05论文正文
毕业论文具体格式:摘要、正文及参考文献
毕业论文具体格式:摘要、正文及参考文献具体格式如下文注:1. 中文摘要前空一行。
2.中文摘要字样为四号黑体,处于居中位置,内容为小四号宋体,1.5倍行距。
“关键词”三个字字样要加黑并左对齐,其后加冒号,多个关键词之间用分号分隔。
3.英文摘要另起一页。
(空一行)abstractas the manager and leader of a school, the principal is not only a practicer to carry out the policy of the educational reform, but also a forthgoer of educational reform in school. the ability and value tropism play an important role in the management of a school, which has a deep influence in the educational reform. but all of those are embodied in the leadership behavior. as an important theoretical problem, much achievement has been acquired abroad and in hong kong and taiwan, but in mainland china, the professional research is not fruitful and gives too much attention to superorganic theoretical considering, which emphasizes value tropism and ignores factual research.as a new leadership theory, transformational leadership theory is very suitable for the social and educational circumstances full of change and uncertainty. using the multi-factor leadership questionnaire and the sampling method of delamination and random, the author carries out a research to 119 principals of senior middle schools. through analyzing the data the author tries to offer some valuable suggestion for the principals.key words:principal; leadership behavior; senior middle school注:1.英文摘要前空一行。
《05年论文评审 中学》
朱恩 李庆明 李明旺 李茂文 王恩峰 李明旺 孟俊华 周梅 高淑苓
浅谈初中数学成长纪录袋与评价
文本 电子
山东 平阴县实验中学
济南市平阴县实 山东 验中学 济南市平阴县实 山东 验中学 济南市平阴县实 山东 验中学
促进学生发展的“数学学习评价方案”的实验与研究 文本 电子 改革学生评价体系势在必行-教育过程中学生发展趋势及评价的 研究 文本 电子 改革评价体系 促进学生发展 浅谈新课程理念下学生数学学习的评价 实施发展性评价,在课堂教学中促进学生与教师共同发展 文单
论文题目 类别
文本 电子 文本 电子 文本 电子 文本 电子 文本 电子 文本 文本 电子 文本 电子
上交时间
2005.3.22 2005.3.28 2005.3.30 2005.3.30 2005.3.29 2005.4.5 2005.3.28 2005.3.28 2005.3.28 2005.3.28 2005.3.28 2005.3.17 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.8.15 2005.4.13 2005.4.13 2005.4.13
教育部北京师范大学基础教育课程研究中心 教育部“促进教师发展与学生成长的评价研究”数学学科课题组
2005年全国实验学校论文(案例)评审
序号 省份 1 新疆 2 新疆 3 新疆 4 新疆 5 新疆 6 新疆 7 新疆 8 新疆 单位
克拉玛依第七中 克拉玛依第七中 克拉玛依七中 克拉玛依七中 克拉玛依一中 克拉玛依一中 克拉玛依第七中 克拉玛依第七中 克拉玛依第七中
张连勇 刘杰 尚晓娟 黄继英 徐绵玉 王玉梅 王玉梅 石瑛 石瑛
05、毕业设计 液压设计 绪论
绪论一.液压技术及其在工程机械中的应用液压传动是利用液体——液压油液作为工作介质传递能量和进行控制的传动形式。
液压系统利用液压泵将动力源的机械能转换成液体的压力能,通过液体压力能的变化来传递能量,经过各种控制阀和管路的传递,借助于液压执行元件(缸和马达)把芽体压力能转换成机械能,从而驱动工作机构,实现直线往复运动和回转运动。
在液压技术广泛的应用于工程机械当中之际,高的工作效率、减小液压元件的体积和质量、加大输出功率以及液压元件的模块化设计已经成为前沿的液压技术的关键技术所在。
而这些正是液压系统比其他的传动系统的优越性之所在。
在工作装置中,广泛的采用新材料、新结构,使工作装置的结构强度、刚度、耐磨性得到较大程度的提高,自重减轻;同时,在设计和制造过程中普遍的采用CAD、CAM技术和优化技术。
液压系统的工作压力进一步的提高。
例如:大多数的液压挖掘机的额定工作压力达到31-35Mpa;带有负荷传感的工作装置液压系统日趋成熟并成为主流,电液比例伺服技术的应用约来约广泛,并会逐步的在工程机械领域得到普及应用。
传动系统、转向系统,乃至工作装置的操纵控制系统进一步的完善和电子化,利用电子技术进行操作、监控和保护,即采用机电液一体化技术。
其中的自动控制技术的应用越来越普遍。
主要包括:检测和识别工作对象与工作条件;根据识别结果和工作目标,自行做出决策;响应决策,实现自动伺服控制。
这样使工程机械的作业精度和作业效率得到明显的提高,作业安全性也得到了进一步的保障。
近些年来,液压技术在提高系统的工作压力、增大系统的功率、加大流量以及模块化设计方面也都取得了巨大的发展,特别是在闭式系统应用于行走工程机械和其他机械时的效率高、无级调速和简便的操纵的优点表现的更为突出。
由管式配置发展到板式配置、再发展到箱式配置、再发展到集成块配置、直到目前的叠加式配置和插装式配置等等,更好地满足了占用尽可能少的空间,传递尽可能多的功率。
液压元件的结构也一直在不断地朝着向小型化、集成化、模块化的方向发展,不仅使液压组件的结构日趋紧凑,工作可靠性强,而且使用操纵方便,便于维修和保养。
北林本科毕业论文撰写规范及模板
北京林业大学本科毕业论文(设计)撰写规范(试行)毕业论文(设计)是培养学生综合运用本学科的基本理论、专业知识和基本技能,提高分析和解决实际问题的能力,完成初步培养从事科学研究工作和专业工程技术或实务工作基本训练的重要环节.为了统一和规范我校本科毕业论文(设计)的写作,保证毕业论文(设计)的质量,根据《中华人民共和国国家标准科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(国家标准GB7713—87)的规定,特制定本规范。
1 内容要求1。
1 论文题目论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。
读者通过题目,能大致了解论文的内容、专业的特点和学科的范畴.但字数要适当,一般不宜超过24个汉字。
必要时可加副标题。
论文题目应有中文和英文两种形式.1.2 作者及指导教师包括作者的姓名,所属专业、年级及班级,指导教师的姓名。
应有中文及英文两种形式。
1.3 摘要与关键词1。
3。
1 论文摘要论文摘要应概括地反映出毕业论文(设计)的目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。
摘要中不宜使用公式、图表,不标注引用文献编号。
摘要以300~500字为宜。
1.3.2 关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条,应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条(参照相应的技术术语标准)。
关键词一般为3~5个,按词条的外延层次排列(外延大的排在前面)。
1.4 目录目录按章、节、条三级标题编写,要求标题层次清晰.目录中的标题要与正文中标题一致。
目录中应包括绪论、论文主体、结论、致谢、参考文献、附录等.1。
5 论文正文论文正文是毕业论文(设计)的主体和核心部分,一般应包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分。
1.5.1 绪论绪论一般作为第一章,是毕业论文(设计)主体的开端。
绪论应包括:毕业设计的背景及目的;国内外研究状况和相关领域中已有的研究成果;课题的研究方法;论文构成及研究内容等。
绪论一般不少于2千字。
1。
5。
2 论文主体论文主体是毕业论文(设计)的主要部分,应该结构合理,层次清楚,重点突出,文字简练、通顺。
论文正文格式及字体要求
论文正文格式及字体要求在撰写论文时,正确的正文格式和字体要求不仅能够使论文看起来整洁、规范,还能提高阅读的舒适度和便利性,有助于更好地传达研究内容和观点。
以下将详细介绍论文正文的格式及字体方面的具体要求。
一、页面设置论文页面的设置包括纸张大小、页边距等。
一般来说,应使用 A4 纸张,页边距通常设置为上下各 254 厘米,左右各 317 厘米。
这样的页面布局可以保证论文在打印和装订时有足够的留白,看起来更加美观和专业。
二、字体和字号1、字体中文字体通常使用宋体,英文字体一般使用 Times New Roman。
这样的字体选择具有较高的通用性和可读性。
2、字号论文正文的字号通常使用小四号字。
标题部分的字号则根据标题的级别有所不同,一级标题可以使用三号字,二级标题使用四号字,三级标题使用小四号字。
三、行距正文的行距一般设置为 15 倍行距,这样可以使文字之间有适当的间隔,便于阅读和批注。
四、段落格式1、首行缩进段落的首行通常缩进两个字符,这是中文写作的常见格式规范。
2、段落间距段与段之间可以设置一定的间距,比如段前 05 行,段后 05 行,以区分不同的段落。
五、标题格式1、标题级别论文的标题通常分为一级标题、二级标题、三级标题等。
一级标题是论文的主要章节标题,如“引言”“研究方法”“结果与讨论”“结论”等;二级标题是一级标题下的细分部分,如“研究方法中的实验设计”“结果与讨论中的数据分析”等;三级标题则是对二级标题的进一步细分。
2、标题编号标题的编号应按照层次进行,如一、(一)、1、(1)、①等,编号要清晰、有序,便于读者查找和理解论文的结构。
六、标点符号标点符号的使用要正确、规范。
例如,逗号用于分隔句子中的成分,句号用于表示句子的结束;引号用于引用他人的话语或特定的术语;分号用于分隔并列的句子成分等。
七、图表格式如果论文中包含图表,图表要有清晰的标题和编号。
图表的字体大小一般与正文相同,但可以根据需要适当调整。
05年电子设计大赛题论文——悬挂控制系统
作者:缑文博丁杰白博赛前辅导老师:刘远聪兰建平胡亚琦摘要本悬挂系统是以两个AT89C52为核心,用专用步进电机的驱动SJ-220驱动步进电机控制坐标图上的笔的位置,通过两个定滑轮配合步进电机,利用控制电机的转速的变化绘制出所需的图形。
利用LCD作为整个过程的显示部分,结合4×4的键盘输入,控制画图过程的输入。
一、设计方案和论证按照题意,控制系统能够通过键盘或其他方式任意设定坐标点参数;控制物体在80cm ×100cm的范围内做自行设定的运动,运动轨迹长度不小于100cm,物体在运动时能够在板上画出运动轨迹,限300s内完成;控制物体做圆心可任意设定、直径为50cm的圆周运动,限300s内完成;物体从左下角坐标原点出发,在150s内到达设定的一个坐标原点。
在此基础上,能够显示物体中画笔所在位置的坐标。
考虑到测量对象较多,如果使用一个单片机,系统资源将非常紧张,难以达到最佳的控制。
因此,采用两片单片机,合理分工,分别控制各模块的工作。
系统框图如图1所示。
对于各模块的设计,分别讨论如下。
1.电动机及其的选择(1)电动机的选择方案一:使用步进电机。
其优点在于速度易于控制,可以实现快速启停,且转动角度严格可控。
可以根据驱动脉冲电流的次数计算小车的行驶距离,省去距离测量这一环节。
步进电机的功率大,速度可调,转速稳定,可以达到精密控制。
方案二:使用直流电机,用脉冲宽度调节方法,对电机进行控制。
但此方案的缺点也很明显,直流电机动起来惯性大,转速不易控制,很难达到精确地控制,误差较大。
因此,选择方案一。
(2)电动机驱动模块所用电动机是四相电动机,需要放大4路驱动信号。
方案一:采用4路三极管放大电路驱动,该方案电路复杂,可靠性难以保证。
方案二:采用专用的步进电机驱动SJ—220, SJ-220驱动器驱动二相混合式步进电机,该驱动器采用原装进口模块,实现高频斩波,恒流驱动,具有很强的抗干扰性、高频性能好、起动频率高、控制信号与内部信号实现光电隔离、电流可选、结构简单、运行平稳、可靠性好、噪声小,带动2A以下所有的42BYG、57BYG、系列步进电机。
中国科学院大学毕业论文模板
表序与表题:表序采用阿拉伯数字分章编号,如第2章第1个表的表序为“表2-1”;表题应简明。表序和表题间空1个字距,居中排于表的上方。例如:
表2-1 网管业务数据分析表
一级节标题目录
2.5 有关图、表、表达式……9
宋体小四,单倍行距, 段前0行,段后0行,两端对齐,页码右对齐,左缩进2字符
二级节标题目录
2.5.1 图………………………9
宋体小四,单倍行距, 段前0行,段后0行,两端对齐,页码右对齐,左缩进4字符
正文及其它
示例
要求
各章标题
第一章 ×××
黑体三号加粗居中,单倍行距,段前1.2行,段后1行, 章序号与章名间空一个汉字符
图和表的序号和标题位置错误
图序和图题居中排于图的下方;
表序和表题居中排于表的上方。
图表引用方式不能用“见下图”或“见下表”
应该以图表的编号来引用,如“见图2-1”
在论文中,图、表格中所用格式是否维持一致
经常出现前后章节中不一致的图表排版格式,必须统一。
某一页只有一图片,而图片只占了半页左右,剩余大量空白
空白处应填充文字,正确排版。若连续几页均有图片,图片、文字应合理布局
表和图中的文字字号太大或太小,建议采用五号
图表中字号太大,会看起来较傻;字号太小,看
1.3 本文主要研究容
本文的研究目标是。。。
本文的主要研究容是。。。(可与研究目标合并论述)。
本文组织结构:
能够提供数据的跨平台访问,系统具有较高的处理能力
表达式主要指数字表达式,也包括文字表达式。表达式需另行起排,并用阿拉伯数字分章编号。序号加圆括号,右顶格排。例如:第3章第2个表达式
参考文献著录格式(GB/T7714—2005)
4 专利 文献 :
[ 序号] 主要责任者. : 题名 其他题名信息[ 文献类型标志 ( 电子文献必备 , 其他文献任选) . ] 其他责任者( 任选)版本 . 项( 1 第 版不标注)出版地: . 出版者 , 出版年 : 引文页码[ 引用 日期( 联机文献必备 , 其他电子文献任选) . ] 获取和访问路
改造 、 产品 结构 优化 、 备 结构 调整 、 产品 开发 、 高劳动 装 新 提
文 摘 要 不超 过 10 实词 ; 文 关键 词 应 与 中文 关键 词 一 5个 英
一
生产率、 信息化建设 、 走新型_ _4 道路等有实际指导意义 r,  ̄ -k l
的文章 。热诚 欢迎 省 内外相 关 大专 院校 、 科研 院所 专 家、 学 者及 冶金 工程技 术和 管理 人 员向本 刊投 稿 。 投 稿 时请 注 意本 刊如 下要 求 :
期刊网” 收录, 如作者不 同意收录, 请在来稿时声明, 否则将
视 为 同意收 录 。
辑。 照片要求 清晰、 次分明 、 差适 中; 层 反 金相 及 T M、 E S M等照片应有放计量单位及符号 ; 名词 术语应统一 ; 一篇文章 中一种符号只能代表一种含义, 变量
年, 毕业 时间、 院校、 专业。现职务、 职称 , 从事工作或研究
方 向等 。 注明详 细通 信 地址 、 电话 、 电子 信箱 等 。
发展观、 发展循环经济、 清洁生产、 色制造 、 绿 安全环保、 节 能减排 的 先进 成果 和 经验 ; 注重 报道 构 建和 谐企 业 , 源节 资 约型、 环境友好型企业 , 资本运营、 国企改制、 增强企业可持
径( 联机文献必备) . 2 专著中的析出文献( 从整本专著中析出的具有独立篇名
【科技论文写作】05 论文投稿流程与常见问题
(10) Request an Editor(有的杂志需要)
38
(11) Additional Information
39
(12) Attach Files
40
(13) 完成
41
5. 审稿流程
42
5. 审稿流程
5.1 期刊主编预审与技术审查
内容是否符合期刊的刊载范围 文章格 是否满足期刊 求 语言是否达到基本要求
not deemed by the editors to be strong candidates for publication will be etu ned to
the authors without detailed review, typicall within 3–5 days Otherwise man scripts
高),图表(字体一致性 好,美观程度要高,最重要!),结论
④ 抄袭与 主编在期刊的后台界面可以看到作者的投稿历史,里边有一些备注要点; 同步有与数据库比对的结果与细节,主编会据此判断稿件是否有剽窃的 行为。
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Check list
数据是否支持文章结论? 结果是否重要和有趣? 是否存在伦理问题? 文章是否具有原创性? 动机是否 ? 是否存在一些缺陷和错误? 是否有需要增加的内容? 描述是否清晰?
2. 根据期刊要求调整文章
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2. 根据期刊要求调整文章
2.1 Guidelines
期刊范围
根据期刊要求确定文章体裁与长度 适当调整摘要与关键词
文章格
图文格式要求(包括Tittle page) 字体种类、 小
文章整体结构、版块 其它特殊要求,如单位,缩写等
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2.2 期刊的审查重点
高考英语完形填空名校好题100篇:专题 05 强基计划之议论文篇 (原卷版)
专题05 强基计划之议论文篇——高考英语完形填空名校好题100篇(原卷版)距离高考还有一段时间,不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生,愈是临近高考,能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节,态度是否主动积极,安排是否科学合理,能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战,其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料,希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率,希望对你有所帮助,有志者事竟成!养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。
总之,在最后的复习阶段,学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候,学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式,最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心,考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”,遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后,考生越要回归基础,单词最好再梳理一遍,这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
1(2022·上海金山·统考一模)In 2007, a group of researchers began testing a concept that seems as if it would never need testing: Is more happiness always better than less? The researchers asked college students to rate their feelings on a scale from “unhappy” to “very happy” and compared the results with academic and social outcomes. Although the “very happy” participants had brilliant social lives, they performed ____1____ in school than those who were me rely “happy”.The researchers then examined a data set from another study that rated college freshmen’s “cheerfulness” and ____2____ their income nearly two decades later. They found that the most ____3____ were not the highest earners. That distinction (荣誉) once again went to the second-highest group, which rated their cheerfulness as“above average.”As with everything in life, happiness has its ____4____. Pursuing happiness to the exclusion of othergoals-known as psychological hedonism (享乐主义)—is____5____. It gives a life where you do not reach your full potential, where you are ____6____ to take risks, where you choose temporary pleasures over challenging experiences that give life meaning.When I talk with people about their fear of negative outcomes in life, their true source of fear, in many cases, ____7____ how they will feel about having failed, not about the consequence of the failure itself. This is similar to the way that discomfort with ____8____ causes more anxiety than guaranteed bad news. To ____9____ these bad feelings, people give up kinds of opportunities that involve the possibility of failure.However, bringing good things into your life, whether love or career success, usually involves risk. Risk does not, of course, _____10_____ make us happy. A risky life will very likely bring disappointment, but it can bring greater _____11_____ than a life played safe, as the studies above suggested.None of this is to say that we are foolish for wanting to be happy. _____12_____, the desire for happiness is natural and normal. Making the pursuit of positive feelings your highest or only goal, however, is a costly life strategy. Endless happiness is impossible to achieve, and doing so _____13_____ many of the elements of a good life. As the Canadian-A merican psychologist Paul Bloom wrote, “It’s the _____14_____we choose that affords the most opportunity for pleasure, meaning, and personal growth.”Though pain should never be anyone’s goal, each of us can strive for a rich life in which we not only seek the sunshine but fully ____15____ the rain that inevitably falls as well. This is the paradox (悖论) of being fully alive. 1.A.unwillingly B.unpleasantly C.admirably D.incredibly2.A.generated B.increased C.tracked D.drained3.A.joyful B.wealthy C.successful D.distinctive4.A.advantage B.balance C.opportunity D.preference5.A.fruitful B.significant C.priceless D.rewardless6.A.desperate B.hesitant C.likely D.tempted7.A.centers on B.works on C.takes on D.passes on8.A.performance B.discipline C.uncertainty D.ignorance9.A.conceal B.create C.tolerate D.avoid10.A.necessarily B.inevitably C.similarly D.deliberately11.A.fascination B.rewards C.depression D.challenges12.A.On the contrary B.That is to say C.For instance D.In turn 13.A.harvests B.encounters C.designs D.sacrifices14.A.happiness B.wealth C.dishonor D.suffering15.A.escape B.predict C.experience D.produce2(2022·上海静安·统考一模)According to a Gallup World Poll, 1.1 billion people want to move temporarily to another country in the hope of finding more profitable jobs. An additional 630 million people would like to move abroad permanently.The global desire to leave home arises from poverty and necessity, but it also grows out of a belief that such mobility is possible. People who hold fast to this universal ____16____ assume that individuals can and should be feel at home anywhere in the world and that they need not be ____17____ to any particular place. This view was once regarded as a negative product of the industrialization but is now accepted as central to a(n) ____18____ economy.It leads to opportunity and profits, but it also has high ____19____ costs. According to a long research into the emotions and experiences of immigrants (移民) and migrants, many people who leave home in search of betterp rospects can’t avoid feeling ____20____ although few speak openly of the substantial pain of leaving home.Such tolerance of emotional suffering became common among mobile Americans in the 20th century, and represented a(n) ____21____ from the past. In the 19th century, Americans of all groups, pioneers, soldiers and the millions of immigrants who streamed into the nation, loudly complained that moving was emotionally ____22____. Medical journals explored the condition, often referring to it by its clinical name: nostalgia (思乡).Today, discussions of nostalgia are rare, for the emotion is typically regarded by individuals as an embarrassing block to progress and prosperity. The ____23____ makes mobility appear misleadingly easy.Technology also tricks us into thinking that mobility is ____24____. The comforting vision of ____25____ offered by technology makes moving seem less consequential, since “one is always just a mouse click or a phone call away”.But such a claim was ____26____ optimistic, for homesickness continued to hurt many who migrated. The____27____ that phone calls and the Internet provide means that those away from home can know exactly what they are missing the exact moment and how it is happening. It gives the impression that one can be in two places at once but it also highlights the ____28____ of that assumption.The persistence of homesickness points to the limitations of the universal philosophy that strengthens so much of our market and society. The idea that we can and should feel at home any place on the globe is based on a worldview that celebrates the independent, mobile individual and takes it for granted that men and women are easily separated from family, from home and from the past. But this view isn’t ____29____ our emotions, for our attachment to home, although often ____30____, is strong and enduring.16.A.subject B.wealth C.vision D.exchange17.A.transferred B.tied C.reduced D.bridged18.A.globalized B.intense C.exporting D.degrading19.A.transporting B.domestic C.psychological D.administrative 20.A.displaced B.suspected C.abused D.monitored21.A.guidance B.emergency C.departure D.justification22.A.misleading B.wearing C.resisting D.facilitating23.A.silence B.restriction C.obstacle D.emotion24.A.temporary B.traditional C.painless D.formal25.A.priority B.alert C.connection D.privacy26.A.overly B.ultimately C.critically D.narrowly 27.A.advancement B.suffering C.immediacy D.variety28.A.impossibility B.diversity C.distraction D.scale29.A.in line with B.in addition to C.in honor of D.in need of30.A.distributed B.underestimated C.illustrated D.identified3(2022·广东·汕头市聿怀中学校联考模拟预测)Do you listen? Do you really listen? Is there more to listening than just hearing?Listening is, by far, one of the most important aspects of communication. So often, you pay attention to your way of speaking, your ____31____ , your dialect, but neglect your ability to listen.It is my ____32____ that people scream out or change the intended purposes of much of what they hear. Too often, we consider listening the ____33____ part of conversation, although it requires our focus, purpose, and active participation.Listening means to give ear to, to pay attention to, to ____34____ , to witness, to hear with thoughtful____35____ , or to understand.The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and to be understood. The only way to understand is to ____36____ .Learn to be an active listener. Give off positive body language.____37____ a willingness to socialize. Ask the right questions. Boost your ____38____ so that you can understand more and achieve effective listening.Listening means we should respond, that we should be touched, that what we hear has a(n)____39____ on us.I believe that history _____40_____ itself only because no one listens the first time.You were given two ears, but only one mouth, which is a gentle hint that we should listen more, because God knew that listening was twice as _____41_____ as talking. Listening is the key building block in effective communications. Good listening skills are crucial, as listening is the fundamental _____42_____ of all information.Isn’t now the time to give the gift of listening to those about you? Given them your _____43_____ attention. Use your God given _____44_____ to become a better listener. For me, I’m going to put into _____45_____ what I believe in my heart and become a better listener.31.A.sounds B.words C.gestures D.movements32.A.conception B.plan C.purpose D.requirement33.A.active B.passive C.basic D.useless34.A.argue B.quarrel C.discuss D.obey35.A.advice B.attention C.love D.help36.A.ask B.learn C.try D.listen37.A.Send B.Present C.Predict D.Design38.A.courage B.confidence C.energy D.knowledge39.A.impact B.connection C.emotion D.difference40.A.makes B.fails C.repeats D.destroys41.A.interesting B.hard C.much D.long42.A.resource B.material C.source D.element43.A.considerate B.wide C.extra D.entire44.A.information B.talents C.messages D.ideas45.A.effect B.position C.practice D.service4(2022·天津·高三专题练习)China is taking a reform into account on its College Entrance Examination, under which two separate test modes-__46__and academic-will be introduced into the examination. Such reforms are badly needed, as the demand for highly-skilled professionals__47__sharply in the context of the country's economic restructuring.The test for technical mode will mainly__48__the technical skills of those students who plan to become_49_and mechanical workers while the academic mode attracts those students who prepare to_____50_____an academic career.Calls for reform of the current gaokao regime, under which students are admitted based__51__upon their academic performance instead of practical skills, have been__52__high in China in recent years.___53___,the existing system has some merits, as it provides__54__fair opportunities for all students, especially those from the poor areas, to change their__55__through receiving higher education. But it has also been__56__for having churned out college graduates with little practical skills, something that prevented them from__57__decent jobs.Last year, China had 6.99 million college_58_, only 77.4 percent of which have found a position, according to official__59__.__60__,the fact that many college graduates cannot find a proper job does not__61__mean China has too many talents. In many sectors, enterprises can't__62__the technicians and skilled workers they need.According to a sample survey of__63__professionals in 40 cities conducted by the the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, technicians and highly skilled workers account for__64__4 percent of the labor force, __65__with an average 35 percent in developed countries.46.A.economic B.technical C.combined D.academic47.A.rises B.falls C.changes D.turns48.A.act on B.operate on C.reflect on D.focus on49.A.teachers B.officials C.engineers D.writers50.A.create B.cultivate C.know D.pursue51.A.largely B.slightly C.totally D.wholly52.A.standing B.keeping C.flying D.running53.A.Admittedly B.Supposedly C.Excitedly D.Repeatedly54.A.completely B.naturally C.relatively D.reasonably55.A.past B.origin C.appearance D.fate56.A.commented B.targeted C.enjoyed D.regarded57.A.landing B.hiring C.doing D.liking58.A.students B.graduates C.technicians D.employees59.A.data B.guess C.media D.instruction60.A.However B.Therefore C.Anyway D.Furthermore61.A.possibly B.importantly C.necessarily D.generally62.A.find B.raise C.accept D.support63.A.talented B.proficient C.retired D.dedicated64.A.less than B.more than C.rather than D.other than65.A.connected B.associated C.dealt D.compared5(2022·天津·高三专题练习)We are instructed not to use any bad words or polluting language. But at one time, I didn't realize that these ____66____ complaining, but I later have ____67____ that complaining pollutes our lives.Plain and simple complaining is an ____68____ that people strongly disapprove (不认可) of! It causes many people a great number of ____69____ in their lives and destroys the joy of anyone ____70____.We need to ____71____ ourselves, how quick are we to become ____72____ and begin to complain when stuck in traffic or while ____73____ at the checkout in grocery stores or department stores? How quick are we to spot and point out all the ____74____ of our friends or family members? Do we ____75____ about our job when we should be thankful that we have one?The best antidote (矫正方法) for complaining is ____76____. People with gratitude do not complain. They are so ____77____ being grateful for all the good things they have that they have no time to ____78____ the things they could complain about.In fact, everyone needs to make it a daily ____79____ to live a life of thanksgiving. Let's be ____80____ and grateful. Before going to bed at night, try to ____81____ everything we have to be thankful for. Let it be the____82____ thing you do in the morning. Be grateful for “little” things or things you might ____83____ take for granted. Don't get ____84____ when you fail, and don't throw in the towel and quit either. Keep at it until you have ____85____ new habits and you are living with an attitude of gratitude.66.A.accepted B.produced C.included D.required67.A.learned B.admitted C.heard D.remembered68.A.explanation B.action C.excuse D.emotion69.A.decisions B.possibilities C.problems D.accidents70.A.talking B.listening C.standing D.enjoying71.A.enjoy B.relax C.remind D.ask72.A.impolite B.uninterested C.impatient D.unimportant73.A.waiting B.leaving C.walking D.running74.A.directions B.advantages C.plans D.faults75.A.worry B.discuss C.complain D.think76.A.understanding B.thankfulness C.communication D.ability77.A.worth B.popular C.against D.busy78.A.believe B.complete C.notice D.admit79.A.goal B.visit C.report D.diet80.A.curious B.positive C.attractive D.energetic81.A.forget B.predict C.consider D.determine82.A.other B.first C.next D.extra83.A.finally B.obviously C.immediately D.normally84.A.discouraged B.entertained C.ashamed D.astonished85.A.tried B.broken C.developed D.changed6(2022·天津·高三专题练习)Recently, some readers are invited to join the experts in a live webchat to discuss the future of cars in cities. They hold a heated discussion on whether we ban cars from city centres? Opinions are ____86____.Some people are ____87____ the idea. Clearly, cars have come to control our ____88____:It is hard to find anywhere away from background traffic noise. Pollution isn't the only problem from traffic. High-speed cars makes public space ____89____ to the pedestrian (行人). In some places, streets are fenced off to ____90____ pedestrians taking up car space. As city centres are ____91____ populated, not everyone is young or fit enough to walk distances especially ____92____ their way through crowds.However, some people hold the ____93____ view. They wonder whether it is ____94____ to carry the kids around on public transport. Walking or ____95____ in the city centers are easy ways. But walking and biking doesn't work if you've got three kids under 5. What's the ____96____?Besides, driving takes ten minutes to the city center ____97____ taking buses has to travel 10 miles to get to the shopping centre 5 miles away. Does it make sense?Still, some speak out their mind. They say, “I ____98____ the idea of ‘making t he car redundant (多余的)’—but the reality is that lots of us ____99____ some form of powered transport—because of heavy bags, kids,disability issues etc. I wish people who make these lovely statements would ____100____ those of us for whom walking/cycling is actually pretty ____101____.”As far as I'm concerned, we need to find transport solutions so inviting, enjoyable, affordable andwell-planned that people will not ____102____ to use cars. The best way to do that will vary, but I suspect that mostly it is a matter of ____103____ public transport from the elderly, and the poor, making it the most____104____ choice for those who can choose. But getting the pricing right will ____105____. 86.A.divided B.discussed C.held D.arranged87.A.to B.against C.for D.beyond88.A.lives B.environments C.transports D.travels89.A.suitable B.convenient C.dangerous D.impossible90.A.free B.allow C.offer D.stop91.A.poorly B.highly C.hardly D.badly92.A.pushing B.finding C.losing D.telling93.A.objective B.positive C.similar D.different94.A.certain B.available C.practical D.challenging95.A.cycling B.driving C.running D.living96.A.concern B.concept C.point D.solution97.A.until B.though C.while D.once98.A.believe B.prove C.hate D.love99.A.create B.need C.dislike D.buy100.A.consider B.sponsor C.support D.handle101.A.easy B.difficult C.helpless D.comfortable102.A.refuse B.afford C.choose D.learn103.A.preventing B.changing C.introducing D.linking104.A.personal B.perfect C.cautious D.attractive105.A.help B.operate C.pay D.occur7(2022秋·全国·高三假期作业)Imagine sitting inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane. Your train has no wheels, produces no ____106____ , makes its own electricity, and isn't affected by bad weather. This is the hyperloop, a new vision for the world's ____107____ , safest, and greenest form of transportation. Many have ____108____ this new technology, but others say the hyperloop vision is just a bunch of hot air.Hyperloop developers plan to use the properties of magnets to float, stabilize, and drive the capsules or pods for hundreds of miles through ____109____ tubes. Without air or ground to slow down the vehicles, what was once a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion, engineers promise.Supporters of the technology promote additional ____110____ of transporting passengers and cargo by hyperloop. For example, they firmly state that unlike other city-to-city transport that's ____111____ , such as planes or trains, hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed, like Ubers and taxis. While the ____112____ would hold only 28 to 50 passengers each, developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they say could amount to shuttling 50,000 people an hour. That's more than twice the passenger ____113____ of the world's fastest trains.Developers also say that hyperloop tubes would be ____114____ so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or threaten wildlife. And tubes would be covered with solar panels to power the hyperloop's systems.______115______ , advocates regard the hyperloop as the transportation choice for the future.But not everyone is on board. Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much wider turns than currently envisioned, and otherwise they won't be ______116______ for passengers. This would add several miles to the proposed tube tracks, Engineers also say planners haven't included enough time for vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations. Some engineers believe it will take much longer than claimed to pump the ______117______ out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure. Critics thus say hyperloops can't go as fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised, making them ______118______ existing high-speed transportation options.Hyperloop companies say they're ______119______ these concerns. They claim that they can safely maintain high speeds by having the vehicles bank around the turns as a plane does. And their hyperloops will rely on the split-second reaction times of a computer to ______120______ vehicles quickly, frequently, and safely. 106.A.pollution B.sound C.energy D.wind107.A.cleanest B.lightest C.latest D.fastest108.A.adapted B.exploited C.embraced D.developed109.A.totally hollow B.nearly airless C.steadily narrow D.highly flexible 110.A.advantages B.costs C.qualities D.situations111.A.in constant demands B.on strict timetables C.in changeable states D.on essential services112.A.cabins B.lorries C.tubes D.vehicles113.A.fare B.capacity C.speed D.comfort114.A.underground B.parallel C.elevated D.shared115.A.However B.Therefore C.Beside D.Otherwise116.A.available B.economic C.easy D.safe117.A.force B.air C.heat D.water118.A.most popular of B.superior to C.no better than D.least profitable of 119.A.addressing B.causing C.voicing D.releasing120.A.ride B.pilot C.park D.alert8(2021秋·江西·高三校联考阶段练习)Many people mistakenly characterize camping as an activity for the younger generations. ____121____, camping is a fantastic activity for people of all ____122____. It’s even better when you enjoy multi-generational camping.Small children can be a good trial to ____123____ with. They have a harder time being ____124____ on the way to the destination and also have a shorter attention span (跨度). Despite these small ____125____, camping with children can be a vastly ____126____ experience. They experience wonder at the smallest things, so camping with them can ____127____ your sense of wonder at the world. If camping with them, be prepared to have various activities ____128____, which will keep the children busy and tire them out during the day.Older generations, with varied life experiences, are also fun to camp with. To enjoy this, ____129____ grandparents and great grandparents on camping trips, which provides you with an opportunity to hear their_____130_____ and learn from them. If camping with your elderly travelers, make different _____131_____ arrangements depending on their physical needs. RVing (房车) would be more comfortable as opposed to sleeping in a _____132_____. Also, take into consideration their _____133_____ when planning activities. Perhaps shorter hikes would be better than long backpacking trips.Every generation in your camping experience will _____134_____ a different set of experiences and knowledge. So multi-generational camping is _____135_____, allowing these wonderful things to come together and enrich the whole group just by letting them be together for a period of time.121.A.Besides B.Therefore C.Somehow D.However 122.A.personalities B.races C.cultures D.ages123.A.compete B.meet C.travel D.communicate124.A.moody B.patient C.awake D.curious125.A.difficulties B.habits C.tasks D.fights126.A.painful B.traditional C.rewarding D.popular127.A.renew B.change C.hide D.document128.A.called off B.put forward C.lined up D.agreed to129.A.expect B.invite C.challenge D.permit130.A.solution B.advice C.secrets D.stories131.A.studying B.diet C.living D.entertainment132.A.house B.tent C.hotel D.bus133.A.feelings B.abilities C.relationship D.knowledge134.A.bring B.acquire C.adopt D.encounter135.A.flexible B.convenient C.secure D.magical9(2022·上海·高三专题练习)How Do You Know Y ou’re Not in the Matrix?At the heart of the philosophy of Aristotle (亚里士多德) and St. Thomas Aquinas (阿奎那) is the idea that we come into contact with reality through the senses. But what if our senses are not a(n) ____136____ source? Perhaps our senses are deceiving us, and eve rything we perceive isn’t real but is an illusion like in the movie The Matrix.This ____137____ of sense knowledge was part of René Descartes’s (笛卡尔) methodic doubt, which many radical (激进的) skeptics have adopted. Descartes argued: whatever I have up till now accepted as most true I have acquired either from the senses or through the senses. But I have found that the senses may deceive me____138____, and it is sensible never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once. And one example Descartes gives as evidence is the fact that objects at a distance look smaller than what they are.But this is not deception. The sense of sight is reporting ____139____ what it perceives. As D.Q. McInerny (麦克伦尼) says, “This is the sense of sight functioning just as it should, in order to give me a proper knowledge of ____140____”. Only when one made the judgement that “the man is small and then becomes big” would____141____ come in. Truth and falsity do not ____142____ sensory perception but the act of judging that perception.Another ____143____ with Descartes’s reason for doubting sensory perception is that he relies on only one sensory power. It’s often the case that in order to test whether one sense i s deceiving us, we must ____144____ another sense.To use an example that many radical skeptics do to justify their doubt of sense knowledge, I may perceive the stick ____145____ immersed in water as crooked. How do I determine whether what I perceive is actually the case?I pick up the stick. When I do so, I judge the stick is actually ____146____. But in order to make a correct judgment about the stick, I use another sensory power -- namely, ____147____ -- that I must trust in order to make the proper judgment.With regard to Descartes’s example, in order to make a sound judgment about the ____148____ of the man walking up the street, Descartes would have to make contact with him through the sense of touch and measure him, which requires trust in sense knowledge.____149____, Descartes’s recognition of the man’s small stature as unusual presupposes his trust in his previous sensory experience of the man’s tall stature. As Ralph McInerny notes, “Descartes must trust his senses in order to challenge them”.So, if it’s reasonable to trust sense knowledge, and the senses put us into contact with the ____150____ world, then we can have greater certainty that what we perceive is objectively real.136.A.external B.primary C.reliable D.alternative137.A.disbelief B.application C.branch D.command138.A.in no case B.out of nowhere C.by all means D.now and then 139.A.accurately B.independently C.accidentally D.randomly 140.A.philosophy B.distance C.nature D.life141.A.analysis B.error C.change D.perception142.A.lead to B.serve as C.identify with D.reside in143.A.problem B.consideration C.advantage D.perspective144.A.abandon B.regain C.sharpen D.employ145.A.barely B.wrongly C.partially D.completely146.A.hollow B.straight C.thick D.bent147.A.smell B.sight C.touch D.taste148.A.size B.height C.age D.weight149.A.Therefore B.Furthermore C.However D.Whereas150.A.imaginary B.private C.contemporary D.outside10(2021秋·湖北·高三校联考阶段练习)Most people largely think highly of the educational technologies. However, some critics (批评者) question whether it is ____151____ if teachers depend so heavily on media that most of their ____152____ with students takes place in cyberspace (网络空间).Hans is one of them. “I think this childish and sometimes ____153____ pushing toward technology is very ____154____ —even disastrous,” he says.____155____, he also warns that there are few studies supporting the assumption that traditional ways of teaching are ____156____ to teaching via the Internet. He says that he could only point to his “feeling that real classroom presence should be ____157____”. He stresses the need for educators to ____158____ the use of educational technologies in their classrooms critically.Yet, he admits that using technology for the transmission (传播) of information is probably ____159____ as students are faced with the so-called knowledge _____160_____ in the 21st century and the rapidly increasing costs of education. However, information transmission should not be the most important function of_____161_____, he argues, noting that schools should be places where students face open questions and “riskful thinking”.“Mental challenging is something like gymnastics which can _____162_____ our mind. And this is what makes you a(n) _____163_____ member of the society,” he said. “To discuss _____164_____ in the classrooms is more likely to provide the students with such mental _____165_____.”151.A.special B.wise C.useful D.interesting 152.A.disagreement B.cooperation C.competition D.interaction153.A.blind B.rude C.passive D.quiet154.A.impressive B.dangerous C.logical D.immoral。
成都理工大学论文格式
本科生实验报告实验课程学院名称专业名称学生姓名学生学号指导教师实验地点实验成绩二〇一五年月二〇年月填写说明1、适用于本科生所有的实验报告(印制实验报告册除外);2、专业填写为专业全称,有专业方向的用小括号标明;3、格式要求:①用A4纸双面打印(封面双面打印)或在A4大小纸上用蓝黑色水笔书写。
②打印排版:正文用宋体小四号,1.5倍行距,页边距采取默认形式(上下2.54cm,左右2.54cm,页眉1.5cm,页脚1.75cm)。
字符间距为默认值(缩放100%,间距:标准);页码用小五号字底端居中。
③具体要求:题目(二号黑体居中);摘要(“摘要”二字用小二号黑体居中,隔行书写摘要的文字部分,小4号宋体);关键词(隔行顶格书写“关键词”三字,提炼3-5个关键词,用分号隔开,小4号黑体);正文部分采用三级标题;第1章××(小二号黑体居中,段前0.5行)1.1 ×××××小三号黑体×××××(段前、段后0.5行)1.1.1小四号黑体(段前、段后0.5行)参考文献(黑体小二号居中,段前0.5行),参考文献用五号宋体,参照《参考文献著录规则(GB/T 7714-2005)》。
实验报告撰写格式实验题目实验摘要(限150字以内)关键词(3-5个)一、实验目的二、实验原理三、实验试剂、仪器及设备四、实验内容(含简略步骤、装置图)五、结果分析(含问题讨论)六、附件(实验原始记录)。
05 毕业写作规范之五-论文的分页与分节问题
毕业论文写作规范之五:论文分节与页码设置在word文档中编辑毕业论文时,我们常常会遇到这样的现象:给论文插入“页码”时,默认状态是,以第一页为起始页,一直排列到最后一页,如1,2,3……
原因是,我们在建立新文档时,Word 将整篇文档视为一节。
毕业论文,由不同的部分组成,如封面、扉页、独创声明和论文使用授权书、目录、中文摘要、英文摘要、论文正文……
在编辑论文时,扉页、独创声明、论文使用授权书等一般要求不加页码,而目录、中文摘要、英文摘要等,则要求用“I,II,III,…”作为页码,论文正文等则用“1,2,3…”作为页码。
如何让页码听我们的命令呢?
要想让页码听指挥,我们首先要给文档分节,即根据页码不同表达形成的要求,把文档分成不同的节。
前面我们分析过如何分页,分节与分页都在工具栏的“插入”对话框中,具体步骤如下:
(1)把光标打到要分节的地方。
(2)单击“插入”,出现下拉菜单后,再单击“分隔符”。
请注意,菜单中的选项分成了两种类型:“分隔符类型”与“分节符类型”。
上为分隔符类型,下为“分节符类型”。
(3)选中“分节符类型”中的“下一页”,单击“确定”即可。
这样,光标下面的文字就移动到下一页,而且,上下两页的文字也自动分成两个自然节。
依次类推,可以根据要求分成多个节。
在此基础上,我们就可以随心所欲的为不同的自然节加上不同的页码了。
本科毕业论文字数要求及书写规范
本科毕业论文字数要求及书写规范篇一:本科生毕业论文详细写作规范(包含参考文献的写作)思想政治教育专业本科生毕业论文写作规范本科生毕业论文是对学生在学期间知识和能力进行全面检验的一个重要实践性教学环节,是高等学校实现本科培养目标的重要阶段。
为保证我校本科生毕业论文质量,特制定本写作规范,本规范从2012年12月开始执行。
一、写作要求本科生毕业论文应在指导教师指导下,由学生本人独立完成。
本规范提出的写作要求只针对论文的组成部分提出格式上的规范要求,不涉及论文的内容要求。
(一)前置部分1.题名题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映报告、论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。
题名所用每一词语必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。
题名应该避免使用不常见的缩略词、首字母缩写字、字符、代号和公式等。
题名一般不宜超过20字(不包括副题名)。
下列情况可以有副题名:题名语意末尽,用副题名补充说明报告论文中的特定内容;其他有必要用副题名作为引伸或说明者。
2.摘要摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。
摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。
中文摘要本科生论文一般不宜超过300字。
英文摘要内容应与中文摘要一致,词汇和语法必须准确。
3.关键词关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。
每篇论文选取3~5个词作为关键词,以显著的字符另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。
英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。
(二)主体部分主体部分的编写格式可由作者自定,但一般由引言(问题的提出)开始,以结论(或结语、讨论)结束。
毕业论文字数一般不少于6000字。
全部报告、论文的每一节、条的格式和版面安排,要求划一,层次清楚。
按统一的格式标出论文的一级标题、二级标题、三级标题。
论文正文格式及字体要求
论文正文格式及字体要求在撰写论文时,规范的正文格式和合适的字体选择不仅能够提升论文的可读性,还能展现作者的严谨态度。
以下将详细介绍论文正文格式及字体的要求,帮助您更好地完成论文写作。
一、页面设置首先,页面的布局对于整体的视觉效果和阅读体验至关重要。
一般来说,使用 A4 纸张大小,页面上下左右的边距通常设置为 25 厘米。
行间距可选择 15 倍或 2 倍行距,这样能使文字看起来更加舒适,不会显得过于拥挤。
二、字体和字号1、中文字体正文部分:通常使用宋体,字号为小四。
标题部分:根据标题的层级,选择不同的字号和字体。
一级标题可以使用黑体三号,二级标题使用黑体四号,三级标题使用黑体小四。
2、英文字体正文部分:一般使用 Times New Roman 字体。
标题部分:与中文字体的要求类似,根据层级调整字号和字体。
三、段落格式1、首行缩进每段开头应缩进两个字符,这样可以清晰地区分段落。
2、对齐方式正文通常采用两端对齐的方式,使页面看起来更加整齐。
3、段落间距段与段之间可以设置适当的间距,比如段前 05 行或 1 行,段后 05 行,增强段落的层次感。
四、标题格式1、层级分明论文标题应分为多个层级,如一级标题、二级标题、三级标题等,以便清晰地组织文章结构。
每个层级的标题都应有明确的逻辑顺序和重要性区分。
2、编号方式可以使用阿拉伯数字进行编号,如一、(一)、1、(1)等,使标题的层次一目了然。
五、标点符号1、正确使用严格按照标点符号的使用规则,避免错用、滥用或漏用标点。
例如,逗号用于分隔句子中的成分,句号表示句子的结束,分号用于分隔并列的分句等。
2、统一规范在整篇论文中,标点符号的使用应保持统一的风格和规范。
六、图表格式1、图表编号图表应按顺序编号,如“图1”“表1”等。
2、标题图表应有简洁明了的标题,准确描述图表的内容。
3、字体和字号图表中的文字字体和字号应与正文保持一致或协调。
七、数字和公式1、数字格式对于阿拉伯数字和汉字数字的使用,应遵循相应的规范。
数学建模国家一等奖优秀论文---2005A
2004年全国大学生数学建模竞赛全国二等奖
1
重庆通信学院:郑丽莉、叶淑香、李立埔,指导教师:刘忠敏
一.问题的提出
我国电力市场采取交易与调度一体化的模式。电网公司在组织交易、调度和配送时,
必须遵循电网“安全第一”的原则,并制定电力市场交易规则,按照购电费用最小的经 济目标来运作。此电力市场交易规则为:①以十五分钟为一个时段组织交易,每台机组
下一个时段预报负荷需求是982.4MW,给出下一个时段各机组的出力分配预案。我们通
过对表四段价的排序,结合表3巧妙地解决了此问题。问题4是检查得到的出力分配预
案是否会引起输电阻塞,并在发生输电阻塞时,根据安全且经济的原则,调整各机组出
力分配方案,并给出相应的阻塞费用,我们将此问题转化为非线性规划,利用lingo且
请你们研究下列问题: (1)对长江近两年多的水质情况做出定量的综合评价,并分析各地区水质的污染状况。 (2)研究、分析长江干流近一年多主要污染物高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的污染源主要在哪些地区? (3)假如不采取更有效的治理措施,依照过去 10 年的主要统计数据,对长江未来水质污染的发展 趋势做出预测分析,比如研究未来 10 年的情况。 (4)根据你的预测分析,如果未来 10 年内每年都要求长江干流的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水的比例控制在 20% 以内,且没有劣Ⅴ类水,那么每年需要处理多少污水? (5)你对解决长江水质污染问题有什么切实可行的建议和意见。
可不用拉闸限电。更详细的结果如下:
W=982.4MW时阻塞费用
J0=303
F=58∆0X5=元[0.492 9 48 -9.42 27 -43.27 -34.9 3.1]
X 0=[150.0 79.0 180.0 99.5 125.0 140.0 95.0 113.9 ]
专题05 阅读理解之议论文(原卷版)
专题05阅读理解之议论文1.(2020届安徽省蚌埠市高三第三次质检)Scientist,conservation organizations and government trying to stop the trend of extinction (灭绝)often focus on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as million species(物种)at risk,this plan of action may not be enough to conserve wildlife.Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more creative means of coexisting alongside wild plants and animals. A new study indicates the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining some lands managed by indigenous groups.“ We show really strongly that,from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species richness,indigenous -managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas,” says biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University. And in some places,they are better than parks and preserves -even though indigenous communities may use their lands’ resources by hunting or searching for food.Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia,Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of wildlife was highest on lands either managed or co -managed by indigenous groups,while randomly selected areas with no formal protection were the least bio-diverse. For threatened species in particular,indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada,as well as higher for threatened animals in Australia.Each country has a different geography,climate and history. Yet remarkably,Schuster says,the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He pointed out that practices such as sustainable(可持续的)hunting,fishing and searching,as well as burning,are more likely to occur in such areas. Don Hankins,an ecologist at California State University,agrees. “ there’ s probably going to be more of a connection to the land,” he says,“ and a use of the land for the things that are there,compared to a national park. ”“ It’ s really important to listen to the people who live on the land and have them drive the stewardship efforts going forward,” Schuster says,adding that partnering with indigenous communities may enable the world’ s countries to better meet a wide range of conservation goals:“ We really need all the help we can get as a global community to prevent species extinction that we’ re facing right now. ”8.What does the underlined word “ indigenous” probably mean in Paragraph 2?A.Social. B.Native.C.Protected. D.Threatened.9.What did Richard Schuster find in his study?A.National parks are even higher in species diversity.B.Indigenous communities overhunted on their lands.C.Some preserves almost have no formal protection.D.Indigenous lands do better in keeping bio-diversity.10.Which of the following statements may Don Hankins agree with?A.Species diversity depends on geographical positions.B.Humans’ everyday activities are no longer sustainable.C.Indigenous groups have a close bond with their lands.D.Protected areas work perfectly in wildlife protection.11.What is the text mainly about?A.Beating back extinction. B.Dealing with environmental problems.C.Setting up nature reserves. D.Fighting against unsustainable behaviors.2.(2020届安徽省蚌埠市高三第三次质检)I grew up in a Midwestern town where the popular wisdom was to only talk about what was pleasant and to keep secrets,if necessary,to make that happen.This meant staying mum when someone offended you,rarely expressing unpleasant feelings and smiling slightly more than is necessary. It also meant zero room for airing any sort of dirty laundry,especially not the kinds of personal secrets that keep people up.Many of us like to believe that hiding unpleasant truths might make them eventually go away. Instead,keeping secrets— especially heavy ones— can spin an even more complicated web of loneliness and deception(欺骗). So why do we do it?The truth can hurt. But in many situations,it’ s better to get it out and let the recovery start,rather than allowing it to be more harmful.The burden of holding in the truth doesn’ t just disappear. It hides in the back of your mind and can cause disorder to your life and health.“ If the situations in your daily life are regular reminders of the secret,and you find it stressful to keep it,then yes,it can have emotional(感情上的)and physical consequences,” says Dr. Dean McKay.“ Some people also find keeping secrets stressful out of a general concern they will ‘ slip’ ,and this frequentthought of the secret can in itself be stressful. ”This difficulty is especially worse if you feel trapped by the secret,or if it brings up other unpleasant feelings like guilt,shame or anxiety.If you do decide that your secrets took your joy away and would be better off being let out into the world,and if that secret doesn’ t put other people in physical danger,there are healthy ways to share it.12.What is considered wise for most people in the Midwestern town?A.Expressing feelings freely. B.Keeping unpleasant truths secret.C.Answering violence with violence. D.Sharing private matters with friends.13.What is a suggested way to deal with the unpleasant situations?A.To hide your feelings. B.To tell a white lie.C.To make no response. D.To expose the truth.14.What can be inferred about secrets in the text?A.They are bad for your health. B.They are hardly accepted by people.C.They bring up more positive feelings. D.They help prevent disorder in your life.15.What will probably be talked about in the paragraph that follows?A.Reasons for holding secrets. B.Ways to share secrets.C.Doubts about breaking secrets. D.Tips on keeping secrets.3.(2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测)Look! A polar bear is lying lifeless on a beach. On the shore, in the background, stand three guards, talking to each other. One of them has a deadly weapon hanging casually on his shoulder. This powerful image has thrown into question the motivation for this kind of tourism, or ecotourism. Does our proximity (接近) to large animals in the wild, frequently fueled by a desire for exciting images, lead to such animals becoming accustomed to human contact? If that is the case, surely the losing side will end up paying the ultimate price for such proximity.To my sorrow, I have recently returned from a trip to Svalbard, and indeed stood two weeks ago on the very beach where the bear was shot. The bear’s death should never have happened. Was the beach examined from the ship offshore beforehand? Was there access to flares (照明弹) to scare off a bear that appeared suddenly? These are standard measures for any respected operator. The incident is probably the result of a terrible systemic failure.Nevertheless, the incident should not negate the value of ecotourism. In its best form, this kind of travel hasvery little impact, or indeed has a positive effect, on the environment where it takes place. This can be by making financial donations to conservation groups, providing income to local communities, or ensuring protection of certain areas or animals. In Svalbard, visitors become ambassadors for the endangered polar bear, increasing awareness of the fact that the far greater danger facing them is sea-ice melt in the Arctic Ocean.Ecotourism is expanding market that brings benefits as well as challenges to the regions around the world in which it operates. Simply closing off these regions is not the answer.8.Why was the polar bear dead?A.It was probably hunt for its fur by tourists.B.It was probably frightened to death by flares.C.The proper procedures weren’t probably followed.D.The beach wasn’t probab ly equipped with safety devices.9.What is the third paragragh mainly about?A.Ecotourism could be developed properly.B.Financial awareness has greatly advocated.C.Environmental awareness has greatly increased.D.Visitors have a guilty conscience about ecotourism.10.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragragh suggest?A.More challenges from guards haven’t yet been accepted.B.Better measures for conducting ecotourism are a good choice.C.The environmental benefits from ecotourism are very obvious.D.The positive effects of protecting tourists haven’t yet been felt.11.What is the purpose of the text?A.To cause readers to focus on polar bears.B.To stimulate readers to reflect on ecotourism.C.To stress side effects that ecotourism has caused.D.To analyze the reason why the polar bear was killed.4.(2020届广东省高考模拟)An advance in electronic publishing could make the ebook you are reading seem as dated as a silent film.Publishers hope to explore the growing success of ebooks by releasing versions with added soundtracks and musical accompaniments.The noises in the first multimedia books- released in Britain on Friday - include rain hitting a window in a Sherlock Holmes tale. When the plot of a book reaches the most exciting part, background scores will create tension. In America, works by Shakespeare and Jane Austen have already been released with music and background noise so that, for example, readers can hear tea cups clinking in Mr. Darcy's garden as they read Pride and Prejudice.Supporters argue that sound effects are the next logical development for ebooks and will add excitement for younger readers. Critics, however, will argue that the noise will ruin the simple pleasure of having the imagination stimulated by reading.Caroline Michel, chief executive of the literary agency, said the new generation of computer-literate readers was used to multiple sensory input. She said, “Young people have split computer screens where they may be watching television and replying to an email at the same time. If that's what the market wants then we should respond to the market.”Booktrack's sound effects work by estimating the user's reading speed. Each time you “turn” a page, the software reassesses where you have reached in the text and times the sounds to switch on accordingly. If the soundtrack becomes out of synch(同步), a click on any word will re-set it.Some authors fear that a soundtrack could destroy the peace and quiet of libraries and ruin the pleasure of reading. David Nicholls, author of One Day, the bestseller now released as a film, said, “This sounds like the opposite of reading. I have enough trouble reading an ebook because I’m constantly distracted by emails.”Stuart MacBride, the crime writer whose novel Shatter the Bones was an ebook bestseller, sells 18% of his books as electronic downloa ds. He said, “If I’m reading, I will do the noise in my head. I don't need someone to tell me what tea cups clinking sounds like. That would irritate me.”12.What's the passage mainly about?A.Opinions about ebooks with soundtracks.B.Response to the need of the book market.C.Reasons for traditional ebooks becoming outdated.D.Suggestions on encouraging readers' imagination.13.What do publishers expect an ebook soundtrack to do?A.Help to release an ebook as a film.B.Help readers improve reading speed.C.Add tension at a book's exciting point.D.Get readers familiar with the background.14.Who is in favour of added soundtracks for ebooks?A.Mr. Darcy. B.Caroline Michel.C.David Nicholls. D.Stuart MacBride.15.What do we know about Stuart MacBride?A.He was a person who was easy to get angry.B.He knew a great deal about tea and tea culture.C.Eighty-two percent of his books described crime.D.He imagined sounds related to the story when reading.5.(2020届广东省广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试)As we continue to explore farther out into our solar system and beyond, the question of humans living on other planets often comes up. Manned bases on the Moon or Mars for example, have long been a dream of many. There is a natural desire to explore as far as we can go, and also to extend humanity's presence on a permanent or at least semi-permanent basis. In order to do this, however, it is necessary to adapt to different extreme environments. On the Moon for example, a colony must be self-sustaining and protect its inhabitants from the airless, harsh environment outside.Mars, though, is different. While future bases could adapt to the Martian environment over time there is also the possibility of modifying the surrounding environment instead of just co-existing with it. This is the process of terraforming - adjusting Mars’ atmosphere and environment to make it more Earth-like. But the bigger question is, should we?One of the main issues is whether Mars has any native life or not and if it does, should it be preserved as much as possible? If the answer is yes, then large-scale human settlements on Mars should be completely off-limits. Small colonics might be fine, but living on Mars should not be at the expense of any native habitats, if they exist. If Mars is home to any indigenous life, then terraforming should be a non-issue; it simply should not be done.What if Mars is lifeless? Even if no life exists there, that untouched and unique alien environment needs to bepreserved as it is as much as possible. We’ve already done too much dam age here on our own planet. By studying Mars and other planets and moons in their current natural state, we can learn so much about their history and also learn more about our own world. We should appreciate (he differences of other worlds instead of just transforming them to suit our own ambitions.8.What is the best title for the text?A.A Is there life on Mars?B.Can we adapt to Mars?C.Should we terraform Mars?D.Are Mars and Earth So Different?9.What does the author think we should do if life is found on Mars ?A.Ensure that it's not harmed.B.Negotiate with the Martians.C.Change the unpopulated regions.D.Assess the advantages and disadvantages.10.What does the underlined word “indigenous” in parag raph 3 mean?A.Complex. B.Native.C.Foreign. D.Intelligent.11.How does the author develop his ideas in the text?A.By referring to others' research.B.By evaluating different planets.C.By justifying the benefits of terraforming.D.By arguing in support of one viewpoint.6.(2020届江西省抚州市高三教学质量监测)Walking through a local park recently, I saw a teenage boy wearing a T-shirt that read: “Effort wins over talent. ” It reminded me of an idea I think about often, that if you believe you can learn new things and develop new skills, by working hard, you are more likely to achieve those goals. This critical insight was brought up by Dr. Carol Dweck, a Stanford University psychologist, as a “growth mindset”.According to Dr. Dweck’s research, “talent is not fixed.” S tudies by Dweck and others have shown students who have a fixed mindset see new learning experiences as a moment to be judged, not an opportunity to learn. Thiscan make learning a painful struggle, leading many to give up. Students who have a growth mindset, on the other hand, experience challenges as the way to learn and improve. They see hard work as being about learning. Overall, they learn and achieve at higher levels, even when they start out at the same place as those with fixed mindsets.While Dweck identified growth mindset more than a decade ago, her insights were not made up. They have since been backed up by brain science, made possible by new technology that allows researchers to see images of the brain at work. Studies show that, when a person responds to new and difficult material by engaging in a struggle to learn, the neurons in their brain grow.Believing that you can grow your abilities through effort—that talent is not fixed—is crucial(要的). As Dweck puts it in her TED talk, we need to focu s on showing young people the "Power of Yet” meaning, I haven't learned this yet, or I'm not good at this yet.Growth mindset is an important idea for educators and schools, but it's also a powerful tool that everyone can use to help themselves to learn and achieve at high levels.12.What does the underline d word “insight” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Scenery. B.Research.C.Question. D.Idea.13.How is paragraph 2 mainly developed?A.By making comparisons. B.By giving explanations.C.By listing examples. D.By describing details.14.Which of the following statements shows growth mindset?A.“Wow, you are really gifted in maths.”B.“I just don't understand it yet.”C.“You are a clever student.”D.“My talents determine everything.”15.What will the author probably discuss next?A.Why to develop a better mindset. B.When to obtain a better mindset.C.How to apply the growth mindset. D.Where to learn the growth mindset.。
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前言大学三年的学习即将结束,毕业设计是其中最后一个实践环节,是对以前所学的知识及所掌握的技能的综合运用和检验。
随着我国经济的迅速发展,采用模具的生产技术得到愈来愈广泛的应用。
随着工业的发展,工业产品的品种和数量不断增加。
换型不断加快。
使模具的需要补断增加。
而对模具的质量要求越来越高。
模具技术在国民经济中的作用越来越显得更为重要。
模具是制造业的重要工艺基础,在我国,模具制造属于专用设备制造业。
中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具,但长期未形成产业。
直到20世纪80年代后期,中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。
近年,不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展,三资企业、乡镇(个体)模具企业的发展也相当迅速。
虽然中国模具工业发展迅速,但与需求相比,显然供不应求,其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。
由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面,中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距,因此,每年需要大量进口模具。
中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力,今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。
结构调整方面,主要是企业结构向专业化调整,产品结构向着中高档模具发展,向进出口结构的改进,中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。
近年,模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大,主要表现在,大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品;塑料模和压铸模比例增大;专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加;“三资”及私营企业发展迅速;股份制改造步伐加快等。
从地区分布来看,以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区,南方的发展快于北方。
目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江,江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。
在完成大学三年的课程学习和课程、生产实习,我熟练地掌握了机械制图、机械设计、机械原理等专业基础课和专业课方面的知识,对机械制造、加工的工艺有了一个系统、全面的理解,达到了学习的目的。
对于模具设计这个实践性非常强的设计课题,我们进行了大量的实习。
经过在新飞电器有限公司、洛阳中国一拖的生产实习,我对于模具特别是塑料模具的设计步骤有了一个全新的认识,丰富了各种模具的结构和动作过程方面的知识,而对于模具的制造工艺更是实现了零的突破。
在指导老师的协助下和在工厂师傅的讲解下,同时在现场查阅了很多相关资料并亲手拆装了一些典型的模具实体,明确了模具的一般工作原理、制造、加工工艺。
并在图书馆借阅了许多相关手册和书籍,设计中,将充分利用和查阅各种资料,并与同学进行充分讨论,尽最大努力搞好本次毕业设计。
在设计的过程中,将有一定的困难,但有指导老师的悉心指导和自己的努力,相信会完满的完成毕业设计任务。
由于学生水平有限,而且缺乏经验,设计中不妥之处在所难免,肯请各位老师指正。
1.塑料制件及模具设计依据1.1塑件的几何形状和使用要求本注塑模具设计制造的塑料制件是膜片夹片,膜片夹片的作用为装夹各种膜片。
夹片设计为圆形,内腔圆形为Φ19mm,装夹深度为 4.2mm,外表面为Φ24.7mm。
塑件内表面要求7°的倾斜。
塑件表面粗糙度:内表面为0.5μm,其余为6.3μm。
整个塑件的平均厚度为2mm。
在注塑模具的设计中要有一定的脱模斜度,根据塑件的材料设计脱模斜度为t30。
产品零件图如(图1)下:图1-1 塑件Fig.1-1 plastic1.2塑件的成型工艺性塑件材料为PE,即聚乙烯。
采用高密度聚乙烯,其压缩比为1.73-1.9拉伸弹性模量为840-950MPa。
伯松比为0.38,成型收缩率为1.5-3.0%。
塑件与钢的摩擦系数为0.11。
聚乙烯为结晶材料,吸湿性很少。
流动性好,溢边值为0.02mm 左右,流动性对压力变化敏感。
在注塑时,可能发生熔融破裂,与有机溶剂接触可发生开裂。
加热时间长,有时会发生分解和烧伤。
聚乙烯的冷却速度慢,因此必须充分冷却,宜设计冷料穴,模具应有冷却系统。
收缩率范围大,收缩值大,方向性明显,易变形翘曲,结晶度及模具冷却条件对收缩率影响较大,应控制模具温度,保持冷却均匀,稳定下宜用高压注射,料温均匀,填充速度快,保压充分。
聚乙烯不宜用直接浇口,易增大内应力,成型时产生收缩不均,方向性明显增加变形,应注意选择进料口的位置,防止产生缩孔变形。
聚乙烯质软易脱模,塑件有浅的倒凹模时可强行脱模。
1.3注射机的型号和规格注射机为塑料注射成型的主要设备,按其外形可分为立式、卧式、直角式三种。
如果按照塑料在机筒中的塑化方式分,又可分为柱塞式注射机和螺杆式注射机。
注射成型时,注射模具安装在注射机的动模板和定模板上,有锁模装置和模柄锁紧,塑料在料筒内加热呈熔融状态,由注射装置将塑料熔体注入型腔内,塑料制品固化冷却后由锁模装置开模,并由推出装置将制件推出。
此设计初选用注射机SZ-60/40。
注塑机规格如(表1)所示SZ-60/40型注塑机的主要技术参数螺杆直径30mm最大锁模力400KN理论注射容量60cm3最小模具厚度150mm额定注塑压力180MPa最大模具厚度250mm模板行程250mm顶出力12KN喷嘴球半径10mm定位环直径80mm 孔半4mm深度10mm1.4塑件注射成型工艺条件采用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE),密度为0.94~0.96g/cm3,收缩率为1.5~3.6%,宜选用螺杆式注射机,转速为40-80r/min。
注塑压力为80-100MPa,保压力为50-60MPa。
成型时间有注塑时间为1-5秒,保压时间10-30秒,冷却时间为15-25秒,总周期为25-60秒。
料筒温度的设计为一区156-160℃,二区170-180℃,三区180-200℃,模具温度为30-50℃。
2.分析计算2.1确定型腔的数目为了使模具与注射机相匹配以提高生产效率和经济效益,并保证塑件的精度,首先必须确定模具型腔数目。
由于注塑机的最大注塑量为60cm3,而塑件体积为2.35cm3v vvn fg n -≤8.0其中v g————注射机最大注射量,2cm;v j————浇注系统凝料量,3cm;v n————单个塑件的容积,3cm;而凝料的容量和最小注射量应不小于注射机额定最大注射量的20%,故型腔数目n=7。
生产经验认为,增加一个型腔,塑件的尺寸精度将降低4%。
结合考虑塑件的尺寸精度要求,最后定为一模四腔。
2.2分型面的选择分型面的选择对于塑件质量、模具制造和使用性能均有很大的影响,它决定了模具的结构类型,是模具设计工作中的重要环节。
为了保证塑件质量,且便于该制件脱模和简化模具结构,全面综合尺寸精度、推出方式、排气方式及制造工艺等要素,选择模具的两个分型面分别为定模板与中间板之间的表面和型芯与凹模之间的表面。
选择该该零件注塑模分型面为零件球体外表面及推出板与定模相交的表面。
设计采用单分型面垂直于注射机的开模方向,为了保证塑件的表面质量,把分型面设在塑件的方形环面上。
2.3型腔的配置成型零部件机构设计主要在保证塑件质量要求的前提下,并便于加工、装配、使用和维修。
该模具中型腔的组成部分主要有:凹模(定模板)、推出板、型芯。
凹模主要用于成型该零件的外表面,本设计中采用组合式结构;凸模(型芯)主要成型零件的内表面。
为了尽可能地采用平衡进料的型腔布置,设计中的4个型腔采用(图3)方式排列。
图2-1型腔的配置示意图Fig.2-1 cavity configuration diagram2.4浇注系统的设计2.4.1浇口数目的确定浇口是连接流道和型腔之间的一段细短流道,是浇注系统的关键部分,起着调节、控制流料速度、补料时间及防止倒流等作用。
浇口的形状、尺寸和进料位置等对塑件成型质量影响很大,塑件上的一些缺陷,如缩孔、缺料、白班、熔接痕、质脆、分解和翘曲等往往是由于浇口设计不合理而产生的,因此正确设计浇口是提高塑件质量的重要环节。
浇口设计与塑件性能、塑件形状、截面尺寸、模具结构及注射工艺参数等因素有关。
总的要求是使熔料以较快的速度进入并充满型腔,同时在充满后能适时冷却封闭。
因此浇口截面要小,长度要短,这样可以增大料流速度,快速冷却封闭,且便于塑件与浇口凝料分离,不留明显的浇口痕迹,从而保证塑件外观质量。
塑料制件的重量较轻,型腔采用近似平衡式布置,而且材料PE 流动性好,又有较好的注射工艺性。
所以为了确保膜片夹片的质量,决定在其长轴方向的中心线的两侧各设置2个,共有4个浇口。
2.4.2浇注系统断面尺寸由于注射成型的基本要求是在合适的温度和压力下,使足量的塑料熔体尽快充满型腔。
浇注系统的设计是影响顺利脱模的关键因素之一,而浇注系统截面尺寸的计算在设计中最为重要,而且浇注系统的作用是使来自注射喷嘴的塑料熔体平稳而顺利的充模、压实和保压。
所以必须精确计算浇注系统的截面尺寸,以保证注塑成型塑件的质量和精度。
本注塑模采用普通流道浇注系统,其主要由主流道、浇口、分流道、冷料穴四部分组成。
以下为该浇注系统各部分的设计:①主浇道的设计设计主流道为圆锥形,其锥角α=︒︒3~2,取α=︒3。
内壁表面粗糙度为Ra=0.63m μ;为防止主流道与喷嘴处溢料,主流道对接处应制成半球形凹坑,其半径R2=R1+(1~2)mm=10+1.5=11.5mm其小端直径d2=d1+(0.5~1)mm=4+0.5=4.5mm凹坑深取h=5mm ;为了减小料流转向过渡时的阻力,主流道大端呈圆角过渡,其圆角半径r=1~3mm ,取2mm ;在保证塑料良好成型的前提下,主流道L 应尽量短。
通常由模板厚度确定,一般取L ≤60mm ,这里取L=25mm ;主流道衬套选择A 型,其大端高出定模面H=10mm 。
主流道形状及其与喷嘴的配合关系如(图4)所示。
图2-21、定模板2、浇口套3、注射机喷嘴Fig.2-21、platen2、sprue bush3、injection moldiong machine②冷料穴的设计聚乙烯的冷却速度慢,因此必须充分冷却,宜设计冷料穴,防止熔体冷料进入型腔。
冷料穴设计在主流道的末端。
设计成带Z 行头拉料杆的冷料穴,其底部做成钩形。
③分流道的设计分流道的截面形状选为圆形,其表面粗糙度为Ra=1.25-2.5m 。
由表6-1查得,聚乙烯的分流道直径为 1.6-9.5mm 。
取第一分流道直径1x D =0.5mm ,第二分流道直径2x D =0.3mm 。
另外,在分流道末端钻一斜孔,开模时可以使浇注系统凝料在浇口处与塑件分开。
④浇口的设计因为这是多型腔的注射模,为了比较容易平衡进料浇注系统,此设计采用点浇口。
浇口采用如图所示结构,其中R1是为了有利于熔体流动而设置的圆弧半径,末端的小凸台可以防止点浇口拉断时损坏塑件表面。