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哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三

哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三Passage 1The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach id advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million-dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however, as abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation ____A.Are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB.Suffer injures from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensationC.Will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will move toward amore moderate positionD.Bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit-seeking groups2.Manufacturers in the text tend to ____A.Invariable produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safetyB.Hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC.Be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets themD.Be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing theirproducts3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that ____A.Such laws curb producers' ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profitB.The laws need to be modified to better serve the needs both consumers and producersC.The result of such laws have been positive thus far, but need to be modifiedD.Strict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of4.The author's attitude toward the issue seems to be ____A.BiasedB.PuzzlingC.ObjectiveD.Indifferent5.The main purpose of this text is to ____A.Present two opposing sides of an argument for the reader's considerationcate the reader about the effect of product liability legislation on the legal systemC.Convince the reader that product liability laws need to be changedrm the reader of the current status of product liability lawsPassage 2The continuing and justified alarm over illegal drug use by the young has obscured an underlying problem that is larger and ever more threatening to society. It is an epidemic of legal drug abuse that is just what the doctor ordered.Depressing, social inadequacy, anxiety, apathy, marital disorder, children's misbehavior and other psychological problems are usually solved by physicians with prescription pads. Psychologists as well as physicians of every other sociality now prescribe a wide variety of mood-altering drugs for patients with emotional, motivational and learning problems, and even the mildest psychological discomforts. It is time for an immediate examination of the role that psychoactive drugs play in human life.We must combat the medical-psychiatric model of human behavior that seeks a drug for every psychological discomfort and under which a person who is not continuously calm, anxiety-free, happy and content is defined as a medical patient.We must question a medical approach in which psychoactive drugs are used as an easy solution, a simple acceptable way to avoid dealing with personal and interpersonal problems. Such “treatment” is counterproductive: it does not solve the underlying problems, it keeps the person from learning how to cope with his world, it often reduces a person’s willingness to interact with others, and it may actually impair the body’s self-regulating psychological functions. In addition, it deceives the medical and psychiatric professions into false security by suggesting that there is no urgent need for further research, no need for the development of more humanistic approaches.One of the most disturbing effects of psychoactive drugs is that they convince the drug user that psychological problems have chemical solutions and that the better psychological living can be achieved through chemistry rather than non-medical methods. The attitude that prompts one to seek psychological quick-change in a doctor’s office can also lead one to a pusher on the street corner. That the medically prescribed drugs are standardized and chemically pured begs the question.The drug-abuse problem is compounded by the pharmaceutical companies that seek new drug markets and bigger sales, persuading physicians and the public that unpleasant human emotions are abnormal and should be suppressed with drugs.The drug-abuse problem is further intensified by those physicians who see themselves as universal healers, who take the easy route by prescribing psychoactive drugs without consideringmore relevant non-medical approaches. Appealingly simplistic solutions to personal distress are the hallmark of the unprincipled politician, the intolerant social reformers and the medical quack.The public must demand concern for potential dangers and services confined to areas of competence. The welfare of society is too precious to be entrusted solely to the hands of physicians. We may have been basing our trust on a myth of medical competence. Perhaps what may be needed in local communities is more inquiry of experts who can really help solve psychological problems.6.People’s concern with illegal drug use by the young is ____A.The most important issueB.ReasonableC.HumanisticD.Unprincipled7.What is the exact meaning of “epidemic”(para.1) ____A.prevalentB.distinguishedC.devastatedD.sophisticated8.According to the author, ____A.Each psychological problems has a chemical solutionB.The physician is solely responsible for the welfare of societyC.Medical profession is competent for solving all our problemsD.The physician should also consider non-medical approached to our problem9.the main idea of the text is ____A.legal drug abuse become a serious problemB.psychoactive drugs have been used to treat psychological problemsC.there are several factors that lead to the abuse of psychoactive drugsD.physicians can not solve psychological problems10.What’s the function of paragraph 2?e examples to support the idea in paragraph onee examples to support the idea in paragraph twoC.Raise a question for the textD.Raise a solution for the problemPassage 3Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as citizens individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest a real choice of individual decision, which is to be found in the media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication.The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently racked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, through they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where suchenquiries might really hurt. They will rend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché assumptions of democratic society disturbing application of them to features give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself. They will, therefore, again assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press. Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving as judgment. Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for, and so a hindrance to, judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and in the pulses. Mass communications, then, do, not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate them to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.11.the media is reluctant to suggest a real choice of individual decision, ____A.solely out of a commercial desireB.it conforms to the nature of mass communicationsC.because its utmost aspiration is to make customers happyD.such a real choice is very complicated12.the author says that a natural concern of the Establishment is to ____A.change the form of public institutionsB.perform a good service to societyC.maintain its position in societyD.arouse strong emotions in the public13.too frequent exposure to the kind of material discussed in the passage causes the viewer orreader to ____A.lose touch with the real worldB.attach too much importance to testing reactionsC.form judgments which are too emotionalD.cease to examine his own reaction to problems14.What is the author’s final judgment on how mass communications deal with intellectualmatters?A.They regard them as unimportantB.They rob them of their dramatic impactC.They see them as a domestic pastimeD.They consider them to be of only domestic interest15.according to the passage, when covering and exposing problems, the media will ____A.sometimes make disturbing application of them but it’s uncharacteristicB.try to achieve an effect stimulation to challenge the status quoC.have a thoroughgoing inquiry to make people challenge the EstablishmentD.not challenge the cliché assumption of society because the mass media are notresponsible enoughPassage 4Social anxiety, in its many forms, is epidemic. About 40percent of American think of themselves as shy, while only 20percent say they have never suffered from shyness at some pointin their lives. Shyness occurs when a person's apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response. Symptoms of shyness can be as minor as failing to make make eye contact when speaking to someone, or as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible.“Shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,”said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist at College who is one of those at the forefront of current research on the topic. “For example, for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other person’s cues—what he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of worries about how he seems to the other person, and so he often misses cues he should pick up. The result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on themselves and switch their attention to the other person.”Nevertheless, shy people by and large have better social abilities than they think they do. When Dr. Cheek videotaped shy people talking to strangers, and then had raters evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the eyes of other people, the shy group had few obvious problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves how they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been social flops.Shy people are their own worst critics and in general they feel they are being judged more positively than they actually are. Shy people always overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to other.Not all self-consciousness leads to social anxiety, in the view of Amold Buss, one of the first psychologists to study the phenomenon. The garden variety of self-consciousness, Dr. Buss has written, is simply an introspective awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings. What he calls “public self-consciousness,” on the other hand, is a powerful perception of oneself as the object of social scrutiny. The latter is the root of social anxiety.Social anxiety generally creates three different kinds of problems, which can occur separately or in tandem. For some people, their social anxiety is primarily cognitive: they suffer from repetitive thoughts expressing their fear of making a poor impression, such as “he must think I’m an idiot,” or “I can’t think of anything to say.” Other people, though experience their social anxiety almost entirely through physiological symptoms, such as blushing, a pounding heart, or sweating in social situation. In either case, these symptoms lead to a set of behavioral ones: for example, not being able to speak although one wants to, or a general social awkwardness.16.“shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,” can be paraphrased as shy peopleA.Are strict with themselvesB.Pay attention to their performanceC.Are excessively concerned with other’s comment on themselvesD.Are too concentrated on thinking to notice other things17.Jonathan Cheek believes that shy people ____A.Pay much attention to the other people’s cuesB.Have better social abilities than they think they doC.Always overestimate their social abilitiesD.Are too preoccupied with the conversation topic18.in para.3, the social flops means the people who ____A.are very sociableB.are awkward sociallyC.get to know people quicklyD.are skilled at communication19.According to Amold Buss, which of the following statement is true?A.Social anxiety is a kind of disease that can’t be curedB.Shy people worry too much about other people’s attitudeC.Shy people underestimate their anxietyD.No self-consciousness leads to anxiety20.Jonathan Cheek’s statement and Amold Buss’ statement ____A.Support each otherB.Are quite differentC.Are contradictoryD.Are the samePassage 5For companies on the cusp of the internet Age, the resource in shortest supply is neither raw material nor capital, neither powerful technology nor new markets. What keeps managers up nights at these companies is the scarcity of brainpower, the talent to give wings to visions of a future that becomes the present at the speed of light. “Capital is accessible, and smart strategies can simply be copied, “says Ed Michaels, a McKinsey & Co. Director.” The half-life of technology is growing shorter all the time. For many companies today, talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.IBM founds Thomas Watson and earlier chieftains constructed organizations that were models of order, logic and conformity, the later best symbolized by the white shirts and stiff collars every IBM salesman had to wear. The hierarchy and bureaucratic protocol that were the hallmarks of those corporations were crucial to success in an age when change came slowly and markets were largely domestic.Today’s managers recognize that flat organizations of empowered people are critical to gaining quick decisions in a global market place that moves at net speed. Internet Age companies rely on the initiative and smarts of more responsive to the market. The ultimate goal, says CEO Jorma Ollila of Finland’s telecom giant Nokia, is “Flexibility, an open mind, and transparency of organization.”In this new environment, the most successful companies are endowing entry-level employees with the reverence once accorded only to customers. They are working to fulfill the desire for meaning and belonging by creating egalitarian meritocracies. And they are paying generously for performance, not only with cash, but with ownership. As Cisco System Inc. CEO John T. Chambers puts it: the new Economy is heavy on intellectual capital. The sharing of knowledge is what really makes it go. In the new Economy, you expect lifelong learning, not necessarily lifelong employment. People used to work for wages. In the new Economy, they work for ownership. Security comes from the stock. labor often fought management in the Old Economy. Today, teamwork and empowerment are crucial to success.In short, the world economy is going through a seismic shift to intellectual capital from capital investment. That’s why computer mogul Michael S. Dell made people No.1 on his top 10 list of priorities to executives earlier this year. And at a company adding more that 8000 people this year to its 29.000 employees, the talent must be hired and developed fast.Finding people like Martin is an all-consuming priority at Dell. Recruiters start with substantial research on what it likes to succeed. Besides confirming the necessary functional or technical skills, managers test applicants for their tolerance of ambiguity and change their capacity to work in teams and learn on the fly. At the VP level, candidates are sent to a consultant for a lengthy behavioral interview and extensive pencil-and-paper testing. “It is a high-risk, high-reward environment,” says Andy Esparza, vice-president of staffing. “We have to screen fro people who can thrive in that kind of culture.”21.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?A.Talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.B.Flat organizations of empowered people are crucial to win the marketC.Sharing of knowledge is critical in competitionD.Teamwork and ownership are important to success.22.according to paragraph 4, how can employees gain egalitarian meritocracies?A.They share their knowledge.B.They respect their customersC.They get high paymentD.They work hard and gain stock23.the main idea of the last paragraph is ____A.technical skills are indispensableB.substantial research is the first step for recruitingC.interview and testing are two necessary methodsD.recruiting is a high-risk and high-reward job24.the author’s style in the text seems best characterized as ____A.respectfulB.persuasiveC.didacticD.diffident25.from the text we can infer that ____A.today’s market are largely globalB.capital investment is the priority at NokiaC.even new employees are respected in many companiesD.the management of former IBM was a model of hierarchyPassage 6Software piracy problems exists and have become serious in recent years due to information systems overload, decentralized purchasing, budget constraints, general user and corporate management attitudes, lack of knowledge of the copyright laws, and now internet access. Most organizations have not managed their software very effectively. Determining the extent of the problem is a time-consuming process.The industry’s response has been to from trade associations to educate the public about the copyright law and to aggressively pursue pirates. Some of the largest PC companies have set up their own in-house programs to combat the problem. Corporate exposure to software piracy problem is increasing due to the need to manage more machines, software and on-line and internet access. Civil and criminal penalties for copyright infringement have stiffened. As a result, law suits for copyright infringement have increased significantly as well as calls to hot-linesfrom unhappy employees due to corporate downsizing.When infringement software is reported, the company is at risk of embarrassing litigation for copyright infringement. The company will most probably lose as the copyright holder usually has a “smoking gun” based on reports from former employees or other whistle blowers. There is also the simple fact that no matter how hard the information systems staff try, there are and always will be copies of software programs that cannot be validated by purchasing records. They come in from home, are created by otherwise conscientious employees trying to get their jobs done or just unauthorized copies created by cost conscious managers and employees. Internet access lnly increases these problems as software is downloaded from sites worldwide.A software management program will reduce the risks from using counterfeit or copied software and help avoid damage from viruses and corrupt programs. By conducting an audit before infringement is reported, the corporation will reduce its exposure.Employers should set guidelines for when and how to download software and data from on-line support and provide the ability to download bug fixes and program updates. However, one bad virus can damage the whole company’s networks or shut down the whole system. Firewall technology that controls access to and from outside systems can help. Information systems staff should work with management to develop policies that reduce risk but reflect the level of openness that suits a particular company’s corporate culture.26.Which of the following contributes to software piracy problem?A.On-line accessB.The audit systemC.Software licensesD.Viruses27.Which measure is not taken to combat software piracy problems?A.Associations educate employees about proper downloadws have been laid down to punish piratesC.PC companies set up in-house programsD. A software management program is created28.“Smoking gun” in the fourth paragraph most probably refer to ____A.Strong infringementB.Angry responseC.Irrefutable evidenceD.validated record29.It can be inferred from the text that ____A.firewall technology is the best method of solving software piracy problemsrmation systems staff are familiar with software license practiesC.business management opposes software download from the internetD.the internet plays a part in software piracy problems30.This text is aimed at providing advice to ____A.software companiesB.business companiesC.corporate employeesD.public readersTranslationTranslate following passage from English to Chinese.Passage 1It might be supposed that greater efficiency should be achieved if several people collaborate to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it. Such results are by no means invariable.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their members to deal with problems, there is a counterbalancing need to contend with conflicts arising among members of s group and with efforts to give it coherent direction. Problem solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader who only provides direction but permits the orderly, constructive expression of a variety of opinions, much of the leader’s effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Solutions simply may reflect the presence of an outstanding individual who might perform even better by himself.Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their net man-hour efficiency is typical lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.Passage 2Until about 100 years ago, people had by and large come to terms with death. They usually died in their homes, among their relatives. Numerous pictures attest to the fact that children were not excluded from deathbeds, as they were to be during the 20th century.The general acceptance of death was to be subverted by the advances of modern medicine and by the rapid spread of rationalist thought. This led, during a period of only a few decades, to a striking change of attitudes. In the advanced industrial countries, a large number of people now die in hospitals. The improvement in life expectancy and the advances of modern surgery and medicine have been achieved at a certain price. A mechanistic approach has developed, in which the protraction of dying has become a major by –product of modern technology. The philosophy of the modern medicine has been diverted from attention to the sick and has begun to concentrate on the sickness. Instead of perceiving death as something natural, modern physicians have come to see it as bad or alien, a defeat of all their therapeutic endeavors, at times almost a personal defeat. Sickness is treated with all possible weapons, often without sufficient thought for the sick person—at times even without thought as to whether there is still a “person” at all. Passage 3Given that literacy is not a prerequisite of rationality and civilization, it may be asked why writing systems were invented and why, when they were, they so completely displaced preexisting oral traditions. Many accounts have been given of the dramatic impact on an “oral”culture of the encounter with written text. Isak Dinesen, in her autobiographical Out of Africa reported on the response of Kikuyu tribesmen to their first exposure to written text. “I learned that the effect of a piece of news was many times magnified when it was imparted by writing. The messages that would have been received with doubt and scorn, if they had been given by word of mouth were now taken as truth.Certainly writing has been observed to displace oral traditions. The American scholar Albert Lord wrote: “when writing is introduced and begins to be used for the same purposes as the oral narrative song, when it is employed for telling storied and is widespread enough to find an audience capable of reading, this audience seeks its entertainment and instruction in books rather than in the living songs of men, and the older art gradually disappear.Passage 4In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultureless. Therefore an infant Horno sapiens must learn a very deal and acquire a vast number of conditional reflexes and habit patterns in order to live effectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of sociocultural system, be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. The process, taken as a whole, is called socialization—the making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic.Education in its broadest sense may properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a sociocultureal system is impressed or imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant the way a child learns to adapt his behavior to that of others, to be like others, to become s number of a group. By formal education is meant the intentional and more or less systematic effort to affect the behavior of others by transmitting elements of culture to them, be it knowledge or belief, patterns of behavior, or ideals and values.Translate following passage from Chinese to English.1虽然这份报告描述的糟糕情况不太可能发生，但是确实有些问题需要马上解决。

哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二

哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二Passage 1We have come a long way since 1896, and the clock cannot be turned back. Indeed, not only are women increasingly taking their rightful place on the Olympics athletics track, but there are also growing signs that the myth of their inevitable sporting inferiority may be about to be shattered for good.Women certainly are catching up fast. But although all the evidence points to a relentless closing of the gap between the athletics performances of men and women, there is still one last obstacle the women have to overcome: blind male prejudice.“Women can out-perform men in endurance events, and at extremes of heat and cold,” says Dr Graig Sharp, of Birmingham University’s Department of PhysicalEducation. “But in speed events, for a number of physiological reasons, the gender gap will level out at about 10 percent.” Other experts, however, see no reason why women won’t continue to narrow the gap even beyond that margin. “We cannot rely on physiology to assert that sex differences are fixed and inevitable. Women have always had fewer chances to train or participate to the same extent in most sports,” says Dr Kenneth Dyer of Adelaide University.In Britain sportswomen still face discrimination, even after the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act outlawed most forms of discrimination ongrounds of sex alone. In a section devoted specifically to the question of women in sport, the Act lays down that it is still perfectly legal to shut out women from “any sport, game or other activity of a competit ive nature where the physical strength, stamina or physique of the average women puts her at a disadvantage to the average man.” The legislationin its present form begs more questions than it answers. What is an average woman? Who decides whether she is at a disadvantage?During the 1930s, the Olympic Games were dominated by white, Anglo-Saxon males. Not because they were the best, but because they were the best of those who, for a variety of social, economic and cultural reasons were able to compete. Today, many of the same events ate dominated by black athletes. Is it inconceivable that when women have finally been offered the opportunities in the same numbers at the same competitive level, they too may leave men as equals?It is only 10 years since a US judge pronounced the immortal words:” Athletic competition builds character in our boys; we do not need that kind of character in our girls.” Time is catching up. And so are women.1. According to the text, the author believes that ____A. Women have become equals to men in sportsB. Women are inevitably inferior(身份)低下的，下级的) to men in sportsC. Women are at a disadvantage in most items of sportsD. The position of women in sports has changed with their achievements2. In the sentence “Women can out-perform men”, the word “out-perform” mean____A. DistinguishB. EnvyC. DefeatD. Match3. In paragraph 3, Dr. Graig Sharp’s statement shows that ____A. Women are physically and mentally weaker than menB. 10% women can surpass men in endurance sportsC. Women have either an advantage or a disadvantage in physiqueD. Women are catching up fast in their athletics performances4. The word “inconceivable”(Para.6, Sen.3) means ____A. ImaginableB. UnbelievableC. PredictableD. Impossible5. The function of paragraph 4 is ____A. To argue for the ActB. To use an example to support the idea in paragraph 1C. To reason out the controversies in paragraph 2D. To show an example of sex discriminationPassage 2It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’sHuman Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon----the “finish lines” each has crossed arelargely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than thedefinitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’rebeen in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likelyto take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust,an HGPparticipant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complains.Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do,” but by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our inve stors,” Venter told Newsweek in Match, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, andexpressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.6. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____A. The enthusiasm in scientific researchB. The significance of the space raceC. The public versus private conflictD. The prospect of the completion of DNA sequence7. The tone of the author to what they will say on the joint press conference this Monday is____A. AstonishedB. Enthusiastic热心的，热情的;热烈的C. DisappointedD. Doubtful8. It is implies in the third paragraph that ____A. The “finish lines” does mean what it readsB. The sequencing machines have stopped at the “finish lines”C. The former warriors are now collaboratorsD. Both sides will work on independently9. The word “thaw” (line3, para4) most probably means ____A. Aggravation in tensionB. Improvement in relationC. Intensification in attacksD. Stoppage of coordination10. The critical thing facing the scientists is to ____A. Apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankindB. End their horse race for the success of scienceC. Get down to their genome researchD. Set their differences asidePassage 3Family is older than the human species, work is younger, friendship is about as old as we are. It is friendship that marks us as human. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote an essay comparing human being with termites. Termites build nests as elaborate and as well designed as our cathedrals. Every termite nest is an architectural wonder, with arches, vaults, galleries, ventilators, storerooms, and nurseries. But no single termite carries the architectural plan in her head. The building of the nest is a collective process. Each termite rolls little balls of mud and sticks them onto other little balls rolled by her neighbors. Out of this collective rolling and sticking the cathedral grows. (状语提前)Thomas is saying that human societies grow in the same fashion. Instead of rolling mud balls we play words. Instead of piling arch upon arch to make a nest we pile conversation upon conversation to make a culture. Just as no single termite knows how to build a nest, no single human knows how to build a culture. A single termite alone cannot survive, and a single human being alone is not human. Human societies are glued together with conversation and friendship. Conversation is the natural and characteristic activity of human beings. Friendship is the milieu within which we function.Work came later in human history than conversation. We invented work when we becamecivilized. Unlike friendship, work is a mixed blessing. At its worst, work is slavery. At its best, work is a sustained and lifelong conversation. The more satisfying and enjoyable work is, the more it partakers of the nature of conversation. Science at the working level is mostly conversation. The building where I work has twenty people in twenty rooms. Most of the doors are open. From morning till night the buzz of conversation seldom ceases. That is the way science is done. When I am not talking with friends down the hall, I am writing papersfor friends around the world. Without the friends, my activity would be pointless. Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites. If the lives of scientists are on the whole joyful, it is because ourfriendships are deep and lasting. Our friendships are lasting because we are engaged in a collective enterprise. Our enterprise, the exploration of nature’s secrets, had nobeginning and will have no end. Exploration is as natural anactivity for human beings as conversation. Our friends the explorers are scattered over the centuries, from Archimedes and Euclid to the unborn genius who will one day understand the mystery of how our exploring minds work.11. Human species distinguish itself from other animals by ____A. Collective workingB. Smooth cooperationC. Immense workingD. Lasting friendship12. The writer’s analogy of termites to human beings suggests that ____A. The building of the neat is a collective processB. Human societies grow in the nest-building fashionC. The nest-making may be likened to culture-makingD. An architectural wonder must be as elaborate as a termite nest13. According to the author, work as one of human inventions is ____A. The source of civilizationB. The product of civilizationC. A premise of civilizationD. A foundation of civilization14. According to the text, friendship emerged in scientists as a result of ____A. Their ceaseless conversationB. The exact number of colleagues and friendsC. The efficiency of making friends on phoneD. Their friendly wording situation15. In the last paragraph, “Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites” where ‘gregarious’is equivalent to ____A. Living in the company of othersB. Industrious in terms of workC. CivilizedD. IngeniousPassage 4happened to them. The world has been Globalization belonged to us; financial crisesturned on its head. Consumers in the wealthiest nations arestruggling with the consequences of the credit crunch and with the soaring cost of energy and food. In China, retail sales have been rising at an annual 15 percent. I cannot think of a better description of the emerging global order.The trouble is that the politics of globalization lags ever further behind the economics. For all its tacit recognition that power has been flowing eastwards, the west still wants to imagine things as they used to be. In this world of them and us, “they” are accused in the USpres idential contest of stealing “our” jobs. Now, you hear Europeans say, “they” are driving up international commodity prices by burning “our” fuel and eating “our” food.What struck me, though, was how this crisis (no one is sure it is over) provides a perfect metaphor for the new geopolitical landscape.Think back to the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s. For those of us in the west, these were unfortunate events in faraway places; Latin America, Russia, Asia, Latin American again. There was a risk of contagion, but in so far as rich nations paid a price, it lay largely in the cost of bailing out their own feckless banks. The really unpleasant medicine, prescribed by the International Monetary Fund, had to be taken by the far less fortunate borrowers.The parameters of globalization were set by the west. Liberalization of trade and capital flows was a project owned largely by the US. It was not quite an imperialist enterprise, but, while everyone was supposed to gain from economic integration, the unspoken assumption was that the biggest benefits would flow to the richest. The rules were set out in something called, unsurprisingly, the Washington Consensus.Against that background, the west’s present discomfort is replete with irony. Asizeable chunk of the excess savings that inflated the credit bubble were a product of the Washington Consensus. Never again, the victims of the 1997 East Asian crisis said to themselves after being forced to take the IMF’s medicine. This would be the lasttime they were held hostage to western bailouts. Instead they amassed their own hugeforeign currency reserves.So the boot is now on the other foot. The IMF is forecasting thatthe advanced economies will just about keep their heads above water. With luck, growth this year and next will come in at a touch above 1 percent. If they do avoid recession----and most of my American friends think it unlikely as far as the US is concerned----they will have to thank robust growth rates in Asia and Latin America. The forecast for China is growth of about 9 percent in both years, for India 8 percent and for emerging and developing economies as a whole something more than 6 percent.The old powers have not grasped this new reality. There are nods, of course, to a need to restructure international institutions. The rising nations, you hear western politicians aver, must be given more of a voice. More seats, maybe, at the World Bank, the United Nations and, yes, on the board of the IMF. But the assumption is that the rising powerswill simply be accommodated within the existing system----a small adjustment here, a tweak there and everything will be fine again.Missing is a willingness to see that this is a transformational moment that demands we look at the world entirely afresh.16. According to the passage, we can draw the conclusion that the statement “Globalizationbelonged to us; financial crisis happened to them” is ____A. A valid view held by most EuropeansB. An illusion cherished by most EuropeansC. A result due to the differences between nationsD. A sensible forecast17. The sentence “The world has been turned on its head” can be paraphrased as ____A. The world is radically transformedB. The development pace is acceleratedC. The world is in total confusionD. God has altered it favor18. At the end of the second paragraph, the author employs several “they” and “our” to aim at____A. A vivid descriptionB. An ironic effectC. A precise conclusionD. Being objective19. According to the passage, the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s ____A. Is beneficial to the westB. Is strictly confined to the less developed nationsC. Mainly plagued the less developed nationsD. Is attributed to the rich countries20. Which of the following is true?A. The rich countries have made a sense of the new realityB. The countries other than the rich ones have learnt their lessons from the past crisesC. The globalization was launched by the eastD. The globalization only benefits the westPassage 5According to Aristotle, the subject of tragic drama were rightly drawn from ancient mythology, a source considered invariably reliable, for it was believed that if man had invented such strange incidents, they would have appeared impossible. Furthermore, the chief characters of a tragic action should be persons of consequence, of exalted station, according to Aristotle, and the leading personage should not be a mancharacterized by great virtue or great vice, but of a mixed nature, a proclivity for errors and weaknesses that lead him in to misfortune. Such a mixture of good and evil makes the protagonist seem like ourselves, thus more quickly arousing the spectator’ssympathy, saturating him with feelings of compassion, driving outhis petty personal emotions, and thus “purging” the soul through pity and terror. The crimes suitable for tragic treatment may be committed either in ignorance, or intentionally, and are commonly against friends or relatives, though crimes committed intentionally are generally the more dramatic and impressive----this in spite of the fact that the central crime in Oedipus the King was committed in ignorance. As to style, a certain archaic quality of diction is needful to the dignity of tragedy.Another of the most famous of the Aristotelian rules were those relating to the so-called unities of time, place, and action. The unity of time limits the supposed action to the duration of a single day,unity of place limits it to one general locally; and unity of action limits the play to a single set of incidents related cause and effect, “having a beginning, a middle, and an end.” Concerning the unity of time, Aristotlenoted that all the plays since Aeschylus, except two, did illustrate such unity, but he did not lay down such a precept as obligatory. Perhaps tacitly he assumed that observance of the unity of place would be the practice of good playwrights, since the chorus was present duringthe whole performance, and it would indeed be awkward always to devise an excuse for moving fifteen persons about from place to place.But the third unity, that of action, is bound up with the nature not only of Greek but of all drama, for Aristotle conceived the action, or plot, of a play as of far greater importance than the。

2003年哈工大博士英语真题及答案

Passage One Questions1—8 are based on thefollowing passage:In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in whathas come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930.(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.(D) The federal census of 1910.2.In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?A It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.B The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.C It is not likely that people with stead jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.D It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision tomigrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT_________.(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 16 of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as itis financially possible for them to do so.(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than arethose with urban backgrounds.(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilledworkers.6.The primary purpose of the passage is to ________.A Support an alternative to an accepted methodologyB Present evidence that resolves a contradictionC Introduce a recently discovered source of informationD Challenge a widely accepted explanation7. According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correctsequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?A Artisans in the North; artisans in the Sough; unskilled workers in the North;unskilled workersin the south.B Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South.C Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South.D Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workersin the South.8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?A The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the GreatMigration.B The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War.C The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great igration.D The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation.Passage Two Question 9—17 are based on thefollowing passage:Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977,34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers inblue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors werebout job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded inlegitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst — the structural change in the multioccupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.9.According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 977 were______.a1 (A) professionals(C) clerical workers(B) managers (D) service workers10.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 11—15) in order to account for why______.(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizingwomenD) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in ( unionization11.The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of ublic-sector clerical workers (line 19) would be strengthened if the author______. p(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers ( A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers(D) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance12.According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers XCEPT______.E ( A) the number of clerical workers in that group(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one work-place or scattered over several work-places(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization13.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force.(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions.(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions.(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women.14.The main concern of the passage is to ______.(( (C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinks of labor unions that represent public-sector workers(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers15.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization ofpublic-sector clerical workers, then______.A more women would hold administrative positions in unionsB more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes to ward laborC unions there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workersD unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women16.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if ______.(A) many workers in the locality were not unionizedB) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workersA) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions (B) the union contributed to political campaigns(C) the union included only public-sector workers(D) the union included workers from several jurisdictions17.The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’s showed a greater tendency to ______. (A) prefer smaller workplaces(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions(C) maximize job security and economic benefits(D) quit working prior of retirement agePassage Three Questions 18—24 are based on theollowing passage:f Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives,which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seal’s blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood stream.Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.18.The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?A Observations of animals’physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.B It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.C The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when its evading predators.D The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild19.It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” lines 31—32, biologists mean that it ______.A prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutesB exhibits dives in which it heads directly for its preyC exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizesD its longest dives in the wild egins to exhibit predatory behavior20.The passage suggests that during laboratory dives. The PH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by production of lactic acid because______.(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate under-water revert toan anaerobic mechanism.(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream(D) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time21.Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of theWeddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remainsubmerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.(D) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.22.According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studis mentioned in line 1?(A) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.(B) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its in the wild.(C) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.(D) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.23.The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats.I I. A constriction of the seal’s arteries.I II. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood.I V. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.(A) I and III only(B) I and IV only(C) II and III only(D) I, II, and IV only24.The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?A Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertakein the wild.B Cope whit oxygen deprivation less effectively than do on typical dives in theC wild. Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives inD the wild. Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.Passage Four Questions 25—30 are based on the following passage:Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors.Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researcher’s hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.25.According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors?(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli.(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters.(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species.(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors.26.Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph?A( ) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths.(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus.(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile receptors were more easily excited by a strongelectrical stimulus than were the electroreceptors.27.The author of the passage most probably discusses the function of tatile receptors(lines6—9) in order to ______.(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’ response to electrical stimuli(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors(C) point out a serious complication it the research on electroreceptors in anteaters(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals28.Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the second paragraph?A They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors andstimuli detected by their tactile receptors.B They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from ant nests.C They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus.D They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli.29.The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) The event they observed was a typical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.(B) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors.(C) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for us in locating prey.(D) The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone.30.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned inlines 15—16?(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electricalsignal.(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamberf an ant colonyo(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants.(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.Passage Five Questions 31—35 are based on thefollowing passage:Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically complex, and diverse marine ecosystem on Earth. This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor waters support such prolific and productive communities? Part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zoozanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, hosts, and even for other members of the reef community. This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resource efficiently.Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the water. Agriculture, slash—and —burn land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and an in creasing abundance of algae and filetr-feeding animals. Declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations, thereby threatening reef communities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters.31.The passage is primarily concerned with______.(A) describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefs(B) explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef communities(C) discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters(D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves32.The passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities?A Coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relativelylow in nutrients.B The nutrients on which coral communities thrive are only found in shallow waters.C Human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures, which threatens coralreef communities.D The growth of coral reef communities tends to destabilize underwater herbivore populations.33.The author refers to “filter-feeding animals”(line 17) in order to ______.(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deterioration(B) explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survival(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore populations thrive(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in waters that reefs inhabit34.According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survivalof coral reef communities?(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources.(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae.(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis.(D) Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities.35.It can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons?A They are thriving even though human activities have depleted the nutrients in their environment.B They are able to survive in spite of an over-abundance of algae inhabiting their waters.C They are able to survive in an environment with limited food resources.D They are declining even when the water surrounding them remains clear.Passage Six Questions 36 to 40 are based on thefollowing passage.For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that wereto varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routesto the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during thecold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for ashort-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives otherthan profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is atlast destined to take leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?。

2014年哈工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,考研笔记

考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Passage1Highly successful scientists depend on special talents,like in arts,music,and so on.Nature produces them only very slowly,parsimoniously,and at a constant rate,one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal,extensive academic training.Their number cannot be increased under command;they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need-----which is today the case in several nations over the world,including many of the developing countries.The second element is the“collectivity effect”.Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect.Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together.This is particularly active at the“interface”between disciplines;for instance,a chemistry idea applied to biology,a mathematical concept applied to physics,and so on.Passage2The phrase“A Law of Nature”is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago.This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses.Human societies have laws.In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done;others are not.This is regarded as part of the nature ofthings,and generally as an unalterable fact.If customs change,the change is too slow to be observed,later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws,but there was no way of withdrawing old ones.The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones.So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.Passage3Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches,the futurists mercial space activities will probably grow beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades,remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration.Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in es could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs,making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips.There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant.Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar,permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance,conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth.The space station may be used as well to stage long–distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.Passage4Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable,we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways,each must be required to interconnect with the others.Likewise,the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards.Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries.To compensate for market oversights,we must enforce regulations to ensure thatmoney-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions,and will be used and operated accordinglySection Two Translation from Chinese into English(20points)Passage1当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。

2014年哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记

考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Part IITranslate the following passages into Chinese:Passage OneThe technology now being used by the autoworkers on the assembly lines is nothing short of revolutionary.Today’s workers now use smart,microprocessor controlled tools that perform with a precision unheard of a decade ago.The tools operate to the exact inch-pound of torque required,and even have the ability to stop the line if their performance deteriorates.The intelligent tools and assembly systems being used by the U.S.auto industry reflect the challenges the industry has faced and conquered over the past100years.Passage TwoIn each generation for thousands of years a few individuals have had the perception,the curiosity,and the imagination to do more than just look at the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere.These individuals have asked “Why?”about such things as these:the blue of the sky;the splendor of the rainbow;the infinite variety and marvelous detail of snowflakes;the changes of temperature from season to season;the short life of a cloud as it forms,grows, decays,and disappears on a summer afternoon.Passage ThreeA European industrialist learned by chance that the United States was singing contracts with scientists in other countries,calling for research into such matters as the function of the frog’s eyes and the learning ability of the octopus. It seemed to him that such studies could not possibly have any practical value.He seriously believed that the United States was employing the foreign scientists to do meaningless work and occupy their time,while American scientists were busy in the really important areas of science.He was unaware of the fact that the United States was spending much more money at home than abroad fro similar studies.Passage FourThat many contemporary scientists make room for God in their understanding of the cosmos should hardly be surprising.For most of history,religion and science have been siblings—feeding off and sparring with each other–rather than outright adversaries in the common human quest for understanding.Only in the West,and only after the French Enlightenment in the18th century,did the votaries of science and religions drift into separate ideological camps.And only in the19th century,after Darwin,was supposed irreconcilability between“God”and“science”elevated to the status of cultural myth.History tell a different, more complicated story.Passage FiveFor decades,science-fiction writers have envisioned a world in which speech is the most commonly used interface between humans and machines.This is partlya result of our strong desire to make computers behave like human beings.But it is more than that.Speech is natural—we know how to speak before we know how to read and write.Speech is also efficient—most people can speak about five times faster than they can type and probably10times faster than they can write. And speech is flexible—we do not have to touch or see anything to carry on a conversation.Passage SixHis fear was that the business of engineering,defined as the synthesis of invention and innovation fro the extension of man’s capabilities,was being subverted by a lack of creative design courses in U.S.engineering schools.He expressed alarm that Ph.D.candidates often focused on science,not on likely uses for their work.This situation was,he felt,the fallout of a shift in the philosophy of academia.Though engineering schools still taught the fundamentals well,he said,they had failed their students—and society as whole —by emphasizing the“knowledge and skills of analysis to the virtual exclusion of all else.”Translate the following into English:Paragraph One有些计算机科学家正在研究蚂蚁。

哈尔滨工业大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博

育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015哈尔滨工业大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。

攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。

二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。

但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。

总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。

博士入学英语试题及答案

博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

英语考博试题及答案

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

博士英语考试试题及答案

博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。

黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题

黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usually left work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22 at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards return to full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules againstforeign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel. Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is called Gondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonderdrug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.66. What is the difference between antibiotics and interferon?A. Interferon has serious side effects, whereas antibiotics do not.B. Interferon is available in large supply, whereas antibiotics not.C. Antibiotics are very potent, while interferon is not.D. Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not.67. What effect does interferon have on infection?A. It provokes a negative reaction.B. It keeps healthy cells from becoming infected.C. It causes healthy cells to grow.D. It attacks viruses.68. Interferon is produced by .A. infecting viruses, bacteria, and tumors with a drugB. infecting proteins with a virusC. infecting white blood cells with a virusD. infecting viruses with proteins69. Interferon has not been more widely used because it is .A. still very dangerousB. not yet available in the United StatesC. difficult to produce in large quantitiesD. not effective in human beings70. What were the results of Dr. Strander's experiments with interferon?A. Half of the patients who received interferon reacted favorably.B. At the end of three years, all of the patients who had not received interferon had died.C. Most of the patients who received interferon also needed conventional treatments.D. Most of the patients who received interferon were still alive after three years.四、汉译英71.由于他的愚蠢，这项工作将会迟迟得不到解决。

哈工大考博英语真题含答案-3

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,” defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that hav e traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bry ant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combiningpreservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extractio n. “It’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probably means________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment. Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging.Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence “This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. Thi s speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” ma n, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation sys temC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explai ning differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designed to_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable c onsidering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation Passage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The timeeffects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics is a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to “scientist” because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsatimages these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Eart h’s surface.C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.35 A major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography_________.A cannot be used at nightB cannot focus on the details of a geologic areaC must be chemically processedD is always enhanced by digital reconstruction36 Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former_______.A reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore depositsB indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuousC predict the movements of glaciersD provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits37.the passage provides information about all of the following topics except.A the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960sB some phenomena measured by digital multispectral images in remote sensingC some of the practical uses of regional geologic mapsD problems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic mapping38 what does the author mention about “the conventional methods”?A. They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.B. They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructingC They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972D They are used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic.39 By using the word “interpretative” in Paragraph 4 , t he author indicates .A. some maps are based more on data from aerial photography than on data from field operations.B some maps are used almost exclusively on laboratory measurementsC some maps are based on incomplete data from field observationsD some maps show only large geologic features40 According to the author,________.A geologic mapping is basically an art and not a scienceB geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960s。

哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(36points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choosethe one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she________too long.A.has been readingB.had readC.is readingD.read2.Niagara Falls is a great tourist________,drawing millionsof visitors every year.A.attentionB.attractionC.appointmentD.arrangement3.The hopes,goals,fears and desires________widely betweenmen and women,between the rich and the poor.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.alterB.shiftC.transferD.vary4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.A.being cultivatedB.been cultivatedC.having cultivatedD.cultivating5.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience________on benches,chairs or boxes.A.having seatedB.seatingC.seatedD.having been seated6.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ________comfortably.A.is wornB.wearsC.wearingD.are worn7.Some diseases are________by certain water animals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted8.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders________ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this9.—“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o’clock tonight?”—“I’m sorry.Mr.Williams________to a conference long before then.”A.will have goneB.had goneC.would have goneD.has gone10.You________him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A.shouldn’t followB.mustn’t followC.couldn’t have been followingD.shouldn’t have been following11.We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever12.It is our________policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A.consistentB.continuousC.considerateD.continual13.Between1974and1997,the number of overseas visitors expanded________27%.A.byB.forC.toD.in14.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful________it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A.by whichB.to whichC.in thatD.so that15.He is________about his chances of winning a gold medal inthe Olympics next year.A.optimisticB.optionalC.outstandingD.obvious16.Sometimes I wish I________in a different time and a different place.A.be livingB.were livingC.would livedD.would have lived17.The director was critical________the way we were doing the work.A.atB.inC.ofD.with18.In a sudden________of anger,the man tore up everything within reach.A.attackB.burstC.splitD.blast19.________she realized it was too late to go home.A.No sooner it grew dark thanB.Hardly did it grow dark thatC.Scarcely had it grown dark thanD.It was not until dark that20.In Britain people________four million tons of potatoes every year.A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust21.I’d________his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out22.It is essential that these application forms________back as early as possible.A.must be sentB.will be sentC.are sentD.be sent23.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it________enough to eat.dB.slightC.lightD.tender24.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough________.A.nuisanceB.troubleC.worryD.anxiety25.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you ________you need.A.all the informationB.all the informationsC.all of informationD.all of the information26.Young people are not________to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A.conservativeB.contentC.confidentD.generous27.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairlycriticized and argue that the power of the medium is________.A.grantedB.impliedC.exaggeratedD.remedied28.I have no objection________your story again.A.to hearB.to hearingC.to having heardD.to have heard29.The clothes a person wears may express his________or social position.A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance30.You will see this product________wherever you go.A.to be advertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising31.The early pioneers had to________many hardships to settle on the new land.A.go along withB.go back onC.go throughD.go into32.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what33.I didn’t know the word.I had to________a dictionary.A.look outB.make outC.refer toD.go over34.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.to be based onB.to base onC.which to base onD.on which to base35.There are signs________restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whose36.It is said that the math teacher seems________towards bright students.A.partialB.beneficialC.preferableD.liable(D)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

哈工大申博第二次考核英语考核例题

哈工大申博第二次考核英语考核例题全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi everyone! Today I want to tell you about the second assessment in Harbin Institute of Technology's Sunburst English assessment. It was super fun and challenging at the same time!For the second assessment, we had to write an essay about our favorite hobby. My hobby is playing soccer, so I wrote all about how much I love playing with my friends, practicing my tricks, and cheering on my favorite team. I also included some tips for anyone who wants to start playing soccer too!After we finished writing our essays, we had to read them out loud to the class. It was a bit scary at first, but everyone cheered me on and I felt really proud of my work. Then, our teacher gave us some feedback on how we could improve our writing for next time.Overall, I had a great time at the second assessment for Sunburst English. It was a good chance for me to practice my writing skills and share my passion for soccer with my classmates.I can't wait to see what we'll do next in our English class!That's all for now, see you next time!篇2Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you some example questions from the second assessment of the HIT Sunburst English assessment. Are you ready? Let's go!Question 1: Describe your favorite animal and why you like it.My favorite animal is a dog because they are so cute and friendly. Dogs are very loyal and always happy to see you. They can also be very protective and make great companions. I love playing with dogs and taking them for walks. They are just the best!Question 2: What is your favorite subject in school and why?My favorite subject in school is math because I love solving problems and using my brain. Math is like a puzzle that you have to figure out, and it's so satisfying when you finally get the right answer. Plus, math is so important for everyday life, like when you're shopping or cooking. It's just so cool!Question 3: If you could visit any place in the world, where would you go and why?If I could visit any place in the world, I would go to Disneyland because it's the happiest place on Earth! I would love to meet all the Disney characters and go on all the fun rides. It would be a dream come true!So, those are some example questions from the HIT Sunburst English assessment. I hope you enjoyed them! Keep practicing your English and you'll do great on the test. Good luck, everyone!篇3Hello everyone, today I want to talk about the HUST admission exam that I took for the second time. It was so exciting and a little bit scary, but I tried my best!First, there was a listening test. We had to listen to people talking and answer questions about what they said. It was a little hard because they talked fast, but I tried to listen carefully.Then, we had a reading test. We read some stories and answered questions about them. Some of the words were new to me, but I used my dictionary to help me understand.After that, we had a writing test. I had to write a story about my favorite holiday. I chose Halloween because I love dressing up in costumes and going trick-or-treating.Finally, we had a speaking test. I had to talk about my family and my hobbies. I was a little nervous, but the teacher was nice and helped me when I got stuck.Overall, the exam was challenging but fun. I learned a lot and I hope I did well. I can't wait to find out if I passed and get to go to HUST! Thank you for listening to my story. Bye!篇4Hello everyone, I want to share with you all my experience of taking the second assessment at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT).So, the other day, I had to take this English test at HIT. The test was a bit challenging, but I tried my best to do well. One of the questions was about writing a short essay, and I had to write about my favorite hobby. I wrote about how much I love playing soccer with my friends and how it makes me happy.Another question was about listening comprehension. The teacher played a recording, and we had to answer somequestions about it. It was a bit hard to understand everything, but I managed to answer most of the questions correctly.There was also a grammar section where we had to fill in the blanks with the right words. I struggled a bit with this part because some of the words were new to me, but I tried my best to guess the answers.Overall, the test was challenging, but I learned a lot from it. I realized that I need to work on my grammar and listening skills. I will definitely study harder for the next assessment.I hope I did well on the test and that my hard work pays off. I can't wait to see my results and continue to improve my English skills.That's all for now! Wish me luck, everyone!篇5Hello everyone! Today I want to share with you the questions from the second assessment of the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) Sunway English exam. It was super challenging, but I think we all did our best!Question 1 was about telling a story in your own words. I chose to talk about my trip to the zoo, and all the cool animals Isaw. I tried to add lots of details and describe everything really well. It was so fun to imagine all the animals up close!Question 2 was a listening exercise where we had to answer questions about a conversation. It was a bit tricky because the speakers talked really fast, but I managed to catch most of the answers. I made sure to listen carefully and focus on the important information.Question 3 was a grammar exercise where we had to fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense. This one was tough because there were so many rules to remember! But I studied really hard and practiced a lot, so I think I did pretty well.Overall, I had a great time taking the HIT Sunway English exam. It was a bit stressful at times, but I know I put in my best effort. I can't wait to see how I did and learn from any mistakes I made. Good luck to everyone who took the exam, and let's keep working hard to improve our English skills!篇6Hey guys, today I want to talk about the second English test in Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) for the Sunburst Program. It was super challenging but also super fun!First of all, we had to do a listening test. The teacher played some recordings and we had to answer questions about them. It was a bit tricky because the speakers spoke really fast, but I tried my best to understand.Next, we had a reading test. We had to read some passages and answer questions about them. Some of the words were really difficult, but I used my dictionary to help me out. I think I did pretty well on this part.After that, we had a writing test. We had to write a short essay about our favorite hobby. I love playing soccer, so I wrote all about that. It was so much fun to write about something I'm passionate about!Finally, we had a speaking test. We had to talk to the teacher in English about a topic of our choice. I chose to talk about my family and friends. It was a bit nerve-wracking, but the teacher was really nice and helped me feel more confident.Overall, the second English test at HIT was a great experience. It was challenging, but I learned a lot and had fun at the same time. I can't wait to see how I did on the test!篇7Hello everyone!Today I'm going to tell you all about the second assessment test at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). They gave us some really tough English questions and I want to share them with you.The first question was about grammar. We had to fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses. It was really tricky because we had to remember all the different tenses we learned. But I think I did pretty well on this question, thanks to all the grammar lessons we had in class.The second question was a reading comprehension. We had to read a passage about climate change and answer some questions about it. It was really interesting to learn more about how we can help make our planet a better place. I tried my best to answer all the questions correctly.The last question was a writing task. We had to write a short essay about our favorite season and why we like it. I chose summer because I love going to the beach and having picnics with my friends. I wrote about all the fun activities I like to do in the summer and why it's the best season.Overall, I think I did pretty well on the test. I tried my best and that's all that matters. I can't wait to see how I did and I hope I pass the assessment. Wish me luck!That's all for now. Stay tuned for more updates from me! Bye!篇8Oh wow, it's time for the second English assessment at Harbin Institute of Technology! I'm so excited to show off all the English skills I've been practicing. The questions are a bit tricky, but I know I can do it!The first question is about my favorite animal. I love pandas because they are so cute and fluffy. They eat bamboo and they're black and white. I've seen them at the zoo before and they are amazing! I can write about pandas all day long.The second question is about my dream vacation. I really want to go to Disneyland because I love Mickey Mouse and all the fun rides. I would eat lots of churros and take pictures with all the characters. It would be the best vacation ever!The third question is a little harder. It's about my favorite subject in school. I really like math because I'm good at it and it'sfun to solve problems. I also like art because I can be creative and make cool things.Overall, I think I did a great job on the assessment. I used all the English skills I've learned and tried my best. I can't wait to see my grade and find out how I did. Yay for English!篇9Hey guys, today I wanna share with you all about the second assessment of the harbin institute of technology application for the second check of the foreign college.In this assessment, we had a lot of fun activities to do, like reading comprehension, listening practice, and writing essays. It was kinda challenging, but it was also really exciting!For the reading part, we had to read some passages and answer questions about them. It was a bit tricky because some of the words were really hard, but we all tried our best to understand and answer the questions.Next, we had to listen to some recordings and answer questions. It was a bit tough because the speakers talked really fast, but we managed to catch most of the important information.Finally, we had to write an essay about a topic given by the teachers. It was a bit hard to come up with ideas at first, but once we started writing, it became easier.Overall, the assessment was a bit challenging, but it was also a lot of fun. We all tried our best and I think we did a great job. I can't wait to see the results and I hope we all did well!That's all about the second assessment of the harbin institute of technology application for the second check of the foreign college. Thanks for reading!篇10Hello everyone! Today I want to share with you about the second assessment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenbo English exam. It was super fun and challenging at the same time!First of all, we had to do a listening test. The teacher played some recordings and we had to write down what we heard. It was a bit tricky because the speakers spoke really fast, but I tried my best to catch all the words. After that, we had a reading comprehension test. We had to read some passages and answer questions about them. Some of the questions were easy, but some were really hard. I had to think really hard to get the right answers.Next, we had a writing test. We had to write a short essay about our favorite hobby. I love playing soccer, so I wrote all about how much fun it is to play with my friends. I hope the teacher likes it!Finally, we had a speaking test. We had to talk about a topic for one minute. I was so nervous, but I managed to talk about my favorite movie without stuttering too much. I hope the teacher understood me!Overall, the exam was tough, but I had a great time. I can't wait to see my results and see how much I've improved. I love learning English at Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenbo!。

哈工大博士申请考核英语测试知乎

哈工大博士申请考核英语测试知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology Doctoral Application Assessment English Test on ZhihuIntroductionZhihu, a popular question-and-answer platform in China, has been a valuable resource for applicants seeking insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) doctoral application assessment, specifically the English test. In this article, we will explore the common questions, strategies, and experiences shared by users on Zhihu regarding the HIT doctoral application assessment English test.Common QuestionsOne of the most common questions asked on Zhihu is about the format and content of the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Many users seek information about the types of questions, topics covered, and the level of difficulty of the test. Others inquire about the scoring criteria and how they can prepare effectively.StrategiesZhihu users often share their strategies for preparing for the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some recommend focusing on improving vocabulary and grammar skills, while others suggest practicing reading and writing exercises to enhance comprehension and expression. Additionally, some users advise taking mock tests to familiarize themselves with the format and time constraints of the actual exam.ExperiencesMany Zhihu users also share their experiences of taking the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some describe the test as challenging but manageable with sufficient preparation, while others highlight the importance of time management during the exam. Overall, users emphasize the significance of thorough preparation and practice in achieving success in the test.ConclusionIn conclusion, Zhihu serves as a valuable platform for applicants seeking information and insights into the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. By addressing commonquestions, sharing strategies, and recounting experiences, users on Zhihu contribute to a better understanding of the test and help future applicants prepare effectively.篇2As one of the most prestigious universities in China, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) has a rigorous admission process for its doctoral program. One of the key components of this process is the English test, which is designed to assess the English proficiency of applicants.The English test for HIT's doctoral program is typically a comprehensive examination that covers all aspects of the language, including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The purpose of this test is to ensure that applicants have the necessary language skills to successfully complete their studies at the university.The reading section of the English test usually consists of a series of passages on various topics, followed by a set of questions that test the applicant's comprehension and understanding of the material. This section is designed to assess the applicant's ability to read and comprehend academic texts, which is essential for success in a doctoral program.The writing section of the test typically requires applicants to write an essay on a given topic. This section is used to evaluate the applicant's ability to express ideas clearly and cohesively in written form. Applicants are expected to demonstrate their ability to organize their thoughts, support their arguments with evidence, and produce well-structured and coherent essays.The speaking section of the English test is designed to evaluate the applicant's oral communication skills. Applicants may be required to participate in a structured conversation, give a presentation, or respond to questions from an interviewer. This section assesses the applicant's ability to communicate effectively in English and demonstrate their fluency and confidence in speaking.The listening section of the test is designed to assess the applicant's ability to understand spoken English. Applicants may be required to listen to a series of recordings or lectures and answer questions based on what they hear. This section tests the applicant's ability to comprehend spoken English, follow complex instructions, and extract relevant information from aural sources.Overall, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is designed to assess the applicant's language proficiency andreadiness for graduate-level studies. Applicants are expected to demonstrate a high level of competence in all aspects of the language in order to qualify for admission to the university.In conclusion, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is an important component of the admission process and plays a crucial role in determining the eligibility of applicants. Applicants who are serious about pursuing a doctoral degree at HIT should prepare thoroughly for the English test and demonstrate their language proficiency to the best of their abilities.篇3Applying for a doctoral program at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) is a rigorous process, especially when it comes to the English exam. Known for its high academic standards and cutting-edge research, HIT attracts top scholars and researchers from around the world. In this article, we will delve into the details of the English test for the HIT doctoral application, providing insights and tips for prospective applicants.The English test for the HIT doctoral application is designed to assess the candidates' language proficiency and academic readiness for graduate studies. The test typically consists of four sections: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Each sectionevaluates different aspects of the candidates' English skills and poses unique challenges.The listening section tests the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts, such as academic lectures, discussions, and presentations. Candidates are required to listen to audio recordings and answer questions based on the content. This section assesses not only the candidates' listening skills but also their critical thinking and analytical abilities.The reading section evaluates the candidates' reading comprehension skills and their ability to analyze and interpret complex texts. Candidates are given academic articles, research papers, and other texts related to their field of study and asked to answer questions or write a summary. This section tests the candidates' ability to understand and critique scholarly work, as well as their knowledge of academic vocabulary and conventions.The writing section assesses the candidates' ability to communicate effectively in written English. Candidates are required to write essays, research proposals, or other academic papers on specific topics. This section tests the candidates' writing skills, including their ability to organize ideas coherently,support arguments with evidence, and use proper grammar and punctuation.The speaking section evaluates the candidates' oral communication skills and their ability to express their ideas fluently and convincingly. Candidates are required to participate in a speaking test, where they may be asked to discuss a given topic, present their research interests, or engage in a mock academic conversation. This section tests the candidates' speaking fluency, pronunciation, and ability to engage in academic discourse.In order to excel in the English test for the HIT doctoral application, candidates should focus on improving their language skills in all four areas. They can practice listening to English podcasts, reading academic articles, writing essays, and speaking English with native speakers or language partners. Additionally, candidates can take online English courses, attend language workshops, or seek feedback from teachers or tutors to enhance their English proficiency.Moreover, candidates should familiarize themselves with the format and requirements of the English test for the HIT doctoral application. They can review sample questions, practice mock tests, and seek advice from current students or alumni who havegone through the application process. By understanding the expectations of the test and preparing effectively, candidates can increase their chances of success and demonstrate their readiness for doctoral studies at HIT.In conclusion, the English test for the HIT doctoral application is a crucial component of the admissions process, as it assesses the candidates' language proficiency and academic preparedness. By focusing on improving their listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills, candidates can enhance their performance in the English test and showcase their abilities to excel in graduate studies at HIT. With dedication, practice, and perseverance, prospective applicants can conquer the English test and pave the way for a successful academic journey at one of China's top universities.。

哈尔滨工程大学博士入学英语考试真题

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General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz veinsystems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the firstperformed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billionyears ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphicfluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of golddeposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time ofthe original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of explorationtechniques designed to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as didthose deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simpleprospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in thepassage in which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, cansupport conceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized,are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-agegold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, andthus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely usedtoday are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surfaceexpressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types ofgold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine andcontinental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent withresearchers’ findings in other disciplines than is data provided by datingcontinental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continentalsedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marinesedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continentalsedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage asa whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions andthen offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequencesand then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollenprofiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determiningpast climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yieldedcontradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concludedwhich of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increasedamounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during thelast ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of lessevapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logicallycontinues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D. A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation,and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accuratecorrelationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found ingeological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditionsmust be widespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of pastclimates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid andsemiarid regions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiaridregions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid andsemiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions becausetheir climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British T elecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing stateowned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivityin companies that have been privatized?A. A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB. a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buyingshares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers wereeligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies choseto buy shares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allowtheir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A. A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particularindustry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to forcecompanies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason thatstate-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try toeliminate all resistance to the free-market system.21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatizationprocess in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription forbusiness ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage havesupported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive newindustrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries.Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantageswere obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor f ocused on factory workas a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factoryworkA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in theUnited States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sectorof the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-termthan in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much moreshort-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with theunpaid work associated with homemaking26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early millowners mentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relativel y unattractive “female” jobs theywould discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means tokeep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particularkinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the authormentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economicforces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined joballocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previousexperience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hirewomen for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of thepassage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men incarrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph tothe passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn fromtwentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topicfor discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissedunimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’sprocreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more generalintellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectualtradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism amongfeminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of thefollowing?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given theirtheoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.。