IGCSE生物复习glossary

Glossary
abdomen
absorption
acid rain active transport
adaptation aerobic respiration alimentary canal
allele
alveoli
amino acid
amnion
amniotic fluid
amylase
anaemia lower part of the body in humans, between the ribs and hip bones
movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph
Air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist. The "acid" in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.
movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration
features of living things that help them survive in their environment
the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen
the passage along which food passes through the body, from mouth to anus
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
air sacs in the lungs through which gas exchange takes place
the basic building block of proteins
the innermost membrane enclosing the embryo
the fluid surrounding the developing fetus that is found within the amniotic sac contained in the mother's womb a digestive enzyme, produced largely by the pancreas and salivary glands, which converts starches to sugars below normal levels of red blood cells or haemoglobin, or both, which can be caused by many different conditions, including iron deficiency
anaerobic respiration
anther antibiotic
antioxidant
anus
aorta
artery arteriole the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen pollen-producing oval body at the tip of a stamen
a class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms
a molecule that is capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralising them
the opening to the anal canal
the largest artery; it leaves the heart
blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart small, elastic blood vessel that arises from arteries and leads into capillaries
artificial selection selective breeding
asexual reproduction assimilation
atom
auxin
axon
bacteria
bile
bile duct
bile salts
binomial
biodegradable the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
making use of molecules that have been absorbed from food
a chemical unit that is the smallest particle of an element still retaining its properties
a type of plant hormone that elongates cells in seedlings, shoot tips, embryos and leaves
part of a neurone that allows electrical signals to pass through
very small single-celled organisms
a liquid produced by the liver that helps in digestion of fats
the passage from the liver to the duodenum
salts in the bile that help break fat into tiny droplets
a system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species able to be broken down by bacteria and other micro-organisms
biomass
bolus
bronchi
bronchioles
canines
capillaries carbohydrase carbon dioxide
carnivore
catalyst
cell wall
cell
cervix chlorophyll chloroplasts chromosome ciliary muscles codominant
colon community concentration
gradient
cones
consumer the mass of a living organism
a ball of food
tubes through which air passes, between the trachea and the smaller bronchioles
small tubes that branch from each of the bronchi pointed teeth used for biting
tiny blood vessels
enzyme that digests carbohydrate
gas produced during respiration and used up during photosynthesis
an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
the outer part of a plant cell, made of cellulose
the basic ‘building block’ of living things
the neck of the womb
green pigment in plants, involved in photosynthesis structures containing chlorophyll
a thread of DNA, made up of a string of genes
ring of muscles holding the eye lens
alleles both having an effect in a heterozygous organism first part of the large intestine
all the different species in a habitat
a difference in concentration across a material
light-sensitive cells in the retina, responsible for colour vision
an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms
contraction
cornea
coronary heart
disease coronary arteries
crustaceans
cytoplasm
deamination
decomposers
deficiency disease
denaturing
dendrites
denitrifying bacteria
dialysis
diaphragm
diffusion
digestion
diploid nucleus
DNA
dominant double circulatory
system in muscle tissue, the shortening of cells
the front of the eye, responsible for most of the focusing disease in which the coronary arteries get blocked or damaged
arteries that deliver blood to the heart muscles
a group of arthropods including crabs, shrimp and woodlice
jelly-like substance in cells
removal of nitrogen from amino acids
an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter
disease caused by lack of a particular nutrient breakdown of an enzyme caused by a high temperature threads of cytoplasm in a neurone that pick up electrical signals
bacteria that turn ammonia and nitrates back to nitrogen filtering a patient’s blood in a similar way to a kidney muscular sheet below the ribs and lungs
the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells)
deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule from which genes are composed
an allele that is expressed if it is present (e.g. T or G)
a system in which the blood goes through the heart twice
drug
duodenum
ecosystem
effectors
egestion
embryo
emphysema endocrine system
enzymes
epidermis eutrophication
evolution
excretion
exoskeleton
faeces Fallopian tube
fatty acids
fertilisation
fetus
fibre any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
first part of the small intestine
a unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area e.g. decomposing log or a lake
parts of the body that respond to changes
passing out of food that has not been digested through the anus as faeces
an unborn offspring during the first eight weeks after conception
condition of the lungs causing breathlessness communication system that uses hormones
proteins that function as biological catalysts
layers of cells at the surface of a leaf
lack of oxygen in water caused by excessive plant nutrients
process by which different kinds of organism develop from earlier ones
removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements
hard outer covering of the body
waste products of digestion
tube leading from the ovary to the uterus, through which an egg must pass
part of a fat molecule
process by which a sperm combines with an egg
an unborn offspring after the first eight weeks after conception
roughage in the diet
fibrin
fibrinogen
food chain
food web
fossil fuels
gall bladder
gametes
gastric juice
genes genetic engineering genotypes
geotropism
glucagon
glucose
glycogen
growth
guard cells
haemoglobin haploid nucleus an insoluble protein that gets tangled up with blood cells to produce a blood clot
a soluble protein in blood plasma
a chart showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer (e.g. mahogany tree →caterpillar → song bird → hawk)
a network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem
fuels such as coal, oil and gas formed from remains of living things that existed millions of years ago
bile is stored in the gall bladder
male or female germ cell (a sperm or egg)
fluid that mixes with food in the stomach
A length of DNA that is the unit of heredity and contains codes for a specific protein. A gene may be copied and passed on to the next generation.
taking a gene from one species and putting it into another species
genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present (e.g. Tt or GG)
a response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity
hormone that increases blood glucose concentration
a type of sugar
a polysaccharide, used as an energy store
a permanent increase in size and dry mass, by an increase in cell number or cell size, or both
in a leaf, the guard cells change shape to open or close the stomata
a protein in blood, responsible for carrying oxygen
a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g. sperm and egg)
herbivore
hermaphrodite
heterozygous
homeostasis
homozygous
hormones
hyphae
ileum immunosuppressant
drugs
incisors
ingestion
inheritance
inorganic
insulin intercostal muscles
iris
kidney tubules
kwashiorkor
lactase
lactic acid
lactose an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
having both male and female characteristics
having two different alleles of a particular gene (e.g. Tt or Gg), not pure-breeding
the maintenance of a constant internal environment Having two identical alleles of a particular gene (e.g. TT or gg). Two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding.
a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver threads making up the main body of a fungus
latter part of the small intestine
substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
biting teeth
taking substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouth
the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
substances that do not derive from living things
hormone that helps reduce a high blood glucose level
muscles between the ribs
coloured part of the eye that changes shape to control amount of light entering the eye
tiny tubes in the kidney that play a role in filtering the blood
condition caused by lack of protein in the diet
enzyme that breaks down lactose
a waste product of anaerobic respiration
a type of sugar
large intestine
limiting factor
lipases
lipids
lumen
lymph
lymphocytes
malaria
maltase
maltose
meiosis menstrual cycle
menstruation
mesophyll metabolic reactions
micropyle
mitosis
molars
mutation
mycelium
myriapod
narcotic
nerve cell
neurone part of the intestine where remaining water and inorganic ions pass into the blood
something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes
enzymes that break down fats
an alternative name for fats
space in the veins through which blood flows
tissue fluid in the lymphatic capillaries
white blood cells that kill pathogens
disease caused by a parasite carried by mosquitoes enzyme that breaks down maltose
a type of sugar
reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid
process of menstruation and ovulation
discharge of blood from the lining of the uterus
inner tissue of a leaf
chemical reactions that take place in cells
small opening in the surface of an ovule
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomes
grinding teeth
a change in a gene or chromosome
the main body of a fungus
an arthropod with many legs
addictive drug
cell that carries electrical signals
alternative name for a nerve cell
nicotine nitrifying bacteria
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
nucleus
nutrition
obesity
oesophagus
oestrogen
optic nerve
organ
organ systems
organic
osmosis
ovary
oviduct
ovulation
ovules
oxygen debt
oxyhaemoglobin addictive drug found in tobacco
bacteria that change proteins in organic material into ammonia and nitrates
bacteria that change nitrogen from the air into ammonia
part of a cell that contains genetic material
taking in of nutrients that are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them
condition of being severely overweight
tube connecting mouth and stomach
hormone that controls development of female characteristics
nerve connecting retina to brain
a structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions
a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
derived from living things
the diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration (dilute solution) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane
the organ in which eggs (ova) are produced
tube through which an egg leaves the ovary
process by which an egg is released from the ovary part of the ovary of a plant; becomes the seed after fertilisation
condition after exercise during which extra oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid
molecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen
palisade cells
pancreas pancreatic juice partially permeable
pathogen
pectinase
penicillin
pepsin
peristalsis
phagocytes
phenotype
phloem tubes photosynthesis
phototropism
placenta
plasma
plasmolysed
pollination
population cells near the surface of a leaf where most of the photosynthesis takes place
gland containing pancreatic juice
fluid containing enzymes that help digestion
allowing some substances through, but not others
a harmful organism
enzyme that helps to break down cell walls in fruit
an antibiotic
a protein-digesting enzyme
process by which muscles in the wall of the intestine cause food to be pushed along
white blood cells that surround and digest harmful bacteria
the physical or other features of an organism due to both its genotype and its environment (e.g. tall plant or green seed)
tubes that transport sugars around a plant
the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
a response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming
organ in the uterus that provides nutrients for the fetus watery constituent of blood that contains many dissolved substances
condition when the surface membrane of a plant cell is pulled away from the cell wall
the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma)
a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area at the same time
primary consumer an animal that eats plants
producers
protease
protein pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
recessive
reflex action
reflex arc
reproduction
respiration
retina
rods
root hair cells
secondary
consumer
sense organs
sensitivity sexual reproduction an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
an enzyme that breaks down protein
molecules made up of amino acids
blood vessel from the heart to the lungs
blood vessel from the lungs to the heart
an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present (e.g. t or g)
action that does not involve conscious thought (e.g. blinking)
pathway from receptor to muscle
the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
light-sensitive part of the eye
light-sensitive cells in the retina, responsible for monochrome vision in poor light
specialised cells that help anchor a plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil
an animal that eats other animals
groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals
the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses
the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a
diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
sickle cell anaemia small intestine
sperm spongy mesophyll
(layer)
stomata
suspensory
ligaments
tendon tertiary consumer
test cross
testes
testosterone
thorax
tissue
trachea
translocation
transpiration
trophic level
tropisms
turgid
urea a condition causing abnormal haemoglobin, but which appears to give protection against malaria
part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the large intestine
the male sex cell
inner layer of a leaf, having air spaces between the cells
gaps in the lower epidermis of a leaf
strong fibres holding the eye lens within the ciliary muscles
bundle of strong, non-stretchy fibres that hold muscle to bone
an animal that eats a secondary consumer
crossing an unknown genotype with one showing a recessive phenotype
organ that produces sperm
hormone that controls development of male secondary sexual characteristics
in humans, the chest
a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
tube between the mouth or nose and the bronchi
the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata
the position of an organism in a food chain, food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy
plant growth in response to a stimulus
rigid (in plants, when they have sufficient water)
an excretory substance made in the liver from excess proteins, excreted by the kidneys
ureter
urethra
uterus
vacuole vascular bundles
veins
vena cava
villi
water potential
xylem vessels
zygote tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder
tube through which urine leaves the body
organ in which offspring grow and develop before birth liquid-filled space inside a cell
structures in a leaf that contain xylem vessels
blood vessels carrying blood to the heart
the vein carrying blood from all of the body, apart from the lungs, to the heart
small projections on the wall of the small intestine
a measure of concentration; concentrated solutions have a low water potential
a system of tubes that delivers water to parts of a plant
a cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes。