2020版 英语 高考冲刺总复习--写作层级训练--第二节 概要写作(人教新)高考版

第二讲概要写作
原题呈现
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

(浙江高考样题)Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the King ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long－lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing
disease.Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first－time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
写作流程
►第一步审题
1．审体裁：议论文
2．审人称：第三人称
3．审时态：一般现在时和一般过去时为主
4．审要点：
第一段：“However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点。

第二段：主要谈论的是在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”，dirt有助于预防疾病。

第三段：用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“...since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to h ealth.”
最后一段：“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。

这一观点得到了一些支持。

►第二步草拟要点并连接
写完要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。

本文整篇结构是总分结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词。

►第三步检查誊写
【参考范文】
People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1) For a long time in history, people living in some European countries like France believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been informed that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet, some scientists believe that being exposed to
some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)
一、解题思路点拨
1．读懂原文是关键
在写概要之前，一定要对文章认真阅读，确保理解文章的主旨、文章的结构、各段的段意。

在阅读文章的时候，要善于发现核心词和高频词。

这些词汇是概要写作的基础和核心。

2．以自然段为概括的基础
以自然段为基础概括会帮助我们不遗漏信息，也能帮助判断主要信息。

当然，以自然段为基础概括并不是说一个自然段一定是一个要点。

有时几个自然段说明一个要点。

有时也有一个自然段包含数个要点。

3．细节信息不需要过于详细细节性的信息如列举数字，举例，过渡句等信息不必一一列出。

4．核心词不必替换核心词是文章的心脏，一般不宜换成其他词。

5．写作时句式多样化
概要写作书面化程度比较高，因此可以酌情选择使用从句、非谓语等结构，但句子结构不可过长，也不要使用太过复杂的句子结构。

6．使用多种句式转换如：主动被动的互换，反向转换(主语和宾语互换)，从句和非谓语动词的转换等。

二、概要写作四项基本原则
1．概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。

2.概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。

3．概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。

4.概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。

Passage 1
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Host family accommodation, or living with host families, remains popular among language travel students for its unique advantages.These days, host families are trying to offer more in terms of quality, for they have something to worry about.
Host family accommodation is often seen as the number－one choice for its advantages in language study, cultural communication and the cost of living.Staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the time of their studying so that they can learn the
local language very quickly.You don’t know a lot of words and their rea l meanings until you use them with local people.Living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their “host parents”，and get to know the local way of life, people and culture.Another advantage is that host family accommodation can sometimes be the least expensive.It attracts students，for it ensures them a family of living at a low cost.
The advantages，however，have not prevented host families from worrying.On the one hand，some host families are losing their unique selling point.The problem is that the majority of hosts in big cities，now generally single and young，have less time available for students，but the selling point for host family accommodation is communication practice.On the other hand，students’ expectations have risen.They are becoming more demanding and asking for more than ever from their accommodation，as they come mainly from high socio－economic groups in their own countries.
To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service.They are trying to make living conditions better, including broadband Internet service, private bathrooms, and access to plenty of hot water for long showers.They are also providing to students with structured family activities.It is believed
that host family accommodation will keep the popularity for language travel students.
【写作指导】Paragraph 1：寄宿家庭住宿因其独特的优势在留学生中很受欢迎，但是一些事情开始令寄宿家庭感到担忧。

Paragraph 2：寄宿家庭住宿的优势体现在以下三个方面：语言学习、文化交流及相对较低的生活成本。

Paragraph 3：寄宿家庭住宿的优势并不能减少寄宿家庭的担忧，如寄宿家庭的主人不能花更多的时间陪学生。

另外，学生的期待也在增加。

Paragraph 4：为改变现状，寄宿家庭在努力提高服务质量，如改善家庭设施以及给学生提供精心组织的活动。

【参考范文】
Host family accommodation attracts language travel students, but host families have something to worry about.(要点1) Host family accommodation enables students to have practice in language with locals, experience the local culture and enjoy a relatively lower living expense.(要点2) Nevertheless, it’s gradually losing its appeal because the host family cannot make enough time for the communication and the students have a higher demand for service.(要点3)To change the current situation, host families are striving to promote their service to
retain the students.(要点4)
Passage 2
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Shyness is partly a result of genes a person has inherited (经遗传得到)．It’s also influenced by behaviors they’ve learned, the ways people have reacted to their shyness, and life experiences they’ve had.The examples other people set can also play a role in whether a person learns to be shy or not.If the parents of a shy child are overly cautious or overprotective, it can teach the child to back away from situations that might be uncomfortable or unfamiliar.
Many people want to reduce their shyness.But people who are naturally shy also have gifts that they might not appreciate in themselves.For example, because shy people may prefer listening to talking, they sometimes become really good listeners.People who are shy might also become sensitive to other people’s feelings and emotions.Because of their sensitivity and listening skills，many people with a shy personality are especially caring toward others，and interested in how others feel.People often consider them the finest friends.
Overcoming shyness takes practice.People who are shy tend to give themselves fewer chances to practice social behaviors.It’s no wonder
that people who shy away from socializing don’t feel as socially confident as people who are outgoing—they have less practice！The more you practice social behaviors，the easier they get，and the more natural they feel for you.
Take slow, steady steps forward.Going slow is OK.But be sure to go forward.Stepping back from any situations that might trigger you to feel shy can reinforce shyness and keep it at a level that’s hard to get past.Build confidence by taking one small forward step at a time.Also, it’s OK to feel awkward.Everyone does sometimes.People who are shy are often afraid to feel a wkward or uncomfortable.But don’t let that keep you from doing what you want.You might feel awkward asking your friends for help.That’s perfectly natural.Whether your friend says “yes” or “no” is out of your control.But not asking at all means you’ll never get the help.So go for it anyway!
【写作指导】Paragraph 1：害羞的部分原因在于遗传，同时也受许多外部因素的影响。

Paragraph 2：许多人想要克服害羞，但是那些天生就害羞的人却有自己都未必知道的天赋——善于倾听。

Paragraph 3：克服害羞需要实践。

Paragraph 4：要慢慢地并稳步前进，碰到让自己害羞的情况便畏缩不前更会加
剧害羞。

要通过每次进步一点点来培养自信心。

【参考范文】
Shyness has something to do with genes, behaviors and the ways people deal with it and so on.(要点1)Some people seek to get rid of it, while in fact it can also motivate such gifts as good listening and understanding in people.(要点2) However, overcoming shyness takes time and much practice.(要点3)So take slow, steady steps forward and build confidence step by step.(要点4)。