2023届高考英语二轮语法讲义定语从句考点精讲
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2023届高考英语二轮语法讲义:定语从句考点精讲定义:定语从句就
是修饰名词或者代词的从句,通常在被修饰词的后面,本质上相当于
形容词的作用。
被修饰的名次或代词叫做先行词。
定语从句分为:
• 限制性定语从句•非限制性定语从句
区别:
•限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分,去掉后主句意思往往不明确非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
如:
Success will come to him who is honest and diligent.
成功将属于诚实而勤劳的人。
(限制性定语从句)My wife, who is out at the moment, will phone you when she gets back.
我太太现在出去了,等她回来给你去个电话。
(非限制性定语从句)一、定语从句的引导词
1.先行词是人,且在从句中作主语时,且关系代词(relative pronoun) who/that;在从句中作宾语时,用who/whom/that,或者省略。
如:The man who/that lives in that house is my uncle.
住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔That is the girl(whom/who/that) I met at the party yesterday.
那个就是我昨天在晚会上遇到的女孩。
2.?先行词是物,可用关系代词which/that充当从句的主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略。
which除了指物以外,还可指婴•儿、动物和表示单数意义的集合名词,此外还可以指人的属性,如身份、地位、职业或品格等。
如: My favorite place is Kunming which/that is called as the Spring City.
我最喜欢的地方就是被称为“春城〃的昆明。
This is the place (which/that) he would like to visit.
这就是他想去游览的地方。
3. 先行词是人或物,且在从句中作定语时,用whose引导,相当于先行词的所有格whose也可
以替换成:
• of which (指物)• of whom (指人)
如:You're the only one whose (=of whom) advice he might listen to.
只有你的建议他可能听。
They live in a room whose (=of which) window opens to the south.
他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里O. 先行词是时间、地点、原因,且在从句中作状语时,分别用关系副词(relative adverb) when, where, why 弓I 导。
•when和where可以用“介词+which〃替换why的先行词只能是reason
•why 可用“for which〃代替当口: She remembered the day when (= on which) Paul had first walked into her office.她1已得保罗第一次走进她办公室的那一天。
We then moved to Paris, where (= in which) we lived for six years.
我们后来搬到巴黎,在那里住了六年。
?
5.只能用that,不用which引导定语从句的特殊情况:
•当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, none, few 等不定代词时当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
•当先行词被no, every, some, any, only, very, much等限定词修饰时当先行词既有人又有物时
•当先行词为主句的表语或关系代同为从句的表语时there be句型中,先行词为物时
•当先行调前面有who, which, what等特殊代同时例句:
All that we need is the support from you.
我们所要的一切就是你的支持。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我第一堂课。
6.只能用which,不能用that引导定语从句的特殊情况:
•which可以引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能which之前可以接介词,that则不能
当先行词本身为that时。
例句:
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
他改变了主意,这使我很生气。
The questions were all on opera, about which I know nothing.
那些问题都是关于歌剧的,我对歌剧一无所知。
7.准关系代词as, than, but as, than, but这几个连接词可以像关系词一样,前面有名词作先行词;但它们后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
所以这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就称为准关系代词。
准关系代词只有than, as, but,分别用在以下情况:
⑴ as 主要用在"such(+n)+as..."同样的),"the same(+n. )+as…”(像...这样的),thesameas(同样的人或事),such as(这样的东西或人),as…as等结构中;
例句:
She has as much money as is required.
她要多少钱就有多少钱。
(作主语)I haven't much money but you can use such as I have.
我并没多少钱,但你可以用我手头这些。
(作宾语)匕匕较: We do the same work that they do. 我们和他们干同一件活。
(活一样)(2) than作为准关系代词出现在more. . . than,
less. . .than, fewer. . .than等结构中,这时than前面要有名词;
例句:
I have more money than is needed.
我的钱比需要的多。
Barbara seems to take a keener interest in piano music than has ever been shown.
芭芭拉对钢琴音乐的兴趣比她所表现出来的兴趣更大。
⑶ but是具有否定意义的准关系代词,代替人或物,在意义上等同于u that/which/who.. .not", but前面的主句要有另一个否定意义。
例句:
There is no one but is concerned about his future.
没有人不关心自己的未来。
There is nothing but she can do.
没有她做不到的事。
二、非限制性定语从句.非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句关系词上的主要区别
非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可省略?whom在非限制性定语从句时不能用who代替
非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时从句常由which引导,还可以用inwhich, case, at which point, on which occasion (从句谓语动词要用三单形式)如:A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.(不£8 用who)
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻印象。
The boy didn't pass the exam, which disappointed him.
男孩没通过这次考试,这令他很失望。
1. as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别?as只指代整个主句,而which既可以指代整个主句,又可以指代主句中的一部分
as引导从句时表示“正如〃,无具体内容,which引导从句时表示具体内容?as引导的从句位置很灵活,可以在主句前、中、后,而which从句只能放在主句后
如:Air, as is well-known, contains some kinds of gas.众所周知,空气包含集中气体。
The night has turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变冷了,在这一带通常如此。
三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别*同位语从句的形式和定语从句相似,通常都位于名词或代词后面,但区别有:
1.定从相当于形容词的作用,对先行词加以限制或修饰;同位语从句相当于名词的作用,对名词性成分加以补充说明,是其具体内容的体现。
2.定从的关系词要代替先行词在从句中做适当的句子成分,有时可省略;同位语从句的引导词不在从句中充当句子成分,但不可省略。
3.定从不能用whether, how等连词引导,而同位语从句可以。
*比较一下如:
1.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
他什么也没说,这个事实让所有人感到惊讶(同位语从句,that起引导作用,不代替fact在从句中充当句子成分)The fact that you are talking about is important.
你所讲的事实十分重要(定从,that在从句中做talking about的宾语)。