语言学第四章chapter4课件
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• (7) I hear _____ yesterday. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
学习交流PPT
14
4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
学习交流PPT
13
• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
学习交流PPT
12
4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
学习交流PPT
10
• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
with a preposition. • To boldly go. →To go boldly.
• Preposition is not a word you can
学习交流PPT
16
• Immediate constituent analysis (IC analysis) has two ways of representation:
• Tree diagram
• brackets
学习交流PPT
17
Tree diagram
• (8) The man bought a car.
b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
• (2) a. Jack looked up the word.
b. Jack looked the word up.
• (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the.
Chapter 4 Syntax
学习交流PPT
1
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
学习交流PPT
4
4.2 Word Classes
• Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
(Bloomfield: 直接成分分析法)
• Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion.
course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud)
have all these characteristics.
学习交流PPT
8
Phrase structure rules
• Representation(通过词性表征句法): The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds Art + N + V + Art + N+Prep+Art + N
• Morphology: the internal structure of words
Syntax: the combination of words
学习交流PPT
3
Syntactic rules
• (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds.
学习交流PPT
9
4.3 The Prescriptive Approach
• Definition: An approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century England, who lay down rules for the correct or “proper” use of English by following Latin.
学习交流PPT
18
Brackets
• Brackets can also be used but are arguably less easy to read.
• (9) a. [the man bought a car] b. [[the man] [bought a car]] c. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [a car]]] d. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [[a] [car]]]]
• The rules which govern the structure of phrases are known as phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. Such rules allow for the
generation of grammatical sentences in a language.
• Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
学习交流PPT
• The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis (IC).
• The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
学习交流PPT
15
• The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
学习交流PPT
5
• Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
end a sentence with. (funny)
学习交流PPT
11
4.4 The Descriptive Approach
• Definition: An approach taken throughout the 20th century which attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as it is used by collecting samples. Various techniques may be employed.
学习交流PPT
2
4.1 Introduction
• Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words.
Difference between morphology and syntax
6
• Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
• Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
• Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
• Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “பைடு நூலகம்hings” in events. run, walk, seem
• For example, a noun can be defined as a form that
comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take
inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of
• Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
学习交流PPT
7
• The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
学习交流PPT
14
4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
学习交流PPT
13
• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
学习交流PPT
12
4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
学习交流PPT
10
• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
with a preposition. • To boldly go. →To go boldly.
• Preposition is not a word you can
学习交流PPT
16
• Immediate constituent analysis (IC analysis) has two ways of representation:
• Tree diagram
• brackets
学习交流PPT
17
Tree diagram
• (8) The man bought a car.
b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
• (2) a. Jack looked up the word.
b. Jack looked the word up.
• (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the.
Chapter 4 Syntax
学习交流PPT
1
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
学习交流PPT
4
4.2 Word Classes
• Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
(Bloomfield: 直接成分分析法)
• Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion.
course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud)
have all these characteristics.
学习交流PPT
8
Phrase structure rules
• Representation(通过词性表征句法): The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds Art + N + V + Art + N+Prep+Art + N
• Morphology: the internal structure of words
Syntax: the combination of words
学习交流PPT
3
Syntactic rules
• (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds.
学习交流PPT
9
4.3 The Prescriptive Approach
• Definition: An approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century England, who lay down rules for the correct or “proper” use of English by following Latin.
学习交流PPT
18
Brackets
• Brackets can also be used but are arguably less easy to read.
• (9) a. [the man bought a car] b. [[the man] [bought a car]] c. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [a car]]] d. [[[the] [man]] [[bought] [[a] [car]]]]
• The rules which govern the structure of phrases are known as phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. Such rules allow for the
generation of grammatical sentences in a language.
• Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
学习交流PPT
• The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis (IC).
• The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
学习交流PPT
15
• The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents.
学习交流PPT
5
• Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
end a sentence with. (funny)
学习交流PPT
11
4.4 The Descriptive Approach
• Definition: An approach taken throughout the 20th century which attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as it is used by collecting samples. Various techniques may be employed.
学习交流PPT
2
4.1 Introduction
• Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words.
Difference between morphology and syntax
6
• Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
• Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
• Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
• Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “பைடு நூலகம்hings” in events. run, walk, seem
• For example, a noun can be defined as a form that
comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take
inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of
• Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
学习交流PPT
7
• The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.