2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题05气候变化零碳排放(含答案)

高考英语外刊时文精读专题：
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (5)
Climate change气候变化
Heat island热岛
主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：人与环境
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。

）
On March 13th, as commuters（每日往返上班者）streamed out of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,a gothic revival masterpiece（哥特式复兴建筑——贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉终点站）in Mumbai, India’s commercial capital, they were confronted with temperatures approaching40°C, nearly7°C above normal for the time of year. The city is in the midst of a debilitating heatwave, its 13th in the past five decades, nearly half of which occurred in the past 15 years. Mumbai’s average temperature has increased by over 1°C in that period.
Had those commuters crossed the street from the station and entered the city’s grand headquarters that day, they might have found cause for optimism. That afternoon politicians from the authority and the state of Maharashtra, of which Mumbai is the capital, had gathered to unveil（揭露）a “climate action plan”. The city aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, two decades earlier than the target set by the national government.
Mumbai is extremely vulnerable to climate change.
A narrow and densely populated（人口密集的）island, surrounded on three sides by the Arabian Sea, it is attacked by monsoon(季候风) rains for four months a year and routinely subject to flooding, especially during high tide. That is bad enough for thecity’s apartment-dwellers（公寓居民）. But it is even worse for the 42% of the population who live in slums（贫民窟）, which are likely to be washed away or buried by landslides（山体滑坡）.
The key of the plan is a proposal to decarbonise（去碳化）Mumbai’s energy. Generating the city’s electricity, which produces nearly two-thirds of the city’s emissions, relies mostly on burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. The city wants to increase the share of renewables （可再生资源）. It is looking, for instanceinto installing solar panels（装太阳能电池板）on rooftops.Another priority is to improve the quality and
efficiency of the city’s buildings.Slums, especially, are heat islands. Made of whatever materials are at hand or cheaply available, they are five or six degrees hotter than structures of good quality, making them, as the report puts it, “uninhabitable(不适于居住的)” on hot days. Moreover, the heat, damp and cramped(狭窄的)conditions make slum residents more vulnerable to disease—a less obvious risk of climate change.
The plan is, however, short on details of how to achieve its ambition s. Still, in publishing one at all Mumbai has led the way among South Asian metropolises(大都市). Other cities are keen to follow suit, says Shruti Narayan of C40, who helped with the report. Chennai and Bangalore in the south have started work on their plans. Others, including Delhi and Kolkata in India, Dhaka in Bangladesh and Karachi in Pakistan have expressed interest in doing something similar.
There is plenty in Mumbai’s240-page document to inspire them. One is the fact that it does not rely on using technologies that do not yet exist, a criticism at many countries’ national proposals. Another is the attention given to adaptation(coping with all the bad things already happening) and not just reducing future emissions.
Details may anyway be beside the point. The real value of Mumbai’s plan is as a signalling device(信号装置)that “focuses the attention of policymakers”, states Abhas Jha, a climate specialist at the World Bank. The Paris Agreement, which committed the world to the goal of keeping the rise in temperatures to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels, worked in much the same way, leaving countries to hash out details later. Time, though, is getting ever shorter.
【课标词汇】
1.stream（一群人，东西）涌，涌动；流动
He was watching the taxis streaming past.他看着出租车一辆接着一辆地驶过。

My eyes were streaming.我泪水涟涟。

mercial商业的；商务的；贸易的
•a commercial organization/venture/success商业组织／企业／成功
Whether the project will be a commercial success is still uncertain.这个项目是否赚钱还是个未知数。

3.confront面对，面临；遭遇；直面，正视
It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is.不管它有多讨厌，我们终究要面对这个问题。

I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera,
I became very nervous.我以为我会保持镇静，可是面对电视镜头，我却变得紧张万分。

4.approach靠近；接近；临近
We could just see the train approaching in the distance.我们刚好能看到火车从远处驶来。

The total amount raised so far is approaching (= almost) $1000.目前筹集到的金额总数将近1000美元了。

5.normal普通的；平常的；通常的
Lively behaviour is normal for a four-year-old child.四岁的孩子好动是正常的。

It 's normal for couples to argue now and then.夫妻之间偶尔发生口角是很平常的。

6.occur发生
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.在东向车道上发生了一起涉及十多辆汽车的交通事故。

Violence of some sort seems to occur in every society.每个社会似乎都会存在某种形式的暴力。

7.average平均的;普通的；平常的；中等的；一般的
average earnings/income/rainfall平均工资／收入／降雨量
The average person in the street is a lot better off than they were forty years ago.再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了。

The cars were being sold at an average price of $11000.这批汽车的平均售价是 1 万美元。

8.cross越过；横穿；横渡；横跨
It's not a good place to cross the road.这里不适宜穿越马路。

Look both ways before you cross over (= cross the road).过马路前先要左右看看。

9.grand壮丽的；堂皇的；重大的:
It's not a very grand house. 这房子并不是十分富丽堂皇。

The wedding was a very grand occasion. 婚礼场面非常隆重。

10.optimism乐观；乐观主义
There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future.谈到公司的未来，他语气里带着乐观情绪。

There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.有一种乐观情绪，认为能
够达成一项协议。

11.gather收集，搜集；聚集，集拢
I went to several libraries to gather information about the scheme.我去了数家图书馆去搜集有关这一计划的资料。

We gathered our things together and left quickly.我们收拾好自己的东西赶快离开了。

12.emission气体、热量、光线等的）排放，散发，射出
•carbon dioxide emissions二氧化碳的排放
The emission of gases such as carbon dioxide should be stabilised at their present level...二氧化碳等气体的排放应该稳定在当前水平。

13.target （想要实现的）目标
Higher degrees in English are a target for foreign students.获得更高的英语学位是外国学生的目标。

The government may fail to meet (=achieve) its target of recycling 25% of domestic waste.政府可能完不成回收利用 25% 的生活垃圾的目标。

14.extremely 非常；极端；极其
They played extremely well.他们演奏得非常精彩。

She's extremely beautiful.她非常美丽。

15.vulnerable受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的
I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.一丝不挂地站在那里，我感觉自己非常脆弱，不堪一击。

He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.他在我最脆弱的时候利用了我。

16.narrow狭窄的;狭隘的;勉强的；差距微小的
a narrow bridge/passage/gap狭窄的桥梁／通道／缝隙
They are unable to see beyond the narrow world of the theatre.他们看不到狭小的戏剧界以外的天地。

We won a narrow victory.我们险胜。

17.routinely 日常地，常规地
Health and safety rules are routinely flouted/ ignored.卫生和安全法规经常被忽视。

This vaccine is already routinely used.这种疫苗已经作为常规使用。

18.be subject to受…的，常受…的；易患…的
•In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression.近年来，她一
直饱受忧郁症的折磨。

Flights are subject to delay because of the fog. 由于有雾，航班可能延误。

19.bury掩埋，埋藏
She buried her face in her hands and began to sob.她双手掩面开始啜泣。

The skiers were buried under the snow.滑雪者被埋在了积雪的下面。

20.proposal 建议；计划；提案
Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the president.议会否决了总统最近提出的经济计划。

The committee put forward a proposal to reduce the time limit.该委员会提出了一个缩短时限的建议。

21.generate（以某种形式）产生，发生（能量等）
Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community.风轮机为当地社区发电。

The company, New England Electric, burns coal to generate power.新英格兰电力公司用煤发电。

22.particularly特别，尤其，异乎寻常地
Steve was in a particularly bad mood when he got back. 史蒂夫回来时情绪特别不好。

The restaurant is particularly popular with young people.那家餐厅尤其受到年轻人的欢迎。

We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.我们希望扩大业务，尤其是在欧洲。

23.install安装，设置〔设备〕:
Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 在市中心已安装了一些监控摄像机。

They had installed a new phone line in the apartment.他们已经在公寓里装上了新的电话线。

24.priority优先考虑的事
Mending the lights is a priority task (= more important than other jobs).修灯这个任务更重要。

Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans (= They deal with them first because they consider them most important).银行在发放贷款时通常优先考虑大企业。

25.efficiency效率；效能
What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency of the public services.他们的社会给人留下最深刻印象的是其高效率的公共服务。

There are many ways to increase agricultural efficiency in the poorer areas of the world.有很多方法能够提高世界贫困地区的农业效率。

26.at hand （时间上）临近；在附近
Recent economic performance suggests that a major crisis is at hand.最近的经济表现预示着一场重大的危机可能即将到来。

Peter turned his attention to the task at hand.彼得将注意力转移到手头的工作上。

27.available可利用的；可获得的;可取得联系的；有空的
Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. 想参加大会的教师可获得资助。

Parking is readily available near the station entrance.车站入口附近停车很方便。

28.damp潮湿的，湿淋淋的
The grass is still damp.草还有些潮湿。

It was a damp, misty morning.那是一个潮湿而又雾气蒙蒙的早晨。

29.ambition强烈欲望，野心；雄心，抱负，志向
Her ambition was to become a model.她的志向是要成为时装模特。

He achieved his ambition of making a fortune.他已实现了发财的雄心。

30.publish公布；出版；发表
The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June.竞赛优胜者名单将于六月份公布。

She was only 19 when her first novel was published.她的第一部小说出版时她年仅19岁。

31.keen热衷的；热心的；渴望的
She's a keen tennis player她热衷于打网球。

She's keen on (playing) tennis.她很喜欢打网球。

32.follow suit跟着做，照着做，仿效:
Budget companies have been so successful that other airlines have had to follow suit and lower their fares. 廉价航空公司很成功，其他航空公司只得仿效，降低票价。

33.inspire激励，鼓舞;唤起，激起;赋予灵感；激发（想法）
After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish.委内瑞拉之行促使她下定决心学习西班牙语。

The design of the car has inspired many imitations.受这款车设计的启发出现了很多模仿品。

34.technology技术（学）；应用技术；（尤指）工业技术
•computer technology电脑技术
Advances in technology have improved crop yields by over 30%.科技的进步使庄稼的产量提高了 30% 以上。

There have been major new developments in satellite technology.卫星技术有了重大的新发展。

35.adaptat ion适应
36.
Most living creatures are capable of adaptation when compelled to do so.大多数生物都能在迫于压力的情况下适应新环境。

37.cope with（人）应付；（妥善）处理
It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job.要照顾三个小孩还要工作肯定不容易。

Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness. 当局需要解决人们无家可归的问题。

mit承诺，保证；（使）忠于；（使）致力于；投入（时间或金钱）
The government must commit itself to improving health care.政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务。

They called on Western nations to commit more money to the poorest nations...他们呼吁西方国家向极端贫困国家投入更多的钱。

39.hash out详细讨论
The reorganization plan was hashed out September 16.重组计划在 9 月 16 号进行了充分讨论。

【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。

1.If any of these symptoms while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor
immediately.
2.The age of the US soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War was 19.
3. the bridge and turn right at the first set of traffic lights.
4.The company's grand was to become the first and biggest global airline.
5.Judging from your examination results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason
for cautious about getting a university place.
6.She up the newspapers that were scattered around the floor.
7.The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the of greenhouse
gases by the UK.
8.I woke up in the night, with sweat.
9.The future of the company looks very promising.
10.I was impressed by the with which she handled the crisis.
11.We want to ensure that help is (= easily available) for all children suffering
abuse.
12.Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became .
13.Vitamin K is given in the first week of life to prevent bleeding.
14.•All train times are change in bad weather conditions.
15.Tourists are more to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city
to avoid.
16.A woman had a escape yesterday when her car left the road.
17.She feared she wouldn't be able to two new babies.
18.Once we to this course of action there is no going back.
19.As she left the court, she by angry crowds who tried to block her way.
20.If you look out of the window on the left of the bus, you'll see that we're now
the Tower of London.
21.The government's of 3.5% annual growth seems easily attainable.
22.Earthquakes are difficult to predict.
23.We some of the details of the plan.
24.They've the new computer network at last.
25.British farmers, those producing lamb, are very worried.
26.Evolution occurs as a result of to new environments.
27.This shirt still feels a bit .
28.Life offered few opportunities for young people with .
29.The Government figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed.
30.They were very to start work as soon as possible.
31.The captain's heroic effort them with determination.
32.What this country needs is a long-term policy for investment in science and .
33.The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a .
34.He'd had to his pain over the years.
35.There has been an angry reaction to the government's to reduce unemployment
benefit.
36.The wind farm may be able to enough electricity/power for 2000 homes. Keys:
1.occur 服药期间如果产生了这些症状中的任何一种，要立即就医。

2. average参加越南战争的美国士兵平均年龄是19岁。

3.Cross 过桥后在第一个红绿灯处右拐。

4.ambition 公司的远大目标是要成为全球首位的，也是最大的航空公司。

5. optimism从你的考试成绩来看，我认为你有理由对在大学得到一席位持谨慎的乐观态
度。

6.gathered 她把散落在地板上的报纸收拾起来。

7.emission绿党要求英国切实减少温室气体的排放量。

8.streaming 我夜里醒来，浑身冒汗。

mercial这家公司的商业前景看起来非常光明。

10.efficiency 她应变效率之高给我留下了深刻的印象。

11.at hand 我们想确保所有遭受虐待的儿童都能随时得到帮助。

12. available 一有新的信息就开会告诉了员工
13.routinely出生后第一周通常要服用维生素K，以防止出血
14.subject to 在恶劣的天气状况下，所有列车时刻都常有变动。

15.vulnerable游客更容易受到攻击，因为他们不知道城里哪些地方不该去。

16. narrow昨天一名女子的汽车冲出公路，险些酿成大祸。

17.cope with她担心自己无法应付两个刚出生的宝宝。

18. have committed一旦我们承诺采取这个行动，就没有回头路。

19.was confronted 她离开法庭时，愤怒的人群试图拦住她的去路。

20.approaching如果你从公车左侧的视窗望出去，就可以看到我们正在驶向伦敦塔。

21.target 政府制定的3.5%的年增长目标似乎很容易实现。

22. extremely预测地震极其困难。

23.hashed out 我们详细讨论确定了计划的一些细节。

24.installed他们终于安装了新计算机网络。

25.particularly英国农夫，尤其是养羊羔的农夫，非常担忧。

26. adaptation 进化是生物适应新环境的结果。

27.damp这件衬衫摸上去还有点湿的。

28.ambition生活给予雄心勃勃的年轻人的机会很少。

29.publishes 政府每半年公布一次失业人数。

30. keen 他们渴望尽早开始工作。

31.inspired船长的英勇行为激发了他们的决心。

32.technology这个国家所需要的是科技投入方面的长期政策。

33.priority管理部门似乎并不认为应该优先考虑办公室安全问题。

34.bury多年来他不得不将痛苦埋在心底。

35.proposal政府削减失业救济金的计划遭到了强烈的反对。

36. generate 这座风力发电站发的电或许足以供2000个家庭之用。

【译文】
3月13日，当乘客们印度商业之都孟买的一座哥特式复兴建筑——贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉终点站(Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)涌出时，迎面而来的是接近40°C的高温，比往年同期高出近7°C。

这座城市正处于让人衰弱的热浪中，这是过去50年来的第13次热浪，其中近一半发生在过去15年。

在此期间，孟买的平均气温上升了超过1°C。

如果那天的乘客从车站穿过街道，进入市政府总部，他们也许会找到乐观的理由。

当天下午，来自市政当局和马哈拉施特拉邦(首府孟买)的政要们聚集在一起，公布了一项“气候行动计划”。

孟买的目标是到2050年实现净零排放，比印度政府设定的目标早了20年。

孟买极易受到气候变化的影响。

这是一个狭窄而人口密集的岛屿，主要由填海造出的土地组成，三面被阿拉伯海环绕，每年受到四个月季风降雨的袭击，经常遭遇大洪水，尤其是在高潮期间。

这对城市的公寓居民来说已经够糟糕的了。

但对于42% 生活在贫民窟的人口来说，情况更糟，这些贫民窟很容易被冲走或被山体滑坡掩埋。

该计划的主要内容是关于孟买能源去碳化的提案。

孟买近三分之二的排放来自于发电，而发电主要依赖于化石燃料的燃烧，尤其是煤炭。

该市希望增加可再生能源的比重。

例如，孟买正在考虑在屋顶上安装太阳能电池板。

另一个重点是提高城市建筑的质量和效率。

尤其是贫民窟这样的热岛。

贫民窟的房屋是用附近的各种材料或便宜的材料制成的，这些材料温度比质量好些的建筑高5到6度，正如报告所说，天气炎热时，这种建筑“不适合居住”。

而且，炎热、潮湿和拥挤的环境使贫民窟居民更容易生病——这是气候变化带来的不太明显的风险。

可惜的是，该计划中并没有多少如何实现其理想的细节描述。

尽管如此，孟买在公布计划方面都走在了南亚大都市的前列。

其他城市热衷于效仿，俱乐部C40的施卢蒂·纳拉扬(Shruti Narayan)说，他帮助撰写了这份报告。

印度南部的金奈和班加罗尔已经开始实施他们的计划。

其他一些城市，包括印度的德里和加尔各答、孟加拉国的达卡和巴基斯坦的卡拉奇，都表示有兴趣做类似的事情。

孟买240页的文件中有很多内容可以启发他们。

一个是它不依赖于使用尚未存在的技术，许多国家提出的国家方案因这一点受到的批评。

另一个是关注适应性(应对所有已经发生的坏事)而不仅仅是减少未来的排放。

不管怎样，细节可能无关紧要。

世界银行的气候专家AbhasJha认为，孟买计划的真正价值在于它是一个信号装置，可以“吸引决策者的注意力”。

致力于将全球气温升幅控制在比工业化前水平高出2摄氏度以内的《巴黎协定》(ParisAgreement)，其运作方式大致相同，各国需要在之后才会敲定细节。

然而，时间正变得越来越短。

【背景知识】
零碳排放，不是没有二氧化碳排放，而是使用植树等自然方式补充等量的氧气与人们排放的二氧化碳相抵达到平衡。

零碳排放，是指无限地减少污染物排放直至零的活动。

就其内容而言，一是要控制生产过程中不得已产生的废弃物排放，将其减少到零;二是将不得已排放的废弃物充分利用，最终消灭不可再生资源和能源的存在。

就其过程来讲，是指将一种产业生产过程中排放的废弃物变为另一种产业的原料或燃料，从而通过循环利用使相关产业形成产业生态系统。

11。