定语从句和状语从句都属于修饰语成分,定语从句用来修饰

定语从句和状语从句都属于修饰语成分，定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，状语从句用来修饰动词或全句。

引导定语从句的关联词是关系代词或关系副词。

23.1 定语从句
定语从句用来对名词或代词进行修饰，它由关系代词或关系副词引导，其中的关系代词或关系副词在从句中也充当一定的成分。

例如：
the man who never gives up永不放弃的人（关系代词who做从句中的主语）
the house where he used to live 他过去住过的房子（关系副词where做从句中的状语）
粗体部分分别是由who和where引导的从句，用来修饰名词the man和the house，称为定语从句。

被它所修饰的那个名词the man和the house叫做先行词，定语从句通常紧跟在先行词后。

又例如：The boy who visited me was one of my students. 看我的那个孩子是我的一个学生。

（先行词为人）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。

（先行词为物）
Do you remember the day when he arrived? 你记得他到达的日子吗？（先行词为时间）
He lives in a place where no one can find it. 他住在一个别人找不到的地方。

（先行词为地点）
23.1.1 关系代词的使用
关系代词的使用首先取决于先行词是人还是物。

它一方面用来引导定语从句，另一方面还在从句中充当一定的成分。

先请看这张表：
在从句中所担任的成分
先行词种类
做主语做宾语做表语做定语先行词为人时who / that who(m) / that that whose
先行词为物时which / that which / that that / of which whose
⑴关系代词在从句中做主语，例如：
This is the man who / that wants to see you. 这就是那个想见你的人。

The girls who / that are coming are my students. 那些要来的孩子是我的学生。

She was not on the train which / that arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。

说明：定语从句中谓语动词的人称和数与先行词一致。

⑵关系代词在从句中做宾语，例如：
The boy (who / whom / that) I know studies best in their class. 我认识的那个孩子在他们班上学习最好。

Are they the players (who / whom / that) you talked about yesterday? 他们就是你昨天谈论的运动员吗？
The story (which / that) he told was very interesting. 他讲的故事非常有趣。

说明：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略，尤其在口语中是如此。

⑶关系代词在从句中做表语，例如：
She decided to be the writer (that) her mother wanted her to be. 她决定做她母亲希望她做的那样的作家。

The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 那座房子已经不是它过去那样了。

说明：关系代词在从句中做表语时可以省略。

⑷关系代词在从句中做名词的定语，例如：
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是那个汽车被盗的人。

The house whose / of which windows are big looks very beautiful. 那座窗户很大的房子外观很美。

说明：指物时，通常避免用whose，而用of which（尤其在正式场合中）。

⑸在以下情况中，关系代词常用that，例如：
①先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, much, none, little等不定代词时。

例如：
Nothing (that) he said was true at all. 他所说的话一点也不真实。

Everyone that / who knows him likes him. 每一个认识他的人都喜欢他。

②先行词前有first, last, next, only, all等修饰语时。

例如：
The only thing (that) he did was to call the police. 他所做的唯一的事情就是报警。

The first man (that) he mentioned yesterday was a driver. 他昨天提到的第一个人是一位驾驶员。

③先行词前有形容词最高级形式修饰时。

例如：
He was one of the greatest scientists that ever lived. 他是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。

That is the highest mountain (that) he has ever climbed. 那是他所攀登过的最高的山。

23.1.2 关系副词的使用：
定语从句也可以由关系副词引导。

关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，常见的关系副词有where（表地点）、when（表时间）和why（表原因）。

例如：
the house where we lived我们住过的房子
the day when we first met我们第一次见面的日子
the reason why he was late他迟到的原因
现举例说明如下：
⑴关系副词where（＝介词＋which）在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词通常是表示地点的名词，如house, school, city, village, place等。

例如：
The building where / in which we are working was built five years ago. 我们工作所在的大楼是五年前盖的。

This is the playground where / on which they played football. 这就是他们踢足球的操场。

⑵关系副词when（＝介词＋which）在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词通常是表示时间的名词，如day, year, last night等。

例如：
I’ll never forget the day when / on which I won the prize. 我永远不会忘记我获奖的日子。

Do you remember the year when / in which she went abroad? 你记得她出国的那一年吗？
⑶关系副词why（= for which）在从句中用作原因状语，它总是以the reason为先行词，the reason why…意思是“……的原因”。

例如：
Tell me the reason why / for which she was late. 请告诉我她迟到的原因。

Give me one good reason why I should help you! 请摆出一个我应该帮助你的正当理由！
⑷在使用关系副词时，要特别注意它的前面是否有先行词。

如果有先行词则是定语从句，如果没有先行词则是其它从句。

请比较：
That is the place where he was born. 那是他出生的地方。

（定语从句）
That is where he was born. 那是他的出生地。

（表语从句）
23.2 状语从句
状语从句充当主句的状语，引导状语从句的关联词主要是从属连词。

根据从属连词的不同，可以判
断出不同的状语从句，从而正确理解整个句子。

初中英语中常见的状语从句有：时间状语从句、条件状
语从句、原因状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句。

23.2.1 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, until / till, as soon as等从属连词引导。

时间状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时间。

例如：
When you cross a road, you must be careful. 你过街时要小心。

As soon as I got home, my brother went out. 我一到家，我哥哥就出去了。

You can come back whenever you want to. 你什么时候想回来就可以回来。

While I am writing this, you can be doing something else. 我在写字的时候，你可以做别的事情。

They talked as they walked. 他们边走边谈。

All things are difficult before they are easy. ［谚语］事情总是先难后易。

（寓意：万事开头难。

）
It has been raining since I got up this morning. 今天早晨我起床以来，天一直在下雨。

It is just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里以来只有一星期的时间。

Let’s wait until the train stops. 咱们一直等到火车停住吧。

I won’t believe it until I see it with my own eyes. 直到亲眼见到它，我才会相信。

23.2.2 条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if, unless等从属连词引导，if表示肯定的条件，unless表示否定的条件。

条件状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时间。

例如：
We will go if the weather stays fine. 假如天气好，我们就去。

If you can do it, so can I. 如果你能做这件事，我也能。

I won’t write unless he writes first. (= If he doesn’t write first, I won’t write.) 除非他先写（信），我是
不会写的。

23.2.3 原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because, since, as等从属连词引导。

because语气最强，表示造成某种后果的直接原因，常用来回答以why提问的疑问句；since（常位于句首）和as表示众所周知的原因。

例如：Why was she late? — Because she got up late. 她为什么迟到了？——因为她起床迟了。

I didn’t tell them because they were too young. 我没有告诉他们，因为他们年龄太小了。

Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要走了，我也要走。

As all the seats were full, he stood up. 由于所有的位子都满了，他站了起来。

23.2.4 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由than, as… as, not so… as等从属连词引导，than用于形容词或副词的比较级，as 用于原级。

有些比较状语从句常用省略句的形式。

例如：
This building is taller than that one (is). 这座大楼比那座大楼高。

She looks younger than she is. 她看上去比她的实际年龄还要年轻。

He does everything much more quickly than we thought. 他做事比我们原先认为的快得多。

He speaks English as well as his English friend (does). 他说英语跟他的英国朋友一样好。

Jack isn’t so old as he looks. 杰克的年龄没有看上去那么大。

23.2.5 方式状语从句
方式状语从句由as, as if等从属连词引导。

例如：
He worked hard all day as everyone else did. 他和所有其他人一样整天拼命干活。

You should do as the teacher tells you. 你应当按老师说的去做。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 我记得全部情况，就像是在昨天发生的一样。

23.2.6 结果状语从句
结果状语从句由so… that, such… that, so that等从属连词引导，在口语中，有时省去that。

例如：He was so young that you must excuse him. 他这么年轻，你应当原谅他。

He went so quickly that we couldn’t catch up. 他走得这么快，我们追不上。

It is such bad weather that you’d better stay home. 天气这么差，你最好留在家里。

She sat behind me so that I did not see her. 她坐在我后面，所以我没有看见她。

23.2.7 目的状语从句
目的状语从句由so that, in order that等从属连词引导，从句中多有can, will, may, should等情态动词。

目的状语从句通常置于主句之后。

例如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚一点，以便他们可以听懂。

I took a taxi so that I could get there earlier. 我乘出租车，为的是早点儿到。

He looked down so that she should not see his eyes. 他低下头，以便她看不到自己的眼睛。

They left early in order that they would arrive on time. 他们早早动身，以便按时到达。

23.2.8 让步状语从句
让步状语从句由though / although, even if / though等从属连词、no matter ＋wh-疑问词、带-ever的wh-疑问词等引导。

例如：
They are generous although they are poor.他们虽然很穷，但是很慷慨。

Though it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管这是一件苦活，我很乐意干。

Even though it was raining, we had to go out. 即使下雨，我们还得外出。

Whatever I suggest, he always disagrees. (= No matter what….) 不管我提什么建议，他总是不同意。

It has the same result, whichever way you do it. (= …, no matter which way….) 无论你用哪种方法做，结果都是一样的。

Whenever she comes, she brings a friend. (= No matter when….) 她每次来都要带一个朋友。

However cold it is, she always goes swimming. (= No matter how….) 不管天气有多冷，她总是去游泳。

1．〈句型转换〉 The box is so heavy that we can’t carry it. （改为同义句）
The box is ________ heavy for us ________ ________.
The box ________ ________ ________ for us ________ ________.
分析 so… that结构可以跟其他句型进行转换，它可以转成too… to，也可以转成not… enough to。

答案 too, to carry; isn’t light enough, to carry
2．〈句型转换〉 She went to bed after she finished her homework. （改为同义句）
She ________ ________ to bed ________ she finished her homework.
分析原句中after表明“上床睡觉”发生在“完成作业”之后，也就是“上床睡觉”之前没有“完成作业”，或者是一直到“上床睡觉”才“完成作业”。

此句型刚好与not… until（直到……才）同义。

答案 didn’t go, until
3．〈句型转换〉 The man is my uncle. He works in a small company. （合并句子）
分析the man和he是同一个人。

根据对这两句话意思上的比较，前一句应是主要信息，应处理为主句；后一句仅仅是说明the man的附加情况，应处理为定语从句。

答案 The man who works in a small company is my uncle.
4．〈选择填空〉 I have never been to the town ______ my father was born.
A. which
B. when
C. at which
D. where
分析本句中先行词为表示地点的town，要用关系副词where。

虽然where可以分析为“介词＋which”，但是，使用哪一个介词要视先行词而定。

我们一般说in (the) town，而不说at town，所以C不能选。

答案 D
5．〈选择填空〉 ______ he is young, ______ he knows a lot of things.
A. Because, so
B. Though, but
C. Because, /
D. Though, /
分析汉语中有“虽然……但是”的说法，英语绝不能说“Though… but…”，因为though是从属连词，but是并列连词，他们无法在一起连用。

这类题目，要么只填though，要么只填but。

答案 D
一、填入适当的关系代词或关系副词，使句意正确：
1. Do you like the teacher __________ came yesterday?
2. Is that the place __________ people feed their sheep?
3. I don’t think the girl __________ sister is a singer likes singing too.
4. Finally came the moment __________ the sports meeting began.
5. The only way __________ we can think about is to go through the side door.
6. The river __________ flows (流动) slowly around our farm is very clear.
7. Jack is the cleverest boy __________ I have ever taught in my life.
8. The reason __________ he didn’t say a word at the meeting was unknown.
9. Do you know the lake __________ my grandfather used to go fishing?
10. The teacher __________ you talked to teaches us English.
二、将下列句子改为简单句：
1. The box was so heavy that we couldn’t carry it.
2. This young man is so strong that he can join our team.
3. If she doesn’t help you, I will instead.
4. Carrots aren’t grown here and cabbages aren’t, either.
5. I live near the school, and so does she.
6. You may go with me or you may stay at home.
7. I found that it was very difficult to get on with him.
8. They like music and they like drawing as well.
9. I want to know where we’ll go this afternoon.
10. Do you mind if I open the window?
11. The cat was not in the room and it was not on the roof, either.
12. Wang Ping didn’t come on foot; she came by bus.
13. We left early so that we could catch the first train.
14. You may not finish the work if he doesn’t help you.
15. When they heard the news, they were very pleased.
16. You can’t go alone, instead, you can go with your parents.
17. I will come to help you as soon as I can.
18. We are very pleased because we see you again.
三、将下列句子改为复合句：
1. She was ill yesterday, so she didn’t come to school.
2. The boy began to play the piano at the age of five.
3. You are not old enough to decide by yourself.
4. The horse runs fast, but the dog runs much faster.
5. Don’t listen to the radio; you are doing your homework.
6. The boy is not very tall, but he can jump very high.
7. Could you tell me how to get to the nearest bookstore?
8. Take off your hat, or you’ll be mistaken for someone else.
9. The door is too narrow for a fat man like him to go through.
10. Work harder, and you’ll get a better grade.
11. They went to the city in order to find a better job.
12. The teacher came in and they became quiet at once.
13. I will get there as quickly as possible.
14. They haven’t decided where to eat their lunch.
15. You can’t live for long without water.
16. Many stars are very far away and they can’t be seen clearly.
四、同义句转换，每空填一词：
1. He thought of his other bag after he had started his journey.
He his other bag he had started his journey.
2. They got everything ready in order not to be late again.
They got everything ready they be late again.
3. Say sorry to him or he might be angry with you.
say sorry to him, he might be angry with you.
4. We can hardly remember how he looks like.
We can remember how he looks like.
5. Why not talk to us in English?
⑴ Why talk to us in English?
⑵ talk to us in English.
6. Some of these coats are too short, others are too long.
These coats are too short too long.
7. You spoke more quickly than he did.
⑴ He speak quickly you.
⑵ He quickly you.
8. Maths is the most difficult subject of all.
Maths is difficult subject.
9. Could you tell me the way to the post office?
⑴ Could you tell me to the post office?
⑵ Could you tell me to the post office?
五、根据中文意思完成下列句子：
1．你正在读的这本小说是鲁迅先生写的。

The novel ______________________________________________ by Mr Lu Xun.
2．那个正在粉刷房子的人是我的叔叔。

The man _______________________________________________ my uncle.
3. 你刚才见到的那个年轻人是我们的英语老师。

The young man __________________________________________ was our English teacher.
4. 这是我去年买的车。

This is _________________________________________________ last year.
5. 正在照看婴儿的女孩是我姑姑家的保姆。

The girl ___________________________________________ is my aunt’s baby-sitter.
6. 踢进三个球的那名队员将被派往美国。

The player _________________________________________ will be sent to America.
7. 那本丢在火车上的书是我朋友的，你最好另买一本给他。

The book __________________________________ was my friend’s. You’d better _________________________________.
8. 你可以用五分钟时间思考一下你将要说些什么。

You can ______________________________________________ what you are going to say.
一、1. who 2. where 3. whose 4. when 5. which / that 6. which / that 7. that 8. why 9. where 10. who(m) /
that
二、1. The box was too heavy for us to carry. 2. This young man is strong enough to join our team. 3. I will help
you instead of her. 4. Neither carrots nor cabbages are grown here. 5. Both she and I live near the school. 6.
You may either go with me or stay at home. 7. I found it very difficult to get on with him. 8. They like not only music but also drawing. 9. I want to know where to go this afternoon. 10. Do you mind me / my opening the window? 11. The cat is neither in the room nor on the roof. 12. Wang Ping came by bus instead of on foot. 13. We left early in order to catch the first train. 14. You may not finish the work without his help. 15. They were very pleased at the news. 16. You can go with your parents instead of going alone. 17.
I will come to help you as soon as possible. 18. We are very pleased to see you again.
三、1. She didn’t come to school yesterday because she was ill. 2. The boy began to play the piano when he was
five (years old). 3. You are so young that you can’t decide by yourself. 4. The dog runs much faster than the horse. 5. Don’t listen to the radio when / while you are doing you homework. 6. The boy can jump very high though he is not very tall. 7. Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest bookstore? 8. If you don’t take off your hat, you’ll be mistaken for someone else. 9. The door is so narrow that a fat man like him can’t go through. 10. If you work harder, you’ll get a better grade. 11. They went to the city so that they could find a better job. 12. As soon as the teacher came in, they became quiet. 13. I will get there as quickly as I can. 14. They haven’t decided where they will eat their lunch. 15. You can’t live for long if there is no water. 16. Many stars can’t be seen clearly because they are very far away.
四、1. didn’t think of, until 2. so that, would not 3. If you don’t 4. almost not 5. (1) don’t you (2) You’d better
6. either, or
7. (1) didn’t, as / so, as (2) spoke less, than
8. more, than any other
9. (1) how I can get (2)
which is the way
五、1. (that / which) you are reading was / is written 2. who is painting the house is 3. (that / who / whom) you
met just now 4. the car (that / which) I bought 5. who / that is looking after the baby 6. who / that scored three goals 7. that had been left on the train, buy him another one. 8. spend five minutes thinking about。