医学英语概述 Brief Introduction to Medical English
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From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.
词根（word root）：具有术语单词的基本意义，是构成单词 的基础。
后缀（suffix）：位于词根之后，它给予词根以新的意义。 前缀（prefix）：位于词根之前,它也给予词根以新的意义。 组合元音（combining vowel）：当词根与词根、词根与后
缀结合时，要加入一个元音，称为组合元音。 组合形式(combining form)：由词根和其后的组合元音构成。
词汇来源的多样性 名词复数的复杂性 旧词新意 语法句式的多元性
1.The Diversity of Etymology
拥有大量的拉丁语、希腊语来源的专 业词汇，而且可以互相交叉应用。
中文
拉丁语
希腊语
皮下的 subcutaneous hypodermic
肾上腺素 adrenalin(e) epinephrine
The original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants → out of what is known as England → Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.
The Etymology of Medical English
Anatomic Words
ankle chest gum lip organ
back ear hair liver throat
bladder eye hand lung tongue
Words Denoting Concepts
ache
William , the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the AngloSaxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.
4.Specific Grammar
②为了简洁，常采用被动语态及应用名词作定语 构成复合词形式，如： cancer patient(patient with cancer) blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel)
This Presentation consists of the following 2 parts:
The Etymology of Medical English
3. Words also…
Borrowed from
French
German
Spanish
Italian
Structure of Medical Vocabulary
Basic Elements of Medical Words 构词五要素
What is Medical English
医学英语是科技英语的一个分支， 其基本语法、词汇与公共英语是一致的， 具有特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和 文体结构。医学英语要求叙述严谨、词 汇涵义明确，因此具有一些有别于公共 英语的特殊性。
Differences compared to Public English
3.Same Words, Different Meanings
cell （电池~细胞） tissue（薄绸~组织） organ（风琴~器官） delivery（投递~分娩） digest（汇编~消化） sign (记号~体征)
4.Specific Grammar
①叙述严谨，限制条件多。
Thus dilution ,by water, air or other media, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria taken into the body below the minimal number necessary to infect, explains why infections and particularly those entering by respiratory tract, are less likely to be contracted in the open air than under conditions of overcrowding indoors.
医学英语起源
(The Etymology of Medical English)
医学词汇构词法
(Structure of Medical Vocabulary)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Old English (450 -1100) The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500) Early Modern English (1500 -1800) Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
3. Words Originated from Latin
The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire
In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English
Brief History of Modern English
Old English (450 -1100)
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.
2.The Complexity of Plural
①医学名词常用其外来复数形式
单数
diagnosis appendix
edema tempo
词源
Greek Latin L&GK Italian
复数
diagnoses appendices
edemata tempi
变化过程
-is → -es -ix →-ices -ma → -mata
-o → -i
2.The Complexity of Plural
②当一个名词常同时有外来复数与英文规则复 数，外来复数在正式文体中特别是科技用语中 较常见，而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语中 更常见。
③有的词的外来复数与英文正规复数的意义不 同,如： antenna → antennas 天线； antenna → antennae 昆虫的触角。
The invader’s language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Early Modern English (1500 -1800)
The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
blind
breath
fever
heal
mind
blood foot knee neck
bruise cold
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
2. Words Originated from Greek
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
1.WordsNEvaotlvievdefrom Old EnglisBh orrowed
Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.
Structure of Medical Vocabulary
Patterns 构词八类型
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Pattern 5 Pattern 6
suffix
Pattern 7 + suffix
Pattern 8
root root + (combining vowel) + suffix root + (combining vowel) + root root + (combining vowel) + root + suffix prefix + root + (combining vowel) +suffix prefix + root + combining vowel + root +
词根（word root）：具有术语单词的基本意义，是构成单词 的基础。
后缀（suffix）：位于词根之后，它给予词根以新的意义。 前缀（prefix）：位于词根之前,它也给予词根以新的意义。 组合元音（combining vowel）：当词根与词根、词根与后
缀结合时，要加入一个元音，称为组合元音。 组合形式(combining form)：由词根和其后的组合元音构成。
词汇来源的多样性 名词复数的复杂性 旧词新意 语法句式的多元性
1.The Diversity of Etymology
拥有大量的拉丁语、希腊语来源的专 业词汇，而且可以互相交叉应用。
中文
拉丁语
希腊语
皮下的 subcutaneous hypodermic
肾上腺素 adrenalin(e) epinephrine
The original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants → out of what is known as England → Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.
The Etymology of Medical English
Anatomic Words
ankle chest gum lip organ
back ear hair liver throat
bladder eye hand lung tongue
Words Denoting Concepts
ache
William , the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the AngloSaxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.
4.Specific Grammar
②为了简洁，常采用被动语态及应用名词作定语 构成复合词形式，如： cancer patient(patient with cancer) blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel)
This Presentation consists of the following 2 parts:
The Etymology of Medical English
3. Words also…
Borrowed from
French
German
Spanish
Italian
Structure of Medical Vocabulary
Basic Elements of Medical Words 构词五要素
What is Medical English
医学英语是科技英语的一个分支， 其基本语法、词汇与公共英语是一致的， 具有特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和 文体结构。医学英语要求叙述严谨、词 汇涵义明确，因此具有一些有别于公共 英语的特殊性。
Differences compared to Public English
3.Same Words, Different Meanings
cell （电池~细胞） tissue（薄绸~组织） organ（风琴~器官） delivery（投递~分娩） digest（汇编~消化） sign (记号~体征)
4.Specific Grammar
①叙述严谨，限制条件多。
Thus dilution ,by water, air or other media, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria taken into the body below the minimal number necessary to infect, explains why infections and particularly those entering by respiratory tract, are less likely to be contracted in the open air than under conditions of overcrowding indoors.
医学英语起源
(The Etymology of Medical English)
医学词汇构词法
(Structure of Medical Vocabulary)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Old English (450 -1100) The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500) Early Modern English (1500 -1800) Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
3. Words Originated from Latin
The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire
In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English
Brief History of Modern English
Old English (450 -1100)
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.
2.The Complexity of Plural
①医学名词常用其外来复数形式
单数
diagnosis appendix
edema tempo
词源
Greek Latin L&GK Italian
复数
diagnoses appendices
edemata tempi
变化过程
-is → -es -ix →-ices -ma → -mata
-o → -i
2.The Complexity of Plural
②当一个名词常同时有外来复数与英文规则复 数，外来复数在正式文体中特别是科技用语中 较常见，而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语中 更常见。
③有的词的外来复数与英文正规复数的意义不 同,如： antenna → antennas 天线； antenna → antennae 昆虫的触角。
The invader’s language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern English
Early Modern English (1500 -1800)
The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
blind
breath
fever
heal
mind
blood foot knee neck
bruise cold
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
2. Words Originated from Greek
The Etymology of Medical English
Brief History of Modern Medical English
1.WordsNEvaotlvievdefrom Old EnglisBh orrowed
Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.
Structure of Medical Vocabulary
Patterns 构词八类型
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Pattern 5 Pattern 6
suffix
Pattern 7 + suffix
Pattern 8
root root + (combining vowel) + suffix root + (combining vowel) + root root + (combining vowel) + root + suffix prefix + root + (combining vowel) +suffix prefix + root + combining vowel + root +