2021年上海杨浦区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷

2021年上海杨浦区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷
一、Grammar and vocabulary（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
1、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第14题10分
Understanding the Closeness-Communication Bias（偏见）
Most of us assume that we communicate better with our friends and loved ones than we do with strangers. However, it is often the case that the closer we are to1, the less likely we are to listen carefully to them. This phenomenon is called closeness-communication bias, and it has been known to affect personal relationships.
The reason2many people unconsciously "tune out" their family members or close friends is that they think they already know what the other
person3(say). It's similar to the way in which you might not notice signs, landmarks, or scenery on a path you have travelled down numerous times.
Researchers have repeatedly demonstrated closeness-communication bias in experiments. In one such study, subjects were paired up in a room with friends or spouses,4(follow) by being paired up with complete strangers. Researchers then asked the subjects to
interpret5their friends and spouses were saying to them. In the majority of cases,6most subjects assumed they would better understand those they were close to, they actually understood them no better than strangers. In some cases, they understood their close friends and spouses even less.
Another study showed that people are more likely to share their most worrisome troubles with people they were7(close) to rather than with their spouses or close friends. By sharing secrets with strangers, people are able to avoid8(judge) and prevent creating unnecessary conflict within their close relationships.
Unfortunately, the closeness-communication bias is a reality that most people
live9whether they know it or not. Not
only10this prevent people from listening to those they love, but it also means their loved ones aren't listening to them, either.
2、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第15题10分
Newton's Notes on Egypt's Pyramids Sell for €378, 000
Handwritten notes by the English scientist Sir lsaac Newton were sold at a Sotheby's London auction on 7 December, fetching €378, 000. The three pages of notes, which date from the 1680s, show
Newton1to work out the structure and exact measurements of ancient Egyptian pyramids. The notes are burnt around the2, which is thought to be the result of Newton's dog jumping up on the table and knocking over a candle.
Newton, who lived from 1642 to 1727, is most famous for discovering the laws of gravity. However, among his many other3, he wanted to work out the date and timings of
the Apocalypse（末世）. He thought that the key to this knowledge might be in the ancient pyramids at Giza, Egypt.
By studying the4of individual bricks, the length of tunnels and the height of chambers, Newton thought he would be able to work out the secrets of the pyramids and therefore unpick mysteries of Apocalypse, too. Newton also thought studying the pyramids could help him to work out the circumference（周长）of the Earth—a5piece in his work on gravity.
At the time, several people believed that the ancient Egyptians had access to important knowledge and secrets that were6when their civilisation ended. This belief was central to the study of alchemy（炼金术）. Although Newton was very interested in alchemy, he kept this hidden because he thought it would7his career. He was known as an Enlightenment scientist.
However, Newton8showed more interest in alchemy than in science and maths. In 1936, a sale of Newton's paperwork at Sotheby's auction house revealed how far his research and interest in alchemy9. John Maynard Keynes, an economist, bought some of those papers. He said that Newton was "not the first of the age of10, he was the last of the magicians". The notes that sold on 7 December are thought to be part of the same body of work.
二、Reading Comprehension（本大题共5小题，共45分）
3、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第16题15分
Thieving Monkeys—Name Your Price
Human beings are not the only species able to negotiate a deal.
If you visit Uluwatu temple in Bali, be careful. The long—tailed macaques（猕猴）there are well—known thieves. They make a living by1visitors of their possessions and then holding those objects until a payment in the form of food is paid. That is quite clever. But professor Jean—Baptiste Leca wondered whether these monkeys are cleverer sill. Sometimes, they do not accept the
first2and hold out for more. He therefore asked himself whether macaques are able to3how valuable an object is to its owner, and factor that into their negotiations.
Professor Leca and his colleagues conducted their experiment by wandering around the temple with video cameras, recording the activities of the monkeys. Every time they saw a monkey show interest in
a4tourist, they recorded the interaction. Not all attempts at robbery were successful. But of those that were, they analysed the5of almost 2, 200.
To work out what was going on, they had first to establish the6values of food rewards to monkeys, and of stealable objects to people. The temple staff keep three sorts of reward available for use in negotiations7tourists who want to get their property back: raw eggs, biscuits and small bags of fruit. Different monkeys have different8, but professor Leca established these for9animals by offering them choices between pairs of treats in an initial experiment.
To confirm which stealable objects are most10by people, they divided them into six classes: empty containers, such as phone cases and camera bags; accessories such as key rings; hats and headgear; shoes; spectacles and sunglasses; and electronics and wallets. They then observed, from the video recordings, how often victims11to bargain with the thief for the return of property belonging to different classes, and12classified objects into low value(the first two classes on the list), medium value(the second two)and high value(the third two).
They found that monkeys do have a good sense of what they are doing—
13, adults and sub—adults do. These animals have a preference for stealing high—value items, and will often hold out either for more rewards, or for better ones, if they are in possession of such items. But this is something that they have to learn how to do as they grow up. Young ones make no such14, and sub—adults are less good at doing so than adults. In monkeys, as in people, guile（狡猾）is not a trick that is inborn. It has to
be15.
A. warning
B. robbing
C. reminding
D. clearing
A. deposit
B. dish
C. offer
D. prey
A. assign
B. assist
C. assure
D. assess
A. particular
B. principal
C. peculiar
D. progressive
A. impacts
B. details
C. attacks
D. motions
A. precise
B. scientific
C. optional
D. relative
A. in spite of
B. in honor of
C. with regard to
D. on behalf of
A. preferences
B. potentials
C. performances
D. predictions
A. individual
B. independent
C. collective
D. cooperative
A. identified
B. valued
C. exchanged
D. rewarded
A. refused
B. managed
C. bothered
D. happened
A. instead
B. otherwise
C. thus
D. meanwhile
A. in practice
B. at least
C. in all
D. at length
A. differences
B. distinctions
C. distributions
D. demands
A. acquired
B. reversed
C. managed
D. informed
4、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第17题8分
"Uncle Chuchu, look!" Uncle Chuchu turns to where Preet is pointing. She quickly eats up the chips on his plate. He always falls for this trick!
Chuchu is the pet name Preet has given him. Uncle Chuchu is the kindest person in Preet's world. He is also her best friend. One day, Preet sees Uncle Chuchu scoop（抓起）handfuls of candies from a jar and drop them from his bedroom window. She watches in amazement as he ducks under the windowsill, trying hard not to laugh.
Cries of delight float up from the street!
At the end of the lane is a school. When the lunch bell rings, Uncle Chuchu secretly drops candies down to the school children as they pass under his window.
After lunch, Uncle Chuchu walks back to his office with his briefcase. When he passes the children playing, he doesn't look at them. So, the children never guess that the hand that sends them candies every day belongs to this thin, solemn man!
But one day, Uncle Chuchu has a terrible pain in his stomach. As he's taken to the hospital, he presses Preet's hand one last time…
Now, Preet sits in Uncle Chuchu's empty room. His yoga mat is on the floor. She remembers that long ago one day when she had walked in and found a pair of long legs poking into the air.
"Help!" Preet had yelled. "Uncle Chuchu is hurt!" Mom and Grandma had rushed into the room and burst out laughing! "He's not hurt." Mom said. "He's doing yoga!" Grandma said. "Yoga, " repeated Preet. She had watched with wondering eyes as Uncle Chuchu lifted his body on the palms of his hands, like a bird about to fly away!
Preet's eyes are wet. Nobody can fill the Uncle Chuchu-shaped hole in her heart.
…
(1) The scene described in the first paragraph is intended to show readers.
A. that Uncle Chuchu is easily fooled by others
B. what fun Preet used to have with Uncle Chuchu
C. how Preet enjoyed eating snacks such as chips
D. that Uncle Chuchu always treated Preet equally
(2) The underlined word "duck" in the second paragraph means.
A. hide
B. hang
C. drag
D. mark
(3) Why did Uncle Chuchu drop candies from his bedroom window?
A. He didn't want to eat up all the candies.
B. He was too shy to greet the children directly.
C. He wanted to bring delight to the children.
D. He took pity on the homeless children in the street.
(4) What is the best title for the story?
A. Uncle Chuchu's Yoga Mat
B. Preet's Farewell to Uncle Chuchu
C. Preet's Innocent Childhood
D. Uncle Chuchu's Jar of Candies
5、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第18题6分
(1) On which day of the tour, do travelers get to experience the rainforest in the day and stay in Westin Resort for the night
A. Day 3.
B. Day 4.
C. Day 5.
D. Day 6.
(2) Which of the following is TRUE about the Panama 8-Day Tour
A. It is priced at ＄1295 including tax.
B. It is only available to domestic travelers.
C. It was first launched to the public in 1952.
D. The tour package includes airport transfers.
(3) The purpose of the advertisement is to.
A. remind travelers of key information
B. promote the Panama& Canal Tour
C. advertise a series of Caravan Tours
D. describe the appeal of Panama City
6、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第19题8分
In 2018 biologist Jann Vendetti published a paper that described the discovery of five species of non-native snails and slugs（蜗牛和鼻涕虫）in Southern California. The research would not have been possible without some 1, 200 volunteers who uploaded nearly 10, 000 photos to the SLIME project (Snails and Slugs Living in Metropolitan Environments)on an app called iNaturalist.
"So the entire existence of that paper is dependent upon these citizen scientists. How do you credit those people? " said Greg Pauly from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles. "There are some very specific requirements that a lot of journals and a lot of academic societies use. And those requirements largely would exclude nonprofessional scientists. And to me, that's absurd." That's why Pauly, together with Vendetti, and several Australian biologists are arguing that criteria must change to recognize citizen scientists as authors on scientific journal articles.
They propose what they're calling "group co-authorship." The author list on Vendetti's snail-and-slug paper includes the phrase "citizen science participants in SLIME." But the phrase is absent when you look up the paper on Google Scholar. The publication software simply isn't equipped to handle that kind of authorship, and so it erases the group's vital contribution.
In another case, several years ago in Australia, a team of researchers tried to condition native lizards not to eat the poisonous cane toads. The only reason it was successful was because they partnered with the traditional landowners in northwestern Australia, and this group was called the Balanggarra Rangers.
Several journals flat-out refused to allow for the inclusion of the Rangers as group co-authors. Eventually, the researchers did convince the editors of some journals to allow it, but the group's title was shortened, as if it was a first and last name, in online indexing software： "B. Rangers."
The researchers argue that these errors and omissions don't only make the critical contributions of a native community as invisible, they could also be seen as showing prejudice.
"If the person who had made that contribution was a graduate student who was trying to pursue a career in the sciences, we would all say, 'Oh, of course that person should be a co-author'. But we don't necessarily extend that same line of reasoning to citizen scientists."
Allowing for group co-authorship is not a new idea. In 2004 the journal Nature published a paper titled "Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome." It listed as the sole author the "International Human Genome Sequencing Association." "So let's just choose this group-authorship model and turn it into group co-authorships. This really shouldn't be that hard."
(1) What can be learned about Vendetti's snail-and-slug paper?
A. It is the first paper to credit citizen scientists on the title page.
B. It describes snails and slugs living in metropolitan environments.
C. It is available on the publication software Google Scholar.
D. It includes 10, 000 photos of snails and slugs in Southern California.
(2) What can be inferred about Balanggarra Rangers?
A. They are familiar with native animals and plants.
B. They make a living by hunting native lizards.
C. They are good business people.
D. They are world famous as B.Rangers.
(3) Why is the example of a graduate student mentioned in the 7th paragraph?
A. To point out the omissions in the line of reasoning.
B. To highlight the contribution of a native community.
C. To argue against showing favor for a particular group.
D. To prove that not crediting citizen scientists is unfair.
(4) The author's purpose of writing the article is to.
A. expose the unfair practice in the scientific community
B. call for the wide recognition of group co-authorship
C. call on more people to become citizen scientists
D. explain the origin of the term group co-authorship
7、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第20题8分
Computers Confirm Beethoven's Influence Beethoven is a giant of classical music. And the most influential, too—at least, when it comes to piano compositions. That's according to a study in the journal EPJ Data Science.
If you're wondering how data analysis could determine something as abstract as cultural influence, there is something worth remembering about music.1Because a lot of it is symbolic: it's closely related to time. The music is written in symbols that are connected in time!
Juyong Park is a theoretical physicist by training. Park and his colleagues collected 900 piano compositions by 19 composers spanning the Baroque, Classical and Romantic periods, from 1700 to 1910. Then they used that mathematical quality to their advantage by dividing each composition into what they called "code words," in other words, a chord（和弦）.2
The composer with top marks for originality? Rachmaninoff. But when the researchers looked at those chord transitions across all 19 composers, it was Beethoven who was most heavily borrowed from meaning.3However, the study comes with a couple of limitations.
Again, the researchers only considered piano compositions in this work—not orchestral works. And by only studying chord transitions, their conclusions wouldn't capture artists who were influential in other ways. It's well understood that Mozart's contribution to music comes from the musical forms that he devised.4
As for Park, the results convinced him he has some listening to do. "I like Rachmaninoff's music but I have to confess, I have listened to Beethoven way more than Rachmaninoff. So after this work came out, I ended up buying his whole complete collection from Amazon. I'm waiting for this collection to arrive." It seems that Park turned a minor interest into a major commitment—in a key way.
A. That was not very well captured by the mathematical modeling.
B. It is the most mathematical of the art forms we actually can deal with.
C. One may find it tempting to attach different labels to composers, like Beethoven as a heroic figure or Chopin as the poet of the piano.
D. They then compared each chord to the chord that came after it to determine how creative composers were at coming up with original transitions（变调）.
E. He was an enthusiast and great admirer of Beethoven's music.
F. At least among the composers in this analysis, his influence was the largest.
三、Summary Writing（本大题共1小题，共10分）
8、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第21题10分
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Filter（过滤） Bubbles
In our digital age, whether we realize it or not, we're all becoming trapped in "filter bubbles"—invisible, mental cages built from our prejudices and desire for comfort.
We create this trap by doing things like exposing ourselves to politically-biased （有偏见的）news and entertainment or surrounding ourselves with like-minded friends. Digital algorithms（算法）enhance our problem by learning what we like and filling our social media with opinion-supporting content. The result is a personalized daily environment that filters out contrary points of view. Media algorithms are intensifying our tendency to self-isolate by strengthening the false view that our opinions are obviously true and moral.
We become fooled into believing that our opinions about complex issues are unquestionable. Meanwhile, the filter bubbles of those who disagree with us mislead them in the same way. This partial view of reality weakens our thinking, strains（伤害）our relationships and divides our societies. How can two people have a respectful, open-minded discussion when they both believe that only a stupid or dishonest person would disagree with them?
To get along with family, friends and fellow citizens, we must burst our filter bubbles. We can do this by cultivating meaningful relationships with people who think differently from us. This lets us experience the reality that people who believe "bad" things can be just as good and as intelligent as we are.
We can also receive balanced information by consuming news and entertainment from across the political and ideological scale. Determining right from wrong is complicated. Living outside of our filter bubbles is less comfortable and takes effort, but the personal, relational and societal benefits are rich.
四、Translation（本大题共4小题，共15分）
9、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第22题3分
翻译
显然，这个男孩把配图贴错了地方。

(attach)
10、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第23题3分
翻译
读着日记，我仿佛回到了过去，往事历历在目。

(transport)
11、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第24题4分
翻译
随着城市植树空间不断减少，应该鼓励城市居民认养而不是种植树木。

(with)
12、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第25题5分
翻译
人无需沉浸在自怨自怜中, 因为无论你曾经犯过怎样的错，彻底翻转人生永远为时不晚。

(regardless of)
五、Guided Writing（本大题共1小题，共25分）
13、【来源】 2021年上海杨浦区高三二模第26题25分
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
你是明启中学高三学生李华，你的好友王磊因疫情导致留学英国的计划受到影响。

他打算在间隔年 (gap year) 期间，去做志愿者或国内旅游，积累生活阅历。

但是王磊父母不支持他的决定。

请你写一封邮件给王磊，分享你的看法并说明理由。

注：间隔年常指升学或毕业之后工作之前，做一次长期的旅行、实习或做志愿者工作。

1 、【答案】 somebody;why;is going to或will say;followed;what;while或although或though;less close;being judged;with;does;
2 、【答案】 H;B;I;C;J;A;F;K;D;G;
3 、【答案】 B;C;D;A;B;D;D;A;A;B;C;C;B;B;A;
4 、【答案】 (1) B;
(2) A;
(3) C;
(4) D;
5 、【答案】 (1) C;
(2) D;
(3) B;
6 、【答案】 (1) C;
(2) A;
(3) D;
(4) B;
7 、【答案】 B;D;F;A;
8 、【答案】Filter bubble is a mental trap created when we read politically-biased news or make friends with like-minded people. Media algorithms with opinion-supporting content worsen the problem. The bubble leads to people having a partial view of reality and not accepting opposing opinions. Therefore, we must break/pop the bubble by developing relationships with people different from us and receiving balanced information.
;
9 、【答案】 Obviously the boy attached the illustrations (pictures) to the wrong place.
;
10 、【答案】 Reading the diary, (I felt as if) I was transported to the past and the scenes leapt before my eye.
;
11 、【答案】 With steadily decreasing amount of space for tree-planting in the city, urban residents should be encouraged to adopt a tree rather than plant one.
;
12 、【答案】 There is no need to bury yourself in self-pity or regret(s), for it is never too late to turn your life around, regardless of the (what) mistakes you made in the past.
;
13 、【答案】 Dear Wang Lei,
I hear that you plan to do some volunteer work or travel around the country during your gap year.
【高分句型一】 But your parents don't support your decision. （写信原因）
I support your idea. The Gap Year will benefit us in many ways. Gap year is a good buffer to the graduates. We are students in school and severely lack experience of being out of school, and we have no idea how would it be if we enter the society without enough preparations. The gap year will help us make a sound choice of career. （支持的理由）
No matter how you spend your gap year on travelling or volunteering, you will have special experience. You will learn how to socialize, and have the mind opened. You will grow up as an independent, confident, caring and matured person, which will help you to do better in job in the future.【高分句型二】（志愿者或国内旅游的好处）
Yours,
Li Hua
;。