管理学课件第4章 Managing in a Global Environment

– Economic and monetary union (Euro)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
– Eliminated barriers to free trade (tariffs, import licensing requirements, and customs user fees)
Regional Trading Agreements (cont’d)
• Free Trade Area of the Americas • Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
– Trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations
• African Union
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.
ventures/Foreign Subsidiary)
Other Forms of Globalization
• Strategic Alliances(战略联盟)
– Partnerships between and organization and a foreign company in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building new production facilities.
– May have more influence on an organization than the organization culture.
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures（霍夫斯坦特模型）
• • • • • Individualism versus Collectivism（个人主义和集体主义） Power Distance （权力差距）－－可接受程度高低 Uncertainty Avoidance （防止不肯定性)－－迫切程度 Quantity versus Quality of Life （） Long-term versus Short-term Orientation （长期和短期） – Individualism: the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals. – Collectivism: a social framework in which
ASEAN Members
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ASEAN Members
• 10个（截至2009年底）： • 文莱（1984年）、柬埔寨（1999年）、印度 尼西亚、老挝（1997年）、马来西亚、缅甸 （1997年）、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、越南 （1995年）。 • 总面积约446万平方公里，人口约5.6亿。 • 观察员国：巴布亚新几内亚。 • 候选成员国：东帝汶。 • 总部 • 东盟秘书处设在印度尼西亚首都雅加达。
• Joint Venture(合资企业)
– A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose.
Managing in a Global Environment
• Challenges
– Coping with the sudden appearance of new competitors – Acknowledging cultural, political, and economic differences – Dealing with increased uncertainty, fear, and anxiety – Adapting to changes in the global environment – Avoiding parochialism
Different Types of Global Organizations
• Multinational Corporation (MNC)
– A firm which maintains operations in multiple countries but manages the operations from a base in the home country.
• Polycentric Attitude (多国中心论)
– The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.东道国（组织在母国之外经营业务的国家）的管
范围内选用最佳方式和最优秀人才。
Regional Trading Agreements
• The European Union (EU)
– A unified economic and trade entity
• Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Finland, and Sweden
• Monetary and Financial Factors
– Currency exchange rates – Inflation rates – Diverse tax policies
The Cultural Environment
• National Culture
– Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important.
Examples of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
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The GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) Framework for Assessing Cultures • Assertiveness • Future orientation • Gender differentiation • Uncertainty avoidance • Power distance • Individualism/collectivi sm
• Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations. • Has 145 member nations. • Monitors and promotes world trade.
– A firm that has eliminated structural divisions that impose artificial geographic barriers and is organized along business lines.
How Organizations Go Global
• United States, Canada, and Mexico
European Union Countries
European Union Countries
• 东扩前的十五国：奥地利、比利时、丹麦、 芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大 利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞 典、英国 • 新入盟的10个东欧国家：匈牙利、波兰、 捷克、斯洛文尼亚、斯洛伐克、爱沙尼亚、 立陶宛、拉脱维亚、马耳他、塞浦路斯 • 2007年1月1日罗马尼亚和保加利亚加入欧 盟
– Differences in the laws of various nations
• Effects on business activities • Effects on delivery of products and services
The Economic Environment
• Economic Systems
Managing in A Global Environment
• The Legal Environment
– Stability or instability of legal and political systems
• Legal procedures are established and followed • Fair and honest elections held on a regular basis
• Transnational Corporation (TNC)
– A firm that maintains operations in several countries but decentralizes management to the locwk.baidu.coml country.
• Borderless Organization
• Three Stages of Globalization(组织国际化的三
个阶段)
– Stage I出口阶段(Exporting to Foreign Country) – Stage II非股权投资阶段(Non-equity investment—
Licensing/Franchising)
– Stage III股权投资阶段(Equity investment—Joint
理人员知道经营业务的最佳工作方式和惯例。
• Geocentric Attitude (全球中心论)
– A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.在世界
– Market economy
• An economy in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.
– Command economy
• An economy in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government.
• In-group collectivism
• Performance orientation • Humane orientation
Adopting a Global Perspective
• Ethnocentric Attitude(本国中心论)
– The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.母国（公司总部所在国）的工作方式和惯例是最好的。