跨文化交际第四章_男性气概vs女性气质

Characteristics of tough society
① High occupational segregation by gender; ② Gender inequality Careers for males are mandatory. Few women in powerful jobs; ③ Accomplishments highly valued; ④ High level of job-related stress; ⑤ Highly competitive; ⑥ Task oriented; ⑦ Values the art of combat; ⑧ Bigger is better; ⑨ Separates family and work life; ⑩ Live to work.
They are expected to flirt (摇晃地移动) and like to be noticed when they come into the room.
They like to dominate discussions and to compete, especially when there is a chance of winning.
The assertive ( 过分自信) pole has been called “masculine” (阳 刚的) and the modest, caring pole “feminine” (阴柔的).
1. Tough societies
In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege (特权), access to power and influence, status and prestige (声望), and ability to consume are related to ability and that with enough opportunity any individual who wants these benefits of society can have them.
Masculinity and Femininity
Main Points 1. Tough Societies 2. Tender Societies 3. Impact upon tough society 4. Impact upon tender societies
Definition
Masculinity and femininity refer to the distribution of roles between the genders, a fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found.
Characteristics of tender society
1. little occupational segregation by gender; 2. relative gender equality; 3. careers for males are optional; 4. more women in powerful jobs; 5. nurturing highly valued; 6. low level of job-related stress; 7. highly cooperative; 8. relationship oriented; 9. values the art of compromise (妥协); 10. smaller is beautiful; 11. concern for family issues in workplace; 12. work to live.
People (particularly men) tend to be defined in terms of what they do for a living; that is, one's occupation defines the individual. Consequently, when people retire, they have great problems of adjustment because "who they are" has been taken from them. Competition is considered a good thing, even though sometimes the competition can be so fierce that it becomes aggressive and unethical.
In some other low masculinity societies, material comfort and lifestyle are considered less an indication of a person‟s character and value than their religious devotion, their social conscience, their intellectual or artistic abilities, their stature as a wise elder, their rights as a fellow member of a caring society.
A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders.
In these cultures, females are treated equally to mBiblioteka Baidules in all aspects of the society. Men‟s values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive (过分自信的,武断的) and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other.
The corollary (必 然的结果) is that those who do not have the ability, or the character, cannot work and success.
High masculinity societies tend to reward financial and material achievements with preferential social prestige and status, and to attribute strong character and spiritual values to such high achievers.
3. Impact upon tough society
To masculinity, power means power to make others do what you want them to. Masculinity people like to show off by being the biggest, best, and fastest there is.
There is a great deal of genderrole segregation, for women do certain jobs and men do others
Fewer women will be in high government positions.
Adult women in certain African and Middle Eastern countries cannot receive a driver„s license, bank account, passport, or contraceptive without the explicit (明确 的 permission of either their fathers or their husbands.
2. Tender societies In some low masculinity societies, living well in material comfort and having other high standard of living factors are believed to be matters of birth, luck, or destiny.
Masculinity focuses on the degree the society reinforces (支援, 增援) or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power.
The males in particular like sports, often roughhouse (室内打闹玩笑的) with other males, and love to use sports metaphors.
Masculinity people tend to argue and criticize others, even when they do not intend to be antagonistic (对 抗的). They look up to heroes and look down on losers.
People take relatively few vacations or allow themselves much leisure time with friends and family. Vacations are usually disturbed by phone call about work. Teachers reward and praise their best students because academic achievement is highly valued. Male students in particular are highly competitive, assertive, and task oriented.
The priorities of family and work life are kept as separate as possible. Corporations generally disregard the well-being of employees' families in their strategic planning.
A high masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differentiation (区别, 分化).
In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination.