american literature(背诵)

Definition
1、Psychological Realism is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of character’s thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. 心理现实主义是一种深入探究人物思想和动机复杂性的现实主义写作。

它比以往更强调内部特征和动机，以及来自外部行动的内部行动。

在心理现实主义中，性格和人物塑造比通常更重要。

2、Imagism is a literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. 意象主义是20世纪早期由英美诗人发起的一场文学运动，主张使用自由诗歌、共同的语言模式和清晰的具体形象，作为对维多利亚时代感伤主义的反应。

3、Black Humor is the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. It is used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. 黑色幽默是在现代小说和戏剧中使用病态和荒谬的黑色喜剧目的。

它被用来表达现代世界的荒谬、不敏感、矛盾和残酷。

普通的人物或场景通常被夸大了，远远超出了正常的讽刺或讽刺的极限。

4、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It is the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to “purify” or simplify the religious rituals of the Church of England. 美国清教主义是美国思想和美国文学中最持久的塑造因素之一。

这是清教徒的宗教信仰，他们原本打算“净化”或简化英国国教的宗教仪式。

5、Free verse is a term describing various styles of poetry that are written without using a strict rhyme scheme, but still recognizable as poetry by virtue of complex patterns of one sort or another that.
自由诗是一个术语，描述了各种风格的诗歌，这些诗歌没有使用严格的押韵方案，但仍然通过复杂的模式被识别为诗歌。

6、Transcendentalism is a New England movement. It had a considerable influence on American art and literature. Basically religious, it emphasized the role and importance of the individual conscience, and the
value of intuition in matters of moral guidance and inspiration.
超验主义是一场新英格兰运动。

它对美国的艺术和文学产生了相当大的影响。

它基本上是宗教性的，强调个人良心的作用和重要性，以及直觉在道德指导和激励问题上的价值。

7、the Jazz Age
The Jazz Age describes а period in American history following the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties, and ending with the onset of the Great Depression.Among the prominent concerns and trends of the period are the public embrace of technological developments (typically seen as progress)-cars, air travel and the telephone-as well as new modernist trends in social behavior, the arts, and culture. 爵士乐时代描述了第一次世界历史上第一次世界大战结束后的а时期，持续到咆哮的20年代，并以大萧条的开始结束。

这一时期的主要关注和趋势包括公众对技术发展（通常被视为进步）的拥抱——汽车、航空旅行和电话——以及在社会行为、艺术和文化方面的现代主义新趋势。

8、Hemingway Heroes
“Hemingway hero”——а man of honor and integrity who expresses himself not with words, but with actions. The Hemingway hero is а noble but tragic hero fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like а hero. He is not a Godlike figure, but an ordinary, often flawed mortal who must look to himself for strength. The Hemingway hero is actually а mirror image of the author himself. The Old Man and the Sea is а typical Hemingway hero. “海明威英雄”——的荣誉和正直的人，他不是用语言，而是用行动来表达自己。

海明威的英雄是а高贵但悲剧英雄与压倒性的力量战斗；虽然他知道自己最终会被打败，但他决定表现得像а英雄。

他不是一个神一般的人物，而是一个普通的，经常有缺陷的凡人，他必须为自己寻找力量。

9、Local Colorism：The local colorists were devoted to capturing the unique customs, manners, speech, folklore, and other qualities of a particular regional community, usually in humorous short stories. 当地的色彩师致力于捕捉独特的习俗、礼仪、语言、民间传说和一个特定地区社区的其他品质，通常是通过幽默的短篇故事。

10、Psychological Realism
Psychological Realism is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of character’s thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization
and on the motives, and internal action which springs from external action. 心理现实主义是深入探究人物思想和动机的复杂性的现实主义写作。

它比通常情况下更重视内部人物的塑造和动机，以及由外部行动产生的内部行动。

Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin
一、Works
①Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》②The Autobiography
二、Comments
(1)The Autobiography was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of а man rising to wealth and fame from а state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful America's first self-made man. He represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Through telling а success celebrates the fulfillment of , the American dream.
《自传》是自传体文学中的上乘佳作。

它简明而极其引人入胜地叙述了富兰克林由穷苦卑微而跃至富有、闻名的故事。

它忠实地记录了美国第一位.自力更生者光辉灿烂的职业生涯。

他代表着在美国，人的本质是善良自由的，拥有上帝赋予的不可剥夺的自由及追求幸福的权利。

该书通过讲述自力更生而获取成功的故事，歌颂了美国梦的实现。

(2)The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment. It is also а Puritan document. It is а record of self-examination and self-improvement. The book is also а convincing that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent.
《自传》充分说明了富兰克林是18世纪美国启蒙运动的代言人。

这也是一本清教文献。

它记录了清教徒的自我反省和自我完善。

它也是清教道德原则的最好说明，为了取得成功，人必须勤劳、简朴、谨慎。

(3) The style of The Autobiography reveals that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision.《自传》的文体体现出清教徒朴素、直爽、简洁的风格。

Unit 2 Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加.爱伦.坡）
一、Works
(1). Poems (诗集)——
①Tamerlane and Other Poems 《帖木尔》②Al Araaf 《艾尔阿拉夫》
④The Raven and Other Poems《乌鸦及其他诗篇》
(2). Short stories (短篇小说)——
①Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque《述异集》/《怪异故事集》
②The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
③The Masque of the Red Death《红色死亡假面舞会》④The Black Cat《黑猫》
⑤The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》⑥The Gold Bag 《金甲虫》
(3).Literary theory——
①The Philosophy of Composition《创作哲学》②The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原理》
二、The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》
1、Theme and style (主题与风格)
The theme is about horror and death. Poe pursues the style of shortness and fast tempo and to reach the climax quickly. To achieve the effect, he reduces the background information and the words he used concise. In this short story, even nothing is redundant. 这个主题是关于恐怖和死亡的。

坡追求短速快的风格，并迅速达到高潮。

为了达到效果，他减少了背景信息和他使用的文字简洁。

在这个短篇小说中，即使没有什么也是多余的。

2、Describe briefly how Рое characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?
Key: Рое characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstl y, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes "monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate". Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in а very unfortunate way,which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley", while Montresor put on a mask of black silk and drew “а roquelaire" closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end. 这两个角色在许多方面都形成了鲜明的对比。

首先，他们的名字被赋予了相反的象征意义：蒙特利瑟象征“怪物”，而弗图纳多托象征“幸运”。

蒙特利瑟是故事中的魔鬼，弗图纳多一生很幸运，赚了一笔，但最后，他以一个非常不幸的方式结束，这是非常讽刺的。

其次，他们的衣服非常不同：弗图纳多托“穿着杂色”，蒙特利瑟戴上黑色丝绸面具，在身上画着“一个罗克莱尔”。

最后，他们的心理活动和意识是相反的：蒙特利瑟清楚地知道正在发生了什么，将会发生什么，而弗图纳多总是保持在黑暗中直到最后。

Unit 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生）
Nature 《论自然》The American Scholar《论美国学者》
The Divinity of Address《神学院致辞》Essay: First Series《论文集》
Representative Men《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》
The Conduct of Life《人生的行为》May-Day and Other Pieces《五月节》
二、Self-Reliance 《论自助》
1、Main content
It is an essay from Essays. It is one of the important works that express the ideas of the Transcendentalism. The theme of the essay is about “trusting yourself”. He criticized any form of not being independent. He thought every great man in history is different from ordinary man because they keep being themselves even if they maybe misunderstood by others. 《论自助》选自爱默生的《论文集》。

这篇文章是表达他的超验主义观点最重要的作品之一。

“相信自己”是爱默生的重要观点之一，它也是这篇文章的主题。

他在文中鞭笞了任何形式的随波逐流。

他认为历史上的伟人都坚持自己的想法，尽管有可能被世人误解。

2、Analysis
(1) Emerson's master principle self-reliance is also the main theme of the American Transcendentalist movement. This essay provides us sayings as well as builds up new concepts through which the author paves the path for the readers to follow, and furthermore, he tries to force the readers to be self-reliant in order to obtain their self-reliance successfully. 爱默生在《论自助》中所阐述的观点也是美国超验主义运动的主题。

这篇文章也使我们了解了很多新的想法，并使读者意识到自己要自立只有这样才能成功地成为一个独立的人。

(2) The distinction of Self-Reliance is the elegant style of prose and vivid expression of his thoughts. His words can capture the thoughts of people. He also used a lot of figures of speech to emphasize his ideas. 爱默生的不同之处在于他优雅的散文风格及生动表达思想的能力。

他的文章能抓住人们的想法。

同样他也在文中运用了很多修辞手法。

(3) The idea of abolishing the slaves can be also found in this essay. But he also tells people that love your neighbor not the far-away slaves. 虽然他也持有废除奴隶的想法，但是他也告诫人们要爱你的邻居而不是千里之外的奴隶。

3、Definition
Unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔.霍桑）
①The Scarlet Letter《红字》②Twice-told Tales《故事重述》
③Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》④The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》⑤The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
二、The Scarlet Letter《红字》
1、Theme: This novel assumes the universality of guilt and explores the complexities and ambiguities of man's choices. Hawthorne does not intend to tell аlove story nor а story of sin, but focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially а s inner, great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 这部小说展现了罪恶的普遍性并探究了人们面临选择时的复杂与矛盾心理。

霍桑无意在讲述一个关于爱情或罪恶的故事，而是关注于罪恶感带给普通人或一些主要角色在道德、情感、心理方面的影响，从而展示了社会与个人之间的紧张状况。

对于霍桑来讲，每个人都是潜在的罪人，道义上的勇气对人性的改善是必不可少的。

2、Symbolism: Hawthorne portrays Hester as an aristocratic and sensitive young woman who meets her sentence with dignity and courage. When she is set free, she does not flee the community. She supports herself and her child by doing fancy needlework, devotes her life to her child and helping the sick and the poor, and wins the admiration and love of her fellowmen again. So, The Scarlet Letter is а hymn on the moral growth of the woman. The scarlet letter at first is а token of shame,Adultery, then the genuine sympathy and help she offers to her fellow villagers change it to Able. Later in the end, A appears in the sky, signifying Angel. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she establishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen. 象征主义: 霍桑将海斯特描绘成一位仪态高贵并善感的年轻女子，从容勇敢地面对判决。

当她获释后，她并没有逃离社区。

她带着孩子靠做精美的针线活自力更生，将爱奉献给自己的孩子并帮助老弱病残，重新贏得了同乡人的赞美和爱戴。

因此，《红字》就是一曲歌颂海斯特道德成长的赞歌。

红字最初是羞耻的象征，是“通奸”;然后因为她对同乡人真诚的同情和帮助使得红字的意义变为“能干”; 最后，红字A出现在天空中，意味着“天使”。

当她和她的同乡建立了深长的关系时，她的生命最终获得了真正的意义。

Unit 5 Herman Melville（赫尔曼.麦尔维尔）
一、Works
①Omoo《欧穆》②Mardi《玛地》③White Jacket《白外衣》
④Moby Dick《白鲸》④The Confidence Man《骗子的化妆表演》
⑤John Marr and Other Sailor《约翰.玛尔和他水手》⑥Billy Budd《比利.巴德》
二、Moby Dick《白鲸》
1、Main content
Captain Ahab, who, having lost a leg in an earlier battle with white whale called Moby Dick，is determined to catch the beast and destroy it. After the relentless voyage of Ahab and his crew, they finally met the giant whale. They had a heavy fight for three days. At last, Ahab killed the whale but Ahab drowned together with Moby Dick. Only one sailor survived and he told the story to other people.
船长埃哈伯在与一群鲸鱼搏斗时，被叫做莫比.狄克的鲸鱼咬掉了一条腿，所以他下定决心找到莫比●狄克并将它杀死。

经过长途航行，埃哈伯与他的船员终于遇到了大白鲸。

他们殊死搏斗了3天。

最终，埃哈伯杀死了白鲸但也葬送了自己的性命。

全船只有一名水手生还，他向其他人讲述了这个故事。

2、Analysis
(1) Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville's bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessness which characterize modern life of the West are expressed in Melville's work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. 《白鲸》代表了麦尔维尔对他所生活的时代地悲凉的世界观。

这里没有上帝也毫无意义可言。

西方现代生活中信仰的丢失、无用感及无意义感等淋漓尽致地表现在麦尔维尔的这部作品中，因此20世纪人们发现它很伟大且引人入胜。

(2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest”. 该小说的主题是疏离。

疏离存在于麦尔维尔生活时代的不同层面，如人与人之间，人与社会之间，以及人与自然之间。

麦尔维尔同时对新英格兰超验主义过度强调个人主义和超灵进行了批判。

该小说的另外一个主题是“拒绝与追寻”。

(3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for search and discovery, the search For the ultimate truth of experience." Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence,and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. 该小说富有象征意义。

航行本身是探索和发现，寻求最终真相的隐喻。

莫比.迪克是全书
中最明显的象征，它可以有多种解释。

有人认为它代表邪恶，有人认为它代表了善良，也有人认为它二者兼有。

它的白色是自相矛盾的颜色，既代表了死亡和腐朽，又代表了纯洁、天真和青春。

它代表了宇宙的最终奥秘，人最好别去求甚解。

(4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic: power have been profusely commented upon and praised. 麦尔维尔通过运用多重视角的技巧以实现模棱两可的效果。

他倾向于写掉尾句。

他富有韵律的散文和诗意被大众评论和赞美。

Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau（亨利.大卫.梭罗）
一、Works
①.Walden《瓦尔登湖》②.A Week On the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 《在康科德和梅里马克河上的一周》
二、Main content
Thoreau's masterpiece, Walden, is a great Transcendentalist work. It is a faithful record of Thoreau's reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature, an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson's Transcendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature. Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level. It consist of 18 passages, recording the nature he observed and the living condition, including building the log, plowing the field and receiving friends.
梭罗的代表作《瓦尔登湖》是一部超验主义巨作。

他忠实地记录了梭罗独自与自然界交流时的反思。

它表明梭罗不仅接受了爱默生的超然主义哲学，而且进一步亲身实践阐明自然界的泛神特性。

《瓦尔登湖》包罗万象，可以从多种角度去解读。

《瓦尔登湖》由18篇文章组成，记录了他所观察到的自然以及他建造木屋、耕种土地、招待朋友等生活情况。

三、Analysis
(1) It is а book about man, what he is, what he should be and must be. Thoreau holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection. Thoreau has been regarded as а prophet of individualism in American literature. 它是一本关于人的书，阐述人应该而且必须成为什么样的人。

梭罗认为生活中最重要的事情是自给自足，努力实现精神上的完美。

梭罗被誉为美国文学史上个人主义的先导。

(2) In this book, Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. Modern civilized life has dehumanized man and placed him in а spiritual quandary. 该书中梭罗猛烈抨击了现代文明。

他认为现代文明生活
使人失去了人性，将人置于精神上的困境。

(3) Furthermore, the book is full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency. He records how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden Pond. He holds that spiritual richness is real wealth. One's soul might not help one to get up in the world, but it will help make real progress in self-improvement. 此外，该书表明梭罗希望国人摆脱自鸣得意、沾沾自喜的情绪。

他记录了自己在瓦尔登湖上尽量将个人需求降到最低的情况。

他认为精神，上的富有才是真正的富有。

人的精神或许不能帮助人飞黄腾达，却有助于人在自我完善的过程中取得真正的进步。

(4) Thoreau went to the woods to experiment а new way of life for himself and for his fellowmen. And he felt that he came out of it аbetter man, reborn and reinvigorated. Thus, regeneration became а major thematic concern of Walden and it also decided its structural framework. 梭罗去森林居住目的是为自己和同胞们实验一种新的生活方式。

他从林中出来时获得了重生，整个人面貌焕然一新。

重生成为《瓦尔登湖》中重要的主题之一，并且决定了该书的结构框架。

Unit 7 19th-Century American Poets
1.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow（亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗）
一、Works
①V oice of the Night《夜吟》②The Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》
⑤I Shot an Arrow《我射出一支箭》
The poet wrote this famous poem to praise friendship. In the first line of the first stanza, the word arrow represents a friendship because, like arrows, friendships can fly a far distance. He sang a song and then he forgot it. But his friend bears in mind for a long time. This poem is very simple as well as profound. And it is the reason why it's known to all in Western countries. 这首诗歌颂了友谊天长地久。

在诗的第一节第一句中，箭代表着友谊，因为友谊就像弓箭一样能飞过遥远的距离。

他哼出的一首歌，并没在意。

然而朋友却一直都记在心里。

这首诗很简单但是很深刻。

这也是它能传唱于西方国家的原因。

⑥A Psalm of Life《人生颂》
Longfellow believes that people should lead heroic and courageous lives and not sit idle and remain ineffectual while the world rapidly changes around them. His use of the word “strife”is especially interesting, since it clearly acknowledges that life is inherently difficult, is a constant struggle, and will never be easy. Longfellow then encourages everyone to have faith and trust the lord and not to rely on an unknown future to be stable and supportive. 朗费罗认为人们应以积极和乐观的态度来对待
现世的人生。

世界正飞速的变化着人们不应当毫无作为。

“strife”这一词显示出了人生并不会一帆风顺总有些困难，总会有经历生死关头的时刻。

朗费罗鼓励每个人都要有信念并且朝着未来的目标永远向前。

2.Walt Whitman（沃尔特.惠特曼）
一、Works
①Leaves of Grass《草叶集》②One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》
④Drum Traps《稃鼓集》③O Captain! My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》
Walt Whitman wrote the poem after Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Repeated metaphorical reference is made to this issue throughout the verse. The “ship” spoken of is intended to represent the United States of America，while its “fearful trip”recalls the troubles of the American Civil War. The titular“Captain”is Lincoln himself. With a conventional meter and rhyme scheme that is unusual for Whitman, it was the only poem anthologized during Whitman's lifetime. 这首诗写于林肯总统被刺杀后不久。

惠特曼把美国比作“巨轮”，那“艰难的旅程”是指美国内战，而“船长”就是林肯。

这首诗用了传统的抑扬格诗行，是这首诗朗朗上口，是惠特曼生前流行最广和最知名的诗歌。

Unit 8 Mark Twain
一、Works
②The Innocents Abroad 《傻瓜出国记》④The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆.索耶历险记》⑤Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上》
⑥The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝里.费思历险记》①The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《加拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》
二、Contributions to Literature (文学成就)
Mark Twain made great contribution to American literature. Before him, the writers in America has been greatly influenced by European literature, but his way of thinking, values, language, even his humor are rooted in America. Local color is the most outstanding feature of the novel, showing a regional language feature, custom and lifestyle. At the same time, his colloquial style of prose has become the origin of American literary tradition of colloquialism, and Sherwood Anderson, Hemingway, Eliot, Faulkner, and Salinger were influenced by him to varying degrees. William Faulkner called him“the father of American literature."
马克.吐温为美国文学做出了巨大贡献。

他以前的主要美国作家受欧洲文学影响较大，而他的
思维方式、价值观、创作语言、甚至他的幽默都是地道美国土产。

“乡土特色”是他的小说的突出特点，表现了一个地区的语言特点、习俗和生活方式。

同时,他的口语体散文形式成为美国口语体文学传统的发端，安德森，海明威，艾略特，福克纳，塞林格等都在不同程度上受到他的影响。

福克纳将他称为“美国文学之父”。

三、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is based on the fish story among gold diggers. The first-person narrator “I”is a gentleman of intellectual class, and we can know it from his language. The story teller of the jumping frog is a rough fellow in a mine lot. “I” was trusted by a friend to find a Smiley by inquiring of Wheeler. But the man named Wheeler talked about another man named Smiley, and told many stories of him to the narrator. “I” could not understand why he told such a man and his stories to me, which had nothing to do with “me” and were very boring. Finally, “I” made a clear escape from him.
《跳蛙》取材于淘金者中流传的夸张故事。

故事的第一人称叙事者“我”显然是个知识阶层的绅士，这一点不难从他遣词造句中看出。

而讲故事的人却是一个矿区粗人维勒。

“我”受朋友之托去找维勒，向他打听一个姓斯迈里的人。

而维勒却给他讲起另一个姓斯迈里的人和他的许多故事，“我”完全搞不懂维勒为什么要讲这些与他毫不相关而又无聊之至的故事，最后一逃了之。

四、Definition
Unit 14 F.Scott Fitzgerald（弗.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德）
一、Works
①This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》③The Beautiful and the Damned 《漂亮的冤家》④Tales of the Jazz Age《爵士乐时代的故事》
④The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》⑤Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》
⑥The Crack-Up 《崩溃》
二、The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》
(1) Gatsby's personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of the twentieth century. Here modern men lives in sterility and meaningless and futility as best illustrated by Gatsby's essentially pointless parties. Thus Gatsby's personal life has assumed magnitude as a “cultural-historical allegory”for the nation. Here lies the greatest intellectual achievement that Fitzgerald ever achieved. 盖茨比的个人经历与20世纪前几十年美国整个国家的经历如出一辙。

现代人生活在精神的荒原之上，生活已失去目的和意义，看看盖茨比豪华但毫无意义的宴会便可略知一二。

盖茨比的个人生活已成为整个国家文化历史上的伟大寓言。

菲茨杰拉德在文化思想
领域取得的最大成就正在于此。

(2) The very rich attracted and repelled Fitzgerald at the same time. But Fitzgerald has always been critical of the rich and tried to show the disintegrating effects of wealth on the emotional make-up of his characters. Herein The Great Gatsby we have Tom and Daisy, completely dehumanized and dehumanizing. 菲茨杰拉德对富人和富贵的态度有羡慕，但更有鄙夷，鄙夷无疑多于羡慕。

他试图解释财富对其笔下人物性格分裂的影响。

在《了不起的盖茨比》中汤姆和黛西这两个人物象征了财富本身意味着堕落，也诱使他人堕落。

(3) At his best Fitzgerald's craftsmanship is impeccable. The choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose consciousness everything filters, ensures the compact organic wholeness of the work. Carraway's limited omniscience determines the facts that he deals but information in such a manner that he seems to withhold it first, thus creating a superb effect of mystery and suspense. 菲茨杰拉德的写作技巧无可挑剔。

他选择了卡拉韦这一戏剧化的叙述者。

通过卡拉韦的意识事件得以过滤，这保证了整个故事的结构统一、紧凑。

卡拉韦有限的知情权决定了他对信息似乎有所保留，这制造了一种神秘及悬念之感。

(4) Fitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American literature. Fitzgerald's prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its skill in manipulating the relationship between the general and the specific, its bold impressionistic and colorful quality, in short, its competence to convey the vision of the author all reveal Fitzgerald's consummate artistry. 菲茨杰拉德是美国文学史上一位伟大的文体家。

菲茨杰拉德的语言通顺流畅，观察细致入微,措辞和比喻极具独创性。

他的文章质朴、雅致，较好地把握了整体与细节之间的关系，大胆地运用印象主义手法和绘声绘色的描写，总之文章足以传达作者的观点，这些都显示了菲茨杰拉德高超的艺术才能。

Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特.海明威）
一、Author-Works
①In Our Time《在我们的时代里》②The Sun Also Rises《太阳照样升起》
③A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》④For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》⑤The Old Man and Sea《老人与海》⑥A Clean, Well-Lighted Place《一个干净明亮的地方》
三、A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
The story happens in a small Spanish cafe, and it develops among three men，an old consumer, a mid-aged waiter and a younger waiter. The old man is rich，but life is meaningless for him; he fails to commit suicide and drinks a lot so as to kill time and inanity. The younger waiter is self-confident, selfish
and cannot wait to go home to his wife. However, the mid-aged man has a deep understanding of life; he is sympathetic, knowing that youth, love, and passion are written in water, and they will be replaced with despair and emptiness, and people need courage and self-esteem, or he can only face the fear brought about by darkness and emptiness with sleep and oblivion. Hemingway employs naturalism and symbolism in writing of this story.
故事发生的场景是一个西班牙小咖啡馆。

情节的发展围绕老年顾客、中年侍者和年轻侍者等三人。

老年人富有，但生活对他毫无意义，他自杀未遂，靠酗酒排遣空虚。

年轻人自信，自私，急于下班回家和妻子亲热。

而中年人对人生深有所悟，因而富有同情心，知道青春、爱情、激情转瞬即逝，代之而来的是绝望和虚无，人需要勇气和自尊，否则只能用睡眠和忘却来填补对黑暗和空寂的恐惧。

在写作中，海明威运用了自然主义和象征主义手，寓意深刻。

四、Definition
五、Comment on author's writing style and philosophy underlying all his works?
Кеу: Hemingway uses short sentences and paragraphs and vigorous and positive language. He always manages to choose words concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conventional, and employ them often in syntax of short, simple sentences, which are orderly and patterned, conversational, and sometimes ungrammatical. The philosophy underlying his works is Iceberg Principle. Hemingway said: If а writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have а feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. 海明威使用简短的句子和段落，以及有力而积极的语言。

他总是设法选择具体的、具体的、更常见的、更盎格鲁-撒克逊语的、随意的和传统的单词，并经常使用它们作为短句，简单的句子，有秩序的和模式的，对话的，有时不合语法。

他的作品背后的哲学是冰山原理。

海明威说：如果а散文作家对他所写的东西足够了解，他可能会忽略а感觉的东西，就像作者说的那样强烈。

冰山移动的尊严在于只有八分之一在水面上。

一个好的作家并不需要揭示一个角色或动作的每一个细节。

六、What are the artistic characteristics in Hemingway's novels?
Кеу: Typical of the iceberg analogy is Hemingway' style, which he had been trying hard to get. According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to get down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with а bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simply and natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly。