Temperature sensors
温度感测器种类
温度感测器种类
温度感测器种类有以下几种：
1. 热电偶（Thermocouple）：基于热电效应的温度传感器，具有
广泛的测量范围和良好的抗干扰能力，但精度相对较低。
2. 热敏电阻（Thermistor）：基于热电阻效应的温度传感器，分为
负温度系数热敏电阻（NTC）和正温度系数热敏电阻（PTC），
具有较高的精度和响应速度。
3. 红外温度传感器（Infrared temperature sensor）：基于物体辐射
红外线的原理进行测量，可以实现非接触测温，广泛应用于工业、医疗等领域。
4. 硅基温度传感器（Silicon-based temperature sensor）：采用硅材
料制成的传感器，主要有热敏电阻和压阻两种类型，具有较高的
精度和稳定性。
5. 纳米温度传感器（Nanotemperature sensor）：基于纳米技术制备的温度传感器，具有极高的灵敏度和响应速度，可应用于微型设
备和生物医学领域。
6. 光纤温度传感器（Fiber optic temperature sensor）：利用光纤中
的光学特性来测量温度变化，具有抗干扰能力强和远距离传输的
特点。
7. MEMS温度传感器（MEMS temperature sensor）：基于微机电
系统技术制造的温度传感器，具有体积小、功耗低和响应速度快
等特点，广泛应用于消费电子产品。
领技温度传感器手册说明书
TEMPERATURE SENSOR领 技 温 度 传 感LINGEE TEMPERATURE SENSOR MANUAL领技温度传感器手册上海领技实业有限公司LINGEESmart AgricultureGreenhouse, Humidity, Indoor air,Smart IndustryHealth & MedicalConsumer ElectronicsSmart HouseSmart WearingSmart-rings, Smart-cloth, Smart shoes,智能穿戴, 智能服饰，智能袜子，鞋子Energy & Power & EnvironmentPower system, Electricity，Boilers, , Room dryer, Solar systemsR&DTRANSPORTATIONNTC THERMISTIR SENSORS · 热敏电阻温度传感器LINGEE热敏电阻(Thermistor)是对热敏感的半导体电阻(Thermal Sensitive Resistor)，其阻值随温度变化而发生非常显著变化的半导体。
一般而言分为两大类。
一类是电阻值随温度升高而升高的 PTC （ Postive Temperature Coefficient ）热敏电阻。
另一类是电阻值随温度升高而降低的 NTC （Negative Temperature Coefficient ）热敏电阻。
本目录说明仅限于NTC 热敏电阻。
A thermistor is "a thermally sensitive resistor" that is a semiconductor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature. In general, there are two types thermal senstive resistor. One is PTC ( Postive Temperature Coefficient); the resistance increases as temperature increases. The other is NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient); the resistance decreases as temperature increases. The following description is applicable only to NTC thermistors.热敏电阻是应用于信息系统与控制系统的敏感元件，主要用于对温度的测量、控制、保护及用作加热器。
sensors and actuators b-chemical模板 -回复
sensors and actuators b-chemical模板-回复sensors and actuators in chemical industryIntroduction:In the chemical industry, the use of sensors and actuators plays a crucial role in maintaining efficient operations, ensuring product quality, and enhancing safety measures. Sensors are devices that detect changes in the environment and convert them into an electrical signal, while actuators are mechanisms that control or manipulate physical systems. Together, these two technologies form a fundamental part of process control, enabling automation and optimization in chemical manufacturing. In this article, we will explore the various types of sensors and actuators used in the chemical industry and delve into their applications.1. Sensors in the chemical industry:1.1 Temperature sensors:Temperature sensors are widely used in chemical facilities to monitor and control reaction temperatures. They help to ensure that reactions occur at the desired temperature range to achieveoptimum product yields and reduce the risk of unwanted side reactions. Additionally, temperature sensors aid in maintaining safe operating conditions by triggering alarms and shutdown mechanisms when temperatures exceed predefined limits.1.2 Pressure sensors:Pressure sensors are critical in the chemical industry for maintaining optimal operating conditions and ensuring safety. They help monitor and control pressure levels in storage tanks, pipelines, and reactors. By providing real-time pressure data, these sensors enable operators to take corrective actions promptly, preventing overpressure situations that could lead to equipment failure or even catastrophic incidents.1.3 Flow sensors:Flow sensors are utilized to monitor and regulate the flow rate of liquids or gases during chemical processes. Accurate measurement of flow rates is crucial for maintaining product quality and controlling production volumes. Flow sensors also play a vital role in detecting leaks or blockages in pipelines, preventing potential safety hazards and minimizing product losses.1.4 Level sensors:Level sensors are employed to monitor and control the liquid or solid levels in tanks, vessels, and reactors. They help prevent overflow or underflow situations, ensuring consistent process conditions and preventing environmental pollution. Level sensors also aid in inventory management, enabling timely replenishment of raw materials and avoiding production disruptions.2. Actuators in the chemical industry:2.1 Control valves:Control valves are one of the most commonly used actuators in the chemical industry. They regulate the flow rate, pressure, and temperature of fluids within a system. By responding to signals from sensors or control systems, valves modulate the flow of liquids or gases, allowing precise control over process variables. This enables operators to maintain desired conditions, optimize energy consumption, and ensure product quality.2.2 Motorized valves:Motorized valves are employed to control the opening and closing of fluid passages in chemical plants. They are typically used inlarger pipelines or critical systems where manual valve operation may be impractical or unsafe. Motorized valves can be operated remotely, enhancing operational flexibility and enabling rapid response in emergency situations.2.3 Solenoid valves:Solenoid valves are extensively used in the chemical industry for their fast response time and precise control capabilities. These valves use electromagnetic force to open or close fluid passages, making them ideal for applications that require quick and accurate fluid flow control. Solenoid valves are commonly used in automated systems and are invaluable for process optimization, energy efficiency, and safety enhancement.2.4 Pumps and motors:Pumps and motors are critical actuators used in the chemical industry to move fluids within a process. They provide the necessary pressure and flow required for various operations, such as transferring fluids between vessels, circulating cooling or heating media, and mixing reagents. Efficient and reliable pumps and motors are crucial for maintaining process stability, ensuring product consistency, and minimizing energy consumption.Conclusion:Sensors and actuators are essential components in the chemical industry, enabling efficient and safe operations. They play a vital role in monitoring and controlling process variables, optimizing energy consumption, and ensuring product quality. By providing real-time data and enabling precise control, sensors and actuators contribute to increased productivity, reduced waste, and enhanced safety measures. As technology advances, the application of sensors and actuators in the chemical industry will continue to evolve, revolutionizing manufacturing processes and driving innovation in the field.。
温度传感器外文翻译
英文翻译Temperature humidity sensorThe sensor in type many sensors, the temperature sensor and applies two aspects in its output both is second to and with it correlation temperature is an important physical parameter, he affects all physical, chemistry and biomedicine process march, regardless of in the industry, the agriculture, the scientific research, the national defense and people's daily life each aspect, the temperature survey and the control all is the extremely important with the electronic technology and the materials science development, to each kind of new thermal element and the temperature sensor request structure advanced, the performance is stable, satisfies the more and more high request which proposed to the temperature survey and the control.Sensor classification carries on classified resistance type PN according to the manufacture temperature sensor material and the principle of work to tie the type thermoelectricity type radiation formular operating region is refers to the resistance value to have the remarkable change temperature sensor along with the temperature change, it may transform directly the temperature as the electrical the operating temperature scope, its resistance the which increases along with the temperature ascension is called positive temperature coefficient (PTC); Its resistance number the which reduces along with the temperature t ascension is called negative temperature (NTC); The negative temperature which reduces suddenly along with the temperature rise is called critical (CTR) in a warm area internal resistance.1. PTC principle of the PTC r usually to use the (BaTio3) ceramic material, the pure BaTio3 ceramics have the extremely high electronic resistivity under often the temperature, above 108Ω · m, therefore is the insulator.If carries on the doping in BaTio3, may cause the BaTio3 semiconductor, for example: Mixes by %% rare-earth element, but causes it to become has under the normal temperature----10Ω · m N line of semiconductors .Has electricity semiconductor BaTio3, when the temperature achieved when Curie temperature T, it transforms by the tetragonal system into the cubic system, this time its electronic resistivity leap increases several magnitudes ( times).Positive temperature coefficient the (PTC) acts according to this nature manufacture.After in semiconductor multi-crystal grain structure BaTio3, its crystal grain (general size small is approximately 3-10 µ m) the interior is the semiconductor nature; But the crystal boundary (has f e r r o electricity) for the high-resistance area. When type crystal external voltage, voltage majority of landings on high-resistance crystal boundary level, thus the crystal boundary has an effect to the material electric conductivity .The electron must pass through the crystal boundary barrier potential barrier from a crystal grain to be able to arrive another crystal grain .Below Curie temperature T c, BaTio3 is tetragonal system dielectric, the existence has the spontaneous polarized very strong internal electric field, enable the electron to have the high energy, thus the traversing crystal boundarypotential barrier is easy. But above Curie temperature T c, BaTio3 becomes the cubic system by the tetragonal system, polarizes vanishing spontaneously, internal electric field vanishing, the electricity is difficult in the traversing potential barrier, therefore above curie warm waste T c, electronic resistivity sharp increase. When two crystal grains contact mutually, crystal grain barrier potential barrier as shown in Figure is potential barrier le vel thickness, ø0 is the barrier height .According to the equation, the barrier height ø0 sticks the effective dielectric constant εe ff between with the crystal the relations is: In the formula, n0 is the density of donors; e is t he electronic electric quantity .ε0 is the vacuum coefficient of d i electrical loss. When the electronic overstepping potential barrier enters ø0, the electronic resistivity may write isWhen the temperature is l ower than Curie temperature TC, εe ff the value is approximately about 104, therefore ø0 very small, the ceramic electronic resistivity rho approaches in the volume resistivity ρv, after the temperature surpasses Curie temperature TC, the value drops suddenly, the A value increases, causes rho the value sharp increase, dopes BaTio3 and rho and between the temperature relational like chart .NTC t h r principle of work NTC the r s tor majority is by the transition family metal oxide compound (mainly is with M n, co, Ni, Fe and so on), the agglutination forms the semiconductor metal oxide compound under the controlled condition, they only have the P semiconductor characteristic .Regarding the common semiconducting material, the electronic resistivity mainly is relies on along with the warm waste change the current carrier number along with the temperature change, the temperature increment, the current carrier number increases, electric conduction ability enhancement. Thus electronic resistivity F falls. Regarding transition metal oxide compound semiconductor, for example Ni O, because its acceptor ionizing energy is very small, broad basic ionized completely in the room temperature, namely the current carrier density basically has nothing to do with the temperature, this time, should mainly consider the transport ratio and the temperature relations .By the semiconductor physics knowledge, the transport ratio expresses by the equation below:In the formula: The d-- oxygen octahedron gap is away from (Ni O is the Na Cl structure); V0-- lattice vibration frequency; The Ei-- activation energy, indicated the electron jumps originally from one in the position the energy which needs to the neighboring atom site. Or rewriting Then the electronic resistivity is: 0Ne-Ei/kT If command, then type changes: rho =ρ0eEi/KT Obviously the metal oxide compound semiconductor electronic resistivity mainly has the transport ratio along with the temperature change to cause along with the temperature change .When temperature increment, the electronic resistivity drops, assumes the negative temperature coefficient characteristic. Critical temperature also belongs to the negative temperature coefficient. But in some critical temperature scope, its resistance number drops suddenly along with the temperature rise .Anti- as shown in Figure 4-4. In the chart the anti- r curve has aresistance number point of discontinuity, approximately for 68℃, resistance number point of discontinuity magnitude generally in 3~ carry on the adjustment based on the material ingredient, it is suitable specially in 65℃~75℃ between uses, this kind of resistor may make the constant temperature control and on-off element.The CTR r usually uses the glass semiconductor processing, take the vanadium as the main material. Mixes in certain materials and so on oxide compound like C a O, B a O, S O or P2O5, TiO2 becomes after the hot dissolve. temperature sensor basic characteristic in view of the fact that the temperature sensor type is many, moreover its work mechanism is also different. This mainly introduces t the hot sensitive diode and the hot sensitive transistor characteristic and the parameter. from the s the material and anti- and so on carry on the classification variously. According to structure shape classification: Laminated shape, gasket shape, rod-shaped, tubular, thin membrane, thick membranous and other shapes. Includes according to the anti- temperature ra classification: Normal temperature, high temperature and ultralow temperature hot sensitive resistor. Includes according to the anti- classification: Negative temperature coefficient r (NTC), switch temperature r (PTC); Slow aberration positive temperature coefficient r (PTC), the critical negative temperature coefficient, the platinum resistor limits the temperature curve like chart 4-4 curvature 1. 1st, resistance - temperature characteristic anti- is refers to between the actual resistance value and the resistance body temperature dependent relations, this is one of basic characteristics.PTC switch positive temperature coefficient anti- curve. value rises suddenly to some temperature nearby the maximizing.Through the doping .If dopes P b in BaTio3, may cause Tc to the high temperature traverse, mixes in elements and so on S r or S n after BaTio3, may cause TC to the low temperature traverse. May according to need to adjust t Curie temperature TC. The actual resistance number expressed with RT. Is under certain ambient temperature, uses causes the resistance number change not to surpass the resistance value which % survey power actual resistance value is called the zero energy resistance value, or is called does not give off heat the power resistance value (cold resistance value).The actual resistance value size is decided by the resistor material and the geometry shape. If the actual resistance number own temperature has the following relations: NTC In the formula: RT time 11 temperature T actual resistance value; R 1 and resistance geometry shape with material related constant B, A 11 material constants. For the easy to operate, usually takes the ambient temperature for 25℃ to take the reference temperature, then has: NTC puts the resistor hotly: RT/R25=exp[B(1/T-1/298)] PTC g change along with the temperatureT change, and is proportional with material constant B. Therefore, usually while gives the resistance temperature coefficient, must point out when the survey temperature, positive temperature coefficient t a T in value superior constant A. Slow aberration positive temperature coefficient value in %/℃ 110%/℃ between. But the switch(mutant) positive temperature co efficient T may achieve 60%/℃ or higher. Material constant B is uses for to describe the t material physical property - parameter. Also is called the thermal sensitivity target. In the operating region, the B value is not a strict constant, has slightly along with the temperature ascension increases .In general, the B value great electronic resistivity is also high. The different B value material has the different use, like ordinary negative temperature coefficient material constant B value between 2000yi5000 K. The negative temperature coefficient B value may according to the equation below computation: Positive temperature coefficient resistor, its A value according to equation below computation: In the formula, R1 R2 respectively is time thermodynamic temperature T1 and the T2 resistance value. 2. thermal properties (1) dissipation constant H dissipation constant H defined as the temperature each increase once diffusion power .It uses for when describes work, the resistance element and the external environment carry on the hot conversation a physical quantity. Dissipation constant H and dissipated power P .The temperature increment AT relations are The H size and the t structure, locates the environment medium type, the velocity of movement, the pressure and the heat conduction performance and so on related, when ambient temperature change, H has the change. (2) capacity and the time-constant r appliance has certain calorific capacity C, therefore it has certain warm. Also is the temperature change needs certain time. When the is heated up the T2 temperature, puts to the temperature is in the T0 environment, does not add the electric power, the starts to decrease temperature, its temperature T is the time t function, in △t time. The may indicate to the environment diffusion quantity of heat is: H(T-T0)△t, this part of quantity of heat is provides by the temperature decrease. Its value for - C△T, therefore has:Expressed in the environment atmosphere the steam content physical quantity is a y. The humidity expression method has two kinds, namely absolute humidity and relative h um (RH).The absolute humidity is refers to in the atmosphere the water content absolute value, the relative humidity is refers to in the atmosphere the steam to press with the identical temperature under ratio of the saturated steam tension, expressed with the percentage. The humidity sensor or the dew cell are refer to the paraphrase to the humidity sensitive part, it may be the wet sensitive resistor, also may be the wet sensitive capacitor or other dew cells. The humidity sensor classification classifies according to the feeling wet physical quantity, the humidity sensor may divide into three big kinds, namely wet sensitive resistor, wet sensitive capacitor and wet sensitive transistor. The humidity resistor makes which according to the use different material may divide into: Metal oxide compound semiconductor ceramics wet sensitive resistor, for example: MgCr2O4 series, ZnO-Cr2O3 series; Element material wet sensitive resistor, for example: Semiconductor G e, Si, Se and C element; Compound wet sensitive resistor, for example: Li Cl, CaSO4, and fluoride and iodide and so on; High polymer wet sensitive resistor and so on. The wet sensitive capacitor mainly is the porous Al2O3material makes as the medium. The wet sensitive transistor divides into the wet sensitive diode and the wet sensitive three levels of tubes. The wet sensitive resistor principle of work and the characteristic 1, the metal oxide compound semiconductor ceramics wet sensitive resistor (1) principle of work porous metal oxide compound semiconductor ceramics, in the crystal plane and the crystal boundary place, very easy to adsorb t drone. Because the water is one strong polar dielectric medium, nearby the h y drone hydrogen atom has the very strong electric field, has the very big electron affinity. When h y drone adheres to stick cohere when the semiconductor ceramics surface, will form the energy level very deep attachment surface acceptor condition, but from semiconductor ceramics surface capture electron, but will form the bound state in the ceramic surface the negative space charge, correspondingly will appear the hole in the near surface layer to accumulate, thus will cause the semiconductor ceramics electronic resistivity depression.Moreover, according to the ion electric conductance principle, the structure not compact semiconductor ceramics crystal grain has certain crevice, reveals the porous capillarity tubular .The drone may adsorbs through this kind of pore between various crystal grains surface and the crystal grain, because adsorbs the e separable relieves the massive electric conduction ion, these ions are playing the electric charge transportation role in the water adsorbed layer. along with humidity increase, material electronic resistivity drop. oxide compound semiconductor ceramics wet sensitive resistor principal variety and structure The metal oxide compound semiconductor ceramics wet sensitive resistor typical product includes: MgCr2O4 - TiO2 wet sensitive resistor, ZnO-Cr2O3 wet sensitive resistor, ZnO-Li2O3-V2O5 wet sensitive resistor and so on. For example: The ZnO-Li2O3-V2O5 wet sensitive resistance, is take Zn O as the main material, is joining a price, two prices, three prices and so on other metal oxide compound burns the ceramics semiconducting material, the survey humidity scope is 5%~100%RH, the measuring accuracy is 2%, is one kind of more ideal dew cell, and may make the miniaturization, the structure is simple. 2nd, element material wet sensitive resistor kind of wet sensitive resistor is a part which the element semiconducting material or the element material make.The carbon wet sensitive resistor is one resistance - humidity characteristic is the dew cell. With the organic matter polypropylene plastic piece or the stick are substrates, spreads cloth one to include the conductive carbon granule organic textile fiber constitution. This kind of wet sensitive resistor craft is simple, is advantageous for the uses the organic material absorption of moisture, the volume expansion, between the carbon granule distance increases, thus the resistance value increases principle. The element semiconductor, have on the honeycomb electrode ceramic substrate, is composed [granule diameter by the characteristic in the Fe3O4 colloid by the particle approximately for (100~250)×10-8m], each pellet only then a magnetic domain, therefore, the co current pellet attracts the union mutually, thus does not need the highpolymer material to make the colloid bond, but can obtain the good performance and the long service life. Figure 4-1 is the Fe3O4 colloid wet sensitive resistor structure drawing. Figure 4-2 is the Fe3O4 wet sensitive resistor resistance humidity characteristic curve, displays for the negative feeling wet characteristic. 4th, the wet sensitive resistor characteristic (1) resistance - humidity characteristic wet sensitive resistor resistance number along with the humidity change is generally the index relations change.温度传感器在种类繁多的传感器中，温度传感器在其产量和应用两方面都是数一数二的。
传感器中英文介绍
传感器中英文介绍Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃ hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃ to50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ ., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especially when using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（英文名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
RTD Temperature Sensors热电阻温度传感器英文版
School Of EngineeringKNE222 Electronic EngineeringOperational Amplifier Applications The Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD)In addition to thermocouples for measuring temperature, instrumentation engineers frequently use Resistive Temperature Detectors or RTDs. These are devices whose DC resistance varies (almost) linearly as a function of temperature. Perhaps the most common of these is the PT100, a platinum based sensor whose resistance at 0ºC is exactly 100 Ohms, (see Table 1). As the sensor’s temperature increases so does its resistance, in a reasonably linear manner. Table 1 shows the variation in resistance of a PT100 sensor with temperature. While the temperature coefficient varies slightly over a wide range of temperatures, (typically 0.0036 to 0.0042 Ohms/ºC), it can be considered reasonably constant over a 50 or 100 ºC range. The commonly accepted average temperature coefficient is 0.00385 Ohms per ºC. Accordingly the PT100 can often be used without linearization over such a range provided the appropriate coefficient is evaluated. This device is also capable of withstanding a wide range of temperatures, from -200 to 800ºC, and for some applications the variations in temperature coefficient can be tolerated. Further, the PT100 provides stable and reproducible temperature characteristics.For a given base resistance R o , the resistance of an RTD at T ºC is given by:Or ααo o R T R T T T T R T R -=--+=)())(1()(00 (1)Where R o is the base resistance corresponding to T o , (100Ohms at 0 ºC) and αis the temperature coefficient, (0.00385Ohms per ºC). Thus R(100 ºC ) = 138.5 Ohms . This approximation provides quite a good estimate of temperature up to about 300 ºC, as shown in Figure 1, thereafter the nonlinearity becomes evident.Figure 1. Linear RTD model vs. the actual characteristicEquation (1) assumes that the nonlinearities in the RTD characteristic are negligible, ie that the device is entirely linear, and while for many applications this approximation is acceptable, where more precision is required a nonlinear model must be used, as outlined in Equation (2).))100(1()(32T T C BT AT R T R o -+++= (2)Where: A = 3.908E-3, B = -5.775E-7 and C = -4.183E-12 for T<0 and C = 0 for T>0.Temperature information can be obtained from an RTD by measuring its resistance; either by applying a known current and measuring the resulting voltage or vice versa. Care muse be taken when passing a current through an RTD as internal I2R heating will also affect the devi ce’s resistance. The degree to which this occurs depends on the physical size of the RTD in question, and therefore how much heat it can dissipate before its temperature rises significantly above ambient. For small devices sense currents must be kept quite low, typically less than 3mA. A small (thick film) PT100 device appears in figure 2.Figure 2. A Thick Film PT100 Temperature Sensor ConstructionFigure 3. Sample PT100 probesRTDs generally have a small thermal mass and therefore can exhibit a fast response to rapid changes in temperature. This can be useful in process control applications.Information Coding Techniques.Instrumentation applications frequently use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) to store and process data, and therefore the analogue output signals of sensing equipment must be scaled appropriately for the A-D converter input card of the PLC concerned. This is generally accomplished by the sensor driving circuitry. There are several standard voltage ranges used by manufacturers; these include 0 to 1, 0 to 5 and 0 to 10 volts, each corresponding to the desired range of temperatures detected by the RTD.In addition to the voltage source based signals, it is also common to use a current source to carry encoded analogue information. This method offers significant noise immunity over voltage carriers, since both common mode and normal mode induced voltages can be tolerated without significantly corrupting the current flowing. Four to twenty mA current loops are frequently used over moderate transmission distances, for example from one side of a factory to the other, to convey analogue information.The loop transmitter is generally set up so that the lower end of the required temperature range corresponds to 4mA and the upper end to 20mA. Thus should the loop become broken, resulting in a total loss of current, the fault can be readily detected. Effectively the analogue signal is encoded as a 0-16mA, current shifted from the origin by 4mA. The range of temperatures that correspond to these currents (usually known as the span) is determined by the user, who must program the transmitter accordingly. Some loop transmitters are powered by the 4mA current component, while others require an external power supply.An RTD Drive Circuit.The schematic shown in Figure 4 is designed to interface a PT100 to a PLC analogue input card. It offers two output signals; a 0-5 volt voltage signal and a 4-20mA current signal. The circuit uses a Wheatstone bridge arrangement to derive a positive voltage, proportional to the increase in sensor resistance beyond the base resistance R o, which corresponds to the lower end of the desired temperature range, (in this case 0 ºC).Figure 4. A Temperature Measuring Circuit for the PT100.Thr RTD is included in a Wheatstone bridge arrangement (sometimes known as a quarter bridge configuration), which operates from a split power supply. However in this circuit the voltage supplies are not quite equal. The negative rail is fixed at 0.265 volts while the positive rail is set so that the voltage on the top side of the RTD is zero,i.e. so that the bridge is nulled.The voltage required to null the bridge will vary, depending on the temperature of the RTD. Therefore temperature information is encoded in the positive supply potential.The left hand side of the bridge consists of two identical resistors, which at their union generate a common mode voltage containing information relating only to the temperature of the RTD. A particularly good feature of this technique is the fact that the output is truly linear with the resistanceδr , and in addition, the output voltage is ground referenced . This means that there is no common mode voltage present that must be rejected by the differential amplifier.Circuit Analysis.Figure 5 shows the simplified Wheatstone bridge and nulling amplifier. The RTD is represented by (R 0+δr ), where δr represents the resistance variation with temperature; the upper arm of the bridge is set to R o , (the base resistance, corresponding to T o ). The purpose of the nulling amplifier is to drive the voltage at the inverting terminal to zero , by adjusting V + appropriately. In particular, when the RTD temperature is T o, then δr = 0 and V - =V +.Figure 5. Simplified Wheatstone Bridge and Nulling Amplifier .By applying the principle of superposition we obtain:02)(2=++++-+rR r R V r R R V o o o o δδδ So that V + becomes:)1(oR r V V δ+-=-+ In the figure above, V o is the average of V + and V -, thus we find:This result is particularly satisfying since V o is linear in r δ and there is no common mode component.If 265.0-=-V volts*, then oo R r V 2265.0δ=, and since we know that the resistance of a PT100 is 138.5 Ohms at 100o C, then o R r /δ= 0.385 at 100o C, and thus we find that CmV V o o 10051=, or alternatively V o increases at a rate of 0.51mV/o C . This value is quite small, and in order to achieve more convenient output level an amplifier is required, as shown in Figure 4. For an output potential of 5 volts at 100o C the gain required will be:015.98051.05==G* (0.265 volts was chosen so as to limit the self heating effect in the RTD, as a result of the bridge current.)o o o R r V R r V V V 22)/1(δδ----=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+-=The non inverting amplifier shown in Figure 4 provides this gain, which can be trimmed using the Span adjustment potentiometer.In addition to the span, an offset adjustment is also provided in the circuit, (see Fig 4). This is intended to enable the user to match the resistors on the right hand side of the bridge, (i.e. R o and r R o δ+) when T = T o . This will ensure that the bridge is balanced at temperature T o and thus V o (T o ) = 0.Both these adjustments use 10 turn potentiometers for precise calibration.Circuit Calibration.The circuit can be easily calibrated using fixed calibration resistances as follows:1. Replace the RTD with a 100 Ohm calibration resistance (R o ). Adjust the Offset potentiometeruntil the output voltage becomes zero.2. Fit a 138.5 Ohm calibration resistance in place of the resistance inserted in part 1. Adjust theSpan potentiometer until the output voltage equals 5 volts.3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until each potentiometer requires no further adjustment. (Because eachof these adjustments affects the other, the calibration process is an iterative one.)4-20mA Current Output.Finally, a word about the 4-20mA current signal; this circuit is driven from the 0-5 volt DC output generated by the gain amplifier. The 4-20mA current source uses an operational amplifier and a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), connected so that the emitter potential is fed back to the inverting input terminal, (see Fig 4). The collector current is to a good approximation given by the voltage supplied to the non-inverting input terminal divided by the emitter resistance, R E .When the measured temperature is 0o C, and thus the gain amplifier output is zero volts, the former voltage becomes (1.25)/2 volts (Division by 2 is due to the 10k:10k potential divider). The resulting loop current therefore must be: mA R v I Eo 0.4225.1==. Thus 25.156=E R Ohms. On the other hand when the measured temperature is 100o C, the output from the gain amplifier becomes 5 volts, and the current source controlling voltage becomes (1.25 +5)/2 volts. The output current therefore becomes 202)525.1(=+=Eo R v I mA , (as expected). So in summary, the loop current varies linearly between 4mA and 20mA, as the temperature varies between 0 and 100o C.Table 1. PT100 Resistance as a function of Temperature。
Sitrans TS500 Temperature Sensors 证书说明书
2. Certificate No: FM17US0010X3. Equipment:(Type Reference and Name) Sitrans TS500 Temperature Sensors4. Name of Listing Company: Siemens AG5. Address of Listing Company: Process Industries and Drives DivisionProcess Automation76181 Karlsruhe, Germany6. The examination and test results are recorded in confidential report number:3056385 dated 21st January 20187. FM Approvals LLC, certifies that the equipment described has been found to comply with the following Approvalstandards and other documents:FM Class 3600:2011, FM Class 3611: 2004, FM Class 3615: 2006, FM Class 3616: 2011, FM Class 3810: 2005, ANSI/ISA 60079-0: 2009, ANSI/ISA 60079-1: 2013, ANSI/ISA 60079-31: 2013,ANSI/NEMA 250: 1991, ANSI/IEC 60529: 20048. If the sign ‘X’ is placed after the certificate number, it indicates that the equipment is subject to specificconditions of use specified in the schedule to this certificate.9. This certificate relates to the design, examination and testing of the products specified herein. The FM Approvalssurveillance audit program has further determined that the manufacturing processes and quality control procedures in place are satisfactory to manufacture the product as examined, tested and Approved.10. Equipment Ratings:Explosionproof for Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C and D (or B, C and D); Dust-ignitionproof for Class II, III, Division 1, Groups E, F and G; Flameproof for Class I, Zone 1, AEx d IIC Gb; Protection by Enclosure Zone 21, AEx tb IIIC; Nonincendive, with and without nonicendive field wiring parameters, for use in Class I, II and III, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, and D; Nonincendive, with and without non incendive field wiring Certificate issued by:21 January 2018J. E. MarquedantVP, Manager, Electrical SystemsDateTo verify the availability of the Approved product, please refer toparameters, for Class I, Zone 2, Group IIC; and Suitable, with and without nonincendive field wiringparameters, for Class II, III, Division 2, applicable Group F and G; hazardous (classified) locations, indoors and outdoors, Type 4X, IP6611. The marking of the equipment shall include:Class I Division 1, Groups A, B, C, D (or B, C and D); T* Ta = -40°C to +Tx°C;Class II, III, Division 1, Groups E, F, G; T* Ta = -40°C to +Tx°C;Class I, II, III, Division 2, Group A, B, C, D, F, G; T* Ta = -40°C to +Tx°C;Class I, Zone 1, AEx d IIC T* Gb Ta = -40°C to +Tx°C,Zone 21 AEx tb IIIC T* Db Ta = -40°C to +Tx°C,Type 4X, IP6612. Description of Equipment:General - The temperature sensors of the SITRANS TS product family are used for measuring temperatures in industrial plants. Depending on the specifications, sensors can be combined with different connection heads, extension tubes, and process connections. This makes the sensors suitable for a variety of process engineering applications, e.g. in the following sectors: petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, etc.Measuring inserts for SITRANS TS500 temperature sensors are available in three variants:•Variant 1: DIN mounting disk for accommodating a transmitter or ceramic socket.•Variant 2: Fixed connection of the ends of the mineral insulated cable with a DIN ceramic socket.•Variant 3: Measuring insert in a spring-loaded adapter (ANSI).The transmitters are mounted in AG0, AH0, AU0, AV0, UU0 and UG0 connection heads.The following FM Approved Temperature Transmitters are available with the different connection heads: Transmitter Type Code Certificate Number RatingNI/I/2/ABCD/T6,T5,T4 Sitrans TH100 7NG3211-0BN00 FM 3024169FM 3024169CSitrans TH200 7NG3211-1BN00Sitrans TH300 7NG3212-0BN00Operation Temperature Rangers - The ambient operating temperature range for the connection heads of SITRANS TS500 7MC75 and 7MC65 Temperature Transmitter is -40°C to 120°C. Process temperature range is -80°C to +440°C. The maximum permissible ambient temperature at the sensor simultaneously corresponds to the highest permissible process temperature. The minimum permissible process temperatures are up to -200 °C depending on the version of the temperature sensor. Details are given in the control drawing and the SITRANSRatings - For the XP/flameproof and DIP version, the maximum voltage of the equipment is 35 V (100 mW maximum). The nominal and maximum voltage ratings of the non-incendive version is 30 V and 32 V, respectively. With display type DVM-LCD, the maximum current is 100 mA.SITRANS TS 500 7MC75xx-xxxxx-abcd-Z E13+fff+ggg+hhha Extension X:0 - Without4 - ANSI –Type Nipple X = 150 mm(1/2” NPT) unadjustable5 - ANSI – Type NUN X= 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable6 - ANSI –Type nipple spring load X = 74 mm (1/2” NPT) unadjustable8 - ANSI –Type NUN spring load X = 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable9 - Customer specific extension lengthb Connection Head:N - For TF Housing in combination with A8*G - Head AG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationsH - Head AH0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; Display; suitable for Ex d applicationsU - Head AU0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid (only for zones)V - Head AV0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid; Display (only for zones)Z - Customer specific connection heads (suitable for Ex only in case of customized heads AG0 and AH0)c Sensor Type:A - Pt100 BasicB - Pt100 Vibration-resistantC - Pt100 Extended measuring rangeF - Pt1000 BasicG - Pt1000 Vibration-resistantK - Type KJ - Type JN - Type NZ - Customer specific sensor typed Number of sensors in measuring insert:1 - Single (Class B/Class 2)2 - Single (Class A/Class 1)3 - Single (Class AA)5 - Double (Class B/Class 2)6 - Double (Class A/Class 1)7 - Double (Class AA)0 - Customer specific sensor typefff Extended options - extension:N*A - ANSI-Type spring loadedN*N - Nipple 2x NPT not spring loadedN*U - N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loadedggg TF Housing:A8* - Sitrans TF Housinghhh Transmitter Sitrans TH:T13 - Sitrans TH100 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, Pt100T23 - Sitrans TH200 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, UniversalT41 - Sitrans TH400 PA Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEx/NEPSI), UniversalT45 - Sitrans TH400 FF Zone 2/ Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT46 - Sitrans TH400 FF Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalSITRANS TS 500 7MC75xx-xxxxx-abcd-Z E14+fff+ggg+hhha Extension X:0 - Without1 - According to DIN 43772, length “X” depends on the type of thermowell1 - DIN – Type X = 65 mm adjustable2 - DIN – Type X = 139 mm adjustable3 - DIN – Type X = 149 mm adjustable9 - Customer specific extension lengthb Connection Head:G - Head AG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationsH - Head AH0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; Display; suitable for Ex d applicationsU - Head AU0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid (only for zones)V - Head AV0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid; Display (only for zones)Z - Customer specific connection heads (suitable for Ex only in case of customized heads AG0 and AH0)c Sensor Type:A - Pt100 BasicB - Pt100 Vibration-resistantC - Pt100 Extended measuring rangeF - Pt1000 BasicG - Pt1000 Vibration-resistantK - Type KJ - Type JN - Type NZ - Customer specific sensor typed Number of sensors in measuring insert:1 - Single (Class B/Class 2)2 - Single (Class A/Class 1)3 - Single (Class AA)5 - Double (Class B/Class 2)6 - Double (Class A/Class 1)7 - Double (Class AA)0 - Customer specific sensor typefff Extended options - extension:N*D - DIN Type (M24 adjustable)ggg TF Housing:A8* - Sitrans TF Housinghhh Transmitter Sitrans TH:T13 - Sitrans TH100 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, Pt100T23 - Sitrans TH200 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, UniversalT33 - Sitrans TH300 Ex I (cFMus), HART, UniversalT40 - Sitrans TH400 PA Zone 2/Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT41 - Sitrans TH400 PA Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEx/NEPSI), UniversalSITRANS TS 500 7MC75xx-xxxxx-abcd-Z E16+fff+ggg+T13a Extension X:0 - Without1 - According to DIN 43772, length “X” depends on the type of thermowell1 - DIN – Type X = 65 mm adjustable2 - DIN – Type X = 139 mm adjustable3 - DIN – Type X = 149 mm adjustable4 - ANSI – Type Nip ple X = 150 mm(1/2” NPT) unadjustable5 - ANSI –Type NUN X= 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable6 - ANSI –Type nipple spring load X = 74 mm (1/2” NPT) unadjustable8 - ANSI –Type NUN spring load X = 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable9 - Customer specific extension lengthb Connection Head:N - For TF Housing in combination with A8*G - Head AG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationsH - Head AH0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; Display; suitable for Ex d applicationsU - Head AU0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid (only for zones)V - Head AV0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid; Display (only for zones)Z - Customer specific connection heads (suitable for Ex only in case of customized heads AG0 and AH0)c Sensor Type:A - Pt100 BasicB - Pt100 Vibration-resistantC - Pt100 Extended measuring rangeF - Pt1000 BasicG - Pt1000 Vibration-resistantK - Type KJ - Type JN - Type NZ - Customer specific sensor typed Number of sensors in measuring insert:1 - Single (Class B/Class 2)2 - Single (Class A/Class 1)3 - Single (Class AA)5 - Double (Class B/Class 2)6 - Double (Class A/Class 1)7 - Double (Class AA)0 - Customer specific sensor typefff Extended options - extension:N*D - DIN Type (M24 adjustable)N*A - ANSI-Type spring loadedN*N - Nipple 2x NPT not spring loadedN*U - N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loadedggg TF Housing:A8* - Sitrans TF HousingSITRANS TS 500 7MC75xx-xxxxx-abcd-Z E16+fff+ggg+hhha Extension X:0 - Without1 - According to DIN 43772, length “X” depends on the type of thermowell1 - DIN – Type X = 65 mm adjustable2 - DIN – Type X = 139 mm adjustable3 - DIN – Type X = 149 mm adjustable4 - ANSI –Type Nipple X = 150 mm(1/2” NPT) unadjustable5 - ANSI –Type NUN X= 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable6 - ANSI –Type nipple spring load X = 74 mm (1/2” NPT) unadjustable8 - ANSI –Type NUN spring load X = 150 mm (1/2” NPT) adjustable9 - Customer specific extension lengthb Connection Head:N - For TF Housing in combination with A8*G - Head AG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationsH - Head AH0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; Display; suitable for Ex d applicationsU - Head AU0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid (only for zones)V - Head AV0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid; Display (only for zones)Z - Customer specific connection heads (suitable for Ex only in case of customized heads AG0 and AH0)c Sensor Type:A - Pt100 BasicB - Pt100 Vibration-resistantC - Pt100 Extended measuring rangeF - Pt1000 BasicG - Pt1000 Vibration-resistantK - Type KJ - Type JN - Type NZ - Customer specific sensor typed Number of sensors in measuring insert:1 - Single (Class B/Class 2)2 - Single (Class A/Class 1)3 - Single (Class AA)5 - Double (Class B/Class 2)6 - Double (Class A/Class 1)7 - Double (Class AA)0 - Customer specific sensor typefff Extended options - extension:N*D - DIN Type (M24 adjustable)N*A - ANSI-Type spring loadedN*N - Nipple 2x NPT not spring loadedN*U - N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loadedggg TF Housing:A8* - Sitrans TF Housinghhh Transmitter Sitrans TH:T23 - Sitrans TH200 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, UniversalSITRANS TS 500 7MC650x-aJxxx-0bcc-Z E13+ddd+eeea Form:2 - Adjustable Compression Fitting3 - Fixed Welded4 - Spring-Loadedb Connection Head:G - Head UG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationsN - For TF Housing in combination with A8*U - Head UU0 – Material Stainless Steel, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applications cc Sensor Type:A1 - Pt100-Basic -50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class B)A2 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class A)A3 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class AA)A5 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (2XPt100 Class B)A6 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (2XPt100 Class A)B1 - Pt100-Vibrationproof -50°C...+400°C (1XPt100 Class B)C1 - Pt100-Expanded range -200°C…+600°C (1xPt100 Class B)K1 - Thermocouple type K - -40°C…+1000°C (1XTC Class2)K5 - Thermocouple type K - -40°C…+1000°C (2XTC Class2)J1 - Thermocouple type J - -40°C…+750°C (1XTC Class2)J5 - Thermocouple type J - -40°C…+750°C (2XTC Class2)E1 - Thermocouple type E - -40°C…+750°C (1XTC Class2)E5 - Thermocouple type E - -40°C…+750°C (2XTC Class2)T1 - Thermocouple type T - -40°C…+400°C (1XTC Class2)T5 - Thermocouple type T - -40°C…+400°C (2XTC Class2)Z0 customer specific sensor elementddd Transmitter Sitrans TH:T13 - Sitrans TH100 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, Pt100T23 - Sitrans TH200 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, UniversalT33 - Sitrans TH300 Ex I (cFMus), HART, UniversalT40 - Sitrans TH400 PA Zone 2/Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT41 - Sitrans TH400 PA Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEx/NEPSI), UniversalT45 - Sitrans TH400 FF Zone 2/ Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT46 - Sitrans TH400 FF Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), Universaleee Combination with Field Mount transmitter of upper order positionA82 XP cFMus TH200A84 XP cFMus TH300A80 Other temperature transmitter (order separately)SITRANS TS 500 7MC652x-xxxxx-abcc-Z E13+ddd+eee+fffa Extension:0 - Without7 - 3" N-U-N 2x NPT Hexagon, spring loaded, SS (HUNS)9 - other version : see options N** for further detailsb Connection Head:G - Head UG0 – Material Aluminium, screw-in lid; suitable for Ex d applicationscc Sensor Type:A1 - Pt100-Basic -50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class B)A2 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class A)A3 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (1XPt100 Class AA)A5 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (2XPt100 Class B)A6 - Pt100-Basic--50°C…+400°C (2XPt100 Class A)B1 - Pt100-Vibrationproof -50°C...+400°C (1XPt100 Class B)C1 - Pt100-Expanded range -200°C…+600°C (1xPt100 Class B)K1 - Thermocouple type K - -40°C…+1000°C (1XTC Class2)K5 - Thermocouple type K - -40°C…+1000°C (2XTC Class2)J1 - Thermocouple type J - -40°C…+750°C (1XTC Class2)J5 - Thermocouple type J - -40°C…+750°C (2XTC Class2)E1 - Thermocouple type E - -40°C…+750°C (1XTC Class2)E5 - Thermocouple type E - -40°C…+750°C (2XTC Class2)T1 - Thermocouple type T - -40°C…+400°C (1XTC Class2)T5 - Thermocouple type T - -40°C…+400°C (2XTC Class2)Z0 customer specific sensor elementddd Transmitter Sitrans TH:T13 - Sitrans T H100 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, Pt100T23 - Sitrans TH200 Ex i (cFMus), 4…20 mA, UniversalT33 - Sitrans TH300 Ex I (cFMus), HART, UniversalT40 - Sitrans TH400 PA Zone 2/Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT41 - Sitrans TH400 PA Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEx/NEPSI), UniversalT45 - Sitrans TH400 FF Zone 2/ Div 2 (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), UniversalT46 - Sitrans TH400 FF Ex I (ATEX/FM/CSA/IECEX/NEPSI), Universaleee Combination with Field Mount transmitter of upper order positionA82 XP cFMus TH200A84 XP cFMus TH300A80 Other temperature transmitter (order separately)fff Options ExtensionN0G 3” Nipple 2x NPT not spring loaded, SS (NS)N0M 3” N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loaded, galv. Steel (NUN)N0N 3” N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loaded, SS (NUNS)N9G 6” Ni pple 2x NPT not spring loaded, SS (NS)N9M 6” N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loaded, galv. Steel (NUN)N9N 6” N-U-N 2x NPT not spring loaded, SS (NUNS)N9H 6” N-U-N Hexagon, spring loaded, SS (HUNS)N8Y Special version (type and length)13. Specific Conditions of Use:1. The flamepaths of the equipment are not intended to be repaired. Consult the manufacturer if repair ofthe flamepath joints is necessary.2. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions to reduce the potential of an electrostatic charging h azard on theequipment enclosure.3. For ambient temperatures ≥ 60°C (140 °F), use heat-resistant cables suitable for an ambient temperatureat least 20°C (68°F) higher6. For XP/flameproof ratings, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Maximum permissible Ambient temperatures head TS500 in gas hazardous area in °C Type of protections: Ex d / XPH e a dT y p e : A H 0, A V 0, S i t r a n s T F T _m a x h e a d = 85°CH e a d T y p e : A G 0, U G 0 T _m a x h e a d = 100°CH e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 T _m a x h e a d = 120°CTemperature ClassT6 T4 T3T4max. permitted power consumption of electronic (W)1)1...3 0 1)1 (3)0 1)1 (3)Medium Temperature (°C)Extension length "X" (mm) 440°C 40 43 76 53 96 4880 55 88 65 108 60 150 (300)61 94 71 114 66 290°C 40 54 87 64 107 59 80 (300)61 94 71 114 66 200°C 40 58 91 68 111 63 80 (300)63 96 73 116 68 130°C 40…300 61 9471114 667. For XP/flameproof ratings, in case of the models with Type 2N in their model code, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Maximum permissible Ambient temperatures head TS500 Type 2N in gas hazardous area in °C Type of protections: Ex d / XPH e a d T y p e : A H 0, A V 0, S i t r a n s T F T _m a x h e a d = 85°CH e a dT y p e : A G 0, U G 0 T _m a x h e a d = 100°CH e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 T _m a x h e a d = 120°CTemperature Class T6T4 T3 T4 max. permitted power consumption of electronic (W)1)1...3 01)1 (3)1)1 (3)Medium Temperature (°C)100°C 60 100 70 120 65 80°C67100 77120 728. For dust ratings, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Maximum permissible ambient temperatures head TS 500 in dust hazardous area in °C h e a d T y p e : A H 0, A V 0, S i t r a n s T F = T 85°Ch e a d T y p e : A G 0, U G 0 = T 100°Ch e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 = T 120°Cmax. permitted power consumption of electronic (W) 01)1 01)1 01)1Medium Temperature (°C) Extension length"X"(mm)440°C 4049 27 64 84 8067 45 82 45 102 45 15077 55 92 55 112 55 30081 59 96 59 116 59 250°C40 63 41 78 41 98 41 80 74 52 89 52 109 52 150 80 58 95 58 115 58 30084 62 99 62 119 62 120°C40 75 53 90 53 120 53 80 80 58 95 58 120 58 150 82 60 97 60 120 60 30085 6310063120639. For dust ratings, in case of the models with Type 2N in their model code, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Maximum permissible ambient temperatures head TS 500 type 2N in dust hazardous area in °C h e a dT y p e : A H 0, A V 0, S i t r a n s T F = T 85°Ch e a d T y p e : A G 0, U G 0 = T 100°Ch e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 = T 120°Cmax. permitted powerconsumption of electronic (W) 01)1 01)1 01)1MediumTemperature (°C)100°C 75 53 100 53 120 53 80°C85 63100631206310. For non-incendive ratings, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Calculation of the maximum permissible ambient temperatures for the connection head without electronics, the maximum permissible ambient temperatures Tamb for the respective connection head is obtained from the following table:Maximum permissible Ambient temperatures head TS500 in gas hazardous area in °C Type of protections: NIh e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 T _m a x h e a d = 120°Ch e a d T y p e : A V 0, S I T R A N S T F T _m a x h e a d = 85°C h e a d T y p e : A G 0, U G 0 T _m a x h e a d = 100°CMedium temperature (°C) Temperature increase by Medium ΔT2 (K) Extension length "X" (mm) T4 T6 T4T6 T4T6 440°C 23 40 97 57 62 57 77 57 12 80 108 68 73 68 88 68 6 150 114 74 79 74 94 74 3300 117 77 82 77 97 77 290°C 22 40 9858 63 58 78 58 11 80 109 69 74 69 89 69 5 150 115 75 80 75 95 75 2300 118 78 83 78 98 78 200°C 16 40 104 64 69 64 84 64 8 80 112 72 77 72 92 72 4 150 116 76 81 76 96 76 2300 118 78 83 78 98 78 130°C 9 40 111 71 76 71 91 71 5 80 115 75 80 75 95 75 3 150 117 77 82 77 97 77 1300 119 79 84 79 997980°C 5 40 120 80 85 80 100 80 3 80 120 80 85 80 100 80 1 150 120 80 85 80 100 8011. For non-incendive ratings non-incendive ratings with Type 2N, the maximum ambient temperature [Tx] along with the respective temperature class is determined based on the following table:Maximum permissible Ambient temperatures head TS500 type 2N in gas hazardous area in °C Type of protections: NIh e a d T y p e : A U 0, U U 0 T _m a x h e a d = 120°Ch e a d T y p e : A V 0, S I T R A N S T F T _m a x h e a d = 85°C h e a d T y p e : A G 0, U G 0 T _m a x h e a d = 100°CMedium temperature (°C) Temperature increase by Medium ΔT2 (K) T4 T6 T4T6T4T6100°C 7 120 73 78 73 100 73 80°C5120 808580100 8014. Test and Assessment Procedure and Conditions:This Certificate has been issued in accordance with FM Approvals US Certification Requirements.15. Schedule DrawingsA copy of the technical documentation has been kept by FM Approvals.16. Certificate HistoryDetails of the supplements to this certificate are described below: DateDescription 21st January 2018Original Issue.。
发动机水温传感器出现故障的检修流程
英文回答：When engine water temperature sensors fail， they must stop first and wait for the engine to cool down。
The hood of the vehicle was then opened and the water temperature sensor installed in the cooling fluids was found。
The water temperature sensor is usually located above the engine and can be located precisely on the basis of the vehicle description orthe network structure of the vehicle。
Once a water temperature sensor has been found， it is necessary to check whether the sensor's connection is damaged or loose， and if problems are found， it should be replaced or fixed in a timely manner。
At the same time， the sensor itself needs to be checked for damage and new water temperature sensors needto be replaced in case of damage。
在发动机水温传感器发生故障时，必须首先停车，并等待发动机冷却。
随后打开车辆的发动机盖，找到安装在冷却液管路中的水温传感器。
水温传感器通常位于发动机上方，可根据车辆说明书或网络上的车辆结构图准确定位。
温度传感器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文翻译英文文献原文Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify DesignsWhen you set out to select a temperature sensor, you are no longer limited to either an analog output or a digital output device. There is now a broad selection of sensor types, one of which should match your system's needs.Until recently, all the temperature sensors on the market provided analog outputs. Thermistors, RTDs, and thermocouples were followed by another analog-output device, the silicon temperature sensor. In most applications, unfortunately, these analog-output devices require a comparator, an ADC, or an amplifier at their output to make them useful.Thus, when higher levels of integration became feasible, temperature sensors with digital interfaces became available. These ICs are sold in a variety of forms, from simple devices that signal when a specific temperature has been exceeded to those that report both remote and local temperatures while providing warnings at programmed temperature settings. The choice now isn't simply between analog-output and digital-output sensors; there is a broad range of sensor types from which to choose.Classes of Temperature SensorsFour temperature-sensor types are illustrated in Figure 1. An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature (A). In the digital I/O class of sensor (B), temperature data in the form of multiple 1s and 0s are passed to the microcontroller, often via a serial bus. Along the same bus, data are sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. Alert interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. This type of device can also provide fan control.Figure 1. Sensor and IC manufacturers currently offer four classes of temperature sensors."Analog-plus" sensors (C) are available with various types of digital outputs. The V OUT versus temperature curve is for an IC whose digital output switches when a specific temperaturehas been exceeded. In this case, the "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor is nothing more than a comparator and a voltage reference. Other types of "plus" parts ship temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave, which will be discussed later.The system monitor (D) is the most complex IC of the four. In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control is sometimes included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether or not a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures. The system monitor sensor is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned to give a complete picture of the types of temperature sensors available.Analog-Output Temperature SensorsThermistors and silicon temperature sensors are widely used forms of analog-output temperature sensors. Figure 2 clearly shows that when a linear relationship between voltage and temperature is needed, a silicon temperature sensor is a far better choice than a thermistor. Over a narrow temperature range, however, thermistors can provide reasonable linearity and good sensitivity. Many circuits originally constructed with thermistors have over time been updated using silicon temperature sensors.Figure 2. The linearity of thermistors and silicon temperature sensors, two popular analog-output temperature detectors, is contrasted sharply.Silicon temperature sensors come with different output scales and offsets. Some, for example, are available with output transfer functions that are proportional to K, others to °C or °F. Some of the °C parts provide an offset so that negative temperatures can be monitored using a single-ended supply.In most applications, the output of these devices is fed into a comparator or a n A/D converter to convert the temperature data into a digital format. Despite the need for these additional devices,thermistors and silicon temperature sensors continue to enjoy popularity due to low cost and convenience of use in many situations.Digital I/O Temperature SensorsAbout five years ago, a new type of temperature sensor was introduced. These devices include a digital interface that permits communication with a microcontroller. The interface is usually an I²C or SMBus serial bus, but other serial interfaces such as SPI are common. In addition to reporting temperature readings to the microcontroller, the interface also receives instructions from the microcontroller. Those instructions are often temperature limits, which, if exceeded, activate a digital signal on the temperature sensor IC that interrupts the microcontroller. The microcontroller is then able to adjust fan speed or back off the speed of a microprocessor, for example, to keep temperature under control.This type of device is available with a wide variety of features, among them, remote temperature sensing. To enable remote sensing, most high-performance CPUs include an on-chip transistor that provides a voltage analog of the temperature. (Only one of the transistor's two p-n junctions is used.) Figure 3 shows a remote CPU being monitored using this technique. Other applications utilize a discrete transistor to perform the same function.Figure 3. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip p-n junction.Another important feature found on some of these types of sensors (including the sensor shown in Figure 3) is the ability to interrupt a microcontroller when the measured temperature falls outside a range bounded by high and low limits. On other sensors, an interrupt is generated when the measured temperature exceeds either a high or a low temperature threshold (i.e., not both). For the sensor in Figure 3, those limits are transmitted to the temperature sensor via the SMBus interface. If the temperature moves above or below the circumscribed range, the alert signal interrupts the processor.Pictured in Figure 4 is a similar device. Instead of monitoring one p-n junction, however, it monitors four junctions and its own internal temperature. Because Maxim's MAX1668 consumes a small amount of power, its internal temperature is close to the ambient temperature. Measuring the ambient temperature gives an indication as to whether or not the system fan is operating properly.Figure 4. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote p-n junctions.Controlling a fan while monitoring remote temperature is the chief function of the IC shown in Figure 5. Users of this part can choose between two different modes of fan control. In the PWM mode, the microcontroller controls the fan speed as a function of the measured temperature by changing the duty cycle of the signal sent to the fan. This permits the power consumption to be far less than that of the linear mode of control that this part also provides. Because some fans emit an audible sound at the frequency of the PWM signal controlling it, the linear mode can be advantageous, but at the price of higher power consumption and additional circuitry. The added power consumption is a small fraction of the power consumed by the entire system, though.Figure 5. A fan controller/temperature sensor IC uses either a PWM- or linear-mode control scheme.This IC provides the alert signal that interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature violates specified limits. A safety feature in the form of the signal called "overt" (an abbreviated version of "over temperature") is also provided. If the microcontroller or the software were to lock up while temperature is rising to a dangerous level, the alert signal would no longer be useful. However, overt, which goes active once the temperature rises above a level set via the SMBus, is typically used to control circuitry without the aid of the microcontroller. Thus, in thishigh-temperature scenario with the microcontroller not functioning, overt could be used to shutdown the system power supplies directly, without the microcontroller, and prevent a potentially catastrophic failure.This digital I/O class of devices finds widespread use in servers, battery packs, and hard-disk drives. Temperature is monitored in numerous locations to increase a server's reliability: at the motherboard (which is essentially the ambient temperature inside the chassis), inside the CPU die, and at other heat-generating components such as graphics accelerators and hard-disk drives. Battery packs incorporate temperature sensors for safety reasons and to optimize charging profiles, which maximizes battery life.There are two good reasons for monitoring the temperature of a hard-disk drive, which depends primarily on the speed of the spindle motor and the ambient temperature: The read errors in a drive increase at temperature extremes, and a hard disk's MTBF is improved significantly through temperature control. By measuring the temperature within the system, you can control motor speed to optimize reliability and performance. The drive can also be shut down. In high-end systems, alerts can be generated for the system administrator to indicate temperature extremes or situations where data loss is possible.Analog-Plus Temperature Sensors"Analog-plus" sensors are generally suited to simpler measurement applications. These ICs generate a logic output derived from the measured temperature and are distinguished from digital I/O sensors primarily because they output data on a single line, as opposed to a serial bus.In the simplest instance of an analog-plus sensor, the logic output trips when a specific temperature is exceeded. Some of these devices are tripped when temperature rises above a preset threshold, others, when temperature drops below a threshold. Some of these sensors allow the temperature threshold to be adjusted with a resistor, whereas others have fixed thresholds.The devices shown in Figure 6 are purchased with a specific internal temperature threshold. The three circuits illustrate common uses for this type of device: providing a warning, shutting down a piece of equipment, or turning on a fan.Figure 6. ICs that signal when a temperature has been exceeded are well suited forover/undertemperature alarms and simple on/off fan control.When an actual temperature reading is needed, and a microcontroller is available, sensors that transmit the reading on a single line can be useful. With the microcontroller's internal counter measuring time, the signals from this type of temperature sensor are readily transformed to a measure of temperature. The sensor in Figure 7 outputs a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the ambient temperature in Kelvin. The device in Figure 8 is similar, but the period of the square wave is proportional to the ambient temperature in kelvins.Figure 7. A temperature sensor that transmits a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin forms part of a heater controller circuit.Figure 8. This temperature sensor transmits a square wave whose period is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin. Because only a single line is needed to send temperature information, just a single optoisolator is required to isolate the signal path.Figure 9, a truly novel approach, allows up to eight temperature sensors to be connected on this common line. The process of extracting temperature data from these sensors begins when the microcontroller's I/O port strobes all the sensors on the line simultaneously. The microcontroller is then quickly reconfigured as an input in order to receive data from each of the sensors. The data are encoded as the amount of time that transpires after the sensors are strobed. Each of the sensors encodes this time after the strobe pulse within a specific range of time. Collisions are avoided by assigning each sensor its own permissible time range.Figure 9. A microcontroller strobes up to eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.The accuracy achieved by this method is surprisingly high: 0.8°C is typical at room temperature, precisely matching that of the IC that encodes temperature data in the form of the frequency of the transmitted square wave. The same is true of the device that uses the period of the square wave.These devices are outstanding in wire-limited applications. For example, when a temperature sensor must be isolated from the microcontroller, costs are kept to a minimum because only one optoisolator is needed. These sensors are also of great utility in automotive and HVAC applications, because they reduce the amount of copper running over distances.Anticipated Temperature Sensor DevelopmentsIC temperature sensors provide a varied array of functions and interfaces. As these devicescontinue to evolve, system designers will see more application-specific features as well as new ways of interfacing the sensors to the system. Finally, the ability of chip designers to integrate more electronics in the same die area ensures that temperature sensors will soon include new functions and special interfaces.中文翻译温度传感器芯片简化设计当选择一个温度传感器时，将不再局限于模拟输出或数字输出设备。
汽车电热管理技术的工作原理的英文
The working principle of automobile electric heating management technology1. IntroductionAutomobile electric heating management technology is an important part of modern vehicle design and manufacturing. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and safe operation of various systems in a vehicle, especially in cold weather conditions. This article will explore the working principle of automobile electric heating management technology and its significance in the automotive industry.2. BasicponentsThe electric heating management system in a vehicle consists of several keyponents, including but not limited to:- Electric heating elements- Control unit- Temperature sensors- Power supplyTheseponents work together to regulate the temperature of the vehicle's interior, enginepartment, and various fluid systems.3. Heating elementsElectric heating elements are responsible for generating heat in the system. They are typically positioned in strategic locations throughout the vehicle, such as the seats, steering wheel, and mirrors. When activated, these heating elements produce warmth to improve thefort of occupants and 本人d in defrosting or de-icing.4. Control unitThe control unit serves as the br本人n of the electric heating management system. It receives input from temperature sensors and other relevant sources to determine the appropriate level of heating required. Based on this information, the control unit activates or deactivates the heating elements and modulates their intensity to achieve the desired temperature.5. Temperature sensorsTemperature sensors are essential for monitoring the real-time temperature inside and outside the vehicle. They relay this information to the control unit, allowing it to make informed decisions regarding the operation of the heating elements. This feedback loop is crucial for m本人nt本人ning afortable and safe environment for the vehicle's occupants.6. Power supplyThe power supply provides the necessary electrical energy to operate the electric heating management system. It is typically sourced from the vehicle's battery or alternator and distributed to the heating elements and control unit. Efficient power management is essential to ensure that the system functions reliably without dr本人ning the vehicle's electrical system.7. Working principleThe working principle of automobile electric heating management technology involves a series of processes that enable the system to function seamlessly. When the vehicle is started, the control unit activates the temperature sensors to begin monitoring the ambient temperature. If the sensors detect cold weather conditions, the control unit signals the heating elements to start generating warmth.8. Importance in cold weatherAutomobile electric heating management technology is particularly important in cold weather conditions, where the risk of frost or ice buildup on the vehicle's exterior and interior surfaces is high. By keeping the seats, steering wheel, andmirrors warm, the system enhances thefort and safety of the occupants. Moreover, it 本人ds in m本人nt本人ning clear visibility by preventing the formation of ice on the windshield and mirrors.9. Enhancedfort and safetyThe implementation of electric heating management technology in vehicles significantly enhances the overallfort and safety of the occupants. It provides a warm and inviting interior environment, especially during winter months, and reduces the need for manual intervention to clear ice or fog from critical surfaces. Additionally, it contributes to a more pleasant driving experience for individuals who may have difficulty tolerating cold temperatures.10. ConclusionIn conclusion, the working principle of automobile electric heating management technology revolves around the efficient operation of heating elements, control unit, temperature sensors, and power supply. This system is crucial for m本人nt本人ningfort and safety in cold weather conditions, and its integration in modern vehicles is a testament to the continuous advancements in automotive technology. As we move towards amore connected and automated future, electric heating management technology will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in enhancing the overall driving experience.。
低温二极管温度计类型
低温二极管温度计类型英文回答：Cryogenic diode temperature sensors.Cryogenic diode temperature sensors are semiconductor devices that exhibit a change in electrical properties with changes in temperature. They are used to measure temperatures below 120 K, where traditional temperature sensors, such as thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), become inaccurate or unreliable.Cryogenic diode temperature sensors are typically made from silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide. The semiconductor material is doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. When a voltage is applied to the p-n junction, a current flows through the device. The current is proportional to the temperature of the device.Cryogenic diode temperature sensors have severaladvantages over other types of temperature sensors. They are small and lightweight, making them easy to install in tight spaces. They are also very accurate and reliable, and they have a wide operating temperature range.Cryogenic diode temperature sensors are used in a variety of applications, including:Cryogenic research.Cryogenic medical devices.Cryogenic cooling systems.Superconductivity research.Aerospace applications.中文回答：低温二极管温度计。
unisense temperature sensor user 说明书
TEMPERATURE SENSOR USER MANUALT emperaTure sensor user manual Copyright © 2020 · Unisense A/S Version October 2020TEMPERATURE SENSOR USER MANUALUNISENSE A/STABLE OF CONTENTSWARRANTY AND LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 CONGRATULATIONS WITH YOUR NEW PRODUCT! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 S upport, ordering, and contact information6 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 u npacking a new SenSor9c onnect the temperature SenSor9c alibration9 MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 m icroSenSorS11 m acroSenSorS11e lectrical noiSe11 STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 S torage12c leaning the SenSor12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 TROUBLE SHOOTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1544WARRANTY AND LIABILITYn otice to p urchaSerThis product is for research use only . Not for use in human diagnostic ortherapeutic procedures .w arningMicrosensors have very pointed tips and must be handled with care toavoid personal injury and only by trained personnel .Unisense A/S recommends users to attend instruction courses to ensureproper use of the products .w arranty and l iabilityThe Temperature sensor is covered by a 90 days (glass sensor) or a oneyear (Temp UniAmp + TP2000) limited warranty . Microsensors are aconsumable . Unisense will only replace dysfunctional sensors if theyhave been tested according with the instructions in the manual within14 days of receipt of the sensor(s) .The warranty does not include repairor replacement necessitated by accident, neglect, misuse, unauthorizedrepair, or modification of the product . In no event will Unisense A/Sbe liable for any direct, indirect, consequential or incidental damages,including lost profits, or for any claim by any third party, arising out ofthe use, the results of use, or the inability to use this product .Unisense mechanical and electronic laboratory instruments mustonly be used under normal laboratory conditions in a dry and cleanenvironment . Unisense assumes no liability for damages on laboratoryinstruments due to unintended field use or exposure to dust, humidityor corrosive environments .r epair or a djuStmentSensors and electrodes cannot be repaired . Equipment that is notcovered by the warranty will, if possible, be repaired by Unisense A/Swith appropriate charges paid by the customer . In case of return ofequipment please contact us for return authorization .For further information please see the document General Terms of Saleand Delivery of Unisense A/S as well as the manuals for the respectiveproducts .5CONGRATULATIONS WITH YOUR NEW PRODUCT!s upporT, ordering, and conTacT informaTionIf you wish to order additional products or if you encounter anyproblems and need scientific/technical assistance, please do nothesitate to contact our sales and support team . We will respond toyour inquiry within one working day .E-mail:******************Unisense A/STueager 1DK-8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkTel: +45 8944 9500Fax: +45 8944 9549Further documentation and support is available at our websitewww .unisense .com .REPLACEMENT OF SENSORSUnisense will replace sensors that have been damaged during shipment provided that:• The sensors were tested within 2 weeks after receipt in accordance with the delivery note and the manual• The seal is still intact (TP-type sensors, Table 1).• The sensors are returned to Unisense for inspection within two weeks.• The sensors are correctly packed for return to Unisense, in accordance with the note included in the sensor box.A sensor with sign of physical damage and with a broken seal, indicating that it has beenremoved from the protection tube, will not be replaced (TP-type sensors, Table 1)66Table 1: Sensor typesAmplifier types:UniAmp = UniAmp laboratory amplifiersMMM = Microsensor Multimeter and Microsensor MonometerFMM = Field MultimeterIn Situ = In Situ UniAmp and In Situ AmplifierFOM-UniAmp = Field Opto UniAmpMOM = MicroOptode MeterFOM = Field Optode MeterSee https://www .unisense .com/temperature for detailedspecifications and customizations .7OVERVIEWThis manual covers all Unisense temperature sensors as listed in Table 1 .All sensors based on a PT1000 element (see Table 1) arepre-calibrated and the temperature will be shown in °C in the SensorTrace software .Sensors based on thermocouple elements will give mV signals in the SensorTrace software and will need to be calibrated to show the temperature in °C .The TP2000 and the PT1000 based temperatures sensors are all robust sensors with a tip diameter of 2 mm (see Table 2) . They are general purpose sensors and can be used in many applications where temperature measurements are needed for monitoring or temperature compensation of other sensor signals .The Unisense glass temperature microsensor consists of a thermocouple inside a tapered glass capillary . This sensor canbe used to determine temperature micro gradients in different environments e .g . hot spring biofilms, compost piles, and sediments with steep temperature gradients due to volcanic activity . With tip diameters down to 200 µm, the Unisense temperature microsensor is ideal for temperature measurements with a very high spatial resolution .WARNING Unisense sensorsare neitherintended nor approved for useon humansTemp-UniAmp TP-2000TP-2008GETTING STARTEDu npacking a new sensorThe sensors must be tested within 2 weeks after receipt to verify that they have survived the transport in order to maintain the warranty (please see 1 .3 Warranty and Liability) .The PT1000 based sensors (Temp-UniAmp, Opto-Temp Field,Op-Temp, Op-Temp Field) can be used right out of the box without calibration .When receiving a new microsensor remove the shock-absorbing grey plastic net . Do not remove the seal and protective tube before the sensor has been tested found fully functional.c onnecT The TemperaTure sensorThe temperature sensors must be connected to the temperature connector on the amplifier:• Laboratory UniAmp, Multimeter, andMonometer: Connector is labelled T .• Field Microsensor Multimeter: Channel 8 .• Field Opto UniAmp and Field Optodemeter:Connector for temperature sensor (onlyshallow version, deep version has built intemperature sensor) .• In Situ UniAmp and In Situ Amplifier: Directlymounted on an in situ temperature amplifier .c alibraTionThe thermocouple-based temperature sensors respond linearlyto changes in temperature and only a two-point calibration is required .WARNING Do not remove seal and protective plastic tube before the following steps are successfullycompleted.9Prepare two solutions with known temperature, one below and one above the temperature range where the measurements will be done . Measure the temperature of these solutions with a high accuracy thermometer and perform a two-point calibration in the SensorTrace software . Please see the SensorTrace Suite User Manual which can be downloaded from: https://www .unisense . com/manuals/ .10MEASUREMENTSm icrosensorsThe glass microsensors with a tip diameter of 200 or 500 µm (TP-200, TP-500) are fragile and should be positioned with a Micromanipulator . We recommend that measurements are performed in a stabilized set-up fixed on a sturdy table, free of moving or vibrating devices . We recommend the Unisense Lab Stand (LS) and the Unisense micromanipulator MM-33 or MM33-2 for laboratory use . For in situ use we recommend our In Situ Stand (IS19) and a micromanipulator .The needle type sensors are glass sensors mounted in a needle and should be treated with care . It is important not to bend the needle as this may cause the glass sensor inside to break .The TP-MR is designed for use with the Unisense Microrespiration System which will safely guide the sensor into the respiration chambers .m acrosensorsThe macro temperature sensors (Temp-UniAmp, Opto-Temp Field, Op-Temp, Op-Temp Field, TP-2000) may be used as a normal temperature sensor .e lecTrical noiseThe electrical current generated by the high-impedance temperature microsensor is very small and may be affected by electrical noise . The Unisense temperature microsensor is shielded against electrical noise, however, strong electrical fields may interfere with the sensor signal . Minimize this by switching off unnecessary electrical/mechanical equipment and avoid touching sensor or cables during operation . On suspicion of sensor damage, repeat calibration and consult 8 Troubleshooting .WARNING Always introduceand retract thetemperaturemicrosensoraxially using a micromanipulator and a stable stand when measuring in solid or semisolidsubstrate like sediment, tissue, biofilms, microbialmats etc.11STORAGE AND MAINTENANCEs TorageStore the sensor the same way it was shipped . Mechanical shock should be avoided for the glass sensors .c leaning The sensorThe glass sensors can be cleaned with different solutions . The standard method is to rinse it with ethanol, followed by 0 .01 M HCl and finally water . This will remove most substances . Alternatively, it is possible to rinse with 0 .1M NaOH, isopropanol or a detergent . The macro sensors may be cleaned in a similar way as the glass sensor but the exposure to acidic or alkaline solutions should be brief, followed by rinsing with water .12REFERENCES• Revsbech, N . P ., and B . B . Jørgensen . 1986 .Microsensors: Their Use in Microbial Ecology,p . 293-352 . In K . C . Marshall (ed .), Advances inMicrobial Ecology, vol . 9 . Plenum, New York .13TROUBLE SHOOTINGProblem Sensor signal driftsPossible cause Sensor tip is brokenSolution Replace the sensorProblem Noisy signalPossible cause Electrical interferenceSolution 1Turn off other equipment in the vicinity that could possibly emitelectrical noiseSolution 2Move the setup to a room without such equipment e .g . an office .If the noise disappears, it is likelythat there is equipment in theoriginal location that emits noise .If you encounter other problems and need scientific/technical assistance, please contact **********************************(wewillansweryouwithinoneworkday) 14SPECIFICATIONSTable 2: Temperature sensor specifications* Temp-UniAmp, Opto-Temp Field, Op-Temp, Op-Temp Fieldhave same specifications but different connectors .15·*****************。
传感器英文介绍作文
传感器英文介绍作文Introduction to Sensors。
Sensors are devices that are used to detect, measure, and respond to changes in the environment. They are used in a wide range of applications, from monitoring the temperature of a room to measuring the speed of a car. Sensors can be found in everyday devices such as smartphones, cars, and home appliances.Types of Sensors。
There are many different types of sensors, each designed to measure a specific parameter. Some common types of sensors include:1. Temperature sensors These sensors measure the temperature of a given environment. They are commonly used in thermostats, refrigerators, and ovens.2. Pressure sensors These sensors measure the pressure of a given environment. They are commonly used in car engines, HVAC systems, and industrial machinery.3. Light sensors These sensors detect the amount of light in a given environment. They are commonly used in cameras, smartphones, and security systems.4. Motion sensors These sensors detect motion in a given environment. They are commonly used in security systems, automatic doors, and gaming consoles.5. Proximity sensors These sensors detect the presence of objects in a given environment. They are commonly used in smartphones, cars, and industrial machinery.Applications of Sensors。
传感器课程教学大纲(双语)解读
《传感器与检测技术》课程教学大纲(双语) 一、课程基本信息课程代码：E131005课程名称：传感器与检测技术英文名称：Sensors and Detection technology课程类别：专业必修课Professional required course s学时：45(含实验)Class hours: 45（Experiment including）学分：3.0Credits: 3.0适用对象:电子信息工程专业的学生考核方式：考试（平时成绩占总成绩的30%）先修课程：高等数学，大学物理，模拟电路Pre-sessional course: Advanced Mathematics, University Physics, Analog circuit 二、课程简介“传感器与检测技术”是信息类专业必修的一门主要专业基础课。
传感器是将各种非电量（包括物理量、化学量、生物量等）按一定规律转换成便于处理和传输的另一种物理量的装置。
传感器开发和应用的综合技术，随着现代测量、控制和自动化技术的发展，越来越受到重视。
学生通过本课程的学习，可以获得比较全面而系统的传感器知识。
Course Description:“S ensors and detection technology”is a professional major basic course for information specialty. Sensor is a device that converts a physical signal (non-electric signal) into an electric signal according to certain rules. Integrated technology for sensor development and Application becomes a issue which gets a lot of attention with the development of Modern measurement、Control and automation technology。
Trane 温度传感器产品数据手册说明书
© 2008 Trane All rights reservedProduct Data SheetZone Sensors with Fan SwitchTrane™ offers a full line of wireless and wired temperature sensors. Wireless temperature sensors are an ideal and cost-effective alternative to wired sensors that provide easy and flexible installation. Conventional wired sensors are best suited where wireless sensors are not allowed or when a wired connection to a service tool is required.Features, Benefits, and Part Numbers:FeaturesBenefitsTemperature setpoint control Allows the tenant to choose a temperature setpoint that satisfies their personal preference.Fan switchAllows the tenant to locally control the operating mode and fan speed to better satisfy their personal preferences.Occupancy override Allows the tenant to request temporary timed override system operation that permits the building conditions to remain in occupied comfort conditions.COMM module (optional)Compatible with all Trane-wired temperature sensors. This optional accessory provides local RJ22 connection to Trane service tools for easy, low cost maintenance.Hot/cold thumbwheel (optional)Allows the tenant to choose a temperature setpoint relative to their zone of comfort as opposed to exact numbers.Part NumbersDescriptionPart Number Global Parts Setpoint Fan Control OccupancySingle Off/Auto Yes X1379084501SEN01521Single Off/Run Yes X1379085101SEN01527Single Off/Auto/Low/High Yes X1379084801SEN01524Single Off/Auto/Low/Med/High —X1379084101SEN01517SingleOff/Auto/Low/Med/High YesX1379084201SEN01518COMM Module (Box of 12)X1365146702CON01313Thumbwheel; Hot/Cold (Box of 12)X1316105702KNB00182January 2008BAS-PRC029-ENFor more information, contact your local Trane ***********************************Literature Order NumberBAS-PRC029-EN Date January 2008SupersedesNewTrane has a policy of continuous product and product data improvement and reserves the right to change design and specifications without notice.Trane and the Trane logo are trademarks of Trane in the United States and other countries. All trademarks referenced in this document are the trademarks of their respective owners.SpecificationsSchematic (T ypical)DescriptionSensor operating temperature From 32°F to 122°F (0°C to 50°C)Storage temperatureFrom -40°F to 185°F (-40°C to 85°C)Storage/operating humidity range 5% to 95% relative humidity (RH), noncondensing Thermistor accuracy 0.2°C at 25°C, 1%Setpoint functional range 45°F to 90°F (7.2°C to 32.2°C)Setpoint thumbwheel markings 50°F to 85°F (n 5°F increments) with */** icons on thumbwheel 11°C to 29°C (in 3°C increments) with */** icons on thumbwheelHousing material Polycarbonate/ABS (suitable for plenum mounting), UV protection, UL 94: 5 VA flammability rating MountingFits a standard 2 in. by 4 in. junction box (vertical mount only). Mounting holes are spaced 3.2 in. (83 mm) apart on vertical center line. Includes mounting screws for junction box or wall anchors for sheet-rock walls. Overall dimensions: 2.9 in (74 mm) by 4.7 in. (119 mm)Zone temperatureSignal common Cool setpoint (CSP)Mode(Fan Switch)Med Off Auto LowHighCOMM moduleFan SW1R11,0 k ΩRT1 thermistor 10 k Ω at 25°CCalibration Pot1R10,0 k ΩTemp setpoint Pot 51 k ΩTimed override On SW3Timed override Cancel SW4。
外文翻译(供热站温度实时监测)
Heating temperature and pressure test Thermistors are inexpensive, easily-obtainable temperature sensors. They are easy to use and adaptable. Circuits with thermistors can have reasonable outout voltages - not the millivolt outputs thermocouples have. Because of these qualities, thermistors are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They're not used for high temperatures, but in the temperature ranges where they work they are widely used. Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. All resistors vary with temperature, but thermistors are constructed of semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. However, unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. That's due to the properties of the semiconductor material that the thermistor is made from. For some, that may be counterintuitive, but it is correct. Here is a graph of resistance as a function of temperature for a typical thermistor. Notice how the resistance drops from 100 kW, to a very small value in a range around room temperature. Not only is the resistance change in the opposite direction from what you expect, but the magnitude of the percentage resistance change is substantial.Temperature Sensor - The Thermocouple You are at: Elements - Sensors - Thermocouples Return to Table of Contents A thermocouple is a junction formed from two dissimilar metals. Actually, it is a pair of junctions. One at a reference temperature (like 0 oC) and the other junction at the temperature to be measured. A temperature difference will cause a voltage to be developed that is temperature dependent. (That voltage is caused by something called the Seebeck effect.) Thermocouples are widely used for temperature measurement because they are inexpensive, rugged and reliable, and they can be used over a wide temperature range.In particular, other temperature sensors (like thermistors and LM35 sensors) are useful around room temperature, but the thermocouple can The Thermocouple Why Use thermocouples To Measure Temperature? They are inexpensive. They are rugged and reliable. They can be used over a wide temperature range. What Does A Thermocouple Look Like? Here it is. Note the two wires (of two different metals) joined in the junction. What does a thermocouple do? How does it work? The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent voltage. For a better description of how it works, click here. How Do You Use A Thermocouple? You measure the voltage the thermocouple produces, and convert that voltage to a temperature reading. It may be best to do the conversion digitally because the conversion can be fairly nonlinear. Things You Need To Know About Thermocouples A junction between two dissimilar metals produces a voltage. In the thermocouple, the sensing junction - produces a voltage that depends upon temperature. Where the thermocouple connects to instrumentation - copper wires? - you have two more junctions and they also produce a temperature dependent voltage. Those junctions are shown inside the yellow oval. When you use a thermocouple, you need to ensure that the connections are at some standard temperature, or you need to use an electronically compensated system that takes those voltages into account. If your thermocouple is connected to a data acquisition system, then chances are good that you have an electronically compensated system. Once we obtain a reading from a voltmeter, the measured voltage has to be converted to temperature. The temperature is usually expressed as a polynomial function of the measured voltage. Sometimes it is possible to get a decent linear approximation over a limited temperature range. There are two ways to convert the measured voltage to a temperature reading. Measure the voltage and let the operator do the calculations. Use the measured voltage as an input to a conversion circuit - either analog or digital. Let us look at someother types of base-metal thermocouples. Type T thermocouples are widely used as are type K and Type N. Type K (Ni-Cr/Ni-Al) thermocouples are also widely used in the industry. It has high thermopower and good resistance to oxidation. The operating temperature range of a Type K thermocouple is from -269 oC to +1260 oC. However, this thermocouple performs rather poorly in reducing atmospheres. Type T (Cu/Cu-Ni) thermocouples can be used in oxidizing of inert atmospheres over the temperature range of -250 oC to +850 oC. In reducing or mildly oxidizing environments, it is possible to use the thermocouple up to nearly +1000 oC. Type N (Nicrosil/Nisil) thermocouples are designed to be used in industrial environments of temperatures up to +1200 oC. A polynomial equation used to convert thermocouple voltage to temperature (oC) over a wide range of temperatures. We can write the polynomial as: The coefficients, an are tabulated in many places. Here are the NBS polynomial coefficients for a type K thermocouple. (Source: T. J. Quinn, Temperature , Academic Press Inc.,1990) Type K Polynomial Coefficients n an 0 0.226584602 1 24152.10900 2 67233.4248 3 2210340.682 4 -860963914.9 5 4.83506x1010 6 -1.18452x1012 7 1.38690x1013 8 -6.33708x1013 What If The Surrounding Temperature Exceeds Limits? There are really no thermocouples that can withstand oxidizing atmospheres for temperatures above the upper limit of the platinum-rhodium type thermocouples. We cannot, therefore, measure temperature in such high temperature conditions. Other options for measuring extremely high temperatures are radiation or the noise pyrometer. For non-oxidizing atmospheres, tungsten-rhenium based thermocouples shows good performance up to +2750 oC. They can be used, for a short period, in temperatures up to +3000 oC. The selection of the types of thermocouple used for low temperature sensing is primarily based on materials of a thermocouple. In addition, thermopower at low temperatue israther low, so measurement of EMF will be proportionally small as well. More Facts On Various Thermocouple Types A variety of thermocouples today cover a range of temperature from -250 oC to +3000 oC. The different types of thermocouple are given letter designations: B, E, J, K, R, S, T and N Types R,S and B are noble metal thermocouples that are used to measure high temperature. Within their temperature range, they can operate for a longer period of time under an oxidizing environment. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. Types E, J, K, T, and N are base-metal thermocouples that are used for sensing lower temperatures. They cannot be used for sensing high temperatures because of their relatively low melting point and slower failure due to oxidation. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. we will look into some differences between different base-metal thermocouples. Type E (Ni-Cr/Cu-Ni) thermocouples have an operating temperature range from -250 oC to +800 oC. Their use is less widespread than other base-metalthermocouples due to its low operating temperature. However, measurements made by a Type E have a smaller margin of error. 1000 hours of operation in air of a Type E thermocouple at +760 oC, having 3mm wires, shold not lead to a change in EMF equivalent to more than +1 oC. Type J (Fe/Cu-Ni) thermocouples are widely used in industry due to their high thermopower and low cost. This type of thermocouple has an operating temperature range from 0 oC to +760 oC. Links to Related Lessons Temperature Sensors Thermistors Thermocouples LM35s Other Sensors Strain Gages Temperature Sensor Laboratories Return to Table of ContentsExperiments With Temperature Sensors - Data Gathering Measuring temperature is the most common measurement task. There are numerous devices available for measuring temperature. Many of them are built using one of these common sensors. Thermistor Thermocouple LM35 Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor You can get more information about these sensors by clicking the links above. Laboratory The purpose of this laboratory is to get time response data for the three sensors you were introduced to labs week. Here are links to LabVIEW programs you can use. NTempsHydra.vi - to measure temperature from the Hydra. NVoltsHydra.vi - to measure voltage from the Hydra. ResetHydra.vi - A "sub-vi" you need to reset the Hydra. 1Temp.vi - A sub-vi that will take one temperature measurement on the Hydra. 1VoltHydra.vi - A sub-vi that will take one voltage measurement on the Hydra. You should have all the files above on your desktop. You can click on each link and save to the desktop, or you can find the NMeas folder in my public space and copy the entire folder to the desktop (best). You only need to double click the NTemps or NVolts files to start and run them in LabVIEW - but they have to be taken out of the network folder! Once you have the files together in a single folder onyour desktop, Start NTempsHydra.vi to measure temperature using the thermocouple attached to terminals 21 (yellow lead) and 22 (red lead). Note that these terminals (21 and 22) are the connections for channel 1 for the Hydra. (For example, if you were doing a manual temperature reading using the front panel, you would need to set to channel 1.) You need to connect the yellow lead of the thermocouple to the top connector for Channel #1 (Terminal #21) and the red lead of the thermocouple to the bottom connector (ground?) for Channel #1 (Terminal #22). Both of those connections are made to the connector strip on the top of the Hydra Data Acquisition Unit. Start NVoltsHydra.vi to measure voltages using the LM35 and the voltage divider circuit for the thermistor. Both sets of measurements should be taken from the front panel connection points on the Hydra. For both the LM35 and the thermistor circuit, you need to supply 5v to the circuit board. In your lab notebook record any circuitry you use, and any pertinent points regarding the equipment you use. Note any other features of each sensor that will help you for your project or make things more difficult. Do the following: Connect each sensor. Here are links to using each sensor in a measurement. Thermocouples LM35s Thermistors For each sensor you need to get data in two situations: As the sensor heats up (rising time constant behavior) As the sensor cools down to ambient temperature (decaying time constant behavior) That data should be stored in a computer file. Use a different, understandable name for each file. The program will prompt you for a file name. Suggested file names are things like ThermistorUp.txt, etc. Before you leave lab be sure that you can bring your data up in Excel (to test that you have a good data file) and that you can plot the data to see that it looks like what you expect. Estimate the following for each sensor. The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 25 oC and goes to 50 oC. (That means tomeasure the time it takes to get to between 49 oC and 51 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC of the final value when the sensor is in air at a constant temperature and the temperature sensor starts at 25oC and goes to 50oC. In other words, when will the temperature sensor reach 49oC? The time it will take for the sensor to get within 0.1oC for the two situations above. (i.e., between 49.9 oC and 50.1 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 50 oC and goes to 25 oC. Explain why there is a difference in the speed of the response in the various situations above. Your report should show calculations for the time constant(s) for each device, and should show the results using the three methods. Tabular presentation of the results is best. Finally, you should - as best possible - explain your results. Why would the time constant be different going up and going down.供热站温度压力实时检测热敏电阻很便宜，易于得到的温度传感器。
传感器英文
传感器英文SensorsIntroductionSensors are devices that detect and respond to physical or chemical stimuli in the environment, converting them into signals that can be processed by electronic systems. They are essential components of many modern technologies, including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, and environmental monitoring systems. The field of sensors is continually evolving, driven by advances in materials science, microfabrication techniques, and signal processing algorithms. This article provides an overview of the different types of sensors and their applications in various fields.Types of SensorsSensors can be classified based on the type of stimulus they detect, and the way they convert it into an electrical signal. The following are some of the most common types of sensors:Optical Sensors: These sensors detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared or ultraviolet radiation. They are used in applications such as proximity sensing, color detection, and machine vision.Temperature Sensors: These sensors measure changes in temperature and are used in applications such as HVAC systems, refrigeration, and medical devices.Pressure Sensors: These sensors measure changes in pressure, either absolute or relative, and are used in applications such as automotive systems, industrial machinery, and medical devices.Flow Sensors: These sensors measure the flow rate of fluids and are used in applications such as water meters, fuel flow meters, and medical devices.Acoustic Sensors: These sensors detect sound waves and are used in applications such as noise monitoring, speech recognition, and sonar systems.Chemical Sensors: These sensors detect changes in the chemical composition of gases or liquids and are used in applications such as gas detection, water quality monitoring, and medical diagnostics.Biological Sensors: These sensors detect changes in biological systems, such as the concentration of biomolecules or the electrical activity of cells. They are used in applications such as biosensors, drug discovery, and medical diagnostics.Motion Sensors: These sensors detect changes in motion, either acceleration or velocity, and are used in applications such as robotics, gaming, and sports performance analysis.In addition to the above categories, sensors can be further classified based on their operating principles, such as capacitive, resistive, inductive, or piezoelectric. Each type of sensor has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of sensor depends largely on the specific application requirements.Applications of SensorsSensors are used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation to environmental monitoring. Some of the most common applications of sensors are:Smartphones and Wearables: Modern smartphones incorporate a variety of sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and proximity sensors, to enable features such as motion sensing, face recognition, and augmented reality. Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, also use sensors to monitor physical activity, heart rate, and sleep patterns.Automotive Systems: Sensors play a critical role in modern automobiles, helping to monitor and control various parameters such as engine performance, emissions, airbag deployment, and driver behavior. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) use sensors such as cameras, radar, and lidar to enable features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and collision avoidance.Industrial Automation: Sensors are used extensively in industrial machinery to monitor parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and vibration. They enable real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes, improving reliability, efficiency, and safety.Medical Devices: Sensors are used in a variety of medical devices, from blood pressure monitors to glucose meters to MRI machines. They enable precise measurement and monitoring of physiological parameters, improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes.Environmental Monitoring: Sensors are used to monitor air and water quality, weather conditions, and other environmental parameters. They enable early detection of pollution or hazardous conditions, and help to protect public health and safety.Security and Surveillance: Sensors are used in surveillance cameras, motion detectors, and access control systems to detect and respond to unauthorized activity. They provide an effective means of enhancing security and safety in public spaces and private property.ConclusionSensors are essential components of many modern technologies, enabling precise measurement and control of physical and chemical parameters in the environment. Their applications span a wide range of industries, from consumer electronics to industrial automation to environmental monitoring. As technologies continue to evolve, sensors are likely to play an even more significant role in shaping the world around us.。
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温度测量
Basic Training
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide1
Temperature Training
基本原理
09.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide 2
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
为什么需要测量温度?!
过程工业中温度是最重要的参数
温度: 压力=7 : 1
温度: 流量=14 : 1
温度: 物位= 2.3 : 1
温度: 电导=20 : 1
温度是与安全相关的参数
温度是与产品质量相关的参数
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide3
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping Slide 5
23.12.2005 RTD –电阻式温度检测
RTD 的电阻值随温度比例变化! Pt100 是“PTC”
-“Positive Temperature Coefficient”电阻值变化是正的温度系数
RTD –基本物理原理
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
RTD –Pt 100 传感器元件
铂金属丝
铂金属薄膜
在陶瓷管壳内的
螺旋状的
铂金属丝铂金属细条卷
陶瓷 玻璃 薄膜
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide8
类型陶瓷玻璃薄膜
温度范围-200..600°C-50..450°C-50..400°C
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping Slide 10
23.12.2005RTD –内芯
The inset:
保护-抵抗震动或湿气
使得the 温度元件可以使用于过程 绝缘-避免短路
保护鞘
绝缘
连接线
Pt100
顺装的
反向的
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping Slide 12
23.12.2005RTD –接线
IEC 751 定义端子的标准和分配.典型的设计结构:
l
2 线制连接
测量错误= 2 R W l 3线制连接测量错误≈0
l 4线制连接无系统误差
Pt 100
Red
White
White
Red Red
White
White Red Red 内芯:
连接线设计符合(IEC 751)
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
RTD –总结
含义RTD 和PTC
需要供电
陶瓷Pt 100 (WW), -200°C...600°C
玻璃Pt 100, -50°C...450°C
薄膜Pt 100 (TF), -50°C...400°C
精度等级B, A, 1/3B, 1/10 DIN B
Endress+Hauser 标准型: Class A
2-,3-,4-线制
Endress+Hauser 标准型: Pt100-反装(MgO-绝缘)
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide14
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping Slide 16
23.12.2005TC –基本理论
-641424344454-270
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
电动势(m V )
温度(°C)
Temperature
Emf t (°C) E t (V)0
参考标准: IEC 584
TC 类型K –温度/ EMF 电动势关系
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
TC –Junction types
Ungrounded
(Insulated)
Grounded
Exposed
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide18
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
TC -Types
23.12.2005
DING Shiping
Slide20
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
TC –精度
误差等级定义根据IEC 584
Class 1特殊型
Class 2 标准型
9°C
6°C
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping
Slide 24
23.12.2005
TC –延长/补偿电缆
热电偶直接连接到测量设备热电偶通过延长/补偿电缆连接到测量设备
热电偶的延长线.
一对金属线，用于将热电偶连接到参考点或测量仪表。
延长线的EMF 特性需要和热电偶的EMF 特性一致。
Basic Training Temperature Measurement
DING Shiping
Slide 27
23.12.2005TC –总结
EMF –无需供电
接点类型
TC 种类:
T -185.....300°C
J + 20.....700°C
E 0.....800°C
K 0...1100°C
N 0...1100°C
S 0...1550°C
R 0...1600°C
B 0...1600°C
精度等级Class 1,2
补偿/延长电缆。