定语从句的用法详解

定语从句的用法详解

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一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句或形容词从句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.

定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，代表被修饰的先行词，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why.

二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：1)先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，用who或that来引导。

e.g. Do you know the man who / that is standing over there? The girl who / that took you to my place is my friend. 2)先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，用whom或that来引导，但通常可以省略。先行词是人，关系代词在介词后面必须用whom，而且不能省略，也不能用that。The boy (whom / that) we saw yesterday is Mr. Wang’s son. The old man with whom I often go to the films is my grandfather. 3)先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，用which或that来引导 e.g. The train which / that has just left is for Guangzhou. The earthquake which / that happened in 1906 was the biggest in American history. 4)先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，用which或that来引导，但通常可以省略。e.g. The bird (which / that) we caught the other day flew away yesterday. The pen with which I am writing was bought in the Shopping Center.5)先行词是人或物，关系代词在定语从句中做定语，用whose 来引导，修饰从句的主语或宾语，意思是“谁的”，“什么的”；它是who和which的所有格形式。指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose；指物时也可以用…of which代替whose。E.g. This is the house whose door / the door of which / of which the door faces east.

（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.

2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如：This is the hotel where they are staying.

I forget the house where the Smiths lived.

注：where有时也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

3．why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注：why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.

（三）使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1．这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during…) + which; where = in (at, on…) + which; why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.

2．当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when 或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.

His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.

His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.