英国文学九大重要术语

1、Epic史诗：
A long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 一种关于严肃主题的长诗叙事，以正式和高尚的风格讲述，以英雄或准神性人物为中心，其行为取决于一个部落、一个民族或人类的命运。

Traditional epics：were written versions of what had originally been oral poems about a tribal or national hero during a warlike age. e.g. 传统史诗：关于战争年代部落或民族英雄的口头诗的书面版本
①The Greek The lliad, The Odysseyo希腊神话，伊利亚特和奥德赛
②The Anglo-Saxon Beowulf 8th.c.盎格鲁-撒克逊贝奥武夫8号
Literary epics：were composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. e.g. 文学史诗：由个体诗意工匠精心模仿传统形式创作而成
①Milton：Paradise Lost (1667) 弥尔顿：《失乐园》
2、Romance浪漫：
1、Romance浪漫：
a type of narrative that developed in 12th century France, spread to the literature of other countries and displaced the earlier epic and heroic forms. 在12世纪的法国发展起来的一种叙事形式，传播到其他国家的文学中，取代了早期的史诗和英雄形式。

3 classes of subjects of medieval romances: 中世纪浪漫故事的三类主题：
The matter of Britain (king Arthur)
The matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, etc.)
The matter of France (Chanson de Roland)
2、English Romanticism英国浪漫主义：
1）时间：
1798, the publication of The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge;
1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治的抒情民谣出版
1832, Walter Scott's death. 1832年，沃尔特·斯科特去世
2）Representatives：
William Wordsworth, S.T.Coleridge, G.G. Byron, P. B. Shelley, John Keats, etc.
3）Key words：
Nature, imagination, individuality自然、想象、个性
4）总；
Nature plays an important role in their works and is often personified. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the writer, and are always perfectly combined into a great harmony. 自然在他们的作品中扮演着重要的角色，并且经常被拟人化。

人的激情和自然之美强烈地吸引着作家的想象力，并总是完美地结合成一种巨大的和谐。

3、Heroic couplet英雄双韵体：
the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs. 抑扬格五步格的押韵对联；诗体史诗中的一种诗
体，每行有十个音节和五个重音，押韵成对。

①Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
4、English Renaissance英国文艺复兴：
1、Renaissance文艺复兴：
French for "rebirth". lt began in Italy in the late 14th century and went through 15th and 16th century in other countries of west Europe. 法语中的“重生”。

它始于14世纪末的意大利，在西欧其他国家一直持续到15和16世纪
ln this period, the European arts of painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature reached an eminence not exceeded in any age. 在这一时期，欧洲的绘画、雕塑、建筑和文学艺术达到了任何时代都无法超越的卓越水平。

2、English Renaissance英国文艺复兴：
时代：Renaissance came to England in the 16th century, and it did not have its flowering until the Elizabethan(1558-1603) and Jacobean periods (1603-1625). 文艺复兴在16世纪来到英国，直到伊丽莎白时代（1558-1603）和雅各布时期（1603-1625）才开始繁荣。

主要人物：In this period, England witnessed many great writers such as Thomas More, Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, etc. 在这一时期，英国见证了许多伟大的作家，如托马斯·莫尔、弗朗西斯·培根、威廉·莎士比亚等。

5、Blank verse无韵诗：
unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. 无韵律抑扬格五步格，英语诗歌中使用最广泛的一种形式，通常用于英语戏剧和史诗中。

①William Shakespeare’s Hamlet
6、Soliloquy独白：
In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud.
Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a character's motives and state of mind.
The best-known of all dramatic soliloquies is Hamlet's "to be or not to be”.
在戏剧中，它表示一个角色独自在舞台上大声说出他或她的想法的惯例。

剧作家们使用这种装置作为一种方便的方式来传达有关角色动机和心理状态的信息。

所有戏剧独白中最著名的是哈姆雷特的《生存还是毁灭》。

7、Sonnet十四行诗：
Sonnet: a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 14 iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme.
一种抒情诗，由一节由14行抑扬格五步诗组成，由一个复杂的押韵方案连接。

①The Italian / Petrarchan sonnet falls into two main parts：意大利/佩特拉坎十四行诗
an octave rhyming abbaabba followed by and a sestet rhyming cdecde or some variant such
as cdccdc, cdcdcd.
八度音阶押韵的abbaabba，后面跟一个半音押韵的cdecde或一些变体，如cdccdc, cdcdcd
②The English / Shakespearean sonnet falls into 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet：abab cdcd efef gg
英国/莎士比亚十四行诗分为三首绝句和一对结束对联：abab cdcd efef gg
The Spenserian sonnet: abab bcbc cdcd ee
斯宾塞十四行诗：abab bcbc cdcd ee
8、Metaphysical poets玄学诗：
1、Metaphysical poets：
The name is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry.这个名字现在适用于17世纪的一群诗人，他们无论是否受到多恩的直接影响，在世俗诗歌和宗教诗歌中都采用了类似的诗歌步骤和意象。

Donne's poems are sharply opposed to the tradition in Elizabethan poetry and the fluid, regular verification of the Cavalier poets. 多恩的诗歌与伊丽莎白时代的诗歌传统以及骑士派诗人的流畅、规范的风格形成了鲜明的对比。

2、Metaphysical poetry玄学诗派：
1）Characteristics：
①bold and ingenious conceits大胆而巧妙的言辞
②complex and subtle thought复杂微妙的思想
③frequent use of paradox悖论的频繁使用
④a dramatic directness of language语言的戏剧性的直接性
2）Theme：
Love, death, and religion, etc.
3）例子：
Love is a cannon ball
Love is a spider…dropped into the wine of life, turns it to poison.
3、Metaphysical conceit玄学奇喻：
An elaborate, exaggerated metaphor, usually strained or far-fetched in nature, comparing two incredibly dissimilar things.比喻一种精心设计的、夸张的比喻，通常在本质上是紧张或牵强的，用来比较两种极其不同的事物。

9、Dramatic monologue戏剧独白：
A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. 独白是一个人的长篇演讲。

Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. 戏剧独白不是戏剧的组成部分，而是罗伯特·布朗宁完善的抒情诗。

By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. 通过戏剧独白，一个人，显然不是诗人，在一个关键时刻的特定情况下，发表构成整首诗的演讲。

①Browning's My Last Duchess勃朗宁的《我最后的公爵夫人》
②Tennyson’s Ulysses丁尼生《尤利西斯》。