土木工程专业英语翻译第7单元

7 Road Engineering Ⅰ: Road Design
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
道路的平面和纵断面设计
1 Background
本文背景
One definition of a visually attractive and unobtrusive highway is the degree to which the horizontal and vertical alignments of the route have been integrated into its surrounding natural and human environments. This takes careful planning and design, as noted in the AASHTO Green Book: Coordination of horizontal alignment and profile should not be left to chance but should begin with preliminary design, during which adjustments can readily be made ... The designer should-study long, continuous stretches of highway in both plan and profile and visualize the whole in three dimensions.
一条公路是否引人注目取决于这条公路的平面和纵断面设计与周围环境的融合程度，这需要认真的规划和设计，就像AASHTO Green一书中提到的：“水平面的位置和分布的协调不应该由可能性决定，而应该是由容易调整的初步设计决定……”设计者应进行长时间的研究，并具有把整个不断延伸的公路的平面和剖面形象化的展示在三维空间中。

This application of a holistic approach to highway design, where the road is integrated into its surroundings, separates the outstanding
project from one that merely satisfies basic engineering design criteria. An excellent description of this holistic design process is contained in the publication Aesthetics in Transportation, from which the following is excerpted: A general rule for designers is to achieve a “flowing”line, with a smooth and natural appearance in the land, and a sensuous, rhythmic continuity for the driver. This effect results from following the natural contours of the land, using graceful and gradual horizontal and vertical transitions, and relating the alignment to permanent features such as rivers or mountains.
这种对于公路设计的整体分析，应用在道路融入周围环境，将杰出的项目从仅仅满足基本的工程设计标准的项目中分离出来等方面。

对于一个良好整体设计过程的描述被写在已出版的《Aesthetics in Transportation》一书，摘录如下：一般意义上的设计者是用在地上光滑和自然的外表实现“流动”的线，具有感官上的节奏感和连续性的掌控者。

其结果是适应土地的自然轮廓，运用优美渐变的水平和竖直线过渡，并对河水和高山这类永久特征性进行调整。

2 Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Considerations
平面和纵断面设计中的考虑因素
The greatest opportunities for influencing the horizontal and vertical alignments of a highway occur during the planning and preliminary engineering phases associated with a new-location facility. The designs of such facilities have the most dramatic effects on the natural and
human environments through which they pass.
影响高速路平面和纵断面定位的最大的机会出现在规划和初步设计阶段并与新位置设备有关。

这些设备的设计对于道路所通过的自然和人文环境具有最大的效果。

The more typical design problem faced by today’s highway engineers is the improvement of an existing highway or street. In many instances, the basic alignments may have been established well over 100 years ago. Regardless, the same basic design principles with respect to horizontal and vertical alignments can, however, be applied to both new and existing facilities.
当今高速公路设计者最典型的问题是对于已有的高速公路和一般道路的修缮。

很多时候，原有的道路可能已存在超过100年。

不管怎样，重视水平和竖直定位的最初的基本设计原则能，并能很好的应用到新的和现有的设施中。

Important points to consider regarding horizontal and vertical alignments are that they should be consistent with the topography, preserve developed properties along the road, and incorporate community values. The superior alignments are ones that follow the natural contours of the land and do not affect aesthetic, scenic, historic, and cultural resources along the way. Construction costs may be reduced in many instances when less earthwork is needed, and resources and development are preserved. It is not always possible, however, to avoid
having an impact on both the natural and human environments. That is why the superior alignments incorporate input received by the community through a participatory design process.
重要的是需要考虑平面和纵断面,他们应该符合地形,沿路保护开发属性,并整合社区的价值观。

那些遵循自然轮廓的土地,不影响美观,风景优美、历史和文化资源是优美的对齐。

在许多情况下建设成本可能会减少,需要更少的土方工程、资源保存和发展。

然而,为了避免对自然和人类环境产生影响，这并不总是可能的。

这就是为什么通过参与设计过程将收到的社区上级对齐。

When possible, the alignment should be designed to enhance attractive scenic views, such as rivers, rock formations, parks, historic sites, and outstanding buildings. The designation of certain highways as scenic byways recognizes the importance of preserving such features along our Nation’s roadways.
在可能的情况下,对齐应旨在提高迷人风景的观点,如河流、岩石,公园,历史遗迹,杰出的建筑。

某些高速公路以及我们国家的道路景观通道的设计是认识到保持这些特性的重要性。

Equally important as the consideration of the horizontal alignment is that of the facility’s vertical alignment. A number of factors influence the vertical alignment of a highway, including the following: (1) Natural terrain; (2) Minimum stopping sight distance for the selected design speed; (3) The number of trucks and other heavy vehicles in the traffic
stream; (4) The basic roadway cross-section; i.e., two lanes versus multiple lanes; (5) Natural environmental factors, such as wetlands and historic, cultural, and community resources.
考虑设施的平面和纵断面是同样重要的。

许多因素影响高速公路的纵断面线型,包括：(1) 自然地形; (2)根据最小停车视距选择设计速度;(3)卡车的数量和其他重型车辆的交通流;(4)巷道基本截面，即两条车道与多个车道;(5)自然环境因素,如湿地、历史、文化和社会资源。

3 Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
平面和纵断面的组合设计
The interrelationship of horizontal and vertical alignment is best addressed in the route location and preliminary design phases of a project. At this stage, appropriate tradeoffs and balances between design speed and the character of the road-traffic volume, topography, and existing development-can be made. A mistake often made by inexperienced engineers is designing the horizontal alignment first and then trying to superimpose the design onto a vertical profile. Because they must be complementary, horizontal and vertical geometries must be designed concurrently. Uncoordinated horizontal and vertical geometries can ruin the best parts and accentuate the weak points of each element. Excellence in the combination of their designs increases efficiency, and safety, encourages uniform speed, and improves appearance-almost always without additional cost.
在一个工程项目中，最好在路线选址和初步设计阶段解决平面和纵断面相互组合的问题。

在这一阶段，应该根据道路的交通量，地质等条件和当地当前的发展状况来确定道路设计速度。

然而有经验的工程师经常犯这样一个错误：先把道路平面线型设计好，然后再去设计道路的纵断面线型<这样做是明显不可行的>，因为平面和纵断面是应该相互补充，应该同时设计。

不协调的平面和纵断面线型可能会破坏的最优美的地方，并且会突出那些不利因素。

而优秀的平面和纵断面组合设计在没有增加额外成本的情况下可以增加行车效率和安全性，还可以使车辆保持平稳行驶，提高行车舒适性。

One tool to assist in coordinating horizontal and vertical geometries is the use of computer-aided design (CAD). CAD enables highway designers to quickly assess the interrelationships between horizontal and vertical alignment, particularly in areas of difficult terrain.
计算机辅助设计<CAD>是作为一种可以用来协调公路平面和纵断面线型的工具，对公路设计者来说可以用来快速评价一条公路平面和纵断面线型的相互关系的好坏，尤其是在地形复杂的地区。

Proper consideration of these basic design considerations will help to ensure that both new-location facilities and improvements to existing highways fit harmoniously into their surroundings.
适当地考虑这些最基本的设计因素将有助于确保这些新位置设施的合理性并能更好地促进该进现有公路，以便更加和谐地融入周围环境。

（1）Issues
There are numerous examples around this country of excellence in integration of the horizontal and vertical alignments of highways into their surroundings.Unfortunately, here are also examples of new or widened highways that have scarred a rural landscape or disrupted an established community. While these past actions cannot easily or inexpensively be rectified, future problems can be avoided by applying the principles outlined above and the creative approaches detailed below.
（1）问题
在我国有许多优秀的公路案例，它们把平面和纵断面线型设计融入到了周围环境中，不幸的是在新建或者扩建公路的过程中，破换道路周围美丽风光或者破坏一个已建立的社区的事仍时有发生。

虽然这些过去的错误做法无法很容易挽回，但是未来我们可以通过应用上述设计原则和应用以下创新方法来避免设计的失误。

(2)Avoiding Impact on Adjacent Natural and Human Environments
Particularly during the era of Interstate construction from the 1950’s to the 1980’s, a number of instances of new highway construction had a devastating impact on communities and areas of environmental sensitivity. It is readily acknowledged that there will be some degree of physical impact on the surroundings associated with the construction of any new location highway or major reconstruction or widening of an existing highway facility. However, from the perspective of horizontal and
vertical alignment, much of this impact can and should be alleviated.
（2）避免影响相邻的自然环境和人类环境
特别是在20世纪50年代到20世纪80年代州际公路建设时代，在修路的过程中大量的不恰当的措施对当地的社区和敏感环境产生了毁灭性的打击。

在新路的修筑或者老路的重修和扩建中，它会对周围产生不同程度的物理影响，这是公认的。

然而，从平面和纵断面线型设计的观点看，能并且应该减少这种影响。

(3)Solution
Impact on the surrounding environment can be minimized by careful attention to detail during the route location and preliminary design phases and a willingness of all concerned parties to work together toward a common goal. For example, minor adjustments to the originally proposed horizontal and vertical alignments (combined with the use of short sections of retaining wall) along the Lincoln Beach Parkway (U.S. Route 101) in Oregon eliminated the need to acquire any of the adjacent homes and businesses.
（3）解决方案
通过在路线选址和初步设计阶段的精心设计，还有有关各方面都为了同一个目标而工作的积极性，公路修建对周围环境的影响是可以避免的。

举个例子来说，在俄勒冈州Licon Beach Parkway（美国101公路）修建过程中，通过轻微调整，最初的平面和纵断面线型设计（结合使用短挡土墙），从而消除了对邻近住宅和商户的影响。

Similarly, a minor horizontal alignment shift at the beginning of the project allowed for the Hollister Bypass (SR 156) in San Benito County, CA, to avoid affecting a number of historic properties.
与之相似的是在加利福尼亚州.圣贝尼托的霍利斯特支路这一项目的设计开始之时，通过对公路平面线型一点微小的变化从而避免影响许多历史遗迹。

The use of a “cut-and-cover”design, whereby the roadway is placed below the existing ground level and covered over with a park, building, or other public space can help to avoid negative impact. Lake Place Park in Duluth, MN and other public parks were the result of cut-and-cover tunnels that not only saved historic properties but also gave pedestrians improved access to Lake Superior.
“随挖随填法”设计的使用可以减少负面影响。

“随挖随填法”就是把道路置于地平线以下，而在它的上面则有公园、建筑物、公共场所等，明苏尼达州.德卢斯的Lake Place Park和其他公园一样都是使用“随挖随填法”设计得到的成果，它们不仅保护了历史遗迹，而且让人们更加方便地去苏必利尔湖。

In many cases, there is a potential for designing a divided highway with independent horizontal and vertical alignments for each direction of traffic.
然而，在许多情况下，那里依然存在着一种对各个方向交通平面和纵断面线型分开设计的可能性。

4.Coordination between Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
平面和纵断面线型的协调
When horizontal and vertical alignments are designed separately from one another, unnecessarily large cuts and fills may be required, resulting in very dramatic and often visually undesirable changes to the natural landscape.
当道路的平面和纵断面线型被分开设计时，可能会造成大量不必要的填方和挖方量，当然也可能导致出现一些戏剧性的变化，更有可能是对自然环境的毁坏。

Solution:
One of the ways to ensure the most effective coordination of horizontal and vertical alignment is through the use of a multidisciplinary design team during the planning and engineering phases of a project. On such projects as 1-66 in Fairfax and Arlington Counties in Virginia, the combined expertise of landscape architects, urban designers, structural engineers, and historic preservationists, in addition to civil engineers and highway designers, has resulted in superior highway improvement projects.
解决方案
通过在规划和使用阶段采用多学科的设计团队，道路平面和纵断面设计的协调得到更好的保证。

这样的工程就像在弗吉尼亚州.阿灵顿的费尔法克斯修建的66号公路，在它的设计过程中撤了土木工程
师和道路设计师之外，还有专业的景观设计师，城市设计师，结构工程师，还有历史主义保护者参与到工程设计中，最终造就了这个极好的公路改建工程。

The concept of using a multidisciplinary design team is not new; it was pioneered in the early 1900’s during the planning and design of the Bronx River Parkway in Westchester County, NY. After a period of use primarily on large-scale or controversial projects, this approach has come back into more general application as a way to achieve community consensus.
运用多学科设计团队来进行设计的方法早已不再新颖，早在20世纪90年代，在纽约威彻斯特布朗克斯公园的修建工程中，人们就是用了这种方法。

现如今，这种方法作为人们公认的方法被越来越多的运用到普通工程中。