(全)高考英语语法真题详解-介词和介词短语

高考英语语法真题详解-介词和介词短语
[感悟高考]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.(2016·全国Ⅲ，50) 2．My connection with pandas goes back__________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016·全国Ⅰ，65)
3．For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away ________ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015·全国Ⅰ，66) 4．Now I am leaving home to college.(2016·全国Ⅲ，短文改错) 5．While they chatted，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.(2016·浙江，短文改错)
答案 1.with 2.to 3.by 4.to→for 5.in→on
[考点清单]
考点一常见介词的用法
1．表示时间的介词at，on，in和for
规则❶at表示某个时间点、时刻等，例如：at midnight，at dawn/daybreak，at sunrise/sunset，at dusk等。

规则❷on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上。

例如：
on October the first，on a rainy day，on Christmas Eve，on the afternoon of his arrival等。

规则❸in表示在某段较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等。

in the 1980's/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/evening等。

规则❹for后跟“时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久，可与现在完成时、过去时或将来时连用。

I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.
我在这座城市住了10多年了。

2．表示交通方式的介词by，in和on
规则❶不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词。

例如：
by sea/water/land/air等。

规则❷涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。

例如：by bike/plane/ship/train/spaceship/car等。

规则❸当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。

例如：on this plane，on my bike，in his car。

3．表示方位的across，through和over
规则❶across表示“从……的表面穿过”。

He walked across the square to meet us.
他穿过广场来见我们。

规则❷through表示“从……的内部穿过”。

The guide led us through the forest.
向导领着我们穿过森林。

规则❸over表示“从……的上面跨过”。

The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.
贼跳过栅栏逃跑了。

4．beyond
规则❶表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于”。

It's beyond midnight now.Is he still watching the football match?
现在已经过了午夜了。

他还在看足球赛吗？
规则❷表示“(位置)在……那一边，超出……；为……所不及，超出……的范围”。

Beyond the river stood a power station.
过了这条河就是一个发电站。

Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。

5．against
规则❶表示“逆……方向，顶着；靠着，倚靠；碰着，撞击(表示方向或位置)”。

He stood with his back against the wall.
他背靠墙站着。

规则❷表示“反对(与for意义相反)；违背”。

Others are against the idea，saying that learning English is useless and is a waste of energy.
其他人反对这个观点，他们说学英语没用，并且浪费精力。

规则❸表示“防备，准备”。

Some animals store food against the winter.
有些动物为过冬储备食物。

They have got prepared against flood.
他们已经做好了防洪准备。

规则❹表示“衬托，相映”。

The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.
在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。

6．with的用法
规则❶表示“和……一起，和，同，跟”。

Put this bag with the others.
把这个包和其他的包放在一起。

规则❷表示“(同时或同一方向)随着”。

With the vital exam drawing near，I felt so nervous that I even couldn't eat or sleep，thus making me very sleepy in class.
随着这场重要考试日益临近，我感到如此紧张以至于吃不下睡不着，因此课堂上无精打采。

规则❸表示“具有，带有”、“由于，因为”或“(表示方式)用”。

The dictionary is what I want，but I don't have enough money with me. 这本字典正是我想要的，但是我没带够钱。

There was a problem with the parking place for bikes in our school.在我们学校自行车存放处有一个长久以来就存在的问题。

考点二常见介词短语
规则❶in＋名词
in advance提前，事先，预先in case如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管，看管，负责in return作为回报
in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而
in vain徒劳，白费力气的
规则❷on＋名词
on leave在休假on holiday在度假
on strike罢工on sale出售
规则❸beyond＋名词
beyond one's power是某人力不能及的
beyond one's reach够不着
beyond description难以形容
beyond words无法用语言形容
beyond doubt无疑；肯定
规则❹under＋名词
under construction在建设中
under consideration在考虑中
under repair在修理中
规则❺at＋名词
at work在上班at lunch在吃午饭
at rest在休息at table在吃饭
at church做礼拜at peace处于和平状态
规则❻out of＋名词
out of breath上气不接下气地
out of balance失去平衡out of touch失去联系
out of date过时的
规则❼in＋名词＋of
in favour of同意，赞成in honour of为纪念，为庆祝in memory of为纪念in face of面对
in need of需要in search of寻找
in charge of负责in spite of尽管
in case of如果，万一
考点三“动词＋介词”短语
规则❶动词＋介词
laugh at嘲笑agree on对……达成协议
look for 寻找set about 开始做……
consist of 由……组成devote...to...致力于……refer to 参考；查阅
规则❷动词＋副词＋介词
go in for爱好；从事put up with忍受
go back to 追溯到……go down to 认真做……规则❸动词＋名词＋介词
take advantage of利用pay attention to注意make use of 利用……come up with提出give in to向……让步
规则❹动词＋sb/sth＋介词
prevent sb from...阻止某人做……
remind sb of...提醒某人……
inform sb of通知某人……
warn sb of 警告某人……
[正误探究]
1．【误】I like Mr.Miner's speech；it was clear and on__the__point．【正】I like Mr.Miner's speech；it was clear and to__the__point．
【探究】句意：我喜欢Miner先生的讲话，既清楚又切中要点。

to the point 意思为“切中要点”。

2．【误】Did you really see the young man hit my brother on the face? 【正】Did you really see the young man hit my brother in the face? 【探究】句意：你真的看见那个年轻人打我弟弟的脸了吗？“打在脸上”用in the face；“打在鼻子上”用on the nose。

[易错防范]
易错点1 思维定势，误解语境
Do you think this shirt is too tight________the shoulders?
误填to/on
答案across [句意：你觉得这件衬衫肩膀的位置太紧了吗？本题考查介词的基本用法。

across the shoulders指肩宽，两肩的距离，故填across。

]
【点拨】此题易用to，因为同学们会受思维定势影响，误以为考查too...to结构；也有同学会用on，认为是说“肩膀上”，指具体地点，但此处考查两肩间的距离。

易错点2 受汉语思维影响
The graduates are determined to devote themselves ________Chinese space science.
误填for
答案to [句意：毕业生们决心献身于中国太空科学事业。

devote oneself to doing sth 意为“献身于……”，这里的to是介词。

类似的结构有：pay attention to，get down to，look forward to，make a contribution to等。

]
【点拨】易误用for。

受到汉语思维习惯的影响，考生易误认为是“为了(for表目的)中国的太空科学事业而奉献”，却忽略了与devote固定搭配的介词只能是to。

[针对训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016·全国Ⅱ，64)
2．________ the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015·全国Ⅱ，67)
3．Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ a cow.
4．A common memory they all have ________ their school days is the school uniform.
5．The little pupil took his grandma ________ the arm and walked her across the street.
6．Last year was the warmest year on record，with global temperature 0.68 ℃________ the average.
7．When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next ________ the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
8．While staying in the village，James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything ________ return.
9．That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________ short，he's reliable.
10．The dictionary is out ________ date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.
答案 1.on 2.At 3.without 4.of 5.by 6.above 7．to 8.in 9.In 10.of
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句仅1处错误)
1．Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
2．My soccer coach retired in last week.
3．Please help with me and give me some advice.
4．If you hear the alarm，stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
5．Nearly five years ago，and with the help by our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.
6．If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.
7．Suddenly it occurred to me that he might have left it in the taxi.So I immediately got touch with the taxi company.
8．I'm afraid physics is completely against me and I have to ask you for help.
9．I am afraid the mountain would break down.The next morning we got up early in order to see the sun rise from the east.
10．He is always helping people without expecting anything as return. 答案 1.on→in 2.去掉in 3.去掉with 4.wait后加for 5.by→of 6.on→in 7.got后加in 8.against→beyond 9.from→in 10.as→in
Ⅲ.语篇填空(用适当的介词填空)
As I walked __1__ the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish.I was somewhat puzzled why someone __2__ him would be searching through rubbish.Finding this a little odd，I asked him，“What are you searching __3__ ？”He replied very simply that he was looking for money.
After talking __4__ him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid __5__ from his job.Since then，he had been working __6__ part-time jobs in a doctor's office and in a food bank to earn some money.But he made so little that he lost heart.The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.
I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give __7__ and think __8__ a positive way.During the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was
possible.Although he didn't respond __9__ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect __10__ him.
答案 1.along/down 2.like 3.for 4.with 5.off 6.on 7.up 8.in 9.on 10.on。