英语句法基础知识

句法的定义:
句法是研究句子的个个组成部分和它们的排列顺序;句法研究的对象是句子;
句子的定义:句子是用来描述一件事情,表达一个思想, 提出一个问题,它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的;
The football is in the box. 足球在箱子里放着;
I'm interested in English. 我对英语感兴趣;
What would you like 你想要点什么
句子的分类: 句子可以从两种角度来分类:
1 根据句子的用途来分,英语的句子有下列几种:
一陈述句: 用来陈述,讲明一件事情,一个情况;
I like music. 我喜欢音乐;
came to our university to teach English. 迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语;
二疑问句: 向对方听众提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回答;
What do you want I want a book. 你要什么我要一本书;
How old are you I'm ten tears old. 你几岁啦我十岁;
三祈使句: 用来向对方听众发出请求,命令的句子叫祈使句;祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作;
Come here, please. 请过来;
Come to my office immediately. 马上到我的办公室来;
四感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句;
What an interesting story it is 多有趣的故事啊
How beautiful your sweater is 你的毛衣多漂亮啊
2 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:
一简单句句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句;
I study English every day. 我天天学习英语;
Lucy and Lili went shopping yesterday. 露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西;
二并列句由连接词或 " ; "把两个以上含两个的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句;在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整,不受其他简单句的影响;
These flowers are white and those flowers are red; 这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的;
I am a worker but my brother is a professor. 我是一个工人,但是我的兄弟是个教授;
三复合句句子中含有从句的句子叫做复合句;
I know it's difficult to master English well. 我知道学好英语不容易;
Can you tell me how many students there are in your class 你能告诉我你们班里有多少学生吗
句子的成分:
构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分;句子成分可分为主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语;它们可以由单词来担任,也可以由词组,以及句子来担任;
主语主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子的主体;
I work here. 我在这儿工作;
She is a new teacher. 她是一个新教师;
He is in charge of a limited company. 他主管一家有限公司;
主语可以由名词,代词,数词,动词不定式,动名词,名词化形容词,分词,从句,短语等来担任;
The book is on the desk. 书在桌子上;
I get an idea. 我有一个主意;
Two and two are four. 二加二等于四;
Smoking is bad to health. 吸烟对身体有害;
The wounded has been taken to the hospital. 伤员已经送到医院;
When to begin is not known yet. 什么时间开始还不知道;
What I know is important. 我所知道的很重要;
谓语谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态;谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面;
The child has been brought up by his mother. 这孩子是由他的妈妈带大的;
We don't know him very well. 我们不太了解他;
She speaks English fluently. 她英语讲得很流利;
表语表语是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态;表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语;表语一般放在系动词之后;表语可以由名词, 形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任;
These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的;
I am all right. 我没事;
We are happy now. 我们现在很幸福;
Time is over. 时间到了;
She is ten. 她十岁了;
My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英语;
The dictionary is in the bag. 词典在书包里边;
My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的;
宾语宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象, 它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面;
I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫;
I want to go shopping. 我想去买东西;
He said he could be here. 他说他会来的;
We think you are right. 我们认为你是对的;
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语 ,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语, 可以带两个宾语的动词有bring,give, show, send, pass, tell 等;间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加 " to ";
My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书;
Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我;
Please give the letter to Xiao Li. 请把这封信给小李;
有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系, 这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据, 宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任;
We all call him Lao Wang. 我们都叫他老王;
Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色;
We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩;
定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任;如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面;
That is a beautiful flower. 那是一朵漂亮的花;
The TV set made in that factory is very good. 那个工厂生产的电视机很好;
This is my book, not your book. 这是我的书,不是你的书;
There are more than twenty trees in our school. 我们学校里有二十多棵树;
I have a lot of things to do. 我有好多要做的事情;
Our country is a developing country. 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家;
状语说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式, 条件或伴随情况,程
度等情况的词叫状语;状语可以由副词, 短语以及从句来担任;
We went to the countryside last year. 去年我们去了乡下;
I often read the news paper at night. 我经常在晚上看报纸;
We study hard for our country. 我们为我们的国家而努力学习;
I'm late because I missed the bus. 由于误了车,所以我迟到了;
I go to school on foot. 我步行去上学;
简单句
简单句可分为下列五种形式：
1 主语 + 系动词 + 表语;
I am a student. 我是一名学生;
You are a teacher. 你是一位教师;
She is a worker. 她是一个工人;
The picture is beautiful. 照片很漂亮;
The football is on the floor. 足球在地上;
2 主语 + 不及物动词;
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起;
We arrived at Beijing yesterday. 我们昨天到达北京;
They have worked for tree hours this morning. 他们今早工作了三个小时;
3 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
We help each other. 我们互相帮忙;
I have received a letter from my parents. 我收到一封我父母亲的信;
I bought a bike last year. 去年我买了一辆自行车;
4 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
I gave him a book last week. 上周我给了他一本书;
My parents will buy me a gift. 我父母亲将给我买一件礼品;
5 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语.
I heard him singing in the hall. 我听见他在大厅里唱歌;
I saw her watching TV play. 我看到她在看电视;
并列句
并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句.常用的连接词如下:
also, and, but, either ... or, however, not only...but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither...nor.
并列句的构成:
简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句;
He studied hard and he passed the examination. 他学习努力并通过了考试;
Let's hurry, or we'll be late. 咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦;
I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.
我去过北京多次,但我父母亲从没去过;
复合句
复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子;其中一个句子是主体,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做从句; 从句由连接词引导,
它们是:
that, before, whether, if, although, because, as long as, as soon as, since, after, who, which, whom, what, whose, why, where, how,when, 从句尽管有主谓结构,但不能单独成为一个句子,在句中, 从句仅担任某个成分,根据担任的成分从句可分主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句,状语从句;
主语从句在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句. 主语从句一般放在句首;
引导主语从句的词有下列:
that, who, whether, if, what, which, when, where, how, why.
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet. 谁擦的黑板还不知道;
What he said is not true. 他说的不是实话.
That he'll come to see us is really great. 他来看我们真是太好啦;
It's very good that he has passed the exam. 他通过了考试太好了;
宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句,宾语从句放在动词后面;
引导宾语从句的词有下列;
that, if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why,
I didn't expect that he had broken the glass. 我没有想到他把玻璃打破了;
Could you tell me who is your teacher 你能告诉我谁是你的教师吗
I don't know why he is absent. 我不知道为什么他不在;
表语从句在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句,表语从句放在系动词的后
面;
引导表语从句的词有下列;
that, if, whether, what, which, when, where how, why等.
The question is whether he will join us next time. 问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干;
That is why I am late. 这就是我为什么迟到;
定语从句在句中起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句,定语从句放在被修饰的名词后面;
引导定语从句的词有下列;
who, whose, that, which, whom, when, where why.
Do you know the man who is in the car. 你认识坐在汽车里的人吗
This is the place where I was born. 这就是我出生的地方;
That is the reason why he lost his job. 这就是他为什么失去工作的原因;
状语从句在句中起状语作用的句子叫做状语从句,状语从句一般放在句后,强调时放在句首;
He opened the windows since it was hot. 由于天气热,他打开了窗户;
When he was young,he couldn't go to school; 他年青的时候没能上学;
I'll let you know as soon as he come back. 他一回来我就告诉你; 语态是动词的一种形式,它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系;
英语有两种语态, 主动语态和被动语态, 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者;例如：
I have repaired the radio. 我修好了收音机;
The radio has been repaired. 收音机被修好了;
The students cleaned the classroom. 学生们打扫了教室;
The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室被学生们打扫了; 被动语态的构成：be + 过去分词
A building was damaged by the storm. 暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物; Our plate was made in China. 我们的盘子是中国生产的;
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被盗了;
常用的被动语态的时态变化如下,以 ask 为例：
一般进行完成
现在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked
过去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked
将来I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
过去将来I shall be asked
被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首;
Has your TV set been repaired 你的电视机修了吗
Was the kite broken 风筝破了吗
Has the work been done 工作结束了吗
被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not.
The letter has not been sent out. 信还没有发出去;
The little boy has not been found out. 小孩还没有找到;
The cap has not been mended yet. 帽子还没有补好;
Their money has not been sent to them. 他们的钱还没有送到他们手中;
被动语态的用法：
被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系,当主语是动作的承受者时, 就需要用到被动语态,汉语中所说的,“汽车被撞坏了”“钢笔被修好了”等句子就是一种被动语态的句子,在汉语中常用“被”“由”等词来表示这种被动语态;在英语中则用动词的被动语态形式来表示;被动语态中还可用 by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者;也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语,被动语态常用在下列情况;
1 不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时,或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时;
The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨天被打破了;
His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了;
He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿一次;
The bag was put into the box. 袋子放在了箱子里;
2 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时;
The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 计划已经送给校长了;
Five people were hurt in the explosion. 五个人在这次爆炸中受伤;
A new building was set up in a short time. 新大楼短期就建成了;
3 被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者,构成如下：
动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者;
The picture was praised by everybody. 照片得到了大家的好评;
The classroom was cleaned by us. 教室被我们打扫过;
The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的;
The little boy was found by the police. 小孩被警察找到了;
有关被动语态的几个问题：
1 "be + 过去分词" 并非都是被动语态,系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,作表语用,表示某种状态;
I'm interested in mathematics. 我对数学感兴趣;
He seems unsatisfied with his work. 他看起来对他的工作不满意;
We are determined to catch up with the developed countries. 我们决心要赶上发达国家;
The song is called "Don't forget me". 歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”;
某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义;
The food tastes good. 食物很香;
It smells strange. 这有怪味;
The stone feels very cold. 石头摸起来很冷;
The woman's clothes sell well. 女装卖的快;
3 一般情况下,及物动词才能构成被动语态,但有些不及物动词组成短语后,也可构成被动语态;
He was looked down upon because of his egoism. 他因自私而受人冷落;
The children were taken good care of in the the orphanage. 孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾;
虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测, 建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实;
If I were you, I'd take them away. 如果我是你的话,我就会带走他们;
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him. 如果我碰见了李华,我就告诉了他了;
If I had time. I could come to help you. 如果我有时间,我会来帮助你的;
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组;
He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿;
虚拟语气的用法
1 虚拟语气用在简单句中,表示祝愿,命令;
May you be happy. 祝你幸福;
May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快;
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久;
Have a good journey 祝愿你旅途愉快
You go out 你出去
2 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中;动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气, 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一
种愿望,要求;
I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边;
I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他;
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿;
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中,"should" 可以省略;
The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了;
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服;
3 虚拟语气用在主语从句中;
在句型 "It is important necessary, strange, natural that .... " 中,that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步;
It's natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的;
It's important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人;
4 虚拟语气用在状语从句中;
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中;在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时,动词有三种时态形式,即现在,过去和将来;
与现在事实相反的：
条件从句结果从句
If I we,you,he,they+ 动词过去式.. if I he,she were... I we should + 动词原形; He you,they would + 动词原形;
与过去事实相反的：
条件从句结果从句
If Iwe,you,he,they+ had + 过去分词 Iweshould + have+ 过去分词;He you,they would + have + 过去分词;
If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你,我就买了它;
If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间,我会学习法语的;
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话,她不会找我帮忙的;
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床,就会赶上火车的;
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好,我就去买东西;
有关虚拟语气的几个问题：
1 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if,而把从句中的动词 were, had 或should 移到主语前面;
Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点, 她就会干的;
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her. 如果他知道她的地址,他会去看她的;
2 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略,而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句;
I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你;
If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊;
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会;
If he had much more money. 如果他有更多的钱就能...;
3 虚拟语气中,条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致;
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干的就会容易些;
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议,他就不会干得这样好;
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式; 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式;
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用爬山是一项好运动;
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. wearing ... 分词起形容词作用
你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗
He gets up early to catch the first bus. to catch .... 不定式起副词作用
他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车;
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语;
Miss Mary teaches us English.
玛丽教我们英语;teaches 动词作谓语
came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话; to have a talk.... 不定式作状语
2 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制;
Larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐; 动词用单数第三人称形式
Larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做;do 用原形
非谓语动词的特征：
1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语;
Studying English is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好;studying 后跟宾语
To help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的责任;help 后跟宾语
2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语;
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了;under such a condition 是 working 的状语It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了;for him 作不定式的逻辑主语
3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化;
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起让你久等了;to have kept...是不定式的完成形式
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看,这座城市美丽多了;Seen from...是分词的被动形式
4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用;
Our coming made him happy.
我们的到来使他很高兴;coming 起名词作用
There are two big swimming pools here.
这儿有两个大型游泳池;swimming 起形容词作用
非谓语动词的形式变化：
不定式主动被动
一般to write to be written
进行to be writing /
完成to have written to have been written
完成进行to have been writing /
现在分词主动被动
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written
过去分词一般written
动名词主动被动
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written
动词不定式：
动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成,在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分;
1 动词不定式作主语：
To mast a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情;
To teach English is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好;
It's my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你;
动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面,而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上;
It's very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了;
It's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者;
2 动词不定式作宾语：
某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语,这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.
What I wish is to learn English well. 我所希望的是把英语学好;
I like to help others if I can. 如果有可能的话,我喜欢帮助别人;
3 动词不定式作宾语补语 ;
We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起;
Please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来;
4 动词不定式作表语：
What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务;
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子;
5 动词不定式作定语：
There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题;
I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你;
6 不定式作状语：
We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师;
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.
她在做试验,从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物;
动词不定式的否定形式：
not + to + 动词原形
The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳;
It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平;
带疑问词的不定式：
疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面,构
成不定式短语,使含义更加具体;
Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道;
I don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始;
Can you tell me where to get the battery. 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗
Do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗
带逻辑主语的不定式：
动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语,构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式;
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式, for 本身无实际意义,它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语;
It's necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的;
There are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成;
动词不定式的时态：
动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生;
I helped him put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车;
I want to see you again. 我想再见到你;
Would you like to have a rest. 你愿意休息一下吗
动词不定式完成时：表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生;
We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起,我们让你久等了;
They seems to have known the answers. 他们好像知道了答案;
动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,强调动作正在进行;
They seem to be working hard. 他们好像在努力工作;
动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 ;
He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人;
There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做;。