文学史——精选推荐

Chapter 1，2 Colonial Period（第一二章）
1. [Puritanism]: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.
清教徒们接受命运，原罪，人全然堕落的教义，相信只有通过有限的赎罪--或者称为拯救被挑选的人--这种特别的神典方式才能进行救赎。

2. [Puritanism's Influence]
(1)A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
它基于神话，即关于伊甸园的神话。

(3)Symbolism: the American puritan‘s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
美国清教徒借助一种典型美国式的文学象征符号表现其感知。

(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
提到写作，他们的风格是清新的，简单的，直接的；修饰手法是直白的，诚实的，也不无高贵的，这种高贵受到了圣经的直接影响。

T ypes of writing in Colonial Period：humble origins
diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons
写作形式：日记，历史记录，日报，信件，一般的书籍，自传/传记，说教
代表：*Anne Bradstreet---―Tenth Muse‖
Edward Taylor
*Thomas Paine：《Common Sense》《American Crisis》《The Right of Man》《The Age of Reason》*Charles Brockden Brown：《Wieland》/《An American Tale》---―the first American novel‖[Benjamin Franklin's contribution]
(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.
他帮助建立宾尼法尼亚医院和美国哲学社团。

(2)He was called ―the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven‖.被称为―从天堂盗火的心普罗米修斯（这次盗的是电）‖。

(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –―Jack of all trades‖. Herman Melville thus described him ―master of each and mastered by none‖.
是一个―样样精通的万能博士‖麦尔维尔将他描述为―掌握万物，无所不能‖。

*《Poor Richard‘s Almanac》，《Autobiography》---―America‘s first self-made man‖
*―the only American to sign the 4 documents ‗the Delaration Independence‘‖
Chapter 3 American Romanticism(第三章)
*时间：the end of the 18th century ---the outbreak of the Civil War（1861）
背景：Political background and economic development
Romantic movement in European countries
Derivative – foreign influence
*代表：《The North American Review》《The Atlantic Monthly》《Harper‘s Magazine》
2.[American Romanticism's features]
(1)Amer ican romanticism was in essence the expression of ―a real new experience and contained ―an alien quality‖ for the simple reason that ―the spirit of the place‖ was radically new and alien.
美国浪漫主义实际上是对―全新体验‖的描写，涵盖了―一种完全不同的平等‖。

原因很简单，因为―美国精神‖就是全新的，与别处完全不同的。

(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors
tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.
在这里，我们可以把美国清教徒当作文化遗产来看。

美国浪漫诗人更注重说教。

许多浪漫作品更富说教性而不是娱乐性。

(3)The ―newness‖ of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.
美国浪漫主义文学史属于美国这个民族的―新奇‖特点。

(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
在内外因素的作用下，美国浪漫主义文学既具备模仿成分，又有自己的特点。

Washington Irving:
the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame
―father of American literature‖
the messenger sent from the new world to the old world
《The Sketch Book》-*<Rip V an Winkle><The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>
(He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)
*《The Sketch Book》marked the beginning of American Romanticism
2个阶段：1.Subjects are either English or European；Conservative love for the antique
2.back to US
[James Fenimore Cooper's Literary achievements]
He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Co oper‘s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.
他创造了关于美国格式化时代的神话。

如果美国的历史是美国拓荒者不断将边疆西拓的过程，那么库珀《皮袜子故事集》的主角的经历就与这些拓荒者在西部冒险的经历相似。

他利用了美国历史所能够提供的素材，西部和边疆，将―西方‖传统逮到了美国文学。

代表：
《Precaution》(1820, his first novel, imitating Austen‘s Pride and Prejudice)
《The Spy》(his second novel and great success)
《Leatherstocking Tales》(his masterpiece, a series of 5 novels)
<The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie>
Chapter 4 New England T ranscendentalism(第四章)
标志: 1836--《Nature》--Emerson《论自然》-爱默生
[Definition of T ranscendentalism]:
As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the outbreak of the civil war. Its representatives were Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.
时间：1830s+代表人物：Emerson and Thoreau+超验主义认为精神或―超灵‖是宇宙中最重要之物。

超验主义者注重个人。

超验主义者认为自然是超灵或是上帝的象征。

*New England Transcendentalism was Romanticism on the Puritan soil
Ralph Waldo Emerson
代表：《Nature》(The Bible of New England Transcendentalism)
2essays:《The American Scholar》(America‘s Declaration of Intellectual Independence), 《The Poet》
Henry David Thoreau
代表：《Civil Disobedience》—which，advocating passive resistance
Chapter 5 Hawthorne& Melville（第五章）
Nathaniel Hawthorne
point of view：
(1)Evil is at the core of human life,to ―that blackness in Hawthorne‖
他认识到罪恶存在于人们生活的中心，是―霍桑心中的黑暗‖。

(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to
generation (causality).
(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.
(4)He has disgust in science.
aesthetic ideas：
(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his
mind grows to fruition.霍桑对历史和传奇十分感兴趣，是它们灌溉了他心灵成长的土地。

(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the
truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.
霍桑相信传奇是描写美国故事的最好方式。

对现实进行嘲讽时不要冒犯传统，这就是霍桑的目标。

Herman Melville
point of view
(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖
(negative attitude towards life).他似乎从来不会给生活一个肯定的答复：他的态度是―永远不‖
(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).
他的另一个主要主题是孤立。

Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress
*代表：《Moby Dick》represents the sum total of Melville‘s bleak view of the world
风格：style
(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the
technique of multiple view of his narratives.
(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.
(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and
praised.
(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.
(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes
on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)
Romantic Poets
[Walt Whitman's influence]
(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.
(2)He took over Whitman‘s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.
(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.
(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.
主题：–―a c atalog of American and European thought‖
风格：style:
One of the major principles of Whitman‘s technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought in which, the line is the rhythmical unit.
惠特曼一个主要的写作技巧就是运用对称或者思想的韵律，一行就是一个音律单位。

Another main principle o f Whitman‘s versification is phonetic recurrence, i. e., the systematic repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end.
另一个原则是音律的重复，也就是说每行诗的开头，中间和结尾都重复一个词或短语。

Whitman wrote free verse.
惠特曼写―自由诗体‖。

Emily Dickenson
代表：
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close
Because I Can‘t Stop for Death
I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died
Mine – by the Right of the White Election
Wild Nights – Wild Nights
[Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson]
1.=Similarities=:
(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of ―American Renaissance‖.
主题上，他们虽然采用不同的方式，却都以赞美新生美国的辽阔，个人主义以及美国自身的特色。

他们的诗被归为―美国文艺复兴‖。

(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.
写作技巧上，他们都响应这个新民族文学独立运动，抛弃了传统的五步抑扬格，创造出一种全所未有的形式。

他们是美国是个的先锋力量。

2.=Differences=:
(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.惠特曼注重社会角度；狄更斯强调个人的内心世界。

(2)Whereas Whitman is ―national‖ in his outlook, Dickinson is ―regional‖.惠特曼放眼―全国‖但狄更斯着眼―地方‖。

(3)Whitman has t he ―catalogue technique‖ which Dickinson doesn‘t have. (direct, simple style)
Chapter 8 The Age of Realism（第八章）
[Definition of Realism]:
With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, realism became a major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. In matters of style, there was contrast between the genteel and graceful prose on the one hand, and vernacular diction and rough and ready frontier humor on the other.
代表人物：Howells, James, and Mark Twain+时间：in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century+它将注意力放在普通人和底层人的生活经历上。

+风格上
Three Giants in Realistic Period
*William Dean Howells–―Dean of American Realism‖
Henry James；Mark Twain
“International Theme”:
Most of Henry Jame‘s novels deal with the international theme. That is the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadende, and its moral and psychological complications. For American it was a process of progression from inexperience to experience, from innocence to knowledge and maturity.
[What is “Local Colour”?]（第九章）
Local Colorism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies. The appearance of Bret Harte‘s ―The Luck of Roaring Camp‖ in 1868 marked a significant development in the brief history of local color fiction. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
地方特色主义作为一种潮流首先出现在十九世纪六十年代末七十年代初。

1968年布雷特·哈特的小说《咆哮营的幸运儿》的发表时地方特色小说发展的重要标志。

地方主义特色者注重展示和演绎他们生活地区的本
土特色。

他们倾向于吧当地生活美化和理想化但却从不忘记保留地方生活的真实色彩。

[Comparison of the three “giants” of American Realism]
In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.
在主题上，詹姆士大多选择上层社会，豪威尔斯主要描述中层阶级的生活，而马克吐温则以社会的下层阶级为写作对象。

Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, James pursued the psychological realism, but Mark Twain‘s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of local colorism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.
写作技巧上，豪威尔斯描写的是上层社会的现实主义，詹姆斯采用心理现实主义，而马克吐温通过小说中地方特色主义理念和口语特色，对现实主义和美国文学的整体发展做出巨大贡献。

Chapter 10-15 American Naturalism（第十到十五章）
[Definition of American Naturalism]:
American Naturalism appeared in the 1890s with the representatives of Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreiser. They tore the mask of gentility to pieces and wrote about the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity. They reported truthfully and objectively, with a passion for scientific accuracy and a lot of details. The whole picture is somber and dark; and the general tone one of hopelessness and even despair.
时间：1890s+代表人物：Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreiser+他们撕碎了美丽的面纱，写出了人们生活在冷酷世界里的无助和低微，以及对面对环境和遗传因素的阻力是尊严的丧失。

阴沉幽暗，无助绝望称为作品的主旋律。

*Stephen Crane-《Maggie：A Girl of the Streets》-the first uncompromising naturalistic novel in Ameraca.-he is now recognized as one of the two precursors of Imagist poetry,另一个Emily Dickinson. ；Theodore Dreiser
Chapter 11 The Modern Period--The 1920s(第十一章)
[3 Principles of Imagism ]意象派的三个原则：
1.Direct treatment of the ―thing‖, whether subjective or objective;
直接处理无论是主管还是客观事物。

2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;
绝对不用无助于表现的词。

3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.至于节奏，应使用音乐性短语，而不按节拍器的一致性。

[Definition of Imagism]:
Imagism was a poetic movement that flourished in America and England, at the beginning of the 20th century. Ezra Pound raised three principles for the movement: direct treatment of the ―thing‖, whether subjective or objective; to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; as regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.时间+三原则
Development: 3 stages
1908~1909: London---Hulme
1912~1914: England America---Pound
1914~1917: Amy Lowell
*Ezra Pound-< Cantos> –―the intellectual diary since 1915‖
Novels in the 1920s(第十四章)
F. Scott Fitzgerald
*《The Great Gatsby》-a dream，a disenchantment，a sense of failure and despair.
**Ernest Hemingway
作品：The Sun Also Rises；A Farewell to Arms；For Whom the Bell Tolls；The Old Man and the Sea
主题：themes –―grace under pressure‖压力下的优雅
(1)war and influence of war on people, with scenes connected with hunting, bull fighting which
demand stamina and courage, and with the question ―how to live with pain‖, ―how human being live gracefull y under pressure‖.
(2)―code hero‖/Hemingway Hero
The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent,
a man of action, and one of few words. Here is an individualist keeping emotions under control,
stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.
一个平凡的人，有坚定的男子气概，判断力强，还很有智慧，并且行动果断。

一个个人主义形象，他就算和其他人在一起也要单独行动，就像一个局外人，头脑保持冷静，在糟糕的根本不能让人快乐的环境下清心寡欲，严于律己。

--Southern Literature--（第十五章）
[Definition of Heritage]:
American southern literature can date back to Edgar Allen Poe, and reach its summit with the appea rance of the two ―giants‖ –Faulkner and Wolfe. There are southern women writers –Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, and Flannery O‘Connor.
William Faulkner
*Sinclair Lewis –―the worst important writer in American literature‖. He was the first American author to win the Nobel Prize for literature, which he did in 1930.
The 1930s（第十七章）John Steinbeck
American Drama（第十九章）
Eugene O’Neil；T ennessee Williams；Arthur Miller
【Theatre of the Absurd】
Definition: The theatre of absurd came to vogue in the 1950s and 1960s. It refers to some plays the theme of which centers on the meaninglessness of life with its pain and suffering that seems funny, even ridiculous. The representatives are Samuel Becket‘s Waiting for Godot, andEdward Albee‘s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wo olf?
荒诞剧盛行于二十世纪五六十年代。

它是指那些主题以体现生活的无意义为中心的独幕剧，这种生活痛苦，可笑升值荒谬。

代表是Samuel Becket‘s 《Waiting for Godot》andEdward Albee‘s 《Who‘s Afraid of V irginia Woolf?》
Chapter 21-24 The Post-War Period: 50s & 60s
Section 1 Poetry(第二十一章)
I.[Schools of Poetry (time, representatives, major features)]
1.-Confessional Poets: Robert Lowell自白诗人
The greatness of Lowell lies in the fact that, in talking candidly about himself, he is examining the culture of his nation. The identification of personal experience with that of an age has always ensured greatness and even immortality as it did.
他曾说过‗这是我的年代，我非常想成为其中的一部分》‘洛厄尔的这句话的伟大之处就在于他能够坦然面对自己和审视自己民族的文化。

对个人经历以及时代特征的定位能使诗人的作品永垂不朽。

2.-Black Mountain Poets: Charles Olson黑山派诗人（第二十二章）
There is an emphasis on the importance of the moments of awareness. It portrays a world of ―awakened, contemplative awareness‖, one in which civilization appears alien, cold, and almost unreal.
3.[Definition of Beat Generation]: （第二十一章）
In the 1950s there was a widespread discontentment among the postwar generation, whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture that America had come to represent. This has come to be known as the Beat Generation. The representatives included Allan Ginsberg‘s Howl and Jack Kerouac‘s On the Road.
二十世纪五十年代，战后一代人的普遍心声就是反对代表美国的主流文化，他们就是所谓的―垮掉的一代‖。

代表：Allan Ginsberg‘s 《Howl》+ Jack Kerouac‘s 《On the Road》
战后美国小说（第二十三章）
[Definition of Jewish literature]
Jewish literature refers to published creative writings by American Jews about their American experiences. This kind of writings is shown in Jewish perspective.
[Jewish Point of View]
1.Jews believe that God has sent perpetual sufferings to his chosen people to strengthen and purify them, and they are the ―chosen people‖.
2.Humour is a prominent aspect of Jewish point of view. It is often a twisted kind of comedy to keep them from despair. Jews are able to laugh at themselves, so some of their best humour is self-mocking.
3.Jews lay emphasis upon the power of intellects. The power to understand their own experience to judge their own life rationally to think well is considered a high virtue.
4.Self-teaching is at the heart of almost all Jewish novels. The Jewish heroes often try to seek a rational interpretation of the world through their own experience in it.
**Saul Bellow
作品：works
(1)The Adventures of Augie March
(2)Henderson the Rain King
(3)Herzog
(4)Mr. Sammler‘s Planet
主题：Themes: Saul Bellow‘s basic themes are essentially three-folded:
First, he views contemporary society as a threat to human life and human integrity.
第一，他认为人类生命及诚信正受到当今社会的威胁。

Then living in such an environment, people tend to become paranoid, high-strung, and impotent, and so lose their sanity. Bellovian characters suffer most from a kind of psychosis. They go through a phase before they regain their mental balance and serenity.
其次，生活在这种环境中，人们容易变得多疑，高度紧张，无助并失去理智，贝娄作品中的主人公大都饱受精神错乱之苦，在他们重获心智上的平衡及安详之前都要忍受一段时间的煎熬。

Finally, there is the quest motif, a quest for truth and values, difficult, excruciating, but successful in a way.
最后，主题总是关于探索，对真理价值观的探寻。

这个过程并不简单，甚至极为痛苦，但在某种程度上仍是成功的。

Chapter 25-26 Black American Literature（第二十五章）
Richard Wright---<Native Son> Ralph Ellison---<Invisible Man>
Alice Walker---<The Colour Purple (epistolary)>
Toni Morrison---The Bluest Eye；Sula；Song of Solomon (the best black novel after Native Son and Invisible Man)*；Tar Baby；Beloved；Jazz；Love (trilogy
1、该校园简直像是一个繁忙的不夜城。

a)This campus is almost like a busy sleepless city.
b)The campus is like a city unto itself — always busy, never asleep.
2、北大、清华不能满足于国内一流的地位，而是应该在全世界范围内确立他们的领头羊的
地位。

a)Peking University and Qinghua University should establish their worldwide leading place instead of simply being content with their top domestic position.
b)Beida and Qinghua should not be content being the best in China. They should position themselves for international leadership.
3、他的博客很快地吸引了忠实读者的关注。

a)His blog soon captured the attention of many faithful readers.
b)His blog quickly attracted a dedicated readership.
7、我想互联网是导致当前报刊业一败涂地的主要因素。

a)I think the Internet is the main cause of sluggishness for the newspaper industry.
b)I figure we have the Internet to blame for the sorry state of the print media.
8、他老是偷偷摸摸地跟在我后面走，要不然他的视线也不放过我。

a)He is always following me secretly. Otherwise, He is watching me all the time.
b)Whenever he wasn’t actually trailing me, his eyes were.
9、那位饭店老板好几次给我他的手机号码，具体几次我数都数不过来。

a)The boss of that restaurant has told me his mobile phone number quite a few times, and I couldn‘t remember exactly how many times he‘d done that.
b)That restaurant owner has given me his cell phone number more times than I could count
10、他人又小又瘦，有点弱不禁风的样子。

他干这个能行吗？
a)He is small, slim, and somewhat weak. Is he able to do this?
b)He was small and slight, almost meek. Could he do it?
11、她的眼睛闪闪发亮，透出了智慧的灵气，同时又有责备人的锋芒。

a)Her eyes are twinkling with the glamour of wisdom as well as the ability of reproaching.
b)Her eyes were bright, intelligent, accusatory.
12老张已是69岁的老人，心脏不好，又有相当严重的关节炎，他已不再是跳迪斯科的料了。

a)With slight heart trouble and serious arthritis, 69-year-old Old Cheung is not a fiend with disco any more.
b)Lao Zhang was a 69-year old man with a bad heart and a fairly serious case of arthritis. Disco dancing was not for him anymore.
13、李教授的书架也该除尘了。

a)Professor Li’s book shelves should be dusted
b)Professor Li’s book shelves could use a dusting.
14、二层楼有许多新潮的艺术品，一层楼则完全不一样。

a)On the second floor there are many new works of art; while on the first floor, things are totally different.
b)The second floor, unlike the first, featured many trendy artwork.
15、小孩子们穿过宽敞的校健身房，一边走一边说笑着，不一会儿来到了校长那间几乎没有什么摆设的办公室。

a)The children walked through the spacious school gym, talking and laughing, and presently got to the headmaster’s sparse and unfurnished office.
b)The kids passed through the large school gym, talking and laughing as they went, and very soon found themselves inside the principal‘s mostly unfurnished office.
16、今天我们的地理老师一反常态没有系领带。

a)Today our geography teacher did not wear a tie as he usually does.
b)Our geography teacher did not wear a tie today, for a change.
17、他不是说这几年他一直是滴酒不沾吗？很明显，事实恰恰相反。

a)Does not he say he is teetotal during these years? Obviously, the contrary is true.
b)Hasn’t he been alcohol-free all these years, as he says he has? Clearly the opposite is true.
18、他穿好了衣服，一看手表已经是九点了，去图书馆已为时太晚。

a)Having dressed up, he looked at the watch just to find that it was nine at night, too late to go to the library.
b)By the time he had dressed, his watch read 9:00 pm: too late to visit the library.
19、青岛有绿树成荫的街道，有沙滩，有游乐场所，它的室外活动简直太丰富多彩了。

a)In Qingdao, there are many tree-shaded streets, beaches and playgrounds, so the outside activities are absolutely colourful
b)With tree-lined streets, beaches and amusement places, Qingdao is a celebration of the great outdoors.
20、你可以开车去看看那些名人富豪的房子。

a)Y ou can drive to see the houses owned by the rich and famous.
b)Y ou can go for a drive past the homes of the rich and famous.
21、与以前传统的做法不一样，私有制企业为这项工程提供了将近三分之一的投资金额。

a)Unlike traditional ways in the past, private funded ventures have offered this project nearly one-third of the money invested.
b)In a break with tradition, private firms provided almost a third of the investment needed for the project.
22、在这个国家有不计其数的方言，而许多方言彼此无法沟通，要在语言上和政治上形成一股强有力的凝聚力，就靠普通话了。

a)There are innumerable dialects being spoken in this country, while in most cases people using different dialects are unable to communicate with each other. Therefore, mandarin is second to none in bringing strong unification to the nation, both linguistically and politically.
b)Putonghua, he common dialect? is a powerful force for linguistic and political unity in a country with countless dialects, many of them mutually unintelligible
23、许多中国诗歌是无法翻译成另外一种语言的，但是不少学者还是锲而不舍，做着各种各样的尝试。

a)Although a lot of Chinese poems are not translatable, many scholars are persistent in making various attempts.
b)Much of Chinese poetry is untranslatable, although scholars persevere.
24、你会留意到我们中国的饭菜都是热的，老百姓说吃热的有助于消化。

a)Y ou will notice that all the Chinese dishes are served hot. As is said by the common people, it is helpful for digestion to eat hot food.
b)Y ou may have noticed that all meals are served hot in China — as hot food is believed to be better for the digestion.
25、他在高中的时候根本不会惹事生非，从来不。

其实，到了大学，他也是太平无事。

a)He wasn't in the least a trouble-maker in senior high school, never. Actually, he was still
well-behaved while at college.
b)He was never any trouble in those high school years, none at all. In fact, he caused no trouble in college either.
26、我们检查了他的书包、他的皮夹子、他的床铺、他的书桌，我们能想到的都搜了一遍。

a)We checked everywhere we could think of, including his bag, his wallet, his bed and his desk
b)We checked his school bag, his wallet, his bed and his writing desk — everything we could possibly think of.
27、他通常周末都去朋友那儿住，从不呆在自己的家里。

a)He usually goes to his friends' places at the weekend and never stays at home.
b)He spends his weekends at a friend's place, almost never at his own home.
28、他在法庭上为自己作的辩护有许多自相矛盾，甚至是非常可笑的地方。

a)His defense for himself in courtroom was very self-contradictory and even ridiculous.
b)Much of his own defense in the court was self-contradictory, even laughable.
29、希伯牺牲了。

他是一个著名记者，却是以一个战士的身份在战场上牺牲的；他是一个欧洲人，却是在中国的抗日战场上牺牲的。

Shippe was a journalist who shed his blood as a soldier, a European who died on the battle field in China.
30、我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。

We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in history, that is a manifesto, a publicity team, a seeding-machine.
31、他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何的错误。

He has been speaking French for two hours without any mistakes.
32、问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。

They enquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han Dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties that had succeeded it.
81、综观全局，二十一世纪头二十年，对我国来说，是一个必须紧紧抓住并且可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期。

Take the overall situation, the first 20 years of the 21st century, my country, is a must firmly grasp and can make an important period of strategic opportunity.
1、北戴河海滨位于秦皇岛西南15公里处，是中国著名的避暑游览胜地。

北戴河海滨南临渤海，北依联峰山，海岸漫长曲折，滩面平缓，沙软潮平，海水清澈，是一处天然海水浴场。

更因有海陆风影响，冬无严寒，夏无酷暑，盛夏时日平均气温仅23℃，白天风从海面吹来，清凉湿润；入夜陆风渐强，凉爽宜人，实为中外游人的避暑地。

Beidaihe, one of China‘s most famous seaside summer resorts, lies to the southwest of Qinhuangdao, 15 kilometers away from it.
Facing the Bohai Sea in the south and leaning against the Lianfeng Mount in the north, Beidaihe has a long winding seashore, and a flat and smooth beach, whose sands are short and tides are low and gentle. The fact that the seawater near the beach is crystal-clear enables it to be a natural bathing beach. Moreover, thanks to the sea and land breeze, it’s neither cold in winter nor hot in summer, with the highest daily temperature averaging 23℃in midsummer. During the daytime cool and moist wind blows from coastal areas to the sea, the wind, cool and soothing, becomes a little bit stronger. All these win its popularity among tourists at home and abroad, and build up its reputation as a summer resort.。