimp800盤點標籤列印aimr800∕801/811/812A產生標籤與系統凍結間是否仍有出入庫異動盤點資料重新計算aimt800實地實物初盤初盤資料登入（第一組）aimt820/840初盤資料登入（第二組）aimt821/841差異分析表aimr820/822初盤資料差異否初盤資料調整aimt826/827報表稽核NB複盤作業(Y/N)實地實物複盤作業Y複盤資料登入（第一組）aimt850/870複盤資料登入（第二組）aimt851/871差異分析表aimr830/832複盤資料差異否複盤資料調整aimt836/837報表稽核C盤點資料過帳aimp880盤點盈虧表盤點資料清除否盤點資料清除aimp850∕851End單別設定輸入盤點量週期盤點概念依料品特性或價值設定週期盤點政策設定ABC參數給予料號之ABC分類碼盤點起始日設定第一天A類盤點10項次第二天A類盤點10項次第三天A類盤點10項次A類盤點週期30天B類盤點週期50天C類盤點週期60天A類300 item週期盤點概念方法二: 對所有材料作週期盤點列印材料盤點明細表(庫存量以當天數量為基準點)盤點輸入盤點量及過帳週期循環盤點作業流程週期盤點是否重計ABC級碼ABC參數重新設定否庫存ABC參數設定asms220Y庫存ABC碼計算aimp500料件ABC資料正確否庫存ABC碼調整aimi100-UY A。

人大芸窗研究生英语test

人大芸窗研究生英语testIn the realm of higher education, the significance of English proficiency cannot be overstated. Especially in institutions like Renmin University of China, where academic excellence and cultural diversity thrive, English proficiency is not just a skill, but a gateway to global knowledge. The "Renmin Yunchuang Postgraduate English Test" is an assessment that delves into the intricacies of academic English, testing students' command over the language and their ability to apply it in an academic setting.The test, which covers a range of topics from reading comprehension to writing skills, is designed to challenge students' linguistic proficiency while also assessing their critical thinking and analytical abilities. The reading comprehension section, for instance, requires students to digest complex texts and extract key information, simulating the kind of academic reading they would encounter in their graduate studies. The writing section, on the other hand, tests students' ability to communicatetheir ideas clearly and coherently, a crucial skill in any academic environment.The test also incorporates elements of cultural sensitivity and cross-cultural communication, reflecting the global nature of modern academia. Students are expected to demonstrate an understanding of different cultural perspectives and the ability to communicate effectively with an international audience. This aspect of the test is particularly relevant in today's interconnected world, where cross-cultural collaboration and understanding are paramount.Preparing for the "Renmin Yunchuang Postgraduate English Test" requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses both language skills and academic knowledge. Students need to familiarize themselves with the test format and understand the expectations of each section. They should also engage in regular practice sessions, focusing on areas where they feel less confident. Additionally, reading and listening to English-language materials relevant to their field of study will help them familiarize themselves with the language of academia.The benefits of excelling in this test are numerous. Firstly, a strong performance can enhance students' chances of success in their graduate studies, as many programs require a certain level of English proficiency. Secondly, it can open up opportunities for international exchange and collaboration, allowing students to gain a global perspective on their field of study. Finally, it can also improve students' employability, as many employers prefer candidates who possess strong English skills.In conclusion, the "Renmin Yunchuang Postgraduate English Test" is a critical assessment that challenges students' linguistic and academic abilities. It not only tests their command over the English language but alsotheir ability to apply it in an academic setting. By preparing thoroughly and practicing regularly, students can not only achieve success in this test but also lay the foundation for a successful academic and professional career.**人大芸窗研究生英语Test：探索学术英语的深度与广度** 在高等教育领域，英语熟练度的重要性不言而喻。

GRE Psychology Test 中文版

（3）社会比较、自我（4）情绪、情感和动机（5）从众、他人影响和说服（6）人际吸引和亲密关系（7）组间组内进程（8）文化和性别的影响（9）进化心理学、利他和暴力（10）理论、应用和争论点
三、其他领域——（17%） 1. 通论（4-6%）（1）历史（2）工业组织（3）教育 2. 测量和方法（11-13%）（1）心理测量学、问卷建立、信度、效度（2）实验设计（3）数据处理（4）科学方法和证据评估（5）伦理与法律问题（6）分析并阐述实验结果
*原始分=正确题目数减去错误题目数的四分之一，四舍五入取整数。对于特定的考试版本，有很多可能得到相同的原始分。比如上面的某测试 A 中,原始分 116~118 都会得到 600 分。下面是几个可能得到 600 分标准分的情况：得到标准分 600 分的几种可能情况的例子原始分 116 116 116 118 118 118 答对题目数 116 125 134 118 126 135 答错题目数 0 35 70 0 34 67 未答题目数 88 44 0 86 44 2 题目数 204 204 204 204 204 204
GRE 单科考试的目的
GRE 单科考试旨在帮助研究生院录取委员会和奖学金资助者评估申请者某个特定学科的水平。本考试也可以为学生提供测试学科水平的科学方法。这个考试的分数对学生在这个学科的知识有预测力，这些本科项目中的知识在为研究生学习打基础。由于考试成绩往往能预测今后的学习表现，GRE 单科成绩能一定程度上预测学生在研究生学习中的表现。因为考试是标准化的，成绩就可以对不同机构、不同本科项目进行横向对比。有的单科考试，除了提供总分外还提供分类得分；这些分类得分表明学生的强项和弱项，对于未来学习的规划很有帮助。 GRE 委员会建议，单科的考试成绩应该和申请者的其他相关信息综合进行考虑。因为有很多因素会影响研究生院学习的成败，单单靠一个因素来预测成败并不可靠。其他表明能力的因素通常有本科成绩单（上面有选课情况和得分情况）、推荐信和 GRE 综合测试成绩。如果需要有关如何运用 GRE 成绩的信息，请看 GRE 分数使用向 /gre/stupubs

GRE-孙远的工具箱-思想类

No.1 孙远的工具箱（思想类）思想类1.critical thinkingCritical thinking is a path to intellectual adventure. Though there are dozens of possible approaches, the progress can be boiled down to concrete steps.Be willing to say “I don’t know”Some of the most profound thinkers of our time have practiced the art o critical thinking by using two magic phrases: I don’t know and I am not sure yet.Those are words many people do not like to hear. We live in times when people are criticized for changing their minds. Our soci ety rewards quick answers and quotable “sound bites.” We’re under considerable pressure to utter the truth in 15 seconds or lessIn such a society, it is a courageous and unusual act to pause, to look, to examine, to be thoughtful to consider many points o view--- and to not know. When a society embraces half-truths in a blind rush for certainty,commitment to uncertainty can move us forward.Think againWhen we use the base-three number system, two plus two equals 11. A child learning to write numbers might insist that two and two makes 22. And a biologist might joke that two plus two adds up to a whole lot more than four when we’re talking about the reproductive life for rabbits.Define your termsPractice toleranceHaving opinions about issues is natural. When you stop having opinions, you are probably not breathing anymore. The problem comes when we hold opinions in a way that leads to defensiveness, put-downs, or put-offs.Going hand in hand with critical thinking is tolerance for attitudes that differs from yours. Consider that many of the ideas we currently accept—democracy, Christianity, voting rights for women, civil rights for people of color---were once considered the claims of “dangerous” and unpopularminorities. This historical perspective helps us accept a tenet of critical thinking: What seems outlandish today may become accepted a century, a decade, or even a year from now.Understand before criticizingStrictly speaking, none of us lives in the same world. Our habits, preferences, outlooks and values are as individual as our fingerprints. Each of them is shaped by our culture, our upbringing, our experience, and our choices. Speeches, books, articles, works for art, television programs, views expresses in conversation---all come from people who inhabit a different world than yours. Until we’ve lives in another person’s world for a while, it’s ineffective to dismiss her point of view.Watch for hot spots(hot spot: anger or discomfort when conversation shift to certain topics, such as death penalty or abortion)To cool down your hot spots, seek out the whole world of ideas. Avoid intellectual ruts. Read magazines and books that challenge the opinions you currently hold. If youconsider yourself liberal, pick up the National Review. If you are a socialist, sample the Wall Street Journal. Do the same with radio and television programs. Make a point to talk with people who differ from you in education level, race, ethnic group, or political affiliation. And to hone your thinking skills, practice defending an idea you consider outrageous.Consider the sourceSeek out alternative viewsDozens of viewpoints exist on every critical issue how to reduce crime, end world hunger, prevent war, educate our children, and countless others. In fact, few problems allow for any permanent solution. Each generation produces new answers, based on current conditions. Our research for answers is a conversation that spans centuries. On each question, many voices waiting to be heard. You can take advantage of this diversity by seeking out alternative viewpoints.Ask questionsStripped to this essence, critical thinking means asking and answering questions. If you want to practice this skill, get in the habit of asking powerful questionsLook for at least three answersUsing this approach can sustain honest inquiry, fuel creativity, and lead to conceptual breakthroughs.Be prepared: The world is complicated, and critical thinking is a complex business. Some of your answers may contradict each other. Resist the temptation to have all your ideas in a neat, orderly bundle.Be willing to change your mindWe should enter discussions with an open mind. When talking to another person, be willing to walk away with a new point of view---even if it’s the one you brought to th e table. After thinking thoroughly, we can adopt new viewpoints or hold our current viewpoints in a different way.Lay your cards on the tableScience and uncritical thinking differ in many ways.Uncritical thinkers shield themselves from new information and ideas. In contrast, scientists constantly look for facts that contradict their theories. In fact, science never proves anything once and for all. Scientific theories are tentative and subject to change. Scientists routinely practice critical thinking.Examine the problems from different points of view Sometimes new ideas are born when we view the world from a new angle. When early scientists watched the skies, they conclude that the sun revolved around the earth. Later, when we gained the mathematical tools to “stand” in another place, we could clearly see that the earth was revolving the sun. This change in position not only sparked new thinking, it permanently changes our picture of the universe.Write about itThoughts move randomly at blind speed. Writing slows that process down. Doing so allows us to see all points of view on an issue more clearly and therefore thinking thoroughly. Writing is an unparalleled way to practice precise, accuratethinking.Construct a reasonable viewInstead, each point of view is one approach among many possible approaches. If you don’t think that any viewpoint is complete, then it is up to you to combine the perspectives on the issue. In doing so, you choose an original viewpoint.2.The function of critical thinkingCritical thinking is a path to freedom from half-truths and deception. You have the right to question you see, hear, and read. Acquiring this ability is one of the major goals of a liberal education.3.Critical Thinking as Thorough ThinkingBoth critical thinking and thorough thinking point to the same array of activities: sorting out conflicting claims, weighting the evidence for them, letting go of personal bias, and arriving at reasonable views.We live in a society that seems to value quick answers and certainty. This is often at odds with effective thinking. Thorough thinking is the ability to examine and reexamineideas that may seem obvious. Such thinking takes time and the willingness to say three subversive words: I don’t know.Thorough thinking is also the willingness to change our point of view as we continue to examine a problem. This calls for courage and detachment. Just ask anyone who has given up a cherished point of view in the light for new evidence.Skilled students are thorough thinkers. They distinguish between opinion and fact. They ask powerful questions. They make detailed observations. They uncover assumptions and define their terms. They make assertions carefully, basing them on sound logic and solid evidence. Almost everything we called knowledge is a result of these activities. This means that critical thinking and learning are intimately linked.4.Creative peopleTwo things are implied in the word “Creativity,” as I have come to understand it: novelty and significance. What is created is new, and the new opens up path that expandhuman possibilities.Creative people, then, often look at something from the past that is the result of convergent thinking and by thinking about it divergently come up with a novel use of a familiar object. They look in the common place to find the strange. Instead of thinking toward to old solutions, they think away from them, making the leap from the unexpected to the inspired. Poets do it with metaphors and similes. Journalists can do it with garbage. Yes, garbage. It was the first subject we decided to explore because we sensed that it would be a usual vehicle for demonstrating that you can think creatively about almost anything, if you learn how to relate and connect what at casual glance seems odd to couple. In our research, we found an Arizona professor, a garbologist, teaching contemporary civilization through what people throw out; a New York artist turning ordinary things off the street into works of art; and an East Texas sewage plant where earthworms are used to turn sludge into topsoil.Creative people tolerate ambiguity. They have unremitting desire to create a satisfying new order out of chaos, and thecourage to persist to create that order on one’s own terms. This makes them often cantankerous, sometimes exasperating, always unconventional. What matters to them is not what others think o them, but what they think of themselves.5.The lowest animalIndecency, vulgarity, obscenity---these are strictly confined to man; he invented them. Among the higher animals there is no trace of them. Of all animals, man is the only one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it. It is trait that is not known to the higher animals.The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses. Man is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, war.Man is the only slave. And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another, and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another.It seems pain to me that what ever he is, he is not a reasoning animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac. In truth, man in incurably foolish. Simple things which the other animals easily learn, he is incapable o learning.6.Decision by ConsensusWesterners tend to make major decisions at the top, in board meetings, among department heads, and the like. They then pass the word down the line to managers and others, to implement and carry out the decision. The Japanese do the opposite. Their system, commonly known as ringi, is the corporate version of “government by consensus.”Decisions are not made “on high” and handed down to be implemented. Rather, they are proposed from below and move upward, receiving additional input and approvals after deliberation through all levels of the company.In Japan, in contrast, once the decision is finally and actually arrived at, all relevant staff members understand itthoroughly. They are familiar with its various ramifications. During the talking stages, they will have pretty well mastered the “what-when-how” of their own responsibilities vis-à-vis the project in question. So, although it may take a long time to arrive at the decision, once approval has been given they can put it into practice rapidly and smoothly. The final time difference between the two system, therefore, may not be as far apart as it can sometimes seem.Furthermore, in the Japanese system, those in low echelons feel that they have been involved. They have beenable-often urged—to suggest proposals, projects, for refinements. Japanese bosses believe in encouraging suggestion from the rank and file. The idea o creating a consensus that incorporates the whole organizational hierarchy is at the heart of Japanese business philosophy and methods.。

英语考研作文批改小程序

English Post-Graduate Exam Essay Correction App: Revolutionizing LanguageLearningIn the ever-evolving landscape of educational technology, the emergence of the English Post-Graduate Exam Essay Correction App has marked a significant milestone. This innovative tool not only revolutionizes thetraditional methods of essay correction but also provides a seamless learning experience for aspirants preparing for prestigious post-graduate exams.The app, with its user-friendly interface and advanced algorithms, offers a personalized learning platform that caters to the unique needs of each user. It not only checks for grammatical errors and spelling mistakes but also analyzes the essay's structure, coherence, and language usage. This comprehensive approach ensures that the user receives feedback on various aspects of their writing, enabling them to improve their skills comprehensively.One of the standout features of this app is its ability to provide instant feedback. Unlike traditional methods where students had to wait for days or even weeks toreceive feedback from their teachers, this app provides instantaneous feedback, allowing users to identify and correct their mistakes promptly. This timely feedback loop is crucial in enhancing the learning process and helps students progress at a faster pace.Moreover, the app's intelligent suggestions and recommendations provide valuable insights into how to improve their writing. These suggestions range from minor edits such as word choice and sentence structure to more comprehensive guidance on essay planning and organization. These recommendations are tailored to the user's writing style and ability level, making the learning process more targeted and effective.The app also boasts a vast repository of sample essays and templates, providing users with a wealth of resources to draw inspiration from. These samples cover a wide range of topics and writing styles, enabling users to familiarize themselves with different essay formats and structures. This exposure to a diverse range of essays helps users develop a more nuanced understanding of the Englishlanguage and enhances their ability to express themselves effectively.In addition, the app's adaptive learning feature ensures that the learning material becomes increasingly challenging as the user's skills improve. This progressive approach challenges users to push their boundaries and achieve new heights in their writing abilities. By gradually increasing the complexity of the essays and the feedback provided, the app encourages users to strive for excellence and refine their writing skills over time.The English Post-Graduate Exam Essay Correction App not only saves users valuable time but also enhances their learning experience significantly. By providing instant feedback, personalized suggestions, and a comprehensive repository of resources, this app enables users to achieve their academic goals more efficiently and effectively. In the age of digital transformation, this innovative tool represents a step forward in revolutionizing language learning and preparing students for the challenges of the future.**英语作文批改小程序：引领语言学习新革命**在教育科技不断演进的大潮中，英语考研作文批改小程序的诞生堪称一个重大里程碑。

2022年12月ETPSU(.12)笔试参考题库含答案解析

2022年12月ETPSU（.12）笔试参考题库含答案解析(图片可自由调整大小)全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.高等教育法规(共15题)1.坚持全民共治、源头防治，持续实施大气污染防止行动，打赢（）保卫战。

A.绿水B.蓝天C.食品D.青山答案：B本题解析：暂无解析2.按照《普通高等学校学生管理规定》，对完成本专业学业同时辅修其他专业并达到该专业辅修要求者，由学校发给（）。

A.辅修专业证书B.谊专业肄业证书C.该专业结业证书D.谊专业毕业证书答案：A本题解析：根据《普通高等学校学生管理规定》，对完成本专业学业同时辅修其他专业并达到谊专业辅修要求者，由学校友给辅修专业证书。

3.依法执教的要求不包括（）。

A.有法可依B.依法执政C.违法必究D.执法必严答案：B本题解析：依法执教的要求包括有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究。

依法执政不属于教师的行为范畴。

4.构成教育法律法规体系的最基本要素的是（）。

A.教育法律条文B.教育法律关系C.教育法律规范D.教育法律责任答案：C本题解析：暂无解析5.能使相对人在通过其他途径都不能获得满意的救济时，可以得到充分的救济，是一种较为完备的救济途径的是（）。

A.行政救济B.司法救济C.学校救济D.民间救济答案：B本题解析：司法救济又称诉讼救济，是指相对人就特定的侵权行为向人民法院提起诉讼寻求法律救济的途径。

这一渠道使相对人在通过其他途径都不能获得满意的救济时，可以得到充分的补救，因而这是一种较为完备的救济途径。

6.我国的教育仲裁制度（）。

A.已经基本建立B.已经趋于完善C.已经较为完善D.尚在摸索之中答案：D本题解析：暂无解析7.按照我国《教师资格条例》的规定，被撤销教师资格的人，可以再次申请教师资格的期限是（）。

A.3年以后B.终身不可以C.5年以后D.1年以后答案：C本题解析：被撤销教师资格的，自撤销之日起5年内不得重新申请认定教师资格。

无忧GRE：同义词汇总助你赢在起跑线

无忧GRE：同义词汇总助你赢在起跑线2023年，GRE考试仍然是申请研究生的必备条件。

对于许多考生而言，GRE的同义词汇仍然是一个难题。

因此，本文将介绍一个名为“无忧GRE”的同义词工具，帮助考生们在考试中赢在起跑线上。

“无忧GRE”是一个全新的同义词工具，它为考生们提供了一个简单而有效的学习方式，以帮助他们记住更多的同义词。

该工具提供了一个完整的同义词词汇表，即使是最难的词汇也能轻松掌握。

此外，“无忧GRE”还为每个同义词提供了实用的例句，帮助考生们真正理解这些词汇的含义和用法。

正如名字所示，“无忧GRE”还为考生们提供了一种轻松的学习方式。

以前，考生们只能通过记忆长长的同义词列表来学习。

但现在，“无忧GRE”不仅提供了同义词，还提供了用于测试记忆的练习，这使得学习更加轻松愉快。

而且，这些练习也被设计成直观易懂，使考生们能够在没有任何困惑的情况下很快掌握同义词。

无论是在手机上还是在电脑上，“无忧GRE”都可以让您随时随地学习同义词。

这个在线工具非常方便，尤其是对于那些没有太多时间去学习词汇的人。

因为它可以快速完成一些练习，因此考生们可以在工作、学习或旅行途中完成学习任务。

不止于此，“无忧GRE”不仅仅是一个同义词学习工具。

它还提供了有关GRE考试的许多资料和策略。

例如，考生们可以使用这个工具来查找自己的近义词的计数和其他相关信息，以便他们能更好地理解GRE考试的题型和难度。

虽然很多人可能认为这个工具只适用于那些准备开始GRE备考的人。

但实际上，“无忧GRE”适用于所有想要提高英语词汇水平、扩大同义词知识储备的人。

参加GRE考试只是这一过程中的一部分，这项技能可以让人们在职场和社交圈子中更加自信和成功。

在总结中，我们可以看到，“无忧GRE”是一个非常有用的工具，它能够帮助考生在准备考试方面做得更好。

它提供了丰富的同义词信息、练习以及词汇的相关知识，帮助考生们更好地记忆同义词，提高英语词汇水平。

因此，如果你正在为GRE考试烦恼，那么“无忧GRE”将是让你轻松度过这一过程的利器。

GRE资料2 孙远的工具箱

education as philosophythis is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges have done.at the same time is a growing ineasiness about their product .the young men and women who carry away out deagees are a very attactive lot --in looks,in bodily fitness,in kindiness,energy,courage,and buoyancy.but what of their intellectual equipment ?that too is in some ways admirable,for in apite of President Lowell's remark that the university should be a repository of great learning,since the freashmen always being a stock with them and the seniors take little away,the fact is that our graduates have every chance to be well informed,and usually are so.yet the uneasiness persists.when it becomes articulate.it takes the form of wished that these attractive young products of ours has more intellectual depth and force,more at-homenness in the world of ideas,more of the firm,clear,quiet thoughtfulness that is so potent and so needed a guard against besetting humbug and quackery.the complaint commonly resolves itself into a bill of three particulars.first,granting that our graduates know a good deal,their knowledge lies about in fragments and never gets welded together into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind.secondly,our university graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves,acquiring special knowledge and skills,that in later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas,standards,or principles,thirdly,it is alleged that the past two decades have revealed a singular want of clarity about the great ends of living,attachment to which gives signiffcance and direction to a life.here are three grave charges againt American education,and i want to discuss them briefly.my argument will be simple,perhaps too simple.what shall contend is that three is a great deal of truth in each of them,and that the remedy for each is the same.it is larger infusion of the philosophic habit of mind. what ture education should dowhen most people think of the word "education",they think of a pupil as a sort of animate sausage casting.into this ampty casting,the teachers are supposed to stuff"education." but genuine education ,as Socrates knen more than two thousand years ago,is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person,but rather eliciting knowledge from him;it is drawing out of what is in the mind."the most important part of education."once wrote William Ernest Hocking.the distinguished Harvard philosopher,is this instruction of a man in what he has indide him."and,as Edith Hamilton has reminded us,Socrates never said"i know,learn from me"he said,rather,look into your own selves and find the spark of truth that God has put into every heart ,and that only can kindle to a flame."in the dialogue called the "Meno"Socrates taked an ignorant slav e boy,without a day of schooling,and proves to the amazed observes that the boy really"knows"geometry--because the principles and axioms of geometry are already in his mind,waitting to be called out.so many of the discussions and controversies about the content of education are futile and inconclusive because they are concerned with what should "go into"the student rather than with what should be taken out,and how this can best be done.the college student who once said to me,after a lecture"i spend so much time studying that i do not have a chance to learn everything"was succinctly expressing his dissatisfaction with the sausage-casing view of educationhe was being so stuffed with miscellaneous facts,with such an indigestible mass of material,that had no time (and was given no encouragement)to drew on his own resources,to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing,and evaluating this material.education ,to have any meaning beyond the purpose of creating well informed students,must elicit from the pulil what is latent in every human being-the rules of reason,the inner knowledge of what is proper from men to be and do,the ability to sift evidence and come to conclusions that can generally be assented to by all open minds and worm heartspupils are more like oysters than sausages.the job of heaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up,but to help them open and reveal the riches within.there are pearls in each of us,if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistenceThe future of universities"can we speak of the death of the university?"an english newspaper recently asked.another offered the diagnosis"still breathing"not only at this seminar,here and now,but all over the world the future of the universities is now being discusses.thsi is not only beacuse we are entering a new century.many people are asking whether the traditional research universities in fact have any future at all.this douby seems mainly to be due to the development of the new technology,the massification of the universities,the idea of life long learning,the growing competition from other learing institutions and may be also because of the strong specialization that we now are experience in most fields of research.many experts predict that demise of universities that we know them today,with compusi am an opitmist,and i have become even more of an optimst having listened to the speakers today,i believe in the magic of the campus!i believe that the universities will be able to enjoy a very bright future as intellectual power centres in a world in which society is calling out increasingly loudly for more knowledge.but if we are continue to live as intellectual power centers,the universities cannnot sit passively letting development take their course,we must know wh at sort of university we want in the future.many battles have been lost because of the lack of any goal.we must also have a strategy that a policy for how we are to achieve our vision.this means thatthe universities must actively relate to the great challenges we are now being confronted with,and we must develop our ability and will for renewal.yet we must do this at the same time as we stand by the fundamental values that make us a university:that is out independence,i see it as one of the most important tasks for a university presidence to work for the greatest possible spirit of community in the university.and for the university to be and integrated institution and not simply a number of faculties or departments linked together in some kind of formal ogranization or strategic alliance.only then can we defend the use of the name "university"i would like to conclude by saying a few words about international soildarity.the quality gap between academic instittions in different parts of the world should be a concern for the universities in the developed countries.they should assume a leading role in the disemination of knowledge,and in promoting the development of universities worldwide.this is a matter of solidarity towards sister institutions,i agree with UNESCO when they underline that members of the world's academic community should be concerned not only about the quality of their own instiutional setting,but also about the quality of research everywheremost universities in the western word-at least the public universities -are now experiencing a serious lack of funds,and the institutional solidarity must not take a from that leads to a draining of strangth and vutality of the universities.there are,however,many ways of showing solidarity without using too much of the universities own funding.one of the tasks of the universities is to keep reminding the authorities of the importance of spending money on research and education in developing countries.the universities themselves must work in close co-operation with the development -aid agencues where the Governemnt provide most of the economic resources and the universities provide the competence.it is also possible to ahsre knowledge by giving easier access to recent findings,to make possible academic mobility and increased technical co-operation among regional grouping.Various academic co-operation programs may protect against braindrain ,which is now a serious threat in many countries.only through the development of local skill and competence,through increased numbers fo providers and users of knowledge can be developing countries bridge the gap separating them from developed countries.and the bridging of this gap will lead to societies that are freer,more peaceful and more agalitarian,the universities have the competence,the possibility and therefore also a duty to promote the "intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind"as stated in the UNESCO's constitution.。

孙远工具箱seven_teen整理

竞争What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A's and F's (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A's looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.标准和道德The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question.道德But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one's faith.教育孩子老师作则There is no escaping the fact that young people need as examples principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.教育孩子家长作则You can't expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain things must be said, certain limits laid down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.重视教育As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be not only healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.失败，错误与成功Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggests, an activity which produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy which generates good creative ideas also produces errors.Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on "the right answer" belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:不敢失败和保守的态度With this kind of attitude, you aren't going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a little penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a "B" performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself in situations where you might fail. This leads to conservative thought patterns designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on "failure."From a practical point of view, "to err is wrong" makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousands of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn't last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand into a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won't keep their jobs very long.Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief "to err is wrong" can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you'll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you'll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend little time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, "if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses." That's the way the game of life goes. 失败的名人例子！太好啦！As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filled with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions which were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.这一段好哪！失败走向成功的例子Negative FeedbackErrors serve another useful purpose: they tell us when to change direction. When things are going smoothly, we generally don't think about them. To a great extent, this is because we function according to the principle of negative feedback.Often it is only when things or people fail to do their job that they get our attention. For example, you are probably not thinking about your kneecaps right now; that's because everything is fine with them. The same goes for your elbows: they are also performing their function—no problem at all. But if you were to break a leg, you would immediately notice all of the things you could no longer do, but which you used to take for granted.Negative feedback means that the current approach is not working, and it is up to you to figure out a new one. We learn by trial and error, not by trial and rightness. If we did things correctly every time, we would never have to change direction—we'd just continue the current course and end up with more of the same.For example, after the supertanker Amoco Cadiz broke up off the coast of Brittany in the spring of 1978, thereby polluting the coast with hundreds of thousands of tons of oil, the oil industry rethought many of its safety standards regarding petroleum transport. The same thing happened after the accident at theThree Mile Island nuclear reactor in 1979—many procedures and safety standards were changed.We learn by our failures. A person's errors are the whacks that lead him to think something different.引用The creative director of an advertising agency told me that he isn't happy unless he is failing at least half of the time. As he puts it, "If you are going to be original, you are going to be wrong a lot."One of my clients, the president of a fast-growing computer company, tells his people: "We're innovators. We're doing things nobody has ever done before. Therefore, we are going to be making mistakes. My advice to you: make your mistakes, but make them in a hurry."Nature's Errors[[Nature serves as a good example of how trial and error can be used to make changes. Every now and then genetic mutations occur—errors in gene reproduction. Most of the time, these mutations have a deleterious effect on the species, and they drop out of the gene pool. But occasionally, a mutation provides the species with something beneficial, and that change will be passed on to future generations.The rich variety of all species is due to this trial and error process. If there had never been any mutations from the first amoeba, where would we be now?]]If you're not making many errors, you might ask yourself, "How many opportunities am I missing by not being more aggressive?"Remember these two benefits of failure. First, if you do fail, you learn what doesn't work; and second, the failure gives you an opportunity to try a new approach.我们学不完，我们不象Aristotle，我们要怎么学Unlike Aristotle who is believed to have known everything there was to know at the time he lived, it is impossible for us to deal with the voluminous amounts of information which are produced daily. The lifelong learning which we have alluded to will not always be acquired through the traditional sixteen-week college course. We in the community college need to provide a smorgasbord of opportunities for individuals who wish to increase their mobility and options.大学要不要规定各种课程What I've missed is an education that integrates philosophy, history, literature and the other humanities into a coherent whole. Part of the fault is my own: I did not seek out some classes that I should have. But a large share of the burden lies with the university, which lacks a core curriculum—for example, "Great Books"—that could provide a general education.好比喻，大学的作用，专业课的不全面的危害Undergraduates are therefore denied the opportunity to pursue a comprehensive curriculum. Instead, they are left, like shoppers in a giantsupermarket, to wander the aisles, picking products at random, never sure that their selections will add up to a nutritious meal. Laissez faire may work in the economy, but it's no way to run a university.太注重专业课First, granting that our graduates know a good deal, their knowledge lies about in fragments and never gets welded together into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind. Secondly, our university graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves, acquiring special knowledge and skills, that in later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas, standards, or principles, Thirdly, it is alleged that the past two decades have revealed a singular want of clarity about the great ends of living, attachment to which gives significance and direction to a life.真是好！苏格拉底说真正的教育But genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind. "The most important part of education," once wrote William Ernest Hocking, the distinguished Harvard philosopher, "is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him."And, as Edith Hamilton has reminded us, Socrates never said, "I know, learn from me." He said, rather, "Look into your own selves and find the spark of truth that God has put into every heart, and that only you can kindle to a flame."电信和技术的发展1. The development of information technologies.Throughout the world, information and telecommunication technologies are bringing about a new industrial revolution which already looks to be as important and radical as those revolutions which preceded it.全球化2. Internationalization is connected both with political situation and with the development of technologies.Nowadays our world is becoming smaller and smaller, and turns into a "global village." International academic cooperation is an excellent basis for nation-wide cooperation and one of the key factors for sustainable development.传统教学模式的转变The learning community reflects a shift away from the typical lecture approach where the professor professes, i.e. imparts knowledge to the student and the student simply takes it down and takes it in. The new emphasis will be on learning, in addition to the lecture through student initiative in setting the program, acquiring knowledge through the Internet as needed, collaborating with peers in special projects, experiential learning through internships, study abroad, and many other out-of-classroom experiences.需要全面发展，对研究也是如此The research role will continue to be a key function in the research university, but there will continue to be a shift in emphasis away from single investigator, working on a particular and narrow area, toward multi-disciplinary teams working on problems driven by societal need.职业培训和教育Training is intended primarily for the service of society; education is primarily for the individual. Society needs doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers to perform specific tasks necessary to its operation, just as it needs carpenters and plumbers and stenographers. Training supplies the immediate and specific needs of society so that the work of the world may continue. And these needs, our training centers the professional and trade schools fill. But although education is for the improvement of the individual, it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding, of perception, and wisdom. They are our intellectual leaders, the critics of our culture, the defenders of our free traditions, the instigators of our progress. They serve society by examining its function, appraising its needs, and criticizing its direction. They may be earning their livings by practicing one of the professions, or in pursuing a trade, or by engaging in business enterprise. They may be rich or poor. They may occupy positions of power and prestige, or they may be engaged in some humble employment. Without them, however, society either disintegrates or else becomes an anthill.艺术/ 全面教育In the liberal arts college, on the other hand, the student is encouraged to explore new fields and old fields, to wander down the bypaths of knowledge. There the teaching is concerned with major principles, and its purpose is to change the student, to make him something different from what he was before, just as the purpose of the Y gym is to make a fat man into a thin one, or a strong one out of a weak one.专业课和艺术In general, certain courses of study are for the service of society and other courses are for self-improvement. In the hierarchy of our educational system, the former are the function of our professional schools and the latter are the function of the college of liberal arts.智慧是什么There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.有关智慧和人类Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a. certain awareness of the ends of human life.要的It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.理智的作用，满好的I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal. Our emotions start similarly titan ourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. but it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and, on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom. 计算机与教育：对学生和老师Computers enhance a student's learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, because a computer Is nonjudgmental, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. For example, because computers can repeat information over and over, the user can ask for many repetitions of a lesson without fearing a judgmental response about his or her ability to learn. The beneficial effects of learning in a stress-free atmosphere are well documented. A third advantage of CAI is that a computer can give a student immediate feedback. It can tell the student why she or he is wrong as soon as an error is made, and it can even provide an appropriate hint for figuring out the correct answer.Not only do computers benefit students, they also make the teacher's job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials. Schools and colleges can purchase educational computer programs that can be adapted to any learning situation. These systems, called "authoring systems," are like skeletal lesson plans: The format of several exercises and tests is already planned out; all the teacher adds is the information he or she wants the students to learn (mathematical problems, vocabulary lists, and so forth). The authoring system automatically incorporates these teaching points into its preplanned format and then is ready to be used by several students for a long time. The system can also correct the students' work and determine and record grades. In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms. A computer laboratory (a room having one computer for every two students) can free the teacher to meet individually with students while the rest of the class is occupied with computer lessons. Finally, computers can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress, thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork."计算机引发疾病In an atmosphere of computer monitoring, inept work stations, inflexible pacing, and nerve-wracking anxiety, workman's compensation claims based on job stress have more than doubled since 1980, and now account for approximately 15 percent of all occupational disease claims. According to estimates by the OTA, stress-related illness costs business, between $50 and $75 billion per year.太阳能：环保的潜力But the era of solar power will have to wait for the cost of converting sunlight to fall far enough to pay for the cost of installing a system. "Solar is competitive now if you take the long view," says SMUD general manager Freeman. "And it's going to be highly competitive by the end of the decade." If he's right, the forecast for the industry in the 21st century is bright and sunny.技术的进步In the past, one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro (or tiny) scale. For example, doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to identify health problems or to perform delicate surgery. Repair crew did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within a high-rise apartment building. However, that's about to change. Advances in computers and biophysics have started a microminiature revolution that's allowing scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines. These devices promise to radically change the way we live and work.技术导致的环境污染New technologies often cause new forms of pollution and environmental stress. Pollution may be defined as the addition to the environment of agents that are potentially damaging to the welfare of humans or other organisms. Environmental stress is a more general term that refers to the effects of society on the natural environment Pollution is the most common form of environmental stress, but it is not the only one.技术的负面影响In sum, although scientific discoveries and technological advances have produced tremendous improvements in the quality of human life, they have often had negative consequences as well. The risk of cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles, the possibility of large-scale industrial accidents, the ethical issues raised by the use of life-prolonging technologies, and the ever-present danger of nuclear holocaust are as much a part of the modern era as space travel, miracle drugs, and computers that can operate whole factories. Although technology is not "out of control," there is clearly a need for improved procedures for anticipating and preventing the negative consequences of new technologies高科技导致失业It should be noted that the effects of new technologies are not always positive. The phrase technological dualism is sometimes used to refer to the fact that technological changes often have both positive and negative effects. The introduction of diesel locomotives, for example, greatly increased the efficiency of railroad operations, but it also led to the decline and eventual abandonment of railroad towns whose economies were based on the servicing of steam locomotives. Another example is the automation of industrial production. Automation has greatly improved manufacturing processes in many industries. It has increased the safety of certain production tasks and led to improved product quality in many cases. But it has also replaced thousands of manual workers with machines, and significant numbers of those workers find themselves unemployed andlacking the skills required by the high-tech occupations of postindustrial society.人们对技术的依赖Sociologists who have studied this issue point out that the problem is not one of humans being dominated by machines but, rather, one of depending on technology to meet a wide and growing range of human needs.科技对社会的影响The obvious importance of technology to human cultural and social evolution has led some sociologists to view technology as a basic principle of social change. The classic statement of this view is that of William Fielding Ogburn. Ogburn hypothesized that inventions affect the size of populations, which in turn influences the course of history. (For example, overpopulation often leads to wars and migrations.) Some inventions affect population directly: Improvements in sanitation, the development of cures for fatal illnesses, and more effective contraceptive techniques are examples. But inventions can also have indirect effects on population. For example, techniques that improve crop yields or permit long-term storage of food surpluses make it possible to support a larger population with a given amount of farmland. And improvements in military technology (e.g., the use of horses in warfare, the invention of gunpowder, and the development of the armored tank) have bad dramatic effects on the conduct of war and hence on population size.科技对能源满好的Throughout human history a central aspect of technological change has been the quest for new sources of energy to meet the needs of growing populations. That quest has given rise to a succession of energy technologies, each more sophisticated than the last. Animal power gave way to steam-driven machinery, which in turn was replaced by the internal-combustion engine. Reliance on oil and its derivatives, especially gasoline, encouraged the growth of powerful energy corporations, which often lobby government agencies for assistance in developing new technologies like nuclear energy. And today the technologically advanced nations are attempting to control the fusion reaction, in which hydrogen atoms are fused into helium, thereby producing an enormous release of energy. The implications of this energy technology, if it can be achieved, are staggering. Fusion promises to bring about a major revolution in human existence. It could make possible the colonization and exploration of space, the rapid development of the less-developed nations, the elimination of energy technologies based on oil and coal (which pollute the environment), and much else. But the effort to develop fusion power is also indicative of a fundamental crisis in modern life: the dwindling supply of energy resources.要It would seem from what we have said so far that the quest for energy is a positive force that results in new, sometimes revolutionary technologies that greatly improve the quality of human life. Many people believe that societies can meet their growing energy needs by continually investing in more sophisticated technologies. This approach has led to the development of huge nuclear-power plants to replace oil-fueledgenerators, and it is widely hoped that investment in fusion, an even more complex technology, will eliminate the dangers posed by nuclear power. "Soft" energy technologies depend on renewable sources like sun and wind and tend to be labor-intensive in that larger numbers of people are needed to produce a given amount of energy. They are more diverse than "hard'' energy technologies and are more directly matched to energy needs. (Solar energy, for example, can be used to heat water without first being converted into electricity.) But the major difference between the two paths, according to Lovins, is that whereas the soft path depends on "pluralistic consumer choice in deploying a myriad of small devices and refinements, the hard path depends on difficult, large-scale projects [e.g., nuclear-power plants and fusion reactors] requiring a major social commitment under centralized management" Such projects are characterized by a "remote and…uncontrollable technology run by a faraway, bureaucratized, technical elite who have probably never heard of you."科技在现代社会中的一句总结The place of technology in modern societies is a subject of continuing controversy. Key issues include not only the Impact of technology on daily life but also the need to control the development and uses of technological innovations so that they benefit all sectors of society.医疗的问题Throughout most of human history, limitations on food production, together with lack of medical knowledge, have placed limits on the size of populations. Dreadful diseases like the bubonic plague have actually reduced populations. In England the plague, known as the Black Death, was responsible for a drastic drop in the population in 1348 and for the lack of population growth in the seventeenth century. In 1625 more than 35,000 residents of London died of the plague. Smallpox and dysentery have had similar, though less dramatic, effects.医疗好让人口猛增In sum, as medical science progressed toward greater understanding of the nature of disease and its prevention, new public-health and maternal-care practices contributed to rapid population growth.技术的不好：很好的开头！The case of medical technology illustrates once again that technology can be both a blessing and a curse. In recent decades we have become increasingly aware that the problems of human life cannot always be solved by technological means. The "technological fix" can have adverse consequences. In the case of medical technology, vital ethical issues must be addressed. Other technologies, such as nuclear power and chemical plants, can directly threaten human life. As Charles Perrow writes, "Human-made catastrophes appear to have increased with industrialization as we built devices that could crash, sink, burn, or explode." Perrow also points out that the increasing complexity of modern technology has led to a new kind of catastrophe: the failure of whole systems (i.e., activities and organizational networks as well as apparatus), as in the case of the Three Mile Island accident or the Challenger disaster.核污染例子研究者不更新和质问理论而视为当然地咨询Rather than spending their time testing and refuting existing hypotheses in order to establish new, more valid ones, they often take it for granted that existing theories are valid and use them in their efforts to solve specific problems. In other words, the researcher uses existing theories and methods as a paradigm, or model, to guide future research.研究者与社会脱节，固守传统理论This view of the scientific community (or, rather, communities of specialized researchers) implies that science is insulated from the rest of society. Scientists are guided by the tradition of research in their field, which is passed along from one generation of scientists to the next. The problems they choose to solve are determined by that tradition, as are the methods they use in trying to solve them. This process continues, according to Kuhn, until the paradigm is no longer useful—that is, until enough members of the scientific community believe a particular set of observations can no longer be explained by existing theories and procedures. Then the community becomes more open to outside influences. Its members explore a variety of ideas not directly related to the dominant paradigm in their field, ideas that in some cases lead to a scientific revolution. When this occurs, the old paradigm is set aside in favor of a new one that will henceforth guide the work of the members of a particular scientific community. Some of the most famous scientific revolutions have occurred in physics, for example, in the shift from Newtonian physics to Einstein's theory of relativity and quantum theory and most recently in the discovery of the existence of subatomic particles.物理学上的发展更新和飞跃的例子好句子呀！科学的本义是普遍而非个人色彩One of the basic norms of scientific institutions is universalism: The truth of scientific knowledge must be determined by the impersonal criteria of the scientific method, not by criteria related to race, nationality, religion, social class, or political ideology.科学是大家共有的Another norm of science is common ownership of scientific findings. Those findings are a result of collaboration and hence are not the property of any individual, although in some cases they may bear the name of the person who first published them, as in "Darwin's theory of evolution" or "Einstein's theory of relativity."科技对交流，传媒We noted earlier that a significant aspect of modern science is its contribution to the rapid pace of technological change. The technologies produced by scientific research are applied to all aspects of human life and hence are a major force in shaping and changing other institutions in addition to scientific institutions themselves. An example is the impact of technological change on the institutions of mass communication. The advent of radio and then television dramatically changed the ways in which social and cultural values are transmitted to various groups in society. Technological change can occur in any or all of the dimensions just listed. The most far-reaching changes involve all three, especially the third.科技影响了某些领域。

英文能力檢測練習平台

英文能力檢測練習平台管理者使用手冊遠古科技有限公司§ 目錄 §一. 系統首頁： (3)二. 管理者登入首頁： (3)三. 管理員登入後介面......................................................................................................4 1. 環境設定>. (4)A. 環境設定 (4)B. 系統公告 (5)C. 新手上路 (5)D. 學習資源 (5)E. 資料庫備份..........................................................................................................5 2. 教務管理 (6)A. 學院 (6)B. 班級 (6)C. 老師老師((管理管理)) (7)D. 學生學生((管理管理)) (7)3. 測驗管理 (8)A. 等級鑑別等級鑑別((考試考試)) (8)B. 單一級數單一級數((考試考試)) (8)C. 混合挑題混合挑題((考試考試)) (9)D. 單字考試..............................................................................................................9 4. 附加功能. (10)A. 單字表單字表＆＆單字主題 (10)B. 自建題庫 (10)C. 能力測驗能力測驗((考試考試)) (11)5. 統計........................................................................................................................14 6. 報表........................................................................................................................15 7. 登出 (16)一. 系統系統首頁首頁首頁：：於本系統首頁，點入右上角【管理員】，即可進入本系統管理介面!二. 管理管理者者登入首頁登入首頁：：輸入管理者「帳號」及「密碼」。

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No.1 孙远的工具箱（教育类）前两天看见有同志说新书里没有写作工具箱的，恰好有一本原来的版本，恰好本人在假期里练打字，就把孙老师工具箱里的黑体字笔记了一下，想用的就拿去吧，先贴一部分，要是大家都有了就不再贴了。

黑体字部分都有，还摘抄了一部分有用的句子。

Issue教育类1.ProverbsThe primary of a liberal education is to make one‘s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one‘s time.Next in importance is to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.Education‘s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and the intelligence to create our own destiny.The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is to ornamentation anddecoration of the structure.The essence of our effort is to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each an opportunity, not to become equal, but become to different-to realize whatever unique potential of a body, and spirit he or she possesses. If you can read and don‘t, you are an illiterate by choice.教育的目的Throughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society.The school‘s job is to enhance the natural deve lopment of the growing child, rather than to pour information.Life skills---logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving.The actual content of lessons is secondary to the progress, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as uncreative and vulgar.Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities, thatsupposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc.Education should aim at improvement of bo th one‘s morals and faculties.Madison once wrote that, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share that we should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of a country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one‘s faith.Honesty: Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents Courage: Aesop‘s shepherd boy who cried wolf Persistence: civil warRespect the law: Socrates---I must submit to the decree of AthensAs any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be not only healthy, happy, and successful, but decent strong and good. None of these happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. . It takes careful attention.I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics –an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field.Ultimatel y it will be the students‘ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be the prisoners of their parents‘ dreams and the classmates‘ fears. They must be jolt into believing in themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads.There is no one ―right way‖ to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point, and bound for a different destination.成功和失败Most people consider success and failure as opposite, but they are actually both products of the same process. As abaseball player suggests, an activity which produce a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy which generates good creative ideas also produces errors.If you learn that failing even a little penalizes you, you learn not to male mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself in situations where you might fall. This leads you to conservative thought patterns designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on ―failure‖.Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.From the practical point of view, ―to error is wrong‖ makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousands of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn‘t last long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand into a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won‘t keep their jobs very long.Nevertheless, to o great an adherence to the belief ―to err is wrong‖ can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you will probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain theses right answers. By doing this, you‘ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend little time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase, these errors are viewed as necessary by-product of creative thinking. As the player would put it, ―If you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.‖ That is the way the game of life goes.As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filled with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping atones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled onto the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions which were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb. Errors serve another useful purpose: they tell us when tochange directions. Negative feedback means that the current approach is not working, and it is up to you to figure out a new one. We learn by trail and error, not by trial and rightness. If we do things correctly every time, we should never have to change directions—we‘d ju st continue the current course and end up with more the same.Your error rate in any activity is a function of your familiarity with the activity. If you are doing things that are routine and have a high likelihood of correctness, then you will probably making very few errors. But if you are doing things that have no precedence in your experience or are trying different approaches, then you will be making your share of mistakes. Innovators may not bat a thousand—far from it—but they do get new ideas.Thomas J. Watson, the founder of IBM, has similar words: ― the way to succeed i s to double your failure rate. Errors, at the very least, are a sign that we are diverging from the main road to and trying different approaches. There are places where errors are inappropriate, but the germinal phase of the creative process isn‘t one of them. Errors are a sign that you are diverging from thewell-traveled path. If you are not failing every now and then,it‘s a sign you are not being very innovative.If you make an error, use it as a stepping atone to a new idea you might not have otherwise discovered. Differentiate between errors of ―commission‖ and those of ―omission‖. The latter can be more costly than the former. If you ‗re not making any errors, you might ask yourself, ―How many opportunities am I missing by not being more aggressive?‖Strengthen your ―risk muscle‖. Everyone has one, but you have to exercise it or else it will atrophy. Make it a point to take at least one risk every 24 hours.‘Remember these two benefits of failure. First, if you do fail, you learn what does not work; and second, the failure gives you an opportunity to try a new approach.教育类Liberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.Growing ranks of corporate executives are lamenting that college students are specializing too much and too early. What corporate America really needs is students soundly grounded in the liberal arts—English, especially---who thencan pick up more specific business or technical skills on the job. Today‘s best selling courses offer evidence that students want to take courses that provide direct job related skills rather than the most basic survival skills in the work place: communications and thinking skills. Education for education‘s sake is noble but impractical to today‘s college student who is facing a competitive and rapidly changing job market.Adaptability and lifelong learning are the cornerstones of success in today‘s complex and rapidly changing society. No longer can the person who is steeped in one academic discipline, but knows nothing about any thing else, meet today‘s demands.The time has come to rethink what education really is and how it relates to the functions of society. Perhaps what a liberal education does to an individual, which is more important than anything else, is to prepare him for more learning. The liberal arts background equips one with thinking skills, coupled with the desire to learn, are the best preparation for career and life that any of us can possess. First, granting that our graduates know a great deal, their knowledge lies about in fragments and never gets weldedtogether into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind. Secondly, our university graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves, acquiring special knowledge and skills, that in later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas, standards, or principles.But genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind.The most important part of education is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him.He was being so stuffed with miscellaneous facts, with such an indigestible mass of material that he has no time (and was given no encouragement) to draw on his own resources, to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material.The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. Training is intended primarily for the service of society; education is primarily for the individual. Education is for the improvement of the individual, it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding, ofperception, and wisdom. They are our intellectual leaders, the critics of our culture, the defenders of our free traditions, the instigators of our progress.In the liberal arts college, student is encouraged to explore new fields and old fields, to wander down the bypaths of the knowledge.The study of law gives him an understanding of the rules under which our society functions and his practice in solving legal problems gives him an understanding of fine distinctions.In general, certain courses of study are for the service of society and other courses are for self-improvement.。